Jaypee’s dental dictionary 2nd edition

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Jaypee’s
Dental Dictionary

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Disclaimer
The material contained in the book (some of which) has been
provided by contributing authors. The publisher and editors

disclaim any responsibility about the originality of contents

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Jaypee’s
Dental Dictionary
Second Edition
Priya Verma Gupta

MDS FPFA
Professor
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
Divya Jyoti College of Dental Sciences and Research
Modi Nagar, Niwari Road, Ghaziabad
Uttar Pradesh, India

(Late) LC Gupta MD (Rad) DMRE, MD (PSM), FAMS, DSC (Hon)
Retd Director Medical, Border Security Force
India

Sujata Sarabahi MS, MCh, DNB, MNAMS
Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgeon
Associate Professor
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and
Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India

The Health Sciences Publisher
New Delhi | London | Philadelphia | Panama

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© Digital฀Version฀2017,฀Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and
do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by
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writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor
mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative
information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current
information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product
to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration,
adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety

precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or
damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical
services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should
be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to
reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to
make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at:
Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary
Second Edition: Digital฀Version฀2017
ISBN 978-93-85891-49-6

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Dedicated to
Padma Shri (Late) Dr LC Gupta
without whom the only existence
of this compilation was not possible

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Contributors
Anjula Bhagat, MBBS
USA

Gunjan Gupta, MDS
Assistant Professor
Department of Periodontics
Shree Bankey Bihari Dental College and
Research Centre
Hapur Road, Ghaziabad
Uttar Pradesh, India
Harsh Mohan, MBBS, MD, FIC (Path), FUICC
Prof and Head, Department of Pathology
Government Medical College
Chandigarh, India
Jyoti Gupta, MDS
Prof and HOD, Department of
Oral Medicine and Radiology
Krishna Medical University and
School of Dental Sciences
Karad, Maharashtra, India
Nishant Gupta, MDS
Assistant Professor
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Shree Bankey Bihari Dental College and
Research Centre
Hapur Road, Ghaziabad
Uttar Pradesh, India
Pooja Ahmad, BDS, MFDSRCS (Eng)
Dental Institute of Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’s
Kings College
London, United Kingdom

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Rishab Malhotra, MDS
Assistant Professor
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
Jaipur Dental College
Jaipur Rajasthan
Ritu Sharma, MDS
Associate Professor
Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry
Hindustan Institute of Dental Science
Uttar Pradesh, India
Sakshi Garg, MDS
Reader
Department of Periodontics
Bhojia Dental College and Hospital
Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
Shweta Bali, MDS
Professor
Department of Periodontics
Santosh Dental College and Hospital
Santosh Nagar, Ghaziabad
Uttar Pradesh, India
Subhadra H N, MDS
DY Patil Dental College
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Sugandha Mohan, BDS
Government Medical College
Rohtak, Haryana, India
Vivek Hegde, MDS

Prof and Head, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry
MA Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Center,
Pune, Maharashtra, India

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Preface to the Second Edition
It gives us immense pleasure to write the preface for the second
edition of Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary. We received copious
correspondence from the readers commenting about the book and
giving suggestions for improvement in past 6 years since the first
edition came in to existence. We also kept a record of new researches
and techniques that came up in past six years.
Second edition is being divided in three sections, i.e., dictionary,
appendices and colour plates. Appendices come with valuable
information which will be handy for the students starting their
journey in field of dentistry. Addition of latest photographs and
figures will help the readers to understand the vocabulary in a better
way. As this compilation is a balanced product between dictionary
and encyclopaedia, we have tried to incorporate all new updates that
will help the students to familiarise themselves with new vocabulary.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude towards all our contributors. We
profusely thank Shri Jitender P Vij (CEO) and Mr Ankit Vij (Group
President) for their support and encouragement in bringing out
the second edition. Lastly but most importantly we thank Dr Ankit
Sharma (Senior Editor), Mr Ashutosh Shrivastava (Assistant Editor),
Mr Shekhar Bhatt (Typesetter), Mr Manoj Pahuja (Senior Graphic
Designer) and Mr Pawan Kumar (Graphic Designer) of Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi for their enthusiasm

and constant effort in bringing out this compilation.
In spite of our best efforts compilation is bound to have
deficiencies. We will be grateful if the readers kindly send their
valuable suggestion for further improvement.
Priya Verma Gupta
Sujata Sarabahi

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Preface to the First Edition
The world of dental sciences has changed dramatically over the last
two decades and simultaneously so has the public awareness about
dental health increased many folds. To provide qualified health
managers new dental colleges and superspecialities are developing
fast.
All learning in science is based on education in vocabulary.
Mostly dictionaries are concerned with words while encyclopedias
explain the object which describes the word to be understood and
used correctly. It is a balanced product of both. We have catered
to the needs of postgraduate students by including definitions and
diseases which they ought to know.
Editors have made special efforts to include maximum words not
only related to dentistry but also all other related medical specialities
which have a bearing on dental care. The dictionary has been made
pictorial to make the reading more interesting and to give a visual
impact to the readers.

Appendices have been added. The main objective was to collect
useful and frequently used information from various other sources
to make it easily available between the two covers of the book.
We are grateful to Prof Dr Harsh Mohan, a man of pathology and his
daughter Dr Sugandha who have provided many of the histological
slides to make the dictionary more pictorial and useful. Similarly
Dr KD Tripathi who is a milestone in the field of pharmacology has
been a source of constant academic encouragement to us.
We are also happy to include some line sketches by master Rohan
Gupta for better elaboration of certain terms.
Lastly and most importantly we must express our debt and
enduring gratitude to our publisher/family friend and guide Shri
Jitendar P Vij, Shrimati Raman Vij and young commander Mr Ankit
Vij who have published this book of words in four colors and on art
paper at a reasonable price.

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We would like to express our thanks in advance to anybody
who will spare his valuable time to take the trouble to inform us
of any shortcomings in this dictionary and we will surely make the
necessary amendments in the next edition.
Priya Verma Gupta
LC Gupta
Sujata Sarabahi

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Contents
Section 1: Dental Dictionary
A.............................................................................................1-57
B...........................................................................................58-83
C.........................................................................................84-152
D ......................................................................................153-182
E .......................................................................................183-206
F .......................................................................................207-232
G ......................................................................................233-253
H ......................................................................................254-284
I........................................................................................285-304
J........................................................................................305-307
K ......................................................................................308-310
L .......................................................................................311-332
M ......................................................................................333-369
N ......................................................................................370-383
O ......................................................................................384-401
P .......................................................................................402-457
Q ......................................................................................458-459
R.......................................................................................460-476
S .......................................................................................477-529
T .......................................................................................530-559
U ......................................................................................560-563
V.......................................................................................564-574
W......................................................................................575-581
X .......................................................................................582-582
Y .......................................................................................583-583
Z .......................................................................................584-584

Section 2: Appendices

Annexture-I ....................................................................585-616
Annexture-II ...................................................................617-628
Annexture-III..................................................................629-631
Annexture-IV ..................................................................632-639
Annexture-V ...................................................................640-646

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Annexture-VI ..................................................................647-660
Annexture-VII .................................................................661-677
Annexture-VIII ...............................................................678-695
Annexture-IX ..................................................................696-702

Section 3: Schematic Representation of Important
Anatomic Landmarks
Plates................................................................................703-731

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Section

1
Dictionary

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A

A (in reference to
cephalometrics) is the
deepest midline point
in curved boney outline
from base to alveolar
process of the maxilla.
A beta KU VJG V[RG QH ſDGTU YJKEJ ECTT[
sensations like touch, pressure and
position.
A delta KU VJG V[RG QH ſDGTU YJKEJ
ECTT[ UJCTR RCKP YKVJ C URGGF QH
12–20 m/sec.
Abdominal region refers to abdominopelvic cavity that is divided into
‘9’ regions. The central regions are
epigastric, umbilical and hypogastric. Epigastric literally means upon
stomach. Umbilical is centermost
region surrounding umbilicus and
J[RQICUVTKE TGIKQP KU LWUV DGNQY
umbilical region. Six regions are on
either side, i.e. three to the left and
VJTGG VQ VJG TKIJV 6JGUG CTG MPQYP
as hypochondriac, lumbar and

A

iliac region. Iliac regions are also

MPQYP CU KPIWKPCN TGIKQPU
Abdominopelvic cavity is a region
VJCV KU NQECVGF DGNQY FKCRJTCIO
Upper portion is called abdominal
cavity and contains liver, gall.
bladder, pancreas, spleen and
MKFPG[ .QYGT RQTVKQP KU MPQYP CU
RGNXKE ECXKV[ +V GZVGPFU FQYP HTQO
the level of hip and contains rectum,
urinary bladder and internal parts
of reproductive system.
Abducent nerve is the sixth cranial
PGTXG +V KU OCFG WR QH ſDGTU VJCV
arise in the abducent nucleus and
supply the lateral rectus muscle of
the eyeball.
Abducent nucleus is situated
KP VJG NQYGT RCTV QH VJG RQPU
It lies in the gray matter lining the
ƀQQT QH VJG HQWTVJ XGPVTKENG PGCT
the midline. The position of the
PWENGWU KP TGNCVKQP VQ VJG ƀQQT QH
the fourth ventricle is indicated

B

Figs A and B: (A) Abdominal quadrants; (B) Abducent nerve

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4
A

Aberrant salivary glands

by an elevation called the facial
colliculus.
Aberrant salivary glands are those
salivary gland tissues that develop
CV C UKVG YJGTG VJG[ CTG PQV WUWCNN[
found. These are frequently seen
in cervical region near the parotid
gland. Most aberrant glands in neck
occur in upper portion of neck.
Abfraction is said to have occurred
YJGP OKPWVG UVTGUUGU FGXGNQR
around the cervical margins of
VGGVJ CU C TGUWNV QH VJG ƀGZWTG QH
VJG TQQV CPF VJG ETQYP QH VJG VQQVJ
The cracks propagate from occlusal
forces established along the tooth
and from abrasion and erosion.
Abortion means spontaneous or
induced termination of pregnancy
before the fetus is independently
viable or the expulsion of an
embryo, or fetus before it has
reached to the stage of viability
RTKQT VQ CDQWV  YGGMU QH IGUVCVKQP

Therapeutic abortion is done to
UCXG YQOCPŏU NKHG %QORNKECVKQP
includes shock and sepsis.
Abrasion KU YGCTKPI CYC[ QH
tooth structure from friction of a

Fig.: Abrasion cavities with
gingival recession

foreign object. Most commonly, it
is caused by tooth brushing and is
seen at the cervical margin of the
teeth. It is more common on left
side than on the right one. It can be
EQPHWUGF YKVJ TQQV UWTHCEG ECTKGU
1P TCFKQITCRJ KV KU UGGP CU YGNN
FGſPGF JQTK\QPVCN TCFKQNWEGPE[
along the cervical margin of a tooth.
Habitual cigar holder may cause
abrading of an incisal edge. Harder
materials tend to be more abrasion
resistant than soften ones.
Abrasive TGHGTU VQ VJG OCVGTKCN YJKEJ
ECWUGU YGCT QT CDTCUKQP QH CPQVJGT
material.
Abrasive index is a method of rating
the abrasiveness of dentifrices.
Abscess refers to a local infection
YJKEJ ECP DG ECWUGF FWG VQ UGXGTG
decay, periodontal disease, or

VTCWOC +V KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[
UYGNNKPI CPF RCKP +H CP CDUEGUU
TWRVWTGU KV YKNN DG CEEQORCPKGF
by sudden relief from pain due to
a reduction in pressure. A foul taste
may also be noticed.
Absence (Petit mal) seizures: Most
EQOOQP V[RG QH IGPGTCNK\GF
UGK\WTGU QEEWTTKPI KP EJKNFTGP
DGVYGGP  CPF  [GCTU QH CIG
6JKU V[RG QH UGK\WTG UVCTVU YKVJ PQ
YCTPKPI 6JG[ V[RKECNN[ NCUV HTQO 
VQ  UGEQPFU 5GK\WTGU HTGSWGPVN[
occur in clusters and may take place
up to hundred times a day. There
CTG VYQ V[RGU QH CDUGPEG UGK\WTGU
typical and atypical.
Absent bowel sounds refer to an
KPCDKNKV[ VQ JGCT CP[ DQYGN UQWPFU
in every abdominal quadrant.
Abdomen distends and risk of

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Acanthosis nigricans

perforation or peritonitis develops.
It may require immediate attention.
Absent mindedness can be described

as habitual inattention marked by
RTGQEEWRCVKQP YKVJ VJQWIJVU 6JGTG
is no attention to external stimuli.
Absolute humidity KU VJG YGKIJV QH
YCVGT XCRQT KP C WPKV XQNWOG QH CKT
It is expressed as gram per kg or
gram per cubic meter of air.
Absolute reliability KU SWCPVKſGF D[
standard error of measurement. It
KU CP GZVGPV VQ YJKEJ C UEQTG XCTKGU
on repeated measurement.
Absorption (in reference to dental
material) can also be described as
penetration of one material into
another.
Absorption (in reference to radiology) KU C RTQEGUU VJTQWIJ YJKEJ
X-ray imparts some or all of its enGTI[ VQ VJG OCVGTKCN VJTQWIJ YJKEJ
it passes; it depends on the atomic
UVTWEVWTG QH OCVVGT CPF YCXGNGPIVJ
of the X-ray beam.
Absorption refers to the accumulation
of substance at an interface in a
concentration different from concentration of substance in bulk.
Abutment
tooth

A

5

Absurdity is an idea or expression
YJKEJ KU PQPUGPUKECN KPEQJGTGPV QT
meaningless.
Abuse means misuse.
Abutment is a tooth adjacent to an
GORV[ URCEG KP OQWVJ YJKEJ YKNN
be used to support the prosthetic
device.
Academic refers to pertaining to
formal education.
Acanthesthesia refers to the skin
UGPUCVKQP KP YJKEJ VJGTG KU HGGNKPI
of pinprick.
Acanthosis nigricans may be benign,
malignant and pseudoacanthosis
nigricans. Benign form seems
to be genetic. Malignant form is
CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ KPVGTPCN OCNKIPCPE[ +V FGXGNQRU CHVGT  [GCTU QH CIG
Pseudoacanthosis is most common
form. Tongue and lips appear to
be involved more. Lips may be enlarged and covered by papillomaVQWU ITQYVJU GURGEKCNN[ VJG CPING
QH OQWVJ $WEECN OWEQUC UJQYU
C XGNXGV[ YJKVG CRRGCTCPEG YKVJ
papillary lesions. There develops
IKPIKXCN RCRKNNQOCVQUKU YKVJ RGTK
orofacial, mucosal and skin lesions.

Abutment
tooth

B

Figs A and B: Abutment tooth

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A


6
A

Acatalepsia

Gastric adenocarcinoma may develop. There is no treatment for the
disease.
Acatalepsia refers to the inability to
comprehend or reason.
Acataphasia refers to the inability to
correctly form a sentence.
Access
cavity
preparation
is
FGſPGF CU CP GPFQFQPVKE EQTQPCN
RTGRCTCVKQP
YJKEJ
GPCDNGU
unobstructed access to the canal
QTKſEGU C UVTCKIJV NKPG CEEGUU VQ

apical foramen, complete control
over instrumentation and accommodate obturation technique.
Access opening burs are round
DWTU YKVJ  OO DWT UJCPM
 OO
longer than standard burs).
#EEGUU TGſPKPI DWTU are coarse grit
ƀCOGUJCRGF VCRGTGF TQWPF CPF
FKCOQPF UJCRGF HQT TGſPKPI VJG
YCNNU QH CEEGUU ECXKV[ RTGRCTCVKQP
Accessory canal are lateral branches
of the main canal that form a
EQOOWPKECVKQP DGVYGGP VJG RWNR
and
periodontium.
Accessory
canals contain connective tissues
and vessels and can be seen
CP[YJGTG HTQO HWTECVKQP VQ CRGZ
but tend to be more common in
apical third and in posterior teeth.
+P QVJGT YQTFU OQTG CRKECN CPF
farther posterior the tooth, the more
NKMGN[ VJG CEEGUUQT[ ECPCNU YKNN DG
present.
Accessory cusps see talon’s cusp,
dens evaginatus.
Accessory gland is a gland that assists
organs in doing their functions.
Accessory muscle refers to the

OWUENG VJCV RCTVKEKRCVGU YKVJ CPF
assists a major muscle.

Accessory nerve is the eleventh cranial
PGTXG
OQVQT +V EQPUKUVU QH VYQ
distinct parts, cranial and spinal.
Both parts consist predominantly
QH GHHGTGPV ſDGTU CU HQNNQYU
6JG ſDGTU QH VJG ETCPKCN RCTV CTKUG
from the nucleus ambiguus. These
ſDGTU LQKP VJG XCIWU PGTXG CPF CTG
distributed through its pharyngeal
and laryngeal branches to muscles of
the pharynx, soft palate and larynx.
6JG ſDGTU QH VJG URKPCN RCTV CTKUG

A

B

C

Figs A to C: (A) Access opening of a
molar; (B) Premolar; (C) Incisor

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Acinar cells

from the lateral part of the ventral
ITC[ EQNWOP QH VJG WRRGT ſXG QT UKZ
cervical segments of the spinal cord.
They supply the sternocleidomastoid
CPF VTCRG\KWU OWUENGU
Acesulfame refers to the nonECTKQIGPKE UYGGVGPGT CDQWV 
VKOGU UYGGVGT VJCP UWETQUG YKVJ C
pleasant taste and no aftertaste.
Acetabulum is the large cup-shaped
cavity on the innominate bone in
YJKEJ HGOWT ſVU KP
Acetic acid is a chemical found in
ſZGF UQNWVKQP VJCV UVQRU VJG CEVKQP
of developer.
Acircular refers to the slender needlelike.
Acid is a substance that releases
hydrogen ions into a solution.
The higher the hydrogen ion
concentration of a solution, the
greater its acidity.
Acid attack refers to the action of
acids that are released from plaque
upon enamel.

A

7

Acid-base balance refers to the

DCNCPEG QH DQF[ ƀWKFU VJCV KU
OCKPVCKPGF CV R* Ō QP VJG
alkaline side. Acidic products of
the body’s metabolism are excreted
KP WTKPG KP EQODKPCVKQP YKVJ DCUGU
such as sodium and potassium.
These bases are thereby lost to
the body and acid-base balance is
maintained.
Acid etching is an interim procedure
YJGTG UGNGEVKXG GVEJKPI QH VJG
RQTVKQPU QH GPCOGN TQFU YKVJ 
of phosphoric acid is done in order
to increase the surface area and
increased surface energy to obtain
adhesion.
Acidophilic adenoma refers to the
small benign lesion of salivary
gland. It is more common in
YQOGP 6JG VWOQT WUWCNN[
OGCUWTGU  VQ  EO CDQXG VJG
CIG QH  +V KU EQORQUGF QH
NCTIG EGNNU YKVJ GQUKPQRJKNKE
cytoplasm. Lymphoid tissue is
commonly present. Malignant
transformation is rare and it has
to be excised.
Acinar cells are those cells that are
commonly found in salivary glands.

B

Figs A and B: (A) Accessory nerve; (B) Acid etching

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A


8
A

Acini

6JG CEKPCT EGNNU CTG QH VYQ V[RGU
YJGP UVCKPGF D[ QRVKECN OKETQUEQR[
i.e. basophilic serous cells and eosinophilic mucous cells. On the basis
of their acinar secretory cell composition, the secretions of the parotid
CPF 8QP'DPGTŏU INCPF CTG ENCUUKſGF
as serous. The secretions of submandibular and sublingual glands are
mixed. The serous and mucous cells
also play an important role in protein glycoprotein secretion.
Acini are pancreatic cells that secrete
UGTQWU ƀWKF YKVJ FKIGUVKXG GP\[OG
Acinic cell tumor refers to the
pleomorphic adenoma; these are
not common neoplasm of salivary
gland. Parotid is affected and is not
frequently seen in intraoral sites.
%NKPKECN HGCVWTGU UK\G QH NGUKQP KU

CDQWV  EO QXGTN[KPI UMKP KU KPVCEV
NGUKQP KU YGNNFGſPGF CPF UNQY
ITQYKPI E[UVKE URCEGU OCMG KV
ƀWEVWCPV TCTGN[ NKR QT EJGGM OC[
be involved. Surgical excision is the
solution.
Acne fulminous is an acute onset
of extreme severity. It develops
abruptly, numerous large painful
papules, nodules and cysts develop.
There may be painful arthropathy.

A

Systemic steroids and steroids may
be required.
Acne vulgaris refers to the condition
YJGTG CEPG FGXGNQRU QXGT HCEG
during teenage. Lesions consist
QH RCRWNGU CPF RWUVWNGU YKVJ
DNCEM CPF YJKVG JGCFU (CEG DCEM
CPF EJGUV CTG CHHGEVGF #EPG YKVJ
XKTKNK\CVKQP KU FWG VQ CPFTQIGP
secreting tumor of adrenal, ovary
and testis. Treatment is long and
TGURQPUG KU UNQY CPF WPEGTVCKP
Aconite poisoning is mainly used
HQT JQOKEKFCN RWTRQUG #TTQYU
are poisoned by paste of aconite
by hilly tribes to kill their enemies.

2QYFGTGF CEQPKVG KU URTKPMNGF KP
YCVGT QH VCPMU CPF YGNNU UQ VJCV YJQ
soever drinks, dies. It is extremely
WPUVCDNG JGPEG KU FKHſEWNV VQ FGVGEV
after death.
Acousticophobia refers to the
morbid fear of sound or noise.
Acquired congenital TGƀGZ KU C TGƀGZ
that develops after the eruption
of the posterior primary teeth, i.e.
at the age of 18 months or more.
6JG EJKNF VGPFU VQ UYCNNQY YKVJ
the teeth brought together by the
OCUVKECVQT[ OWUENG CEVKQP YKVJQWV
tongue thrust.

B

Figs A and B: (A) Acinar cells; (B) Pleomorphic adenoma

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Acrylic jacket crowns

Acquired immunity refers to the immunity that is acquired after birth.
It can be described as resistance
VJCV KU YGCM QT CDUGPV KP VJG ſTUV
exposure but that increases dramatically with subsequent exposures to
VJG UCOG URGEKſE RCVJQIGP

Acrocinesia refers to the excessive
movement.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is rare
FKUGCUG CHHGEVKPI EJKNFJQQF CPF
transmitted as an autosomal recessive character. It may be due to zinc
FGſEKGPE[ the treatment of choice. Person develops skin lesions, hair loss, nail
EJCPIGU CPF FKCTTJGC 4GVCTFGF
DQF[ ITQYVJ CPF OGPVCN EJCPIGU
also occur. Buccal mucosa, palate
IKPIKXCN CPF VQPUKNU OC[ UJQY TGF
and white spots. Erosions and ulcers
are noted and halitosis is severe.
Acrodynia QEEWTU KP [QWPI KPHCPVU
There are many cutaneous manifestations. Ear, nose, cheeks become
RKPM CPF JCU EQNF ENCOO[ HGGNKPI
and the skin over affected area peels
off easily. Photophobia, lacrimation,
muscular weakness, hypertension
and stomatitis are also seen. DroolKPI QH UCNKXC KU VJGTG IKPIKXC DGEQOGU UGPUKVKXG VQ RCKP GZJKDKVKPI
WNEGT /CUVKECVKQP DGEQOGU FKHſEWNV
Administration of BAL is helpful.
Acromegaly develops due to excesUKXG ITQYVJ JQTOQPG HTQO CPVGTKQT
RKVWKVCT[ INCPF *CPFU ſPIGTU CPF
HGGV CTG GPNCTIGF (CEG DGEQOGU
NQPIGT 8QKEG DGEQOGU JWUM[
8KUWCN FKUVWTDCPEG FGXGNQRU
Acrosoma is a specialized structure
QP VJG URGTO EQPVCKPKPI GP\[OGU

9

Acrylic is a material used for
prosthesis and various types of
appliances. It consists of powder
called polymer and a liquid called
monomer, when mixed, it sets
into a hard acrylic by a process
ECNNGF EWTKPI *GCV EWTGF CET[NKE KU
used for dentures and orthodontic
appliances. While cold cured
acrylic is used for denture repairs,
impression trays and temporary
crowns.
Acrylic faced cast metal crown
refers to the crown that can be
WUGF CU NQPIVGTO RTQXKUKQPCN
ETQYP FWTKPI VJG KPVGTOGFKCVG
UVCIG KP C NCTIG UECNG QTCN
TGEQPUVTWEVKQP *QYGXGT KV JCU
KVU QYP FKUCFXCPVCIGU CU KV IGVU
deteriorated in the oral cavity by
DGKPI YQTP CYC[ FKUEQNQTKPI CPF
FWG VQ OCTIKPCN NGCMCIG
Acrylic jacket crowns are used as
provisional crowns since they are
more permanent than the usual
simple
temporary
procedures

and less costly than cast metal
crowns. These types of crowns are
usually used where other form of
treatment, such as periodontal or

Fig.: Acromegaly

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A


10 Actatic speech
A

orthodontic treatment, is to be done
DGHQTG VJG ſPCN RNCEGOGPV QH ETQYP
Actatic speech refers to the uncoordinated verbal communication.
Actin refers to the muscle protein
used in contraction.
Actinomyces is a Gram-positive,
non-motile,
non-spore-forming
organism occurring as rods and
ſNCOGPVU VJCV XCT[ EQPUKFGTKPI KP
NGPIVJ (KNCOGPVU CTG WUWCNN[ NQPI
and slender and are branching.
Actinomycosis is caused by Gram
positive, non-acid fast, branched,
ſNCOGPVQWU DCEVGTKC +V KU C EJTQPKE

ITCPWNQOCVQWU ſDTQUKPI FKUGCUG
Organism may enter the tissues
through the oral mucous membrane
CPF OC[ TGOCKP NQECNK\GF QT URTGCF
to the adjacent soft tissue. Skin over
underlying abscess is purplish-red

A

CPF KPFWTCVGF QT QHVGP ƀWEVWCPV
Mandible may be involved.
Action potential is the rapid change
in the membrane potential of
excitable nerve and muscle cells
CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG EQPFWEVKQP QH
impulses along the cell membrane.
Action tremors UDQJH in speed beVYGGP  VQ  *\ CPF OQTG FKUVCNN[
than proximally. Such tremors can
easily be suppressed by beta blockGTU #NEQJQN OC[ CDQNKUJ DWV YKVJFTCYCN VTGOQTU OC[ CRRGCT CICKP
Activation
phase
Leukocyte
chemotactic factors bind to receptors
on neutrophils surface and trigger
the activation phase of endothelial
binding. They include fragments of
ſDTKPEQNNCIGP UQNWDNG HCEVQTU D[
products of complement cascade,
EJGOQMKPGU 2#( NGWMQVTKGPG

A

B

C

Figs A to C: (A) Acrylic jacket crowns; (B) Actinomycosis; (C) Actinomycosis skin

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