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CA L C U L U S
E A R LY

T R A N S C E N D E N TA L S

SIXTH EDITION

JAMES STEWART
McMASTER UNIVERSITY

AUSTRALIA

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U N I T E D S TAT E S


Calculus Early Transcendentals, 6e
James Stewart
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939532

K05T07

ISBN-13: 978-0-495-01166-8
ISBN-10: 0-495-01166-5


CONTENTS
Preface

xi

To the Student

xxiii

Diagnostic Tests

xxiv

A PREVIEW OF CALCULUS

1

FUNCTIONS AND MODELS

10

1.1

Four Ways to Represent a Function

1.2

Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential Functions

1.3

New Functions from Old Functions

1.4

Graphing Calculators and Computers

1.5

Exponential Functions

1.6

Inverse Functions and Logarithms
Review

11
37
46

52
59

76

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

82

2.1

The Tangent and Velocity Problems

2.2

The Limit of a Function

2.3

Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws

2.4

The Precise Definition of a Limit

2.5

Continuity

2.6

Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes

2.7

Derivatives and Rates of Change

83

88

119

N

The Derivative as a Function
Review

Problems Plus

99

109
130

143

Writing Project Early Methods for Finding Tangents
2.8

24

73

Principles of Problem Solving

2

2

153

154

165

170

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CONTENTS

3

DIFFERENTIATION RULES

3.1

m=0

172

Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions
Applied Project Building a Better Roller Coaster
N

m=1

m=_1
0

π
2

π

3.2

The Product and Quotient Rules

3.3

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

3.4

The Chain Rule

y

0

182

183
189

197

Applied Project Where Should a Pilot Start Descent?

206

N

π
2

3.5

Implicit Differentiation

3.6

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

3.7

Rates of Change in the Natural and Social Sciences

3.8

Exponential Growth and Decay

3.9

Related Rates

3.10

Linear Approximations and Differentials

π

207

241

Hyperbolic Functions

Problems Plus

4

254

261

265

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION
4.1

247

253

N

Review

215

233

Laboratory Project Taylor Polynomials
3.11

Maximum and Minimum Values

270

271

Applied Project The Calculus of Rainbows
N

279

4.2

The Mean Value Theorem

4.3

How Derivatives Affect the Shape of a Graph

4.4

Indeterminate Forms and L’Hospital’s Rule

280

Writing Project The Origins of L’Hospital’s Rule
N

4.5

Summary of Curve Sketching

4.6

Graphing with Calculus and Calculators

4.7

Optimization Problems
N

4.8

Newton’s Method

4.9

Antiderivatives

Problems Plus

347

351

334
340

287
298

307

307

322

Applied Project The Shape of a Can

Review

173

333

315

221


CONTENTS

5

INTEGRALS

354

5.1

Areas and Distances

355

5.2

The Definite Integral

366

Discovery Project Area Functions
N

379

5.3

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

379

5.4

Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change Theorem
Writing Project Newton, Leibniz, and the Invention of Calculus
N

5.5

The Substitution Rule
Review

Problems Plus

6

400

412

414

6.1

Areas between Curves

6.2

Volumes

6.3

Volumes by Cylindrical Shells

6.4

Work

6.5

Average Value of a Function

415

422
433

438

442

Applied Project Where to Sit at the Movies
N

Problems Plus

7

399

408

INTEGRALS

Review

391

446

446

448.

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

452

7.1

Integration by Parts

453

7.2

Trigonometric Integrals

7.3

Trigonometric Substitution

7.4

Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7.5

Strategy for Integration

7.6

Integration Using Tables and Computer Algebra Systems

460
467
483

Discovery Project Patterns in Integrals

N

473

494

489

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CONTENTS

7.7

Approximate Integration

7.8

Improper Integrals
Review

Problems Plus

8

495

508

518

521

FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
8.1

Arc Length

525

Discovery Project Arc Length Contest
N

8.2

532

Area of a Surface of Revolution
Discovery Project Rotating on a Slant
N

8.3

532
538

Applications to Physics and Engineering
Discovery Project Complementary Coffee Cups
N

Applications to Economics and Biology

8.5

Probability

Problems Plus

9

539

550

8.4

Review

524

550

555

562

564

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

566

9.1

Modeling with Differential Equations

9.2

Direction Fields and Euler’s Method

9.3

Separable Equations

567
572

580

Applied Project How Fast Does a Tank Drain?
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588

Applied Project Which Is Faster, Going Up or Coming Down?
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9.4

Models for Population Growth
Applied Project Calculus and Baseball
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9.5

Linear Equations

9.6

Predator-Prey Systems
Review

Problems Plus

614

618

602
608

591
601

590


CONTENTS

10

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND POLAR COORDINATES
10.1

Curves Defined by Parametric Equations
Laboratory Project Running Circles around Circles
N

10.2

Calculus with Parametric Curves
Laboratory Project Bézier Curves
N

11

639

Polar Coordinates

10.4

Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates

10.5

Conic Sections

10.6

Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates

Problems Plus

639
650

654
662

669

672

INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
11.1

629

630

10.3

Review

621

Sequences

674

675

Laboratory Project Logistic Sequences

687

N

11.2

Series

687

11.3

The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums

11.4

The Comparison Tests

11.5

Alternating Series

11.6

Absolute Convergence and the Ratio and Root Tests

11.7

Strategy for Testing Series

11.8

Power Series

11.9

Representations of Functions as Power Series

11.10

Taylor and Maclaurin Series

697

705

710
721

723

Laboratory Project An Elusive Limit
N

734
748

Writing Project How Newton Discovered the Binomial Series
N

11.11

Applications of Taylor Polynomials
Applied Project Radiation from the Stars
N

Review

Problems Plus

758

761

728

749
757

748

714

620

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CONTENTS

12

VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE
12.1

Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

12.2

Vectors

12.3

The Dot Product

12.4

The Cross Product

764

765

770

O

779
786

Discovery Project The Geometry of a Tetrahedron
N

12.5
LONDON

Equations of Lines and Planes

794

Laboratory Project Putting 3D in Perspective
N

12.6

Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces
Review

PARIS

Problems Plus

13

804

804

812

815

VECTOR FUNCTIONS

816

13.1

Vector Functions and Space Curves

13.2

Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions

13.3

Arc Length and Curvature

13.4

Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration
Applied Project Kepler’s Laws

Review

Problems Plus

817
824

830
838

848

N

14

794

849

852

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

854

14.1

Functions of Several Variables

14.2

Limits and Continuity

14.3

Partial Derivatives

14.4

Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations

14.5

The Chain Rule

14.6

Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector

14.7

Maximum and Minimum Values

870
878
892

901

Applied Project Designing a Dumpster
N

855

922
933

Discovery Project Quadratic Approximations and Critical Points
N

910

933


CONTENTS

14.8

Lagrange Multipliers

934

Applied Project Rocket Science

941

N

Applied Project Hydro-Turbine Optimization

943

N

Review

Problems Plus

15

944

948

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

950

15.1

Double Integrals over Rectangles

951

15.2

Iterated Integrals

15.3

Double Integrals over General Regions

15.4

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

15.5

Applications of Double Integrals

15.6

Triple Integrals

959
974

980

990

Discovery Project Volumes of Hyperspheres
N

15.7

965

1000

Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates 1000
Discovery Project The Intersection of Three Cylinders

1005

N

15.8

Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates
Applied Project Roller Derby
N

15.9

1012

Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals

Review

Problems Plus

16

1005

1012

1021

1024

VECTOR CALCULUS

1026

16.1

Vector Fields

1027

16.2

Line Integrals

1034

16.3

The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals

16.4

Green’s Theorem

16.5

Curl and Divergence

16.6

Parametric Surfaces and Their Areas

16.7

Surface Integrals

1081

16.8

Stokes’ Theorem

1092

1055
1061

Writing Project Three Men and Two Theorems
N

1070

1098

1046

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CONTENTS

16.9

The Divergence Theorem

16.10 Summary

Review

Problems Plus

17

1099

1105
1106

1109

SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1110

17.1

Second-Order Linear Equations

17.2

Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations

17.3

Applications of Second-Order Differential Equations

17.4

Series Solutions
Review

1137

APPENDIXES

A1

1111
1117

1133

A

Numbers, Inequalities, and Absolute Values

B

Coordinate Geometry and Lines

C

Graphs of Second-Degree Equations

D

Trigonometry

E

Sigma Notation

F

Proofs of Theorems

G

The Logarithm Defined as an Integral

H

Complex Numbers

I

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

INDEX

A131

A10
A16

A24
A34
A39
A50

A57
A65

A2

1125


PREFACE
A great discovery solves a great problem but there is a grain of discovery in the
solution of any problem.Your problem may be modest; but if it challenges your
curiosity and brings into play your inventive faculties, and if you solve it by your
own means, you may experience the tension and enjoy the triumph of discovery.
G E O R G E P O LYA

The art of teaching, Mark Van Doren said, is the art of assisting discovery. I have tried to
write a book that assists students in discovering calculus—both for its practical power and
its surprising beauty. In this edition, as in the first five editions, I aim to convey to the student a sense of the utility of calculus and develop technical competence, but I also strive
to give some appreciation for the intrinsic beauty of the subject. Newton undoubtedly
experienced a sense of triumph when he made his great discoveries. I want students to
share some of that excitement.
The emphasis is on understanding concepts. I think that nearly everybody agrees that
this should be the primary goal of calculus instruction. In fact, the impetus for the current
calculus reform movement came from the Tulane Conference in 1986, which formulated
as their first recommendation:
Focus on conceptual understanding.
I have tried to implement this goal through the Rule of Three: “Topics should be presented geometrically, numerically, and algebraically.” Visualization, numerical and graphical experimentation, and other approaches have changed how we teach conceptual
reasoning in fundamental ways. More recently, the Rule of Three has been expanded to
become the Rule of Four by emphasizing the verbal, or descriptive, point of view as well.
In writing the sixth edition my premise has been that it is possible to achieve conceptual understanding and still retain the best traditions of traditional calculus. The book contains elements of reform, but within the context of a traditional curriculum.

ALTERNATIVE VERSIONS

I have written several other calculus textbooks that might be preferable for some instructors. Most of them also come in single variable and multivariable versions.
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Calculus, Sixth Edition, is similar to the present textbook except that the exponential,
logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions are covered in the second semester.
Essential Calculus is a much briefer book (800 pages), though it contains almost all of
the topics in Calculus, Sixth Edition. The relative brevity is achieved through briefer
exposition of some topics and putting some features on the website.
Essential Calculus: Early Transcendentals resembles Essential Calculus, but the exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions are covered in Chapter 3.
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PREFACE

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Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Third Edition, emphasizes conceptual understanding
even more strongly than this book. The coverage of topics is not encyclopedic and the

material on transcendental functions and on parametric equations is woven throughout
the book instead of being treated in separate chapters.
Calculus: Early Vectors introduces vectors and vector functions in the first semester and
integrates them throughout the book. It is suitable for students taking Engineering and
Physics courses concurrently with calculus.

WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION?

Here are some of the changes for the sixth edition of Calculus: Early Transcendentals.
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At the beginning of the book there are four diagnostic tests, in Basic Algebra,
Analytic Geometry, Functions, and Trigonometry. Answers are given and students
who don’t do well are referred to where they should seek help (Appendixes, review
sections of Chapter 1, and the website).
In response to requests of several users, the material motivating the derivative is
briefer: Sections 2.7 and 2.8 are combined into a single section called Derivatives and
Rates of Change.

The section on Higher Derivatives in Chapter 3 has disappeared and that material is
integrated into various sections in Chapters 2 and 3.
Instructors who do not cover the chapter on differential equations have commented
that the section on Exponential Growth and Decay was inconveniently located there.
Accordingly, it is moved earlier in the book, to Chapter 3. This move precipitates a
reorganization of Chapters 3 and 9.
Sections 4.7 and 4.8 are merged into a single section, with a briefer treatment of optimization problems in business and economics.
Sections 11.10 and 11.11 are merged into a single section. I had previously featured
the binomial series in its own section to emphasize its importance. But I learned that
some instructors were omitting that section, so I have decided to incorporate binomial
series into 11.10.
The material on cylindrical and spherical coordinates (formerly Section 12.7) is moved
to Chapter 15, where it is introduced in the context of evaluating triple integrals.

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New phrases and margin notes have been added to clarify the exposition.

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A number of pieces of art have been redrawn.

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The data in examples and exercises have been updated to be more timely.

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Many examples have been added or changed. For instance, Example 2 on page 185
was changed because students are often baffled when they see arbitrary constants in a
problem and I wanted to give an example in which they occur.
Extra steps have been provided in some of the existing examples.
More than 25% of the exercises in each chapter are new. Here are a few of my
favorites: 3.1.79, 3.1.80, 4.3.62, 4.3.83, 11.6.38, 11.11.30, 14.5.44, and 14.8.20–21.
There are also some good new problems in the Problems Plus sections. See, for
instance, Problems 2 and 13 on page 413, Problem 13 on page 450, and Problem 24
on page 763.
The new project on page 550, Complementary Coffee Cups, comes from an article by
Thomas Banchoff in which he wondered which of two coffee cups, whose convex and
concave profiles fit together snugly, would hold more coffee.


PREFACE

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xiii

Tools for Enriching Calculus (TEC) has been completely redesigned and is accessible
on the Internet at www.stewartcalculus.com. It now includes what we call Visuals, brief
animations of various figures in the text. In addition, there are now Visual, Modules,
and Homework Hints for the multivariable chapters. See the description on page xiv.
The symbol V has been placed beside examples (an average of three per section) for
which there are videos of instructors explaining the example in more detail. This
material is also available on DVD. See the description on page xxi.

FEATURES
CONCEPTUAL EXERCISES

The most important way to foster conceptual understanding is through the problems that
we assign. To that end I have devised various types of problems. Some exercise sets begin
with requests to explain the meanings of the basic concepts of the section. (See, for
instance, the first few exercises in Sections 2.2, 2.5, 11.2, 14.2, and 14.3.) Similarly, all the
review sections begin with a Concept Check and a True-False Quiz. Other exercises test
conceptual understanding through graphs or tables (see Exercises 2.7.17, 2.8.33–38,
2.8.41– 44, 9.1.11–12, 10.1.24–27, 11.10.2, 13.2.1–2, 13.3.33–37, 14.1.1–2, 14.1.30–38,
14.3.3–10, 14.6.1–2, 14.7.3– 4, 15.1.5–10, 16.1.11–18, 16.2.17–18, and 16.3.1–2).
Another type of exercise uses verbal description to test conceptual understanding (see
Exercises 2.5.8, 2.8.56, 4.3.63–64, and 7.8.67). I particularly value problems that combine
and compare graphical, numerical, and algebraic approaches (see Exercises 2.6.37–38,
3.7.25, and 9.4.2).

GRADED EXERCISE SETS

Each exercise set is carefully graded, progressing from basic conceptual exercises and skilldevelopment problems to more challenging problems involving applications and proofs.

REAL-WORLD DATA

My assistants and I spent a great deal of time looking in libraries, contacting companies
and government agencies, and searching the Internet for interesting real-world data to introduce, motivate, and illustrate the concepts of calculus. As a result, many of the examples
and exercises deal with functions defined by such numerical data or graphs. See, for
instance, Figure 1 in Section 1.1 (seismograms from the Northridge earthquake), Exercise
2.8.34 (percentage of the population under age 18), Exercise 5.1.14 (velocity of the space
shuttle Endeavour), and Figure 4 in Section 5.4 (San Francisco power consumption).
Functions of two variables are illustrated by a table of values of the wind-chill index as a
function of air temperature and wind speed (Example 2 in Section 14.1). Partial derivatives
are introduced in Section 14.3 by examining a column in a table of values of the heat index
(perceived air temperature) as a function of the actual temperature and the relative humidity. This example is pursued further in connection with linear approximations (Example 3
in Section 14.4). Directional derivatives are introduced in Section 14.6 by using a temperature contour map to estimate the rate of change of temperature at Reno in the direction of
Las Vegas. Double integrals are used to estimate the average snowfall in Colorado on
December 20–21, 2006 (Example 4 in Section 15.1). Vector fields are introduced in Section
16.1 by depictions of actual velocity vector fields showing San Francisco Bay wind patterns.

PROJECTS

One way of involving students and making them active learners is to have them work (perhaps in groups) on extended projects that give a feeling of substantial accomplishment
when completed. I have included four kinds of projects: Applied Projects involve applications that are designed to appeal to the imagination of students. The project after Section
9.3 asks whether a ball thrown upward takes longer to reach its maximum height or to fall
back to its original height. (The answer might surprise you.) The project after Section 14.8
uses Lagrange multipliers to determine the masses of the three stages of a rocket so as to


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PREFACE

minimize the total mass while enabling the rocket to reach a desired velocity. Laboratory
Projects involve technology; the one following Section 10.2 shows how to use Bézier
curves to design shapes that represent letters for a laser printer. Writing Projects ask students to compare present-day methods with those of the founders of calculus—Fermat’s
method for finding tangents, for instance. Suggested references are supplied. Discovery
Projects anticipate results to be discussed later or encourage discovery through pattern
recognition (see the one following Section 7.6). Others explore aspects of geometry: tetrahedra (after Section 12.4), hyperspheres (after Section 15.6), and intersections of three
cylinders (after Section 15.7). Additional projects can be found in the Instructor’s Guide
(see, for instance, Group Exercise 5.1: Position from Samples).
PROBLEM SOLVING

Students usually have difficulties with problems for which there is no single well-defined
procedure for obtaining the answer. I think nobody has improved very much on George
Polya’s four-stage problem-solving strategy and, accordingly, I have included a version of
his problem-solving principles following Chapter 1. They are applied, both explicitly and
implicitly, throughout the book. After the other chapters I have placed sections called
Problems Plus, which feature examples of how to tackle challenging calculus problems. In
selecting the varied problems for these sections I kept in mind the following advice from
David Hilbert: “A mathematical problem should be difficult in order to entice us, yet not
inaccessible lest it mock our efforts.” When I put these challenging problems on assignments and tests I grade them in a different way. Here I reward a student significantly for
ideas toward a solution and for recognizing which problem-solving principles are relevant.

TECHNOLOGY

The availability of technology makes it not less important but more important to clearly
understand the concepts that underlie the images on the screen. But, when properly used,
graphing calculators and computers are powerful tools for discovering and understanding
those concepts. This textbook can be used either with or without technology and I use two
special symbols to indicate clearly when a particular type of machine is required. The icon
; indicates an exercise that definitely requires the use of such technology, but that is not
to say that it can’t be used on the other exercises as well. The symbol CAS is reserved for

problems in which the full resources of a computer algebra system (like Derive, Maple,
Mathematica, or the TI-89/92) are required. But technology doesn’t make pencil and paper
obsolete. Hand calculation and sketches are often preferable to technology for illustrating
and reinforcing some concepts. Both instructors and students need to develop the ability
to decide where the hand or the machine is appropriate.

TOOLS FOR
ENRICHING™ CALCULUS

TEC is a companion to the text and is intended to enrich and complement its contents.
(It is now accessible from the Internet at www.stewartcalculus.com.) Developed by Harvey Keynes, Dan Clegg, Hubert Hohn, and myself, TEC uses a discovery and exploratory
approach. In sections of the book where technology is particularly appropriate, marginal
icons direct students to TEC modules that provide a laboratory environment in which they
can explore the topic in different ways and at different levels. Visuals are animations of figures in text; Modules are more elaborate activities and include exercises. Instructors can
choose to become involved at several different levels, ranging from simply encouraging
students to use the Visuals and Modules for independent exploration, to assigning specific exercises from those included with each Module, or to creating additional exercises,
labs, and projects that make use of the Visuals and Modules.
TEC also includes Homework Hints for representative exercises (usually oddnumbered) in every section of the text, indicated by printing the exercise number in red.
These hints are usually presented in the form of questions and try to imitate an effective
teaching assistant by functioning as a silent tutor. They are constructed so as not to reveal
any more of the actual solution than is minimally necessary to make further progress.


PREFACE

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xv

ENHANCED W EB A SSIGN

Technology is having an impact on the way homework is assigned to students, particularly in large classes. The use of online homework is growing and its appeal depends on
ease of use, grading precision, and reliability. With the sixth edition we have been working with the calculus community and WebAssign to develop an online homework system.
Up to 70% of the exercises in each section are assignable as online homework, including
free response, multiple choice, and multi-part formats.
The system also includes Active Examples, in which students are guided in step-by-step
tutorials through text examples, with links to the textbook and to video solutions.

WEBSITE
www.stewartcalculus.com

This site has been renovated and now includes the following.
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Algebra Review

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Lies My Calculator and Computer Told Me

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History of Mathematics, with links to the better historical websites

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Additional Topics (complete with exercise sets): Fourier Series, Formulas for the
Remainder Term in Taylor Series, Rotation of Axes

Archived Problems (Drill exercises that appeared in previous editions, together
with their solutions)

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Challenge Problems (some from the Problems Plus sections from prior editions)

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Links, for particular topics, to outside web resources

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The complete Tools for Enriching Calculus (TEC) Modules, Visuals, and
Homework Hints

CONTENT

1

2

Diagnostic Tests

The book begins with four diagnostic tests, in Basic Algebra, Analytic Geometry, Functions, and Trigonometry.

A Preview of Calculus

This is an overview of the subject and includes a list of questions to motivate the study of
calculus.

Functions and Models

From the beginning, multiple representations of functions are stressed: verbal, numerical,
visual, and algebraic. A discussion of mathematical models leads to a review of the standard
functions, including exponential and logarithmic functions, from these four points of view.

Limits and Derivatives

The material on limits is motivated by a prior discussion of the tangent and velocity problems. Limits are treated from descriptive, graphical, numerical, and algebraic points of
view. Section 2.4, on the precise ∑-∂ definition of a limit, is an optional section. Sections 2.7 and 2.8 deal with derivatives (especially with functions defined graphically and
numerically) before the differentiation rules are covered in Chapter 3. Here the examples
and exercises explore the meanings of derivatives in various contexts. Higher derivatives
are now introduced in Section 2.8.

Differentiation Rules

All the basic functions, including exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions, are differentiated here. When derivatives are computed in applied situations, students
are asked to explain their meanings. Exponential growth and decay are now covered in this
chapter.

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xvi

||||

4

N

PREFACE

Applications of Differentiation

The basic facts concerning extreme values and shapes of curves are deduced from the
Mean Value Theorem. Graphing with technology emphasizes the interaction between calculus and calculators and the analysis of families of curves. Some substantial optimization
problems are provided, including an explanation of why you need to raise your head 42°
to see the top of a rainbow.

Integrals

The area problem and the distance problem serve to motivate the definite integral, with
sigma notation introduced as needed. (Full coverage of sigma notation is provided in Appendix E.) Emphasis is placed on explaining the meanings of integrals in various contexts and
on estimating their values from graphs and tables.

Applications of Integration

Here I present the applications of integration—area, volume, work, average value—that
can reasonably be done without specialized techniques of integration. General methods are
emphasized. The goal is for students to be able to divide a quantity into small pieces, estimate with Riemann sums, and recognize the limit as an integral.

Techniques of Integration

All the standard methods are covered but, of course, the real challenge is to be able to recognize which technique is best used in a given situation. Accordingly, in Section 7.5, I
present a strategy for integration. The use of computer algebra systems is discussed in
Section 7.6.

Further Applications
of Integration

Here are the applications of integration—arc length and surface area—for which it is useful to have available all the techniques of integration, as well as applications to biology,
economics, and physics (hydrostatic force and centers of mass). I have also included a section on probability. There are more applications here than can realistically be covered in
a given course. Instructors should select applications suitable for their students and for
which they themselves have enthusiasm.

Differential Equations

Modeling is the theme that unifies this introductory treatment of differential equations.
Direction fields and Euler’s method are studied before separable and linear equations are
solved explicitly, so that qualitative, numerical, and analytic approaches are given equal
consideration. These methods are applied to the exponential, logistic, and other models
for population growth. The first four or five sections of this chapter serve as a good introduction to first-order differential equations. An optional final section uses predator-prey
models to illustrate systems of differential equations.

Parametric Equations
and Polar Coordinates

This chapter introduces parametric and polar curves and applies the methods of calculus
to them. Parametric curves are well suited to laboratory projects; the two presented here
involve families of curves and Bézier curves. A brief treatment of conic sections in polar
coordinates prepares the way for Kepler’s Laws in Chapter 13.

11 Infinite Sequences and Series

The convergence tests have intuitive justifications (see page 697) as well as formal proofs.
Numerical estimates of sums of series are based on which test was used to prove convergence. The emphasis is on Taylor series and polynomials and their applications to physics.
Error estimates include those from graphing devices.

12 Vectors and
The Geometry of Space

The material on three-dimensional analytic geometry and vectors is divided into two chapters. Chapter 12 deals with vectors, the dot and cross products, lines, planes, and surfaces.

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PREFACE

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xvii

Vector Functions

This chapter covers vector-valued functions, their derivatives and integrals, the length and
curvature of space curves, and velocity and acceleration along space curves, culminating
in Kepler’s laws.

Partial Derivatives

Functions of two or more variables are studied from verbal, numerical, visual, and algebraic points of view. In particular, I introduce partial derivatives by looking at a specific
column in a table of values of the heat index (perceived air temperature) as a function of
the actual temperature and the relative humidity. Directional derivatives are estimated from
contour maps of temperature, pressure, and snowfall.

Multiple Integrals

Contour maps and the Midpoint Rule are used to estimate the average snowfall and average
temperature in given regions. Double and triple integrals are used to compute probabilities,
surface areas, and (in projects) volumes of hyperspheres and volumes of intersections of
three cylinders. Cylindrical and spherical coordinates are introduced in the context of evaluating triple integrals.

16 Vector Calculus

Vector fields are introduced through pictures of velocity fields showing San Francisco Bay
wind patterns. The similarities among the Fundamental Theorem for line integrals, Green’s
Theorem, Stokes’ Theorem, and the Divergence Theorem are emphasized.

17 Second-Order
Differential Equations

Since first-order differential equations are covered in Chapter 9, this final chapter deals
with second-order linear differential equations, their application to vibrating springs and
electric circuits, and series solutions.

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ANCILLARIES

Calculus, Early Transcendentals, Sixth Edition, is supported by a complete set of ancillaries developed under my direction. Each piece has been designed to enhance student
understanding and to facilitate creative instruction. The tables on pages xxi–xxii describe
each of these ancillaries.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The preparation of this and previous editions has involved much time spent reading the
reasoned (but sometimes contradictory) advice from a large number of astute reviewers.
I greatly appreciate the time they spent to understand my motivation for the approach taken.
I have learned something from each of them.
SIXTH EDITION REVIEWERS

Marilyn Belkin, Villanova University
Philip L. Bowers, Florida State University
Amy Elizabeth Bowman, University of Alabama in Huntsville
M. Hilary Davies, University of Alaska Anchorage
Frederick Gass, Miami University
Paul Triantafilos Hadavas, Armstrong Atlantic State University
Nets Katz, Indiana University Bloomington
James McKinney, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Martin Nakashima, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Lila Roberts, Georgia College and State University

xviii

||||

PREFACE

TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERS

Maria Andersen, Muskegon Community College
Eric Aurand, Eastfield College
Joy Becker, University of Wisconsin–Stout
Przemyslaw Bogacki, Old Dominion University
Amy Elizabeth Bowman, University of Alabama in Huntsville
Monica Brown, University of Missouri–St. Louis
Roxanne Byrne, University of Colorado at Denver
and Health Sciences Center
Teri Christiansen, University of Missouri–Columbia
Bobby Dale Daniel, Lamar University
Jennifer Daniel, Lamar University
Andras Domokos, California State University, Sacramento
Timothy Flaherty, Carnegie Mellon University
Lee Gibson, University of Louisville
Jane Golden, Hillsborough Community College
Semion Gutman, University of Oklahoma
Diane Hoffoss, University of San Diego
Lorraine Hughes, Mississippi State University
Jay Jahangiri, Kent State University
John Jernigan, Community College of Philadelphia

Brian Karasek, South Mountain Community College
Jason Kozinski, University of Florida
Carole Krueger, The University of Texas at Arlington
Ken Kubota, University of Kentucky
John Mitchell, Clark College
Donald Paul, Tulsa Community College
Chad Pierson, University of Minnesota, Duluth
Lanita Presson, University of Alabama in Huntsville
Karin Reinhold, State University of New York at Albany
Thomas Riedel, University of Louisville
Christopher Schroeder, Morehead State University
Angela Sharp, University of Minnesota, Duluth
Patricia Shaw, Mississippi State University
Carl Spitznagel, John Carroll University
Mohammad Tabanjeh, Virginia State University
Capt. Koichi Takagi, United States Naval Academy
Lorna TenEyck, Chemeketa Community College
Roger Werbylo, Pima Community College
David Williams, Clayton State University
Zhuan Ye, Northern Illinois University

PREVIOUS EDITION REVIEWERS

B. D. Aggarwala, University of Calgary
John Alberghini, Manchester Community College
Michael Albert, Carnegie-Mellon University
Daniel Anderson, University of Iowa
Donna J. Bailey, Northeast Missouri State University
Wayne Barber, Chemeketa Community College
Neil Berger, University of Illinois, Chicago

David Berman, University of New Orleans
Richard Biggs, University of Western Ontario
Robert Blumenthal, Oglethorpe University
Martina Bode, Northwestern University
Barbara Bohannon, Hofstra University
Philip L. Bowers, Florida State University
Jay Bourland, Colorado State University
Stephen W. Brady, Wichita State University
Michael Breen, Tennessee Technological University
Robert N. Bryan, University of Western Ontario
David Buchthal, University of Akron
Jorge Cassio, Miami-Dade Community College
Jack Ceder, University of California, Santa Barbara
Scott Chapman, Trinity University
James Choike, Oklahoma State University
Barbara Cortzen, DePaul University
Carl Cowen, Purdue University
Philip S. Crooke, Vanderbilt University
Charles N. Curtis, Missouri Southern State College

Daniel Cyphert, Armstrong State College
Robert Dahlin
Gregory J. Davis, University of Wisconsin–Green Bay
Elias Deeba, University of Houston–Downtown
Daniel DiMaria, Suffolk Community College
Seymour Ditor, University of Western Ontario
Greg Dresden, Washington and Lee University
Daniel Drucker, Wayne State University
Kenn Dunn, Dalhousie University
Dennis Dunninger, Michigan State University

Bruce Edwards, University of Florida
David Ellis, San Francisco State University
John Ellison, Grove City College
Martin Erickson, Truman State University
Garret Etgen, University of Houston
Theodore G. Faticoni, Fordham University
Laurene V. Fausett, Georgia Southern University
Norman Feldman, Sonoma State University
Newman Fisher, San Francisco State University
José D. Flores, The University of South Dakota
William Francis, Michigan Technological University
James T. Franklin, Valencia Community College, East
Stanley Friedlander, Bronx Community College
Patrick Gallagher, Columbia University–New York
Paul Garrett, University of Minnesota–Minneapolis
Frederick Gass, Miami University of Ohio


PREFACE

Bruce Gilligan, University of Regina
Matthias K. Gobbert, University of Maryland,
Baltimore County
Gerald Goff, Oklahoma State University
Stuart Goldenberg, California Polytechnic State University
John A. Graham, Buckingham Browne & Nichols School
Richard Grassl, University of New Mexico
Michael Gregory, University of North Dakota
Charles Groetsch, University of Cincinnati
Salim M. Haïdar, Grand Valley State University

D. W. Hall, Michigan State University
Robert L. Hall, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Howard B. Hamilton, California State University, Sacramento
Darel Hardy, Colorado State University
Gary W. Harrison, College of Charleston
Melvin Hausner, New York University/Courant Institute
Curtis Herink, Mercer University
Russell Herman, University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Allen Hesse, Rochester Community College
Randall R. Holmes, Auburn University
James F. Hurley, University of Connecticut
Matthew A. Isom, Arizona State University
Gerald Janusz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
John H. Jenkins, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University,
Prescott Campus
Clement Jeske, University of Wisconsin, Platteville
Carl Jockusch, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Jan E. H. Johansson, University of Vermont
Jerry Johnson, Oklahoma State University
Zsuzsanna M. Kadas, St. Michael’s College
Matt Kaufman
Matthias Kawski, Arizona State University
Frederick W. Keene, Pasadena City College
Robert L. Kelley, University of Miami
Virgil Kowalik, Texas A&I University
Kevin Kreider, University of Akron
Leonard Krop, DePaul University
Mark Krusemeyer, Carleton College
John C. Lawlor, University of Vermont
Christopher C. Leary, State University of New York

at Geneseo
David Leeming, University of Victoria
Sam Lesseig, Northeast Missouri State University
Phil Locke, University of Maine
Joan McCarter, Arizona State University
Phil McCartney, Northern Kentucky University
Igor Malyshev, San Jose State University
Larry Mansfield, Queens College
Mary Martin, Colgate University
Nathaniel F. G. Martin, University of Virginia

||||

Gerald Y. Matsumoto, American River College
Tom Metzger, University of Pittsburgh
Michael Montaño, Riverside Community College
Teri Jo Murphy, University of Oklahoma
Richard Nowakowski, Dalhousie University
Hussain S. Nur, California State University, Fresno
Wayne N. Palmer, Utica College
Vincent Panico, University of the Pacific
F. J. Papp, University of Michigan–Dearborn
Mike Penna, Indiana University–Purdue University
Indianapolis
Mark Pinsky, Northwestern University
Lothar Redlin, The Pennsylvania State University
Joel W. Robbin, University of Wisconsin–Madison
E. Arthur Robinson, Jr.,
The George Washington University
Richard Rockwell, Pacific Union College

Rob Root, Lafayette College
Richard Ruedemann, Arizona State University
David Ryeburn, Simon Fraser University
Richard St. Andre, Central Michigan University
Ricardo Salinas, San Antonio College
Robert Schmidt, South Dakota State University
Eric Schreiner, Western Michigan University
Mihr J. Shah, Kent State University–Trumbull
Theodore Shifrin, University of Georgia
Wayne Skrapek, University of Saskatchewan
Larry Small, Los Angeles Pierce College
Teresa Morgan Smith, Blinn College
William Smith, University of North Carolina
Donald W. Solomon, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Edward Spitznagel, Washington University
Joseph Stampfli, Indiana University
Kristin Stoley, Blinn College
M. B. Tavakoli, Chaffey College
Paul Xavier Uhlig, St. Mary’s University, San Antonio
Stan Ver Nooy, University of Oregon
Andrei Verona, California State University–Los Angeles
Russell C. Walker, Carnegie Mellon University
William L. Walton, McCallie School
Jack Weiner, University of Guelph
Alan Weinstein, University of California, Berkeley
Theodore W. Wilcox, Rochester Institute of Technology
Steven Willard, University of Alberta
Robert Wilson, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Jerome Wolbert, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
Dennis H. Wortman, University of Massachusetts, Boston

Mary Wright, Southern Illinois University–Carbondale
Paul M. Wright, Austin Community College
Xian Wu, University of South Carolina

xix


xx

||||

PREFACE

In addition, I would like to thank George Bergman, David Cusick, Stuart Goldenberg,
Larry Peterson, Dan Silver, Norton Starr, Alan Weinstein, and Gail Wolkowicz for their
suggestions; Dan Clegg for his research in libraries and on the Internet; Al Shenk and Dennis Zill for permission to use exercises from their calculus texts; John Ringland for his
refinements of the multivariable Maple art; COMAP for permission to use project material; George Bergman, David Bleecker, Dan Clegg, Victor Kaftal, Anthony Lam, Jamie
Lawson, Ira Rosenholtz, Paul Sally, Lowell Smylie, and Larry Wallen for ideas for exercises; Dan Drucker for the roller derby project; Thomas Banchoff, Tom Farmer, Fred Gass,
John Ramsay, Larry Riddle, and Philip Straffin for ideas for projects; Dan Anderson, Dan
Clegg, Jeff Cole, Dan Drucker, and Barbara Frank for solving the new exercises and suggesting ways to improve them; Marv Riedesel and Mary Johnson for accuracy in proofreading; and Jeff Cole and Dan Clegg for their careful preparation and proofreading of the
answer manuscript.
In addition, I thank those who have contributed to past editions: Ed Barbeau, Fred
Brauer, Andy Bulman-Fleming, Bob Burton, Tom DiCiccio, Garret Etgen, Chris Fisher,
Arnold Good, Gene Hecht, Harvey Keynes, Kevin Kreider, E. L. Koh, Zdislav Kovarik,
Emile LeBlanc, David Leep, Gerald Leibowitz, Lothar Redlin, Carl Riehm, Peter Rosenthal, Doug Shaw, and Saleem Watson.
I also thank Kathi Townes, Stephanie Kuhns, and Brian Betsill of TECHarts for their
production services and the following Brooks/Cole staff: Cheryll Linthicum, editorial production project manager; Mark Santee, Melissa Wong, and Bryan Vann, marketing team;
Stacy Green, assistant editor, and Elizabeth Rodio, editorial assistant; Sam Subity, technology project manager; Rob Hugel, creative director, and Vernon Boes, art director; and
Becky Cross, print buyer. They have all done an outstanding job.
I have been very fortunate to have worked with some of the best mathematics editors in

the business over the past two decades: Ron Munro, Harry Campbell, Craig Barth, Jeremy
Hayhurst, Gary Ostedt, and now Bob Pirtle. Bob continues in that tradition of editors who,
while offering sound advice and ample assistance, trust my instincts and allow me to write
the books that I want to write.
JAMES STEWART


ANCILLARIES
F O R I N S T RU C TO R S

Multimedia Manager Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM
ISBN 0-495-01241-6

Contains all art from the text in both jpeg and PowerPoint
formats, key equations and tables from the text, complete
pre-built PowerPoint lectures, and an electronic version of
the Instructor’s Guide.
TEC Tools for Enriching™ Calculus
by James Stewart, Harvey Keynes, Dan Clegg,
and developer Hu Hohn
TEC provides a laboratory environment in which students
can explore selected topics. TEC also includes homework
hints for representative exercises. Available online at
www.stewartcalculus.com .
Instructor’s Guide
by Douglas Shaw and James Stewart
ISBN 0-495-01254-8

Each section of the main text is discussed from several viewpoints and contains suggested time to allot, points to stress, text
discussion topics, core materials for lecture, workshop/discussion suggestions, group work exercises in a form suitable for

handout, and suggested homework problems. An electronic
version is available on the Multimedia Manager Instructor’s
Resource CD-ROM.
Instructor’s Guide for AP ® Calculus
by Douglas Shaw and Robert Gerver, contributing author
ISBN 0-495-01223-8

Taking the perspective of optimizing preparation for the AP
exam, each section of the main text is discussed from several
viewpoints and contains suggested time to allot, points to
stress, daily quizzes, core materials for lecture, workshop/
discussion suggestions, group work exercises in a form suitable
for handout, tips for the AP exam, and suggested homework
problems.

ExamView
ISBN 0-495-38240-X

Create, deliver, and customize tests and study guides (both print
and online) in minutes with this easy-to-use assessment and
tutorial software on CD. Includes complete questions from the
Printed Test Bank.
JoinIn on TurningPoint
ISBN 0-495-11894-X

Enhance how your students interact with you, your lecture, and
each other. Thomson Brooks/Cole is now pleased to offer you
book-specific content for Response Systems tailored to Stewart’s
Calculus, allowing you to transform your classroom and assess
your students’ progress with instant in-class quizzes and polls.

Contact your local Thomson representative to learn more about
JoinIn on TurningPoint and our exclusive infrared and radiofrequency hardware solutions.
Text-Specific DVDs
ISBN 0-495-01243-2

Text-specific DVD set, available at no charge to adopters. Each
disk features a 10- to 20-minute problem-solving lesson for
each section of the chapter. Covers both single- and multivariable calculus.
Solution Builder
www.thomsonedu.com/solutionbuilder
The online Solution Builder lets instructors easily build and save
personal solution sets either for printing or posting on passwordprotected class websites. Contact your local sales representative
for more information on obtaining an account for this instructoronly resource.

ANCILLARIES FOR
I N S T RU C TO R S A N D S T U D E N T S

Stewart Specialty Website
www.stewartcalculus.com
Contents: Algebra Review Additional Topics Drill
Web Links History of
exercises Challenge Problems
Mathematics Tools for Enriching Calculus (TEC)
N

Complete Solutions Manual
Single Variable Early Transcendentals
by Daniel Anderson, Jeffery A. Cole, and Daniel Drucker

N

Enhanced WebAssign

Multivariable

ISBN 0-495-10963-0

ISBN 0-495-01229-7

Includes worked-out solutions to all exercises in the text.
Printed Test Bank
by William Steven Harmon
ISBN 0-495-01242-4

Contains multiple-choice and short-answer test items that key
directly to the text.

|||| Electronic items

|||| Printed items

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ISBN 0-495-01255-6

by Dan Clegg and Barbara Frank

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Instant feedback, grading precision, and ease of use are just
three reasons why WebAssign is the most widely used homework system in higher education. WebAssign’s homework delivery system lets instructors deliver, collect, grade and record
assignments via the web. And now, this proven system has been
enhanced to include end-of-section problems from Stewart’s
Calculus—incorporating exercises, examples, video skillbuilders and quizzes to promote active learning and provide
the immediate, relevant feedback students want.
(Table continues on page xxii.)
xxi


The Brooks/Cole Mathematics Resource Center Website
www.thomsonedu.com/math
When you adopt a Thomson Brooks/Cole mathematics text,
you and your students will have access to a variety of teaching
and learning resources. This website features everything from
book-specific resources to newsgroups. It’s a great way to
make teaching and learning an interactive and intriguing
experience.
Maple CD-ROM
ISBN 0-495-01237-8 (Maple 10)
ISBN 0-495-39052-6 (Maple 11)

Maple provides an advanced, high performance mathematical
computation engine with fully integrated numerics & symbolics,
all accessible from a WYSIWYG technical document environment. Available for bundling with your Stewart Calculus text
at a special discount.
STUDENT

RESOURCES

TEC Tools for Enriching™ Calculus
by James Stewart, Harvey Keynes, Dan Clegg,
and developer Hu Hohn
TEC provides a laboratory environment in which students
can explore selected topics. TEC also includes homework
hints for representative exercises. Available online at
www.stewartcalculus.com .

Interactive Video SkillBuilder CD-ROM
ISBN 0-495-01237-8

Think of it as portable office hours! The Interactive Video
Skillbuilder CD-ROM contains more than eight hours of video
instruction. The problems worked during each video lesson are
shown next to the viewing screen so that students can try working them before watching the solution. To help students evaluate their progress, each section contains a ten-question web
quiz (the results of which can be emailed to the instructor)
and each chapter contains a chapter test, with answers to
each problem.
Study Guide
Single Variable Early Transcendentals
by Richard St. Andre
ISBN 0-495-01239-4

Multivariable Early Transcendentals
by Richard St. Andre
ISBN 0-495-01227-0

Contains a short list of key concepts, a short list of skills

to master, a brief introduction to the ideas of the section,
an elaboration of the concepts and skills, including extra
worked-out examples, and links in the margin to earlier and
later material in the text and Study Guide.

|||| Electronic items
xxii

|||| Printed items

Student Solutions Manual
Single Variable Early Transcendentals
by Daniel Anderson, Jeffery A. Cole, and Daniel Drucker
ISBN 0-495-01240-8

Multivariable
by Dan Clegg and Barbara Frank
ISBN 0-495-01228-9

Provides completely worked-out solutions to all odd-numbered
exercises within the text, giving students a way to check their
answers and ensure that they took the correct steps to arrive at
an answer.
CalcLabs with Maple
Single Variable
by Philip B. Yasskin, Maurice Rahe, David Barrow,
Art Belmonte, Albert Boggess, Jeffery Morgan, Kirby Smith,
and Michael Stecher
ISBN 0-495-01235-1

Multivariable
by Philip Yasskin, Maurice Rahe, and Art Belmonte
ISBN 0-495-01231-9

CalcLabs with Mathematica
Single Variable by Selwyn Hollis
ISBN 0-495-38245-0

Multivariable by Selwyn Hollis
ISBN 0-495-11890-7

Each of these comprehensive lab manuals will help students
learn to effectively use the technology tools available to them.
Each lab contains clearly explained exercises and a variety of
labs and projects to accompany the text.
A Companion to Calculus
by Dennis Ebersole, Doris Schattschneider, Alicia Sevilla,
and Kay Somers
ISBN 0-495-01124-X

Written to improve algebra and problem-solving skills of students taking a calculus course, every chapter in this companion
is keyed to a calculus topic, providing conceptual background
and specific algebra techniques needed to understand and solve
calculus problems related to that topic. It is designed for calculus courses that integrate the review of precalculus concepts or
for individual use.
Linear Algebra for Calculus
by Konrad J. Heuvers, William P. Francis, John H. Kuisti,
Deborah F. Lockhart, Daniel S. Moak, and Gene M. Ortner
ISBN 0-534-25248-6

This comprehensive book, designed to supplement the calculus
course, provides an introduction to and review of the basic
ideas of linear algebra.


TO THE STUDENT

Reading a calculus textbook is different from reading a newspaper or a novel, or even a physics book. Don’t be discouraged
if you have to read a passage more than once in order to understand it. You should have pencil and paper and calculator at
hand to sketch a diagram or make a calculation.
Some students start by trying their homework problems and
read the text only if they get stuck on an exercise. I suggest that
a far better plan is to read and understand a section of the text
before attempting the exercises. In particular, you should look
at the definitions to see the exact meanings of the terms. And
before you read each example, I suggest that you cover up the
solution and try solving the problem yourself. You’ll get a lot
more from looking at the solution if you do so.
Part of the aim of this course is to train you to think logically.
Learn to write the solutions of the exercises in a connected,
step-by-step fashion with explanatory sentences—not just a
string of disconnected equations or formulas.
The answers to the odd-numbered exercises appear at the
back of the book, in Appendix I. Some exercises ask for a verbal explanation or interpretation or description. In such cases
there is no single correct way of expressing the answer, so don’t
worry that you haven’t found the definitive answer. In addition,
there are often several different forms in which to express a
numerical or algebraic answer, so if your answer differs from
mine, don’t immediately assume you’re wrong. For example,
if the answer given in the back of the book is s 2 Ϫ 1 and you

obtain 1͞(1 ϩ s 2 ), then you’re right and rationalizing the
denominator will show that the answers are equivalent.
The icon ; indicates an exercise that definitely requires
the use of either a graphing calculator or a computer with
graphing software. (Section 1.4 discusses the use of these
graphing devices and some of the pitfalls that you may
encounter.) But that doesn’t mean that graphing devices can’t
be used to check your work on the other exercises as well. The
symbol CAS is reserved for problems in which the full resources

of a computer algebra system (like Derive, Maple, Mathematica, or the TI-89/92) are required.
You will also encounter the symbol |, which warns you
against committing an error. I have placed this symbol in the
margin in situations where I have observed that a large proportion of my students tend to make the same mistake.
Tools for Enriching Calculus, which is a companion to this
text, is referred to by means of the symbol TEC and can be
accessed from www.stewartcalculus.com. It directs you to modules in which you can explore aspects of calculus for which the
computer is particularly useful. TEC also provides Homework
Hints for representative exercises that are indicated by printing
the exercise number in red: 15. These homework hints ask you
questions that allow you to make progress toward a solution
without actually giving you the answer. You need to pursue
each hint in an active manner with pencil and paper to work
out the details. If a particular hint doesn’t enable you to solve
the problem, you can click to reveal the next hint.
An optional CD-ROM that your instructor may have asked
you to purchase is the Interactive Video Skillbuilder, which contains videos of instructors explaining two or three of the examples in every section of the text. Also on the CD is a video in
which I offer advice on how to succeed in your calculus course.
I recommend that you keep this book for reference purposes
after you finish the course. Because you will likely forget some

of the specific details of calculus, the book will serve as a
useful reminder when you need to use calculus in subsequent
courses. And, because this book contains more material than
can be covered in any one course, it can also serve as a valuable
resource for a working scientist or engineer.
Calculus is an exciting subject, justly considered to be one
of the greatest achievements of the human intellect. I hope you
will discover that it is not only useful but also intrinsically
beautiful.
JAMES STEWART

xxiii


DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Success in calculus depends to a large extent on knowledge of the mathematics that
precedes calculus: algebra, analytic geometry, functions, and trigonometry. The following tests are intended to diagnose weaknesses that you might have in these areas.
After taking each test you can check your answers against the given answers and, if
necessary, refresh your skills by referring to the review materials that are provided.

A

D I AG N O S T I C T E S T : A L G E B R A
1. Evaluate each expression without using a calculator.

(a) ͑Ϫ3͒4
(d)

(b) Ϫ34

5 23
5 21

(e)

ͩͪ
2
3

(c) 3Ϫ4

Ϫ2

(f) 16 Ϫ3͞4

2. Simplify each expression. Write your answer without negative exponents.

(a) s200 Ϫ s32
(b) ͑3a 3b 3 ͒͑4ab 2 ͒ 2
(c)

ͩ

3x 3͞2 y 3
x 2 yϪ1͞2

ͪ

Ϫ2

3. Expand and simplfy.

(a) 3͑x ϩ 6͒ ϩ 4͑2x Ϫ 5͒

(b) ͑x ϩ 3͒͑4x Ϫ 5͒

(c) (sa ϩ sb )(sa Ϫ sb )

(d) ͑2x ϩ 3͒2

(e) ͑x ϩ 2͒3
4. Factor each expression.

(a) 4x 2 Ϫ 25
(c) x 3 Ϫ 3x 2 Ϫ 4x ϩ 12
(e) 3x 3͞2 Ϫ 9x 1͞2 ϩ 6x Ϫ1͞2

(b) 2x 2 ϩ 5x Ϫ 12
(d) x 4 ϩ 27x
(f) x 3 y Ϫ 4xy

5. Simplify the rational expression.

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(a)

x 2 ϩ 3x ϩ 2
x2 Ϫ x Ϫ 2

(c)

x2
xϩ1
Ϫ
x Ϫ4
xϩ2
2

xϩ3
2x 2 Ϫ x Ϫ 1
ؒ
x2 Ϫ 9
2x ϩ 1
x
y
Ϫ
x
y
(d)
1
1
Ϫ
y
x
(b)


DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

6. Rationalize the expression and simplify.

s10
s5 Ϫ 2

(a)

(b)

s4 ϩ h Ϫ 2
h

7. Rewrite by completing the square.

(a) x 2 ϩ x ϩ 1

(b) 2x 2 Ϫ 12x ϩ 11

8. Solve the equation. (Find only the real solutions.)

2x Ϫ 1
2x
෇
xϩ1
x
(d) 2x 2 ϩ 4x ϩ 1 ෇ 0

(a) x ϩ 5 ෇ 14 Ϫ 2 x
1

(b)

(c) x2 Ϫ x Ϫ 12 ෇ 0

Խ

(e) x 4 Ϫ 3x 2 ϩ 2 ෇ 0
(g) 2x͑4 Ϫ x͒Ϫ1͞2 Ϫ 3 s4 Ϫ x ෇ 0

Խ

(f) 3 x Ϫ 4 ෇ 10

9. Solve each inequality. Write your answer using interval notation.

(a) Ϫ4 Ͻ 5 Ϫ 3x ഛ 17
(c) x͑x Ϫ 1͒͑x ϩ 2͒ Ͼ 0
2x Ϫ 3
(e)
ഛ1
xϩ1

(b) x 2 Ͻ 2x ϩ 8
(d) x Ϫ 4 Ͻ 3

Խ

Խ

10. State whether each equation is true or false.

(a) ͑ p ϩ q͒2 ෇ p 2 ϩ q 2

(b) sab ෇ sa sb

(c) sa 2 ϩ b 2 ෇ a ϩ b

(d)

1 ϩ TC
෇1ϩT
C

(f)

1͞x
1
෇
a͞x Ϫ b͞x
aϪb

(e)

1
1
1
෇ Ϫ
xϪy
x
y

ANSWERS TO DIAGNOSTIC TEST A: ALGEBRA
1. (a) 81

(d) 25
2. (a) 6s2

(b) Ϫ81

(c)

9
4

(f)

(e)

(b) 48a 5b7

(c)

3. (a) 11x Ϫ 2

(b) 4x 2 ϩ 7x Ϫ 15
(c) a Ϫ b
(d) 4x 2 ϩ 12x ϩ 9
3
2
(e) x ϩ 6x ϩ 12x ϩ 8

4. (a) ͑2x Ϫ 5͒͑2x ϩ 5͒

(c) ͑x Ϫ 3͒͑x Ϫ 2͒͑x ϩ 2͒
(e) 3x Ϫ1͞2͑x Ϫ 1͒͑x Ϫ 2͒
xϩ2
xϪ2
1
(c)
xϪ2

5. (a)

1
81
1
8

x
9y7

(b) ͑2x Ϫ 3͒͑x ϩ 4͒
(d) x͑x ϩ 3͒͑x 2 Ϫ 3x ϩ 9͒
(f) xy͑x Ϫ 2͒͑x ϩ 2͒
(b)

xϪ1
xϪ3

(d) Ϫ͑x ϩ y͒

6. (a) 5s2 ϩ 2s10
7. (a) ( x ϩ

1 2
2

)

ϩ 34

8. (a) 6

(d) Ϫ1 Ϯ 12 s2
(g)

(b)

1
s4 ϩ h ϩ 2

(b) 2͑x Ϫ 3͒2 Ϫ 7
(b) 1
(e) Ϯ1, Ϯs2

(c) Ϫ3, 4
(f) 23 , 223

12
5

9. (a) ͓Ϫ4, 3͒

(c) ͑Ϫ2, 0͒ ʜ ͑1, ϱ͒
(e) ͑Ϫ1, 4͔

10. (a) False

(d) False

(b) True
(e) False

If you have had difficulty with these problems, you may wish to consult
the Review of Algebra on the website www.stewartcalculus.com.

(b) ͑Ϫ2, 4͒
(d) ͑1, 7͒

(c) False
(f) True

||||

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