An analysis of adverbial phrases in english and vietnamese (phân tích cụm trạng từ trong tiếng anh và tiếng việt)

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC PHENIKAA

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

AN ANALYSIS OF ADVERBIAL PHRASES ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

SINH VIÊN : NGUYỄN VŨ HUỲNH ĐỨC
MÃ SỐ SINH VIÊN : 16D220201003

KHÓA : 2016-2020

NGHÀNH : ENGLISH

HỆ: CHÍNH QUY

GIẢNG VIÊN HƯỚNG DẪN : M.A TRẦN VĂN TRỌNG

HÀ NỘI-2020


TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART A: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1
1. Reasons for choosing the study ............................................................................... 1
2. Aims of the study .................................................................................................... 1
3. Scope of the study ................................................................................................... 2
4. Methods of the study ............................................................................................... 2
5. Design of the study: ................................................................................................. 2
PART B:
INVESTIGATION ............................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES .................................................. 4

1.1. Sentence and general knowledge of adverbial in sentence .................................... 4
1.1.1. Definition of sentence .................................................................................... 4
1.1.2. Parts of sentence ............................................................................................ 4
1.1.3. Functions of adverbials in sentence ............................................................... 5
1.2. Clause................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1. Common features........................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Clause elements ............................................................................................. 7
1.2.3. More about clauses ........................................................................................ 9
1.3. Adverbial clauses in English............................................................................... 10
1.3.1. Definition of Adverbial clauses ................................................................... 10
1.3.2. Common features of Adverbial clauses............................................................ 13
1.3.3. Types of Adverbial clauses .......................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................ 16
AN ANALYSIS OF ADVERBIAL PHRASES ENGLISH AND VIETNAMSES ... 16
2.1. Functions of adverbial clause in English sentence structures .............................. 16
2.2. Concrete cases of adverbial clauses in English and Vietnamese. ........................ 16
2.2.1. Clauses of time ............................................................................................ 16
2.2.1.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 16
2.2.1.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 17
2.2.1.3. Some Concrete cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and
Vietnamese. ........................................................................................................... 17
2.2.2. Clauses of place ........................................................................................... 19
2.2.2.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 19
2.2.2.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 20
2.2.2.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of place in English and
Vietnamese. ........................................................................................................... 20
2.2.3.Clauses of manner ........................................................................................ 21
2.2.3.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 21
2.2.3.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 21
2.2.3.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of manner in English and

Vietnamese. ........................................................................................................... 21


2.2.4. Clauses of concession .................................................................................. 23
2.2.4.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 23
2.2.4.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 23
2.2.4.3. Some Concrete cases of adverbial clauses of concession in English and
Vietnamese. ........................................................................................................... 23
2.2.5. Clauses of result .......................................................................................... 25
2.2.5.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 25
2.2.5.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 25
2.2.5.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of result in English and
Vietnamese. ........................................................................................................... 25
2.2.6. Clauses of reason and cause ......................................................................... 26
2.2.6.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 26
2.2.6.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 26
2.2.6.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of reason and cause in English
and Vietnamese. .................................................................................................... 27
2.2.7. Clauses of purpose ....................................................................................... 27
2.2.7.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 27
2.2.7.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 28
2.2.7.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of purpose in English and
Vietnamese. ........................................................................................................... 28
2.2.8. Clauses of condition .................................................................................... 29
2.2.8.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 29
2.2.8.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 29
2.2.8.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of condition in English and
Vietnamese. ........................................................................................................... 29
2.2.9. Clauses of comparison ................................................................................. 30
2.2.9.1. Common features ...................................................................................... 30

2.2.9.2. Functions .................................................................................................. 30
2.2.9.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of comparison in English and
Vietnamese. ........................................................................................................... 31
2.2.10. Abbreviated Adverbial clauses .................................................................. 31
2.2.10.1. Common features .................................................................................... 31
2.2.10.2. Functions ................................................................................................ 32
APPLICATIONS TO TEACHING ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES TO ....... 34
VIETNAMESE STUDENTS ...................................................................................... 34
3.1. Some predictions of errors made by Vietnamese students when learning English
Adverbial clauses. ..................................................................................................... 34
1) Misuse of tenses in adverbial clauses of time .................................................... 34
2) Using two conjunctions for two clauses ............................................................ 34
3) Misrelated participles ........................................................................................ 35
4. Misunderstanding of the meaning of conjunction in adverbial clauses of
condition ............................................................................................................... 35


3.2. Some actual errors that Vietnamese learners commit when learning English
Adverbial clauses. ..................................................................................................... 36
3.3. Suggested ways of overcoming the problems of student’s errors ........................ 37
3.4. Some suggestions for teaching English Adverbial clauses .................................. 37
PART C: CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 39
REFERENCES BOOKS ............................................................................................... 1
ANSWER KEYS ........................................................................................................... 5


1

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1. Reasons for choosing the study
English usage is a subject as wide as the English language itself. By far the greater
part of usage raises no controversies and poses no problems for native speakers of
English, just because it is their native language. However, there are certain problems for
learners of English as a foreign language, especially English constructions. Since plenty
of them often fail to recognize kinds of adverbial clauses.
For example:

Working all day, he felt tired

They think that this sentence may be an adverbial clause of time “After he worked
all day, he felt tired” or “When he worked all day, he felt tired”. This sentence may also
be an adverbial clause of reason “Because he worked all day, he felt tired”.
Adverbial clauses are very important parts in English grammar but they are not
easy to use and usually cause difficulties for learners. English adverbial clauses have been
dealt with by numerous grammarians. But until recent years, there have no research works
on English Adverbial clauses and Vietnamese and the ways to help learners overcome the
confusion.

2. Aims of the study
The above – mentioned background shows that the status of adverbial clauses in
English needs more detailed study not only in structure but also in uses as well. With this
trend, this study is aimed at:
- Giving the description and features of English adverbial clauses and their
equivalent realizations in Vietnamese to illustrate the differences and similarities of
adverbial clauses in the two languages.
- Offering suggestions for teaching adverbial clauses to Vietnamese learners.

* Research questions

2

Determined by its aims, this paper tries to find the answers to the following
questions:
1. What is an adverbial clause?
2. What are the features and classifications of adverbial clauses?
3. What are the differences and similarities between English adverbial clauses and
their Vietnamese equivalents and how they serve the teaching of English
grammar to Vietnamese students?
4. What are the predicted errors Vietnamese students may make when learning
English adverbial clauses?
5. How are these errors eliminated?

3. Scope of the study
These thesis are about adverbial clauses, especially, we focus on the kinds of
adverbial clauses, adverbial clauses in English and Vietnamese. In addition, we will
provide learners how to overcome errors in using adverbial clauses.

4. Methods of the study
i. Comparative and contrastive method.
ii. Statistical method.
iii. Analytical method.

5. Design of the study:
This subject consists of three main parts and references.
Part A: The Introduction outlines the reasons, the aims, the research questions, the
scope, the methods, and the design of the study. In addition, the organization of the
thesis is introduced.
Part B, entitled “Investigation”, is divided into three chapters.

The first one, “Theoretical preliminaries” supplies an over view of sentence, clause,
and adverbial clauses in English.
The second chapter, “Concrete cases of adverbial clauses


3

In English and Vietnamese”, presents English adverbial clauses and Vietnamese.
The presentation focuses on syntactical features, functional roles and Concrete cases
of each kind of adverbial clauses in the sentence.
The last chapter is about the applications of the study to the teaching of English
adverbial clauses to Vietnamese students.
Part C is the conclusion summarizing the main point discussed in previous parts.


4

PART B:

INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES
1.1. Sentence and general knowledge of adverbial in sentence
1.1.1. Definition of sentence
Sentence, which is usually considered the largest syntactical unit, is one of the
problems taking up a large portion of grammar books. It is quite easy to understand why
so much attention has been paid to the study of sentence.
The term sentence is so familiar to everyone, from a learner who has just started a
language course to a linguist, yet its definitions are far from homogeneous, they are even
very confusing, instead.

In traditional grammars, sentences are simply defined as “composed of words” and
it is function of syntax to state what words can be combined with others to form sentences
and in what order.
A linguistic definition of the sentence must be in terms of it internal structure. A
sentence will be composed of certain specified elements in a certain order, ultimately, of
course, of word, or parts of word.
According to G. Leech and J. Svartvict (1992), “Sentences are units made up one or
more clauses. Sentence containing just one clause is called simple, and sentences
containing more than one clause are called complex”

1.1.2. Parts of sentence
Randolph Quirk et al (1972) said that sentence usually has two main parts: Subject
and predicate in which subject is a word or a phrase indicating people, things, or events
but predicate is the rest. That means, “The subject of the sentence has a close general
relation” to “what is discussed”, “the theme”, of the sentence with the normal application
that something new. The predicate is being said about a “subject” that has already been


5

introduced in an earlier sentence. The elements of a sentence can be expressed clearly by
chart and example below:

Sentence
Subject

predicate

Auxiliary and operator
Eg.

He

had

predication
given the girl an apple

1.1.3. Functions of adverbials in sentence
 Adverbial is a part of sentence. It can be an adverb phrase, preposition phrase, or noun
phrase. They can tell us something about the action in the sentence by modifying a
verb.
Eg:
Adverb phrase:

You are going very slowly.
We wanted to get back.

Preposition phrase:

Cathelin wasn’t at home.
You saw the police car in front of you.

Noun phrase:

We wanted to get home.
It happened last week.

 Adverbial modifies different parts in the sentence.
Eg. The car in front of us was a police car.

You were getting really impatient.
They are going very slowly.


6

They inspected the car thoroughly.
Then you decided to overtake.

1.2. Clause
1.2.1. Common features
A clause is normally understood as a group of words containing a subject and finite
verb, forming a sentence or part of sentence, and often doing the work of a noun,
adjective or adverb.
In the traditional view, clauses are sentences that are part of larger sentences. That
is to say, clauses are seen as the minimal sentences while the term sentence is used for the
larger or maximal sentence (Palmer (1994: 11))
To put it in another ways, the “traditional” clause is a component of the sentence.
Though arbitrary, this conception has indicated what is meant and illustrated a very
important characteristic of natural language.
Quirk et al (1972: 42) give simple explanation, more structurally and formally
biased, of the clause. A clause is a unit that can be analyzed in to the elements: S, V, O, C,
and A (subject, verb, object, complement and adverb).
Later Leech and Svartvick (1992) modify this conception, proposing that clauses
are the principal structures of which sentence are composed. They also put forward three
important ways in which clauses may be described and classified.
 In terms of clause elements (subject, verb. etc.) from which they are constructed and
the verb patterns which are formed from the elements.
 In terms of the use in which a clause is made by verb phrase structure to help
distinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses.

 In terms of clause function (the function of a clause performs in a sentence), such as
nominal clause, adverbial clause, etc. Thus, Later Leech and Svartvick work out some


7

criteria for their explanation of clause on the ground proposed by Quirk. et. al, the
formal and structural view of clauses proves to be clearer and more precise than the
traditional one for it also touches other aspects of linguistics and serves as a better tool
to do linguistic research. More concerned with language function, Halliday (1985: 67)
defines clause is a functional unit with a triple construction of meaning. In his
explanation, a clause functions simultaneously
 As the expression of the phenomena of experience.
 As the expression of speech function.
 As the bearer of message, this is organized in the form of theme plus
exposition.
In the view of speech function, Halliday’s “clause” has a two-part structure
consisting of modal element and proposional elements.
In whichever approach, traditional, structural or functional, there is always a
widespread agreement that a clause typically consists of five elements: S, V, O, C and A.
In addition, clauses are belong to the three types: adverbial clause, adjective clauses and
noun clauses. An adverbial clause is considered as modifying the verb of the main clause
or sometimes as modifier of the entire sentence. The adjective clauses modifies a
preceding noun or pronoun and a noun clause can function as subject, subjective
complement, object of verb, objective of preposition and apposite. In this study, we are
going to deal with adverbial clause with the features, functions of each kind of them.

1.2.2. Clause elements
A clause can be analyzed into five different types of clause elements: (subject, verb,
object, complement and adverb)

Eg. Suddenly, I
(A
I quickly

S

felt tired.
V
shut

C)
the door


8

(S

A

V

O)

When a clause is considered as a sentence, it may have following patterns:
1. S + V (transitive).
She smiled.
S

V

(E.Segal (1993: 105))

Oliver

bowed.

S

V
( Charler Dicken, 32)

2. S + V + C.
Hary is kind.
S

V

C
(Quirk and Greenbaum (1973: 167))

3. S + V + O (transitive).
He

unlocked

the drawer.

S

V

O
(Charler Dicken, 38)

4. S + V + A.
Morning

arrived

fast.

S

V

A

(Charler Dicken, 53)


9

5. S + V + O + O.
She gave Oliver a hard blow.
S

V

O

O
(Charler Dicken, 42)

6. S + V + O + A.
He left the room quickly
S

V

O

A
(Charler Dicken, 25)

7. S + V + O + C.
We have proved him wrong.
S

V

O

C
(Quirk and Greenbaum (1973: 168))

1.2.3. More about clauses
Clauses are classified into two main categories: Independent clauses and dependent
clauses. They are also called “main clause” and “subordinate clause”. An independent
clause is a clause “capable of constituting a simple sentence” (Quirk, Randolph et. al
(1972: 721)) or “that can start alone as a sentence” (Bửu (1994: 65)). A dependent clause

is a clause “which makes up a grammatical sentence only if subordinate to a further
clause” (Quirk, Randolph et. al (1972: 721)) or which does not stand on it is own as a
sentence (Bửu (1994: 65)). In the traditional view, there are threes types of dependent
clauses, which are named, In general terms according to their functions in the sentence:
adverbial clause, adjective clauses and noun clauses


10

Later, dependent clauses are also functionally classified, in more specific terms,
into subject, direct object, disjunct, conjunct. The structures of them are very diverse.
Therefore, the analysis will be done in this study.
Analyzed by structure type, clauses are of three main classes: finite clause, non-finite
clause, and verbless clause.
A finite clause is defined as one containing a finite verb while a non-finite clause
containing a non-finite verb is named a non-finite clause. The non-finite verb can be
infinitive with “to”, an infinitive without “to”, an –ing participle or an- ed participle. A
clause which has no verbal element at all is a verbless clause. One of the main differences
between the finite clause and the other two is that the former always contains a subject
while there is frequent absence of a subject in the latter. The kind of ellipsis found in nonfinite clause and verb- less clause serve stylistic purposes, especially in the written
language.
The clause can also be viewed in another perspective, in the light of functional
approach. Halliay’s idea (1995: 73) is the typical of this view. In his opinion, “every
clause is also structured as a message. It consists of two parts: a Theme, which is the
point of departure- what the message is about, and another element that constitutes the
body of the message, known as the Rhyme ” and the Theme usually come first in the
message structure when we extend our analysis beyond the syntactic scope, though only
occasionally, The Theme- Rhyme structure is based on to work out a sound explanation.

1.3. Adverbial clauses in English

1.3.1. Definition of Adverbial clauses
According to Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue “An adverbial clause is another type of
dependent clause is introduced by a subordinator. It is used to modify the verb of the noun
clause, and it answers such questions as Where?, Why?, How?, When?,… etc, for what
purpose”.


11

An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, which makes the
subordinate (dependent) clause.
Common subordinating conjunctions:

After

in order (that)

Unless

although

insofar as

Until

As

in that

when

as far as

Lest

Whenever

as soon as

no matter how

Where

as if

now that

Wherever

as though

Once

Whether

because

provided (that)

While

before

Since

Why

Even if

so that

Even though

supposing (that)

How

Than

If

That

inasmuch as

Though

in case (that)

Till

Example of adverbial clause answering when?
When spring arrives, the flowers bloom.
Adverbial clause
Subordinating conjunction

Main clause

When will the flowers bloom? Answer: when spring arrives
Example of adverbial clause answering why?


12

The poor woman had no money because she had lost her job.

Main clause

adverbial clause

Subordinating conjunction

Why didn't the poor woman have money? Answer: because she had lost her job
Example of adverbial clause answering where?
Where there is smoke, there is fire

adverbial clause

Subordinating conjunction

Where is there fire? Answer: where there is smoke
Example of adverbial clause answering how?
He answered the question as if he knew the subject quite well

Main clause

adverbial clause
Subordinating conjunction

How did he answer the question?
Answer: as if he knew the subject quite well
Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree?


13

Jones will probably arrive later than Smith (will arrive)

Main clause

Adverbial clause

Subordinating conjunction

understood

To what degree of lateness will Jones arrive? Answer: (later) than Smith
(will arrive)
Another example of an adverbial clause answering to what degree?

He much younger than his brother (is)

Main clause

Adverbial clause

Subordinating conjunction

understood

1.3.2. Common features of Adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses are dependent clauses that function as other adverbials. They can
have functions as adverb phrases, preposition phrases, and noun phrases.
Eg.

We could play cards after wards.
We could play cards after the meal.
We could play cards after we’ve eaten.
Adverbial clauses usually tell something extra about the action or state described

by the rest of the sentence, the time when it happened, the place where it happened or the
manner in which happened.


14

Adverbial clauses usually come before or after a main clause. A comma is often
used when the adverbial clause comes first.
Eg. If you like, we could play cards.
We could play cards if you like.

The order of clauses depends on whether the information it conveys is new and
important or not. When the information is new and important, it is usually put at the end
of the sentence.
Eg. I arrived about ten minutes after the start of the meeting.
I was late because Don was telling me his problems. Here I was late related back
to ten minutes after the start. The information about Don is new.
There are non-finite adverbial clauses: - Ing clauses, -Ed clauses, and verbless clauses.
Eg. Why waiting, Colin paced up and down.
Please wait until told to proceed.

1.3.3. Types of Adverbial clauses
Linguistics have proposed different views about kinds of Adverbial clauses in their
famous grammar books and websites. Generally, they are very diverse. Following L.G.
Alexander, there are ten main kinds of Adverbial clauses: Clauses of time, clauses of
place, clauses of manner, clauses of concession, clauses of result, clauses of reason,
clauses of purpose, clauses of comparison, clauses of condition, and abbreviated
adverbial clauses.
1. Clauses of time
Eg: You did not look very well when you got up this morning.
2. Clauses of place
Eg. Consumers usually prefer to do business wherever credit cards are accepted.
3. Clauses of manner


15

Eg. I feel as if / as though I am floating on air.
4. Clauses of concession
Eg. Although I felt sorry for him, I was secretly pleased that he was having
difficulties.

5. Clauses of result
Eg. His reactions are so quick (that) no one can match him.
6. Clauses of reason
Eg. Because there was very little support, the strict was not successful.
7. Clauses of purpose
Eg. They must have worn gloves in order not to leave any fingerprints.
8. Clauses of comparison
Eg.

John runs as quickly as Marry does.

9. Clauses of condition
Eg. He must be lying if you told you that.
10. Abbreviated adverbial clauses
Eg. After listening a little, the postmaster got up and said.


16

CHAPTER 2
AN ANALYSIS OF ADVERBIAL PHRASES ENGLISH AND
VIETNAMSES

2.1. Functions of adverbial clause in English sentence structures
According to S. Greenbaum and R. Quirk (1990) “Adverbial clauses function
mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In those functions they are like Adverbial phrases,
but in their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like preposition
phrases”.
Adverbial clauses can be identified by asking and answering the questions:
when?, where?, How?, why?, etc.

When?: Tell him as soon as he arrive
Where?: You can sit where you like

(Time)
(Place)

How?: He spoke as if he meant business (Manner)
Why?: He went to bed because he felt ill

(Reason)

There are some major kinds of Adverbial clauses and each of Adverbial clauses
has different functions, so we study detail kinds of Adverbial clauses to know more
clearly about their functions.

2.2. Concrete cases of adverbial clauses in English and Vietnamese.
This part of the study will focus on common features, functions, concrete cases
of the ten kinds of English adverbial clauses, as already mentioned in the previous
chapter,English and Vietnamese.
2.2.1. Clauses of time
2.2.1.1. Common features
Adverbial clauses of time are dependent clauses, often introduced by one of the
following subordinators: After, as, before, once, since, till, until, when (ever), while,
now that, as long as, immediately (that), directly (that). We generally use a comma
when an adverbial clauses come first.


17

Eg: You did not look very well when you got up this morning.

After she got married, Madeleine changed completely.
You can keep these records as long as you like.
Once you’ve seen one penguin, you’ve seen them all.

2.2.1.2. Functions
An adverbial clause of time tells us when the action described by the main verb
took place.
Eg: Her father died when she was young.
He has not stopped complaining since he got back from his holidays.

2.2.1.3. Some Concrete cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and
Vietnamese.
Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by concrete main
subordinators
 When:
When the cloud bursts, it rain fishes.
Rồi khi mây tan, trời mưa ra cá.
When he runs, he leaves the storm wind behind.
Khi cậu ấy chạy, gió bảo sẽ tụt lại đằng sau.

(K. A. Abba, 6)
(N. Tâm, 7)
(G. Balwnt, 26)
(N. Tâm, 27)

When the judge said that an interview with his highness was being arranged, she
agreed

(G. Balwnt, 34)

Khi thẩm phán nói rằng người ta đang thu xếp một cuộc tiếp kiến hoàng tử, thì bà
đồng ý.
I watched her when she was not looking.
Tơi quan sát cơ ấy lúc cơ ấy khơng nhìn tơi.
When she finished, I was silent with astonishment.
Khi cô chơi xong, tơi lặng người đi vì ngạc nhiên.

(N. Tâm, 35)
(M. K. Prabhat, 42)
(N. Tâm, 43)
(M. K. Prabhat, 64)
(N. Tâm, 65)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “when” in English and Vietnamese: (rồi
khi…, khi…, lúc…, khi…thì, khi..xong.)
 Before:


18

He would have some hot water before he began.

(J. LonDon, 36)

Anh ấy nhất thiết phải uống một ít nước nóng trước lúc bắt đầu đi tiếp.
(Đ. Lê, 37)
I could have jumped into his taxi, caught the bus before it reach Mahim.
(K. A. Abba, 22)
Tơi có thể nhảy phốc lên Taxi của anh ta, đuổi kịp chiếc xe buýt nọ trước khi nó đến
Malin.

(N. Tâm, 23)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “before” in English and Vietnamese:
(tr-íc lóc, tr-íc khi....)
 Once:
Once the ice was broken, we began to talk with astonishing informality.
(K. A. Abba, 14)
Khi tảng băng ngăn cách bắt đầu tan đi, thì chúng tơi nói chuyện với nhau tự nhiên
mơt cách lạ kỳ.
He gets up late once he has so many things to do.

(N. Tâm, 15)
(H.V. Bửu, 78)

Anh ấy thường thức đậy muộn một khi anh ấy có quá nhiều việc để làm.
(H.V. Bửu, 78)
Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “once” in English and their
Vietnamese equivalents: (khi…thì, một khi…)
 After:
After he had drunk a quart of hot water, the man found he was able to stand.
(J. LonDon, 38)
Sau khi uống ít nước, anh cảm thấy có thể đứng đậy được.
We can go some Saturday after Maggie’s office closes.

(Đ. Lê, 39)
(M. K. Prabhat, 66)

Chúng tơi có thể đi vào thứ 7 nào đó sau khi Maggi tan sở.
(N. Tâm, 67)

Adverbial clauses of time are with subordinator: “after” in English and Vietnamese:
(sau khi…)
 Till/ until:
I waited till the streetlights leap out of the dark.

(K. A. Abba, 8)


19

Tôi đợi mãi cho tới khi đèn đường phố từ trong bóng sang lên.

(N. Tâm, 9)

They grained and grained until he could not keep his mind steady.
(J. LonDon, 18)
Những cơn đau ấy cào đi xé lại cho đến khi không giữ được trí óc mình tỉnh táo.
(Đ. Lê, 19)
I will wait until/ till he comes back.

(H. V. Bửu, 79)

Tôi sẽ đợi đến khi anh trở lại.

(H. V. Bửu, 79)

.

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “till/ until” in English and
Vietnamese: ( mãi cho đến khi…, cho tới khi…, đến khi…)

 Since:
He had done a good deed everyday since he took his oath.
Mỗi ngày hắn làm một việc thiện từ khi hắn ta tuyên thề.

(H.V. Bửu, 78)
(H.V. Bửu, 78)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “since” in English and Vietnamese: ( từ
khi…)
 As soon as: (ngay khi…, khi nào…)
As soon as he came back, I will be granted an interview.
Ngay khi ngài trở về, tôi sẽ tiếp kiến.

(M. K. Prabhat, 38)
(N. Tâm, 39)

Assuming her that all their troubles would end as soon as he got his chance to go to
London.

(M. K. Prabhat, 36)

Anh an i b m rng tt c nỗi cc nhc của họ sẽ chấm rứt ngay khi anh có cơ hội
đi Ln §ơn.

(N. Tâm, 37)

2.2.2. Clauses of place

2.2.2.1. Common features
Adverbial clauses of place are dependent clauses, introduced by subordinators:

Where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere.
Eg. The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple.
They went wherever they could find work.
With a special train ticket, you can travel everywhere/ anywhere you like.


20

2.2.2.2. Functions
Adverbial clauses of place tell where the action described by the main verb took
place.
Eg. Most people prefer to shop where they can be sure of quality.
Consumers usually prefer to do business wherever credit cards are accepted.

2.2.2.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of place in English and
Vietnamese.
Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by concrete main
subordinators
 Where:
He would come to where she gave him the first view.

(H.V. Bửu, 77)

Anh ấy sẽ trở về nơi mà lần đầu anh gặp cô ấy.
I will go where you tell me.

(H.V. Bửu, 77)

Tôi sẽ đến nơi nào anh bảo tôi.
Adverbial clauses of place with subordinator: “where” in English and their

Vietnamese equivalents: (nơi mà…, nơi no, mt ni, chỗ)
Wherever:
He rested whenever he fell.
Anh nghỉ ở chỗ nào anh gục ngã.

(J. LonDon, 32)
(D. Lª, 33)

He sad wherever he could find a seat.

(H.V. Bửu, 77)

Hắn ta ngồi bất cứ chỗ nào hắn ta tìm được chỗ .

(H.V. Bu, 77)

Adverbial clauses of place with subordinator wherever in English and Vietnamese:
( ở chỗ nào…, bất cứ chỗ nào…).


21

2.2.3.Clauses of manner
2.2.3.1. Common features
Adverbial clauses of manner are dependent clauses, introduced by subordinators:
“As”, “in the way that”. They normally come after the main clause.
Eg. Type this again as I showed you moment ago.
This steak is cooked in the way that I like it.
Adverbial clauses of manner also express comparison when they are introduced
by expression: like, (in) the way, (in) the same way,( in) the same way as.

Eg. She is behaving in the same way her elder sister used to.
Adverbial clauses of manner can also be introduced by the
Conjunctions As if, as though after the verbs: be, act, appear, behave, feel, look,
seem, smell, sound.
Eg. I feel as if / as though I am floating on air.
It sounds as if/ as though the situation will get worse.
“As though” and “as if” can be used after any verbs describing behavior.
Eg. She acts as if she were mad.
Lillian was trembling as if she had seen a ghost.

2.2.3.2. Functions
Adverbial clauses of manner are dependent clauses, used to talk about someone’s
behavior or the way something is done.
Eg. I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
I feel as if/ as though I am floating on the air.

2.2.3.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of manner in English and
Vietnamese.