Giải pháp xác định kích thước ứng dụng xử lý ảnh cho mô hình phun sơn tự động

1
 

TVƪộEH ĝậL BỉG FỴGB OBJN BÍ EỒL

ĝỖ ỴE GBP\ÁE EHÍEB
Hlầl pbỵp xỵg Ğỏeb gb tbƽởg Ửeh dỠeh
xừ iû ầeb gbj kơ béeb pbue sƮe tỾ ĞỜeh
IÁ RPỈE NE
ne.ix>3==>=Msls.bust.`du.ve

Ehíeb OỼ tbuẫt ĞlỎu oblệe ví tỾ ĞỜeh b÷n
Gbue ehíeb tỾ ĞỜeh b÷n gơeh ehblỈp

Hlầeh vláe bƽởeh dắe1

Tb.s ]bne Tbỏ BuyỎe Gbỉu

FỜ kơe1
SlỈe1

TỾ ĞỜeh b÷n gơeh ehblỈp
ĝlỈe

BÍ EỒL, =3/6=6=

 

GbỪ ỏ gỨn HSBD

2


Il gk e
Trjeh quợ trộeb tbg ble, `k ỗ ebe Ğƽủg rẠt eblỎu sỾ hlđp ĞỮ, Ğ÷eh
h÷p û olẺe ví gbỌ fầj eblỈt téeb gỨn tbẨy gơ, hln Ğéeb ví fe fõ gữ tb bjớe
tbớeb tt ợe.
@k xle hừl iớl gầk Ʈe gbỉe tbíeb ĞẺe Tb.s ]bne Tbỏ BuyỎe Gbỉu, hlầeh
vláe fỜ kơe TỾ ĞỜeh b÷n gơeh ehblỈp, vlỈe ĝlỈe ‗ trƽớeh ĝẮl bịg Fỵgb Objn
Bí EỜl, ehƽớl ỗ trg tlp beh de gb fj te tộeb `k trjeh suỞt tbớl hlne
tbỾg blỈe Ğỗ ỵe tỞt ehblỈp.
@k gŬeh xle hừl iớl gầk Ʈe gbỉe tbíeb tởl gỵg tbẨy gụ Treh l bg
Fợgb Objn Bớ El eữl gbueh, tby gụ F kụe T eh bữn gụeh ehblp eữl
rlỏeh ỗ dy d, ỗ gbj `k gợg ole tbg l geh gŬeh ebƽ olẺe tbỬg gbue
ehíeb, hlđp `k g÷ gƮ sỚ iû tbuyẺt vỪeh víeh ví tẮj ĞlỎu olỈe hlđp ĞỮ `k trjeh
q tréeb bịg tẫp.
GuỞl güeh `k xle gầk Ʈe hln ộeb, fe fõ, ỗ iuụe qune tổk, tj lu
ole, ĞỜeh vláe hlđp ĞỮ `k trjeh suỞt q tréeb bịg tẫp ví tbớl hlne tbỾg blỈe Ğỗ
ỵe.

 


3


Tữk tt el dueh ợe
Ehớeb pbue se eữl gbueh vớ ehớeb pbue se h eữl rlỏeh neh pbợt
trle keb kẻ. Tuy ebláe Ớ eƽởg tn blỈe eny, q tréeb sƮe hỘ tbƽớeh tbỾg blỈe
tbỨ gơeh dắe ĞẺe gỵg vẠe ĞỎ1 ầeb bƽỚeh sỬg obỊ` ehƽớl inj ĞỜeh, gbl pbë ebỉe

gơeh gnj, gbẠt iƽủeh obơeh Ğỗeh ĞỎu, tỞe tbớl hlne Trỏe tb treh ỗ gữ gợg
b tbeh pbe se tƽ ĞỜeh tuy ebláe vắe gẨe ebẫp oëgb tbƽởg pbôl tbỨ gơeh.
Sé vẫy vởl Ğỗ ỵe y, `k tbỾg blỈe ehbláe gỬu, xỉy dỾeh hlầl pbỵp xỵg
Ğỏeb gb tbƽởg pbơl fẾeh xừ iû ầeb gbj kô béeb bỈ tbỞeh pbue sƮe tỾ ĞỜeh.
^ tréeb xừ iû ầeb Ğƽủg tbỾg blỈe ebớ bỈ w`fgnk - inptjp. OẺt quầ Ğj Ğƽủg
truyỎe tbôeh vỎ ]IG W8->6==. SỎ pbẨe kỎk, Slsuni Wtudlj Ğƽủg sừ dỠeh Ğệ iẫp
tréeb gbƽƮeh tréeb xừ iû ầeb ví truyỎe tbôeh vởl ]IG, TLN ]jrtni S>0.> Ğƽủg sừ
dỠeh Ğệ tb`j dðl, olệk trn oẺt quầ truyỎe tbôeh.
Tuy oẺt quầ Ớ kỬg ĞỜ tbừ ehblỈk ebƽeh bjẮt ĞỜeh tƽƮeh ĞỞl Ốe Ğỏeb,
gbëeb xỵg ví Ğỵp Ửeh ebneb. ĝỗ ỵe pbü bủp vởl kỠg Ğëgb bịg tẫp, ehbláe gỬu
bjẸg gầl tlẺe Ğệ Ửeh dỠeh víj gỵg bỈ tbỞeh pbue sƮe tỾ ĞỜeh tráe tbỏ trƽớeh.
^un Ğỗ ỵe y, `k bịg Ğƽủg gỵg olẺe tbỬg gbuyáe ehíeb vỎ ]IG, ĞỜeh gƮ 
 fƽởg, gầk flẺe, iẫp tréeb … Fáe gẮeb Ğ÷ Ğƽủg râe iuyỈe obầ ećeh tỾ bịg, hlầl
quyẺt vẠe ĞỎ, ỵp dỠeh olẺe tbỬg tbu Ğƽủg tráe kô béeb tbỾg tẺ.


4
 

KỤG IỤG
GBƪƭEH >. TỔEH ^PNE ĝọ TÍL.................................................................
TÍL.................................................................>>
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ĝẸt
ĝẸt vẠe ĞỎ....
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Hlầl
Hlầl pbỵp ĞỎ tíl..
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>.
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EỜl
EỜl dueh
dueh ehbl
ehbláe

áe gỬu.
gỬu....
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>.
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Hlởl
Hlởl tblỈu

tblỈu vỎ ]IG...
]IG......
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>.
>.4.>
4.> TỐeh
TỐeh qune
qune vỎ ]IG
]IG W8->
W8->6==
6==...
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...7
>.
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4.6 EbỪeh
EbỪeh ĞẸ
ĞẸgg Ğlệk
Ğlệk eỐl
eỐl fẫt gỨn W8->6

W8->6==.
==....
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......7
.7
>.
>.00
Rừ iû ầeb
ầeb ví tru
truyỎe
yỎe tbơe
tbơehh ]IG...
]IG......
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0.> Hlởl
Hlởl tblỈu
tblỈu vỎ Slsun
Slsunii studlj
studlj...
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0.6 Hlởl
Hlởl tblỈu
tblỈu vỎ xừ iû ầeb.
ầeb....
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0.7 Ehôe
Ehôe ehỪ
ehỪ ip trộ
trộeb
eb ]ytb
]ytbje.
je....
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0.4 Tb
Tb vl

vle
e kỗ
kỗ ehu
ehuee k Jp`eG
Jp`eGS..
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0.0 Tb
Tb vl
vle
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kỗ ehue
ehue k Wenp

Wenp8..
8.....
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GBEH 6. TBLT O S Rặ\ DỽEH
DỽEH KÔ BÉEB..................................
BÉEB..................................>>
>>
6.
6.>>
IỾn
IỾn gbịe
gbịe tblẺ
tblẺtt fỏ......
fỏ.........
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6.>.>
>.> ]IG W8->6
W8->6==
== G]P >6>4G
>6>4G DG/DG
DG/DG/DG
/DG...
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6.>.6
>.6 Gnk`rn
Gnk`rn...
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6.
6.>.7
>.7 Ehuỗe
Ehuỗe tỐ jeh..
jeh.....
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GBƪƭEH 7. Iẩ] TVÉEB, OLỆK TVN, EBẩE RÌT SÍ OẵT IPẩE.......>7
7.
7.>>
WƮ Ğỗ ĞẠu eỞl..
eỞl.....
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7.
7.>.>
>.> ĝẠu
ĝẠu eỞl
eỞl ehuỗe
ehuỗe gbj ]IG
]IG...
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tëeb.....
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7.66
Tbuẫt
Tbuẫt ttjỵe

jỵe ĞlỎu
ĞlỎu oblệ
oblệee gbj bỈ tbỞeh
tbỞeh...
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7.6.>
6.> Iƽu
Iƽu Ğỗ
Ğỗ tbu
tbuẫt
ẫt tj

tjỵe
ỵe gỨn gbƽƮe
gbƽƮehh tré
tréeb
eb gbëeb
gbëeb...
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7.
7.6.6
6.6 Iƽu
Iƽu Ğỗ xừ iiûû ầe
ầeb.
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7.77
Olệk
Olệk trn bỈ tb
tbỞeh
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7.44
Ebẫe
Ebẫe xìt Ğỵeb hl
hlỵ..
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7.33
Bƽởeh
Bƽởeh pbỵ
pbỵtt tr
trlệe
lệe gỨn Ğỗ ỵe
ỵe tr
trje

jehh tƽ
tƽƮe
Ʈehh inl..
inl.....
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..63
TÍL ILểP TBNK OBẦJ................................................................................68
]BỤ IỤG...........................................................................................
IỤG...........................................................................................................
................ 62


5
 

DNEB KỤG BÉEB Sẹ
Béeb >->. GẠu trñg tỐeh qune L/J gỨn ]IG...........................................................7
Béeb >-6. Béeb ầeb ]IG W8->6==.........................................................................4
Béeb >-7. Hlnj dlỈe Slsuni Wtudlj

Wtudlj Gjd`............................................................... 0
Béeb >-4.
>-4. KỜt hlnj dlỈe Ửe
Ửehh dỠeh sừ dỠeh tbƽ vlỈe
vlỈe ]yqt0........................
]yqt0............... .................
.........2
.2
Béeb 7->. WƮ Ğỗ ĞẠu eỞl ehuỗe
ehuỗe 64SZDG vởl ]IG.........................................
]IG..............................................
.....>7
>7
Béeb 7-6. OẺt eỞl ]IG vởl Inptjp.......................................
Inptjp..............................................................
...............................
........ >7
Béeb 7-7. GẠu béeb G]P gbj pbìp
pbìp hlnj tlẺp vởl gỵg tblẺt fỏ tữ xn....................
xn......................>4
..>4
Béeb 7-4. Gíl ĞẸt L] tĬeb ví iởp kẮeh gbj G]P.................................................>4
Béeb 7-0. Hlnj dlỈe gíl ĞẸt
ĞẸt oẺt eỞl kẮeh tráe inptjp.....................................
inptjp..........................................
.....>0
>0
Béeb 7-3. Gíl ĞẸt L] tĬeb ví iởp kẮeh gbj inptjp...............................................>0
Béeb 7-8. Iƽu Ğỗ tbuẫt
tbuẫt tjỵe gbƽƮeh tréeb gbë

gbëeb..........................................
eb.................................................
.......>3
>3
Béeb 7-2. Iƽu Ğỗ tbuẫt
tbuẫt tjỵe q tréeb xừ iû ầeb................................................
ầeb........................................ .........>8
.>8
Béeb 7-<. Gbuyệe
Gbuyệe ĞỐl tữ ầeb kíu VHF tbíeb ầeb xỵk...................................
xỵk......................................>2
...>2
Béeb 7->=. OẺt quầ snu obl iịg ầeb.....................................................................><
Béeb 7->>. OẺt quầ ầeb snu obl tỵgb fláe............................................................6=
Béeb 7->6. Ầeb snu obl sừ dỠeh tbuẫt tjỵe iẠp ĞẨy fláe.....................................6>
fláe..................................... 6>
Béeb 7->7. OẺt quầ q tréeb tbu hịe ầeb...........................................................66
Béeb 7->4. TỐeh qune kô béeb...........................................................................67
Béeb 7->0. Béeb ầeb tbu Ğƽủg tữ gnk`rn iẨe >...................................................67
Béeb 7->3. OẺt quầ xừ iû ầeb tráe kỵy tëeb iẨe >...............................................64
Béeb 7->8. OẺt quầ q
q tréeb truyỎe tbôeh iẨe >..........................................
>.................................................
.......64
64
Béeb 7->2. Béeb ầeb tbu Ğƽủg tữ gnk`rn iẨe 6...................................................64
Béeb 7-><. OẺt quầ xừ iû ầeb tráe kỵy tëeb iẨe 6...............................................60
Béeb 7-6=. OẺt quầ q
q tréeb truyỎe tbôeh iẨe 6..........................................
6.................................................

.......60
60


6
 

DNEB KỤG FẦEH Wờ ILểP
Fầeh 6.>. Tbôeh
Tbôeh sỞ gỨn G]P >6>4G DG/DG/DG...................................
DG/DG/DG............................................
............
...>>
>>
Fầeh 6.6. Tbôeh
Tbôeh sỞ oỼ tbuẫt gỨn Gnk`rn........................................................
Gnk`rn............................................................
....>>
>>
Fầeh 6.7. Tbôeh
Tbôeh sỞ gỨn ehuỗe tỐ jeh......................................................
jeh..............................................................
...........
...>6
>6
GBƪƭEH >. TỔEH ^PNE ĝọ TL
>.> t ve
Trjeh xỗ bl Slt Enk xn vớ eny, h iuụe gữ hlợ tr vớ sg bủt gnj ĞỞl
vởl ehƽớl sừ dỠeh, ĞẸg flỈt obl tbớl fuỐl objn bg o tbut pbợt trle ỗ eổeh
tk gợg se pbẬk hỘ obơeh gbỌ g÷ gbẠt iƽủeh tỞt kí gưe kneh tëeb tbẬk kỼ

gnj. Fáe gẮeb Ğ÷, vlỈg sừ dỠeh eỜl tbẠt fẾeh hỘ gưe kneh iẮl gầk hlỵg Ạk gđeh
gbj ehơl ebí bny eƮl iík vlỈg. Gbëeb tữ ebu gẨu tćeh gnj gỨn tbỏ trƽớeh j tb`j
 fíl tjỵe fầj quầe gbẠt
gbẠt iƽủeh ví tbẬk kỼ gỨn sầe pbẬk.
pbẬk.
ĝệ Ğỗ h g sợeh fữeh, fj que g iổu obụeh f kỠg, kỞg tbé pbầl g÷
sƮe pbỨ fỎ kẸt. WƮe g÷ tỵg dỠeh tẮj sỾ iỵeh kỏe fỎ kẸt, tẮj ĞỜ fữeh, fj v h
fl gợg tợg ebổe ehjớl kụl treh ebƽ eƽởg, kỞl, kịt … Sí blỈe tẮl ijẮl sƮe
Ğneh Ğƽủg ƽn gbuỜeh ebẠt trjeh ehíeb gơeh ehblỈp hỘ ií sƮe ]P.
Gỵgb pbn gbẺ 7 ijẮl sƮe pbỐ flẺe1
- WƮ
WƮee i÷t
i÷t11 6 i÷
i÷tt + => gỬ
gỬeh
eh + =7
=7 xće
xćehh
 EbẾk iík pbặeh
pbặeh fỎ kẸt,
kẸt, gb` obuẠt gỵg obuyẺt Ğlệk Ğệ sƮe
sƮe ĞẼp bƮe
- WƮe kíu
kíu11 => gỬe
gỬehh + =0
=0 xćeh
xćeh + kíu
kíu (tüy
(tüy tb`j
tb`j

uu gẨu)
gẨu)
- WƮ
WƮee f÷e
f÷eh1
h1 =6 f÷
f÷eh
eh + =>
=> gỬe
gỬehh + =>
=> xće
xćehh
- Tb
Tbôeh
ôeh tbƽ
tbƽớe
ớehh quy
quy trée
tréebb sƮe
sƮe ]P hỗ
hỗk
k gỵg
gỵg fƽởg
fƽởg snu
snu11
Fƽởg >1 Gbí ebỵk ví xừ iû fỎ kẸt1
Wnu obl gbí ebỵk ĞẮt u gẨu fẾeh hlẠy ebỵk ]64=, tüy tb`j kíu
sƮe u gẨu Ğệ ehue tbở hỘ bny sƮe f÷eh kí quyẺt Ğỏeb g÷ fầ
 fỜt bny obôeh. ]bẨe iởe ĞỞl vởl bỈ sƮe ]P ĞỎu sừ dỠeh kíu sƮe
 f÷eh fỎ kẸt. Obl tbỾg blỈe fầ fỜt, gŬeh gẨe iƽu û tráe kắu sƮe g÷

yáu gẨu tb ble gợg eh vổe h bny obụeh: Eu gữ tbé fỜt fầ
 pbầl ií fỜt kíu (tbƽớeh ií kíu Ğ`e bjẸg u). SlỈg tbỾg blỈe fầ
 fỜt y ií gẨe tblẺt ebẾk iẠp ĞẨy
ĞẨy gỵg tlk hỘ gŬeh ebƽ obuyẺt Ğlệk
Ğlệk
 fỎ kẸt. EẺu obơeh tbỾg blỈe fƽởg y sẻ tỞe eblỎu gụeh sg trợk
gợg ob` b snu eớy.
Fg 61 We iữt iẨe >1
ĝỉy ií iởp sƮe obơeh kíu, tbơeh tbƽớeh Ğƽủg pbn tb`j t i 6171>
ỗ eỏu trỏe. T i eớy geh gữ tb hlk, hlk gợg gbt pb hln Ğệ
ĞlỎu gbỌeb tỞg ĞỜ fny bƮl gỨn sƮe. Trjeh ĞlỎu olỈe tbớl tlẺt eẪeh
eh, vlỈg fỞg bƮl ebneb sẻ iík gbj fỎ kẸt sƮe fỏ eỐl tlk hỘ bjẸg
tỈ bƮe ií eỐl fịt obë, sẻ kẠt gơeh sỬg Ğệ obẪg pbg. fg eớy ỗ
ip he
tlkổy,
h. tbộ
Slgữgợg
eb
vớ ỗ
blehlk
tt
fg
fy
ft gợg
trg
tbijl
gbtlk
geh
kt
fg

setbg
iữt
gbl pbë, ehue ilỈu ví ebỉe gơeh gbj gầ obỉu sƮe ]P.


7


Fg 71 Gbớ ebợk vớ pbue iữt ie 61
Tlp tg gbớ ebợk feh hly ebợk ]76=. We iữt ie 6 ebẾk tćeh
ĞỜ kỏe gbj fỎ kẸt hỘ hlđp sƮe kíu p be, f kt geh ke be.
gữ > quợ tréeb sƮe ]P 
]P  Ğỗ hỘ ĞẼp tbé eáe tbỾg blỈe tue t gợg
fg eớy. S se iữt ve s deh tb`j ủeh t i ỗ pbn fg 6.
Tbl hlne gbớ obơ ií 60-7= pbđt.
Fƽởg 41 ]bue kíu1
WƮe kíu tbỾg blỈe iík 6 iẨe. SlỈg pbn kíu dj tbủ sƮe g÷ oleb
ehblỈk quyẺt Ğỏeb. IẨe ĞẨu gbỌ sƮe objầeh <=% kắu kíu yáu
gẨu, Ğủl kỜt tbớl hlne ví tlẺe bíeb sƮe kíu iẨe 6, bjíe tblỈe >==%
kíu yáu gẨu. ổ fg eớy ge f trở gợg tb se gữ oleb ehblỈk
tbỾg blỈe. ^ tréeb sƮe kíu ií fƽởg qune trịeh quyt eb tjớe
f quợ trộeb se ]P,
]P ,dj ữ ge gữ pbửeh oởe trợeb fl, iueh hlữ
iu tbụeh .
Fg 01 ]bue f÷eh fỎ kẸt1
Wnu obl Ğủl iởp sƮe kíu obơ, tlẺe bíeb sƮe f÷eh fỎ kẸt. G÷ eblỎu
gbẠt ilỈu f÷eh ebƽ kớ >=%, 6=%, 0=%, 8=% ví >==%. TỸ iỈ pbn
eb ỗ eỏu trỏe, ip se eớy gữ tợg dỠeh iík gćeh ví f÷eh fỎ
kẸt
tlẺe tbíeb pbẬk hlđp tćeh hlợ tr se pbk h. Slg pbue fữeh

bớeb el obụeh gữ fl fe. G fe ỗ bjớe tt gơeh ĞjẮe sƮe ]P
Ğỗ hỘ.
Fƽởg 31 Fầj quầe ví Ğ÷eh hữl1
Slg fj que vớ ữeh hữl obợ qune treh, se xjeh gẨe g÷ kỜt
obu vỾg Ğệ sầe pbẬk gbớ obơ ebẾk trỵeb fỠl fẸk ví fỠl sƮe, ầeb
bƽỚeh ĞẺe ĞỜ tbẬk kỼ gỨn tbíeb pbẬk.
>.6 Hlầl pb
pbỵp ĞỎ
ĞỎ tí
tíl
TbỾg tẺ quợ trộeb se ]P eữl gbueh vớ se h eữl rláeh pbẨe iởe Ğneh Ğƽủg
tbỾg blỈe tbỨ gôeh. SlỈg tlẺp xđg trỾg tlẺp vởl b÷n gbẠt hỉy ầeb bƽỚeh sỬg obỊ`
ehƽớl
injtẮp,
ĞỜeh.
iƽủeh
pbỠ
tbuỜg
tny kơ
ehbỎ,
sƮe pbỬg
gầeGbẠt
trỚ obầ
ećeh
tbỾg
blỈevíj
Ớ quy
iởe.obơeh Ğỗeh ĞỎu. ^ tréeb
Tráe tbỏ treh ỗ xut ble gợg b tbeh pbue se t ĞỜeh Ğệ hlầl quyẺt
gỵg vẠe ĞỎ ếu tráe tuy ebláe vắe gbƽn tbỾg sỾ ’tỾ ĞỜeh‛. BỈ tbỞeh obôeh tbệ tỾ

ebẫe dẮeh vẫt tbệ ví tëeb tjỵe gb tbƽởg Ğệ Ğƽn rn gbƽƮeh tréeb pbue sƮe tỾ
ĞỜeh kí pbầl tbỾg blỈe tbỨ gơeh tữ ehƽớl ĞlỎu oblệe.
ĝỎ tíl ’Hlầl pbỵp xỵg Ğỏeb gb tbƽởg Ửeh dỠeh xừ iû ầeb gbj kô béeb
 pbue sƮe tỾ ĞỜeh‛ Ğƽủg tbỾg blỈe Ğệ gầl tlẺe gỵg bỈ tbỞeh pbueh sƮe tỾ ĞỜeh
blỈe eny.
>.7 EỜl due
duehh eh
ehbl
bláe
áe gỬu
>. Té
Ték
k blệu
blệu q
q tré
tréeb
eb xừ
xừ iû ầeb
ầeb..
6. Ték blệu
blệu pbƽƮ
pbƽƮeh
eh pbỵp
pbỵp ebẫe
ebẫe dlỈe
dlỈe vẫt
vẫt tbệ.
tbệ.
7. Ték blệu
blệu pbƽƮeh

pbƽƮeh pbỵp
pbỵp tëeb
tëeb tjầe objầe
objầehh gỵgb tráe
tráe ầeb.
ầeb.
4. Ték blệu
blệu pbƽƮ
pbƽƮeh
eh pbỵp
pbỵp truyỎe
truyỎe tbơeh
tbơeh ]G ‗ ]IG.
]IG.


8
 

dỾeh gbƽƮeh tréeb ebẫe
ebẫe dẮeh gb tbƽởg
tbƽởg ví truyỎe tbơeh
tbơeh vỎ ]IG.
0. Rỉy dỾeh
3. Tb
Tbừừ ehb
ehblỈk
lỈk,, ebẫe
ebẫe xìt
xìt ví Ğỵeb

Ğỵeb hlỵ.
hlỵ.

>.4 Hlở
lởll tbl
tblỈu
Ỉu vỎ ]IG
]IG
>.4.> TỐeh qune vỎ ]IG W8->6==
]IG vlẺt tẪt gỨn ]rjhrnkknfi` Ijhlg Gjetrjii`r ií tblẺt fỏ ĞlỎu oblệe obầ
tréeb gbj pbìp tbỾg blỈe ileb bjẮt gỵg tbuẫt tjỵe ĞlỎu oblệe ijhlg tbơeh qun kỜt
ehơe ehỪ iẫp tréeb. Ehƽớl sừ dỠeh g÷ tbệ iẫp tréeb Ğệ tbỾg blỈe kỜt ijẮt tréeb tỾ
gỵg sỾ olỈe. Gỵg sỾ olỈe y Ğƽủg gb bjẮt fỚl tỵg ebỉe gb tbëgb tỵg ĞỜeh víj
]IG bjẸg qun gỵg fỜ ĞẺk, tbớl hlne. KỜt obl sỾ olỈe Ğƽủg oëgb bjẮt, ehð rn sẻ
 fẫt bjẸg tẪt gỵg tblẺt
tblẺt fỏ ehjẮl
ehjẮl vl.
ĝệ obẪg pbỠg ebỪeh ebƽủg Ğlệk gn f lu oble dỹeh dổy el, ehl tn
ỗ gb tnj f lu oble ]IG ebk tbj kỗe gợg yỏu gẨu snu1
j
Iẫp tréeb dỀ díeh, ehơe ehỪ iẫp tréeb dỀ bịg.
j
Hịe ebẼ, dỀ fầj quầe, sừn gbỪn.
j
Dueh iƽủeh fỜ ebở iởe Ğệ g÷ tbệ gbỬn Ğƽủg ebỪeh gbƽƮeh tréeb pbỬg tẮp.
j
BjẮt ĞỜeh Ốe Ğỏeb trjeh kôl trƽớeh gôeh ehblỈp.
j
Hlnj tlẺp Ğƽủg vởl gỵg tblẺt fỏ tbơeh kleb obỵg ebƽ kỵy tëeb, let`re`t,
gỵg kjdui` kỚ rỜeh.

Gơeh vlỈg gbỌ gẨe tbny ĞỐl gbƽƮeh tréeb fáe trjeh fỜ ebở ]IG. SlỈg tbny ĞỐl
bny kỚ rỜeh gbỬg ećeh sẻ Ğƽủg tbỾg blỈe kỜt gỵgb dỀ díeh kí obơeh gẨe kỜt
sỾ gne tblỈp vẫt iû j sj vởl gỵg fỜ dỉy eỞl bny V`iny.

 Béeb >->.
>- >. GẠu trñg tỐeh qune L/J gỨn ]IG 


9
 

>.4.6 EbỪeh ĞẸg Ğlệk eỐl fẫt gỨn W8->6==
>.4.6.>. TblẺt oẺ dẮeh kjdui`
Tëgb bủp gỐeh truyỎe tbôeh ]rjcle`t (@tb`re`t) tẮj sỾ dỀ díeh oẺt eỞl
Wlkntlg W8 ‗ >6== vởl Wlkntlg BKL Fnslg Ğƽủg iẫp tréeb gbueh tráe kỜt eỎe
 pbẨe kỎk ií TLN ]jrtni
]jrtni S>=.0 (Wlkntlg
(Wlkntlg Wt`p 8 Fnslg, XleGG
XleGG Fnslg) bjẸg
bjẸg
v`rslje gnj bƮe. Gỵg tbnj tỵg iẫp tréeb tbỾg blỈe tb`j gợgb oỡj tb, dj ữ tj
s d dớeh gbj ehƽớl sừ dỠeh, iẫp tréeb ebneb gb÷eh, ĞƮe hlầe.
Tëgb bủp sẰe gỵg ĞẨu víj rn, güeh vởl gỵg fjnrd tëe blỈu kỚ rỜeh, obl Ửeh
dỠeh gẨe iƽủeh ĞẨu víj rn iởe sẻ tlẺt olỈk Ğƽủg gbl pbë ví obơeh hlne tỨ ĞlỈe.

 Béeb >-6.
>- 6. Béeb
 Béeb ầeb ]IG W8->6==
W8->6==

>.4.6.6. ]bẮk vl Ửeh dỠeh W8->6==
j
W8‗>6== fnj hỗk gỵg bị G]P >6>>G, >6>6G, >6>4G. Kl ijl G]P
gữ ebeh tởeb eeh obợg ebnu, tbởgb bp gbj tữeh ijẮl Ửeh dỠeh
j

j

Gỵg olệu gẠp ehuỗe ví ĞẨu víj rn g÷ tbệ ií DG/DG/DG bny
DG/DG/Viy
ĝỎu g÷ ob` gẪk tbế ebở, düeh gbj obl kỚ rỜeh fỜ ebở gbj G]P, gjpy
gbƽƮeh tréeb Ửeh dỠeh bny gẫp ebẫt clrkwnr`

j

GbẬe Ğjỵe iỘl jeile`/jccile`

j

ĝỗeh bỗ tbớl hlne tbỾg gbj gỵg Ửeh dỠeh tbớl hlne tbỾg

>.00 Rừ iû ầe
>.
ầeb
b ví
ví tru
truyỎ
yỎe
e tbơ
tbơeh

eh ]I
]IG
G
>.0.> Hlởl tblỈu vỎ Slsuni studlj
Slsuni studlj ií kỜt pbẨe kỎk bỘ trủ ĞẪg iỾg bỘ trủ gôeh vlỈg iẫp tréeb
w`fslt`. Gơeh gỠ y Ğƽủg xỉy dỾeh ví tbuỜg quyỎe sỚ bỪu gỨn ôeh iởe gôeh
ehbỈ Klgrjsjct. Ećk ><<8, pbẨe kỎk ip trộeb eớy gữ tỏe kỗ ]rja`gt Fjstje.


10


Ebeh snu ữ Klgrjsjct ỗ ot bp gợg gụeh g pbợt trle, ữeh hữl tbớeb se
pbk duy ebt. Slsuni Wtudlj ií bỈ tbỞeh tẫp bủp tẠt gầ ebỪeh hé iláe qune tởl
 pbỵt trlệe Ửeh dỠeh, fnj hỗk tréeb gbỌeb sừn kỗ, trộeb tblt o, h il. Tg iớ
fe gữ tb vlẺt gjd`, sừn iỘl, gbỌeb sừn tblẺt oẺ Ửeh dỠeh dỀ díeh gbỌ vởl > pbẨe
kỎk Slsuni Wtudlj kí tbơl. Obơeh dữeh iẮl Ớ Ğ÷ ehƽớl düeh gưe g÷ tbệ tblẺt oẺ
hlnj dlỈe, trầl ehblỈk trjeh Slsuni Wtudlj ebƽ obl pbỵt trlệe Ửeh dỠeh Rnknrle,
PX] fẾeh RNKI bny Fi`ed vẫy.
]bẨe kỎk Slsuni studlj Ğƽủg gbln tbíeb 6 pbláe fầe Slsuni Wtudlj
@et`rprls` ví Slsuni Wtudlj ]rjc`ssljeni, gỵg pbláe fầe gnj gẠp gữ tởeb pbở eớy
g s deh eblu fl gợg gụeh ty gbuyáe vỎ iẫp tréeb. Fáe gẮeb Ğ÷, Klgrjsjct
gŬeh gbj rn kẪt pbláe fầe Gjkkuelty (pbláe fầe klỀe pbë) gỨn h÷l pbẨe kỎk,
gueh gẠp gbj ehƽớl düeh ebỪeh tëeb ećeh gƮ fầe ebẠt, pbü bủp vởl gỵg ĞỞl
tƽủeh iẫp tréeb obơeh gbue, kởl tlẺp gẫe ví ték blệu vỎ gơeh ehbỈ (ĞỞl tƽủeh
ehbláe gỬu, ebí pbỵt trlệe gỵ ebỉe, bỘ trủ dỾ ỵe kỚ, gỵg tỐ gbỬg pbl djneb
ehblỈp dƽởl 0 ehƽớl düeh).

 Béeb >-7.
>- 7. Hlnj dlỈe Slsuni

Slsuni Wtudlj Gjd`

>.0.6 Hlởl tblỈu vỎ xừ iû ầeb
>.0.6.>. TỐeh qune vỎ xừ iû ầeb
Rừ iû ầeb ií kỜt iĬeb vỾg xừ iû tëe blỈu vởl tëe blỈu ĞẨu víj ií ầeb sỞ ví
ĞẨu rn ií gỵg hlỵ trỏ, tbuỜg tëeb kjeh kuỞe. OỼ tbuẫt y ií kỜt tẫp bủp gỵg
 pbƽƮeh pbỵp
pbỵp tëeb tjợe
tjợe vớ fle l truye
truye tl bjg kỗ
kỗ bữn gỵg ầeb tỾ
tỾ ebláe tbu
tbu
Ğƽủg Ğệ iík tćeh gbẠt ầeb bjẸg ebẫe dẮeh ầeb, pbỵe Ğjỵe ầeb ví Ğỵeb hlỵ gỵg
eỜl dueh gỨn ầeb.
ĝỉy ií kỜt ehíeb objn bịg kởl rẠt pbỵt trlệe trjeh ebỪeh ećk hẨe Ğỉy
kneh iẮl rẠt eblỎu iủl ëgb gbj guỜg sỞeh gje ehƽớl ebƽ1
j
IĬeb vỾg fầj kẫt1 Ebẫe dẮeh vỉe tny, obe kẸt…
j
IĬeb vỾg hlnj tlẺp hlỪn ehƽớl ví kỵy1 tƽƮeh tỵg vởl vẫt tbệ, dư
ile`, trỵeb vẫt gầe…
j
IĬeb vỾg hlầl trë1 Trư gbƮl ĞlỈe từ tbỾg tẺ ầj…
j
IĬeb vỾg y tẺ1 GbỠp R-quneh, KVL…


11
 

>.0.6.6. ^ tréeb xừ iû ầeb
Ầeb sỞ ií kỜt tẫp bủp tữ bíeh ehbée gbj tởl bíeh trlỈu Ğlệk ầeb (plx`i). WỞ
Ğlệk ầeb xỵg Ğỏeb ĞỜ pbỉe hlầl gỨn fỬg ầeb, ĞỜ pbỉe hlầl gíeh gnj tbé fỬg ầeb
gíeh sẪg t ví ehƽủg iẮl. KỘl Ğlệk ầeb sẻ g÷ bnl tbuỜg tëeb (x, y) tƽƮeh Ửeh ií
tịn ĞỜ tb`j pbƽƮeh ehneh ví dịg gỨn gbđeh tráe ầeb. Trjeh q tréeb xừ iû ầeb,
vlỈg tëeb tjỵe tbỾg blỈe trỾg tlẺp tráe gỵg Ğlệk ầeb. Wnu Ğỉy ií gỵg q tréeb
trjeh xừ iû ầeb1
]bỉe
Tbu ebẫe
TlỎe xừ iû
ĞjẮe ầeb
ầeb
n. ^u
^ỵ tré
tréeb
eb tb
tbuu ebẫ
ebẫee ầeb
ầeb

Tỵgb gỵg
ĞẸg teb

Ebẫe dẮeh
ví hlầl bëgb

Ầeb ĞẨu víj sẻ Ğƽủg tbu ebẫe qun gỵg tblẺt fỏ ebƽ gnk`rn, s`esjr quneh
bjẸg kợy sgnee`r vớ snu ữ gợg tởe blu eớy s g s bữn. Slg in gbe gợg
tblt f tbu ebe ầeb sẻ pbỠ tbuỜg víj ĞẸg tëeb gỨn gỵg ĞỞl tƽủeh gẨe xừ iû. Gỵg

tbơeh sỞ qune trịeh gẨe qune tỉk ií ĞỜ pbỉe hlầl, gbẠt iƽủeh kíu, dueh iƽủeh
 fỜ ebở ví
ví tỞg ĞỜ tbu
tbu ebẫe ầeb gỨn gỵg tblẺt fỏ.
 f. ^ tréeb
tréeb tlỎe xừ iû
iû ầeb
ổ fƽởg y, ầeb sẻ Ğƽủg gầl tblỈe vỎ ĞỜ tƽƮeh pbầe, obừ eblỀu, obừ
 f÷eh… ebẾk tẮj rn gbẠt iƽủeh ầeb tỞt bƮe eỪn tẮj tbuẫe iủl gbj gỵg fƽởg xừ iû
 pbỬg tẮp bƮe vỎ snu.
snu. ^ tréeb
tréeb y tbƽớeh
tbƽớeh Ğƽủg tbỾg blỈe fỚl gỵg fỜ iịg.
g. ^u
^ỵ trée
tréebb pbỉe
pbỉe ĞjẮ
ĞjẮee ầeb
ầeb
]bỉe ĞjẮe ầeb ií fƽởg tb`e gbỞt trjeh xừ iû ầeb. Hlnl ĞjẮe y pbỉe tëgb
ầeb tbíeb ebỪeh pbẨe g÷ güeh tëeb gbẠt eớj ữ dn tb`j eh flỏe bny gợg
vỹeh ile ebnu Tlỏu gbue xợg eb vỹeh ilỏe tbụeh gữ tb ií güeh kíu,
güeh kỬg xỵk… KỠg Ğëgb gỨn pbỉe ĞjẮe ầeb ií Ğệ kláu tầ tỐeh bủp vỎ eblỎu
 pbẨe từ obỵg
obỵg ebnu gẠu tẮj ếe
ếe ầeb tbơ. Tbơeh
Tbơeh tbƽớeh
tbƽớeh iƽủeh tbơeh
tbơeh tle gbỬn
gbỬn trjeh

ầeb ií rẠt iởe, trjeh obl Ğn sỞ gỵg Ửeh dỠeh gbỌ gẨe qune tỉk tởl kỜt vớl l
teh
g treh
gữ ^uợ
kt quợ
gbe
tbụeh
hlk
obl ieh
tbụeheớj
tle,ữ.
tehDjtgvy
ge
x iỷ.
trộebtrộeb
eớy fnj
hkig
pbổe
vỹehtleeb
vớ
trởgb gbe ĞẸg tëeb gbỨ yẺu.
d. Tỵ
Tỵgb
gb gỵ
gỵgg ĞẸg
ĞẸg të
tëeb
eb
OẺt quầ gỨn fƽởg pbæe ĞjẮe ầeb tbƽớeh Ğƽủg gbj dƽởl dẮeh dỪ ilỈu Ğlệk
ầeb tbơ, bík gbỬn fláe gỨn kỜt vüeh ầeb, bjẸg tẫp bủp tẠt gầ gỵg Ğlệk ầeb

tbuỜg vỎ gbëeb vüeh ầeb Ğ÷. Trjeh gầ bnl trƽớeh bủp, sỾ gbuyệe ĞỐl dỪ ilỈu tbơ
y tbíeb kỜt dẮeh tbëgb bủp bƮe gbj vlỈg xừ iû trjeh kỵy tëeb ií rẠt gẨe tblẺt.
ĝệ gbuyệe ĞỐl gbđeh, gỉu bỊl ĞẨu tláe gẨe pbầl trầ iớl ií ếe flệu dlỀe kỜt vüeh
ầeb dƽởl dẮeh fláe bny dƽởl dẮeh kỜt vüeh bjíe gbỌeb hỗk tẠt gầ ebỪeh Ğlệk
ầeb tbuỜg vỎ e÷. Flệu dlỀe dẮeh fláe gbj kỜt vüeh pbü bủp vởl ebỪeh Ửeh dỠeh
gbỌ qune tỉk gbỨ yẺu ĞẺe gỵg ĞẸg trƽeh béeb dẮeh fáe ehjớl gn l teh, vở d
eb gợg hữg geb vớ Ğlệk uỞe tráe fláe. Flệu dlỀe dẮeh vüeh iẮl tbëgb bủp gbj
ebỪeh Ửeh dỠeh obnl tbỵg gỵg tëeb gbẠt fáe trjeh gỨn ĞỞl tƽủeh, vë dỠ ebƽ væe


12
 

ầeb bjẸg gẠu trđg xƽƮeh gỨn . WỾ iỾn gbịe gỵgb flệu dlỀe tbëgb bủp gbj kỜt
vüeh ầeb gbỌ kởl ií kỜt pbẨe trjeh vlỈg gbuyệe ĞỐl dỪ ilỈu ầeb ầeb tbơ sneh
kỜt dẮeh tbëgb bủp bƮe gbj tëeb tjỵe. GẨe pbầl Ğƽn rn kỜt pbƽƮeh pbỵp kơ tầ
dỪ ilỈu ỗ g gbuye l snj gbj ebeh tởeb gbt ge qune tỉk sẻ Ğƽủg iík
eỐl fẫt iáe, tbuẫe tlỈe gbj vlỈg xừ iû gbđeh.
`. Eb
Ebẫe
ẫe dẮe
dẮehh ví
ví hlầl
hlầl tbë
tbëgb
gb
ĝỉy ií fƽởg guỞl güeh trjeh q tréeb xừ iû ầeb. Ebẫe deh eb gữ tb
blu kt gợgb e hle iớ hợe ebỗe gbj gợg l teh trjeh eb. Sở d eb gbỪ
vlẺt, gỵg ĞỞl tƽủeh trjeh ầeb gẨe ebẫe dẮeh ií gỵg kắu gbỪ. GẨe ték gỵgb tỵgb
rláeh gỵg kắu gbỪ ữ rn vớ tộk gợgb hợe ủeh gợg oở t trjeh fầeh gbỪ gỵl gbj

kắu gbỪ tbu Ğƽủg trjeh ầeb. Hlầl tbëgb ií gơeh ĞjẮe hỵe ehbĬn gbj kỜt tẫp gợg
l teh ỗ g ebe flt.
Obụeh pbl ft oộ kt Ửeh dỠeh xừ iû ầeb eíj gŬeh fẪt fuỜg pbầl te tbỨ
tb`j tẠt gầ gỵg fƽởg xừ iû tráe. KỜt gỵgb tỐeh qt tbé ebỪeh gbỬg ećeh xừ iû
 fnj hỗk gầ ebẫe dẮeh ví hlầl tbëgb tbƽớeh gbỌ g÷ kẸt trjeh bỈ tbỞeh pbỉe tëgb
ầeb tỾ ĞỜeh bjẸg fỵe tỾ ĞỜeh, Ğƽủg düeh Ğệ rđt rn ebỪeh tbơeh tle qune trịeh tữ
ầeb, vë dỠ ebƽ gỵg Ửeh dỠeh ebẫe dẮeh oë tỾ, flệe sỞ, …
>.0.7 Ehôe ehỪ iẫp tréeb ]ytbje
]ytbje ií ehơe ehỪ iẫp tréeb gẠp gnj, Ğn kỠg Ğëgb vớ g s deh reh
rỗl. Fne u g tblt o fỚl Huldj vne Vjssuk víj ećk ><<> ví Ğƽủg duy tré
quầe iû fởl tỐ gbỬg pbl iủl ebuẫe ]ytbje Wjctwnr` Cjuedntlje. Tỵg hlầ gỨn
]ytbje ‗ Huldj Sne Vjssuk fẪt ĞẨu ehbláe gỬu gỵg sầe pbẬk dỾn tráe Ửeh
dỠeh gỨn kéeb víj tbỵeh >6 ećk ><2< Ớ G`etruk Xlsoued` & Lecjrkntlgn
(GXL). TẮl Ğỉy Huldj vne Vjssuk g÷ gƮ bỜl Ğƽủg tlẺp xđg vởl ehơe ehỪ iẫp
tréeb NFG, trjeh q tréeb iík vlg ụeh ỗ ebe tby NFG gữ rt eblu ve ĞỎ,
tuy ebláe ơeh vắe ƽn gbuỜeh ebỪeh tëeb ećeh kí NFG kneh iẮl.
FẾeh sỾ sỵeh tẮj ví trủ hlđp tữ gợg geh s, ụeh ỗ ot bp gủ pbợp gn
ehụe ehỪ NFG ví kỜt sỞ tëeb ećeh gỨn Ğệ tẮj rn ehơe ehỪ iẫp tréeb kởl. Gỵl
táe Ğƽủg iẠy gầk bỬeh tữ kỜt gbƽƮeh tréeb truyỎe béeb FFG ‗ Kjety ]ytbje,
Ciyleh Glrgus Glrgus kí ơeh rẠt bỉk kỜ. Tbák vớj ữ, vl ỷ kue t kt gợl
tỏe ehe he, ĞỜg Ğỵj ví bƮl fë Ậe gbj pbỵt kleb gỨn kéeb, Huldj ĞẸt táe gbj
ehơe ehỪ y ií ]ytbje.
]ytbje ií kt ehụe eh gp gnj, gữ quợ trộeb pbợt trle díl ví snu Ğỉy ií kỜt
sỞ ĞẸg trƽeh gỨn 1
n. Tở
Tởeb
eb pb
pb fl
fle
e11

]ytbje gữ s pbợt trle rt ebneb trjeh ebỪeh ećk hẨe Ğỉy. Tb`j kỜt
obầj sỵt víj ećk 6=6= tráe trneh Wtngo Jv`rcijw, ]ytbje Ğƽủg xẺp bẮeh tbỬ 7
trjeh gỵg ehơe ehỪ iẫp tréeb Ğƽủg u tbëgb ebẠt gbỌ snu Typ`Wgrlpt ví Vust.
 f. DỀ bịg1


13
 

Obl sj sỵeb ]ytbje ví gỵg ehơe ehỪ iẫp tréeb gẠp gnj obỵg ebƽ G++, G#,
Anvn Wgrlpt, Anvn, … tbé vlỈg bịg ehôe ehỪ ]ytbje dỀ bƮe. BƮe tbẺ, ]ytbje gưe
Ğƽủg dẮy gbj trế ebỊ ebớ gđ pbỵp ĞƮe hlầe, dỀ blệu ví hẨe vởl ehơe ehỪ hlnj
tlẺp tbƽớeh ehíy. Gbởeb vộ vy, ]ytbje ỗ g eblu treh bg trỏe tbẺ hlởl
Ğ`k víj hlầeh dẮy Ớ fẫg Tlệu bịg ĞẺe Trueh bg.
g. Ob
Obụe
ụehh tởeb
tởeb pb
pbởở vớ
vớ kỗ ehu
ehue
e k
Trộeb tbụeh
dgb gn ]ytbje
g
pbợtvộtrle
hly pbỡp
k
(JWL-npprjv`d
jp`e-sjurg`

ilg`es`),
gbởeb
vydl
eữ g
tl vớkỗ
gớlehue
t bjớe
tjớe kle pbở, o g dỹeh gbj gợg kg ởgb tbeh kl obợg. Wợgb kỗ ehue
k eb ữ ỗ tbu bủt gợg ip trộeb vlỏe g÷ tbệ tỾ dj Ğ÷eh h÷p Ğệ hlđp gbj
]ytbje ehíy gíeh bjíe tblỈe bƮe.
d. Eh
Ehơe
ơe eh
ehỪỪ bƽởe
bƽởehh ĞỞl
ĞỞl tƽủ
tƽủeh
eh
Bƽởeh ĞỞl tƽủeh ií ĞẸg trƽeh qune trịeh gỨn ehơe ehỪ ]ytbje ví gỵg
ehơe ehỪ fẫg gnj blỈe eny. ]bƽƮeh pbỵp iẫp tréeb bƽởeh ĞỞl tƽủeh kơ tầ fíl
tjỵe dƽởl sỾ tỵg ĞỜeh hlỪn gỵg ĞỞl tƽủeh ví blỈe tbỾg víj gbƽƮeh tréeb kỵy tëeb.
Gỵg ĞẸg trƽeh qune trịeh gỨn kỜt ehơe ehỪ bƽởeh ĞỞl tƽủeh ií1 tëeb trữu tƽủeh
b÷n (Nfstrngtlje), tëeb Ğ÷eh h÷l (@egnpsuintlje), tëeb oẺ tbữn (Leb`rltneg`), tëeb
Ğn béeb`.(]jiykjrpblsk).
BỘ trủ
trủ ip
ip trộeb
trộeb hlnj
hlnj dle
dle eh

ehl
l dỹeh
dỹeh
Ehụe eh ]ytbje gữ gợg kjdui`s bỘ trủ tẮj hlnj dlỈe trjeh iẫp tréeb ebƽ
]y^t0, ]y^t4, Tolet`r hlñp gbj gbƽƮeh tréeb tbu bñt ehƽớl düeh ví trỾg qune
bƮe.

 Béeb >-4.
>- 4.  KỜt hlnj dlỈe Ửeh dỠeh sừ dỠeh tbƽ
tbƽ vlỈe ]yqt0

c. Eh
Ehôe
ôe eh
ehỪỪ tb
tbôe
ôehh dỏ
dỏgb
gb11
BẨu bẺt gỵg ehơe ehỪ iẫp téeb ĞỎu pbầl gbẮy tráe tréeb fláe dỏgb, ĞlỎu y g÷
ehbĬn ií sjurg` gjd` pbầl Ğƽủg dgb rn kỗ kợy (kngble` gjd`) trg obl gby
g
trộeb.
ebeh
gbeh
trộeb tbeh
g qun
vlttrộeb
fehtbụeh
ehụedgb.

eh
tbụeh gbeh
dgb s f
qun Tuy
fgeblỏe,
dgb sneh
kỗ kợy
kớ gby


14
 

KỜt trjeh ebỪeh ebƽủg Ğlệk gỨn gỵg ehơe ehỪ tbơeh dỏgb gbëeb ií tbớl hlne
tbỾg tbl. EbỪeh gbƽƮeh tréeb Ğƽủg flỏe dgb sneh ehụe eh kợy gữ xu beh
gby ebneb bƮe sj vởl gỵg gbƽƮeh tréeb tbơeh dỏgb. ĝỞl vởl kỜt sỞ Ửeh dỠeh
ĞẸg flỈt gbue sỉu vỎ tëeb tjỵe, ebƽ xừ iû Ğỗ bịn bjẸg xừ iû sỞ ilỈu, ĞlỎu y g÷
tbệ sẻ hỉy rn kỜt sỞ bẮe gbẺ obôeh kjeh kuỞe. Tuy ebláe,
ebláe, trjeh tbỾg tẺ ĞỞl vởl
bẨu bẺt gỵg gbƽƮeh tréeb, sỾ obỵg flỈt vỎ tỞg ĞỜ tbỾg tbl gbỌ tëeb fẾeh klil hlỉy
bjẸg tỞl Ğn ií hlỉy. Gbëeb vé vẫy vẠe ĞỎ vỎ tỞg ĞỜ obơeh q ầeb bƽỚeh ĞỞl vởl
ehƽớl düeh. Tëeb blỈu quầ gỨn vlỈg vlẺt gjd` fẾeh kỜt ehôe ehỪ tbôeh dỏgb
tbƽớeh Ğƽủg Ğỵeb hlỵ gnj gbj bẨu bẺt gỵg Ửeh dỠeh.
h. DỀ díeh
díeh kỚ rỜeh ví obơeh
obơeh gẨe
gẨe Ğỏeb
Ğỏeb ehbĬn
ehbĬn olệu
olệu dỪ ilỈu

ilỈu
ĝỉy ií kỜt ĞẸg trƽeh obỵg bjíe tjíe sj vởl ehơe ehỪ iẫp tréeb G, G++,
Anvn, … Gỵg flẺe trjeh gbƽƮeh tréeb ]ytbje obl obnl fỵj obơeh gẨe Ğỏeb ehbĬn
olệu dỪ ilỈu gbj ví kỜt flẺe g÷ tbệ eẪk hl gợg l teh gữ olu d ilu
obợg ebnu. Ehjớl rn ]ytbje gưe g÷ tbệ Ğƽủg vlẺt fẾeh kỜt ehơe eh obợg vớ gữ
tb dỹeh trộeb flỏe dgb/ tbụeh dgb Ğệ tbỾg tbl gbƽƮeh tréeb. Së dỠ, ehƽớl düeh
g÷ tbệ vlt kỗ ehue ]ytbje vớ flỏe dgb eữ fỏe trjeh ehụe eh G/G++.
>.0.4 Tb vle kỗ ehue k Jp`eGS
]rja`gt
Jp`eGS
g ftGjkput`r
u t Let`i
ekIlfrnry
><<< fliớHnry
Frndsoy.
Jp`eGS
iớ vlt
tt gn
Jp`eWjurg`
Slslje
tb vle
kỗ ehue
k
bớeh u gbj Gjkput`r Slslje ví Kngble` I`nreleh. Jp`eGS Ğƽủg pbỵt bíeb
tb`j hlẠy pbìp FWD, dj Ğ÷ ehƽớl düeh g÷ tbệ sừ dỠeh gbj kg ởgb bg tp
geh eb tbeh kl. Jp`eGS gữ gợg Let`rcng` gbj G/G++, ]ytbje, Anvn vé vẫy
bỘ trủ Ğƽủg gbj Xledjw, Ileux, KngJW iắe Nedrjld, lJW.
Gỵg tëeb ećeh ví kjdui` pbỐ flẺe gỨn Jp`eGS1
j
Rừ iû ví blệe tbỏ béeb ầeb/ vld`j/ L/ J (gjr`, lkhrjg, blhbhul)

j
]bỵt blỈe gỵg vẫt tbệ (jfad`t`gt, c`ntur`s6d, ejecr``)
j
H`jk`tr
H`j
k`try-fn
y-fns`d
s`d kjej
kjejguin
guinrr bjẸg st`r
st`r`j
`j gjkp
gjkput`r
ut`r vlsl
vlslje
je (Gnil
(Gnilf7d,
f7d,
Wtltgbleh, vld`jstnf)
j

Gjkputntljeni pbjtjhrnpby (pbjtj, vld`j,sup`rr`s)
j
Kngble` i`nreleh & Giust`rleh (ki, cinee)
j
GPDN ngg`i`rntlje (hpu)
Ợeh dỠeh gỨn Jp`eGS1
j
Béeb ầeb str``t vl`w
j

Olệk trn ví hlỵk sỵt tỾ ĞỜeh
j
Vjfjt ví x` bƮl tỾ iỵl
j
]bỉe tëgb béeb ầeb y bịg
j
Ték olẺk ví pbỠg bỗl ầeb/vld`j
j
]blk ‗ gẠu trđg 7D tữ gbuyệe ĞỜeh
j

 EhbỈgỨn
tbuJp`eGS
tbuẫt
ẫt sẪp ĞẸtiítƽƮeh
tỵg kỚ ví klỀe pbë, geh eh s deh vớ
tợg
u lk
kỗ ehue
pbợt trle ie eỏe gữ y gợg kỗ ehue pbg v tt ebt gbj q tréeb xừ


15


iỷ eb eb1 g eb, xợk bữn, gợg f ig, tỵgb fláe, ebẫe dẮeh ĞỞl tƽủeh,
tƽủeh, …
Gbëeb vé iû dj Ğ÷, tbƽ vlỈe Jp`eGS vởl ehơe ehỪ iẫp tréeb ]ytbje ỗ g
s deh xổy deh gbeh trộeb x iỷ eb vớ tởeb tjợe oởgb tbg.
>.0.0 Tb vle kỗ ehue k Wenp8

Wenp8 iớ kt tb vle kỗ ehue k b trủ hlnj tlẺp @tb`re`t Ğn eỎe tầeh,
ĞẸg flỈt pbü bủp obl hlnj tlẺp dỪ ilỈu trỾg tlẺp hlỪn gỵg dưeh ]IG gỨn Wl`k`es
ví gỵg tblẺt fỏ pbẨe gỬeh obơeh pbầl gỨn Wl`k`es. Tbƽ vlỈe y bỘ trủ tữ gỵg
dưeh G]P gŬ ebƽ W8-6==, W8-7== ĞẺe gỵg dưeh G]P kởl ebẠt W8->6==, W8>0== ví kỜt pbẨe Wlkntlg Drlv`s. KẸg dü tbƽ vlỈe Ğƽủg tblẺt oẺ Ğệ obẪg pbỠg
téeb trẮeh gỨn kỵy gbỨ J]G obl truyỎe tbôeh iƽủeh iởe dỪ ilỈu tỞg ĞỜ gnj trjeh
gơeh ehblỈp, Wenp8 vắe pbü bủp vởl gỵg Ửeh dỠeh hlnj tlẺp `tb`re`t gbj gỵg
 fjnrd kẮgb quy kơ ebỊ bƮe ebƽ Vnsf`rry ]L, Ndrulej \ue, pgDulej
pgDulej,, Gufl`
Fjnrd, …
Tbƽ vlỈe tẫp trueh víj hlnj tlẺp ]G-]IG hỗk fn tbíeb pbẨe gbue flỈt ií
W`rv`r, Gil`et ví ]nrte`r gbj pbìp tëgb bủp bjíe tjíe gbƽƮeh tréeb pbỵt trlệe
tráe ]G víj bỈ tbỞeh tỾ ĞỜeh b÷n.
ĝẸg Ğlệk gbëeb1
j
j

j

j

j

ĝƽủg tblẺt oẺ pbü bủp vởl gầ bnl gẠu trñg 76/34 flt
BỘ trủ bẨu bẺt gỵ
gỵgg G]
G]P
P pbỐ flẺe blỈe en
enyy ebƽ Le
Let`
t`i,

i, NKD
l723/x23Z34, NVK, …
 EỎe tầeh ĞỜg iẫp, blỈe
blỈe tẮl Ğneh
Ğneh bỘ trủ Ğn bỈ ĞlỎu bíeb ebƽ Xledjw
Xledjw (tữ
 ET 4.= gbj ĞẺe Xledjw >=), Ileux, FWD, Jrngi` Wjinrls >>, Nppi`
JWR.
Kỗ ehue k, gữ tbệ kỚ rỜeh, klỀe pbë gbj gầ bnl kỠg Ğëgb hlỵj dỠg
ví tbƽƮeh kẮl, obơeh pbỠ tbuỜg fẠt fáe tbỬ fn j, obơeh gẨe gẠu
béeb.
Fn kơ béeb iuỗeh obỵg ebnu tỞl ƽu b÷n blỈu suẠt1 iuỗeh Xle76, iuỗeh
]jslx, >> iuỗeh Wjinrls.

Bnl kô béeb truyỎe dỪ ilỈu1 ĝỗeh fỜ gỐ Ğlệe ví obơeh Ğỗeh fỜ.
Bnl kơ béeb iuỗeh dỪ ilỈu1 Tbćk dư ví obơeh u gẨu (]IG g÷ tbệ
truyỎe dỪ ilỈu obl kuỞe)
j
Bnl gỐeh gbue dỠeh1 W`ttlklej ví Kjon8 gbj pbìp hlnj tlẺp hlỪn
gỵg W8 ]IG ví Nrdulej bjẸg gợg tblt f Nedrjld.
Eb ỗ hll tblu, hlnj tlp hlỪn
hlỪn gbƽƮeh tréeb ]G ví Wl`k`es ]IGs g÷
tbệ düeh tbƽ vlỈe Wenp8. Tuy ebláe Ğệ iík vlỈg vởl tbƽ vlỈe y fẾeh kỜt ehơe
ehỪ tbơeh dỏgb ebƽ ]ytbje gẨe ĞẺe ]ytbje-Wenp8.
]ytbje-Wenp8 ií kỜt ’]ytbje wrnpp`r‛ gbj tbƽ vlỈe Wenp8 Ğệ tëgb bủp
víj kỜt gbƽƮeh tréeb ]ytbje. ĝỉy ií kỜt dỾ îe Ğƽủg pbît trlệe fỚl Hlas
Kji`ennr ví Wt`pbne ]r``o`r tráe Hltbuf gbj pbìp iík vlỈg vởl tbƽ vlỈe Wenp8
 fẾeh ehơe eh ip trộeb
trộeb ]ytbje. ]ytbje
]ytbje senp8 ỗ gữ se trỏe ]y]l

]y]l vớ gữ tb gớl
t feh gợgb s deh iỈeb ’plp lestnii pytbje-senp8‛.
j
j


16


17
 

GBƪƭEH 6. TBLẵT Oẵ SÍ RỈ\ DỽEH KƠ BÉEB
6.> IỾ
IỾnn gb
gbịe
ịe tb
tbllẺt fỏ
6.>.> ]IG W8->6== G]P >6>4G DG/DG/DG
ĝỗ ỵe sừ deh ]IG W8->6== gn bỗeh Wl`k`es vl gợg u lk, ebỊ hịe,
tỞg ĞỜ xừ iû ebneb, pbẨe kỎk bỘ trủ iẫp tréeb tỞt, hlỵ tbíeb bủp iû. Trjeh Ğỗ ỵe
y G]P Ğƽủg sừ dỠeh ií >6>4G DG/DG/DG.

 Fầeh 6.>. Tbơeh sỞ gỨn G]P >6>4G DG/DG/DG 

Oëgb tbƽởg

>>=x>==x80 kk

FỜ ebở iík vlỈg

0=Of

FỜ ebở eẮp

6Kf

L/J olệu sỞ

>4 ehð víj/ >= ehð rn

L/J olệu tƽƮeh tỾ

6 ehð rn

FỜ ebở flt

2><6 fyt`

ĝỜ kỚ rỜeh kjdui`

2

FỜ ĞẺk tỞg ĞỜ gnj

3

TỞg ĞỜ tbỾg tbl tëeb tjỵe

>2us/iỈeb

6.>.6 Gnk`rn
Gnk`rn Ğƽủg sừ dỠeh Ğệ gbỠp ầeb gbj q tréeb xừ iû ầeb ếe gẨe qune
tỉk tởl gỵg tbơeh sỞ vỎ ĞỜ pbỉe hlầl, h÷g ebée (CJS), kíu sẪg, oẺt eỞl. ĝỗ îe sừ
dỠeh w`fgnk Rlnjkl LKLINF Ğệ Ğîp Ửeh gîg tbôeh sỞ u gẨu ví pbü bủp vởl
gbl pbë.
 Fầeh 6.6. Tbơeh sỞ oỼ tbuẫt gỨn Gnk`rn

Tbơeh sỞ

Hlỵ trỏ

Kjd`i

GKWRA66N

ĝỜ pbỉe hlầl

86=p ‗ 7=cps

GbẠt iƽủeh ầeb

0K]

Cl`id jc vl`w
GblỎu díl, ijẮl dỉy gỵp

<= ĞỜ
6k, PWF

Béeb ầeb


18
 

Oëgb tbƽởg

8>.0 x 70 x >6= kk

6.>.7
6.>
.7 Ehuỗe
Ehuỗe tỐ jeh
 Fầeh 6.7. Tbơeh sỞ gỨn ehuỗe
ehuỗe tỐ jeh 

Tbơeh sỞ

Hlỵ trỏ

Gơeh suẠt

>6=X

ĝlỈe ỵp ĞẨu víj

>>=-66=SNG? 0=-3=Bz

ĝlỈe ỵp ĞẨu rn

64SDG

Dưeh ĞẨu rn

0N

gb tbƽởg

>3=x<2x46 kk

Béeb ầeb


19
 

GBƪƭEH 7. Iẩ] TVÉEB, OLỆK TVN, EBẩE RÌT SÍ OẵT IPẩE
7.> WƮ Ğỗ
Ğỗ ĞẠ
ĞẠu eỞ
eỞl
7.>.> ĝẠu eỞl ehuỗe gbj ]IG
GẠp ehuỗe gbj ]IG qun gbæe bnl gbæe 64SDG, I+ eỞl vởl dƽƮeh eheh
ví K eỞl vởl ỉk ehuỗe.
GẠp ehuỗe gbj Jutputs gỨn ]IG qun gbỉe 7I+ ví 7K.

 Béeb 7-0.
7- 0. WƮ Ğỗ ĞẠu eỞl ehuỗe 64SZDG vởl ]IG 

20
 

7.>.6 ]IG vởl kỵy tëeb

 Béeb 7-3.
7- 3. OẺt
 OẺt eỞl ]IG vởl Inptjp
ĝỗ ỵe sừ dỠeh hlnj tbỬg TG]/L] Ğệ hlnj tlẺp hlỪn inptjp (Gil`et) vởl ]IG W8>6== (s`rv`r) eáe sẻ düeh gỵp oẺt eỞl bnl gỐeh `tb`re`t tëgb bủp sẰe tráe pig ví inptjp.
TlẺp tb`j gẨe gẠu béeb quyỎe truy gẫp, L] tĬeb gbj ]IG. Wnu Ğ÷ gẠu béeb L] tĬeb
gbj inptjp güeh iởp kẮeh vởl ]IG Ğệ gbđeh g÷ tbệ hlnj tlẺp vởl ebnu trjeh q tréeb
bjẮt ĞỜeh.
GẠu béeb gbj ]IG 
Trjeh TLN ]jrtni gbịe G]P
G]P snu
 snu Ğ÷ gbịe ]rjp`rtl`s
]rjp`rtl`s.. Trjeh tnf ]rjt`gtlje
]rjt`gtlje,, gbịe
’Cui
Cuiii ngg
ngg`ss
`ss (ej prj
prjt`g
t`gtlj
tlje)
e)‛‛ ví tëgb víj ơ ’]`
’]`rk
rklt
lt ng

ngg`s
g`sss wl
wltb
tb ]P
]PT/
T/H@
H@T
T
gjkkuelgntlje crjk r`kjt` pnrte`r (]IG, BKL, J]G, …)‛
…) ‛ rỗl gilgo ’JO 
’JO ‛.
‛.

 Béeb 7-8.
7- 8. GẠu béeb G]P gbj pbìp hlnj tlẺp vởl gỵg tblẺt fỏ tữ xn


21
 

’ ]VJCLE@T let`rcng` _R>[‛
_R>[‛ kỠg ’L]
’L] prjtjgji‛,
prjtjgji‛, ĞẸt L] tĬeb gbj
  TlẺp tb`j Ớ tnf ’]VJCLE@T
]IG ií ’><6.>32.=.>
’><6.>32.=.>‛‛ ví Wufe`t knso ií ’600.600.600.=
’ 600.600.600.=‛.
‛. GuỞl güeh ií tầl gẠu béeb
 pbẨe gỬeh xuỞeh ]IG.

 Béeb 7-2.
7- 2. Gíl ĞẸt L] tĬeb ví iởp kẮeh gbj G]P 
GẠu béeb L] tĬeb gbj inptjp1
Truy gẫp ’Gjetrji
’Gjetrji ]ne`i‛
]ne`i‛ gbịe ’E`twjro
’E`twjro ned Let`re`t‛
Let`re`t‛ ;5 ’E`twjro
’E`twjro ned
Wbnrleh G`etr`‛
G`etr`‛ ;5 ’Gbneh`
’Gbneh` ndnpt`r s`ttlehs‛.
s`ttlehs‛.

 Béeb 7-<.
7- <. Hlnj dlỈe gíl ĞẸt oẺt eỞl kẮeh tráe inptjp
TẮl hlnj dlỈe tráe, gilgo gbuỜt pbầl víj ’@tb`re`t
’ @tb`re`t‛,
‛, gbịe ’]rjp`rtl`s
’]rjp`rtl`s‛,
‛, snu Ğ÷
djufi` gilgo víj ’Let`re`t
’Let`re`t ]rjtjgji S`rslje 4 (TG]/L]v4)‛.
(TG]/L]v4) ‛. Tlgo víj ơ ’Ps`
’Ps` tb` L]
nddr`ss1‛‛ ví ĞẸt ’L]
nddr`ss1
’ L] ndd
nddr`s

r`sss‛ i í ’><6.>32.=.>=<
’><6.>32.=.>=<‛‛ güeh vởl ’Wufe
’Wufe`t
`t knso ‛ ií
’600.600.600.=
600.600.600.=‛‛ ví gilgo ’JO 
’JO ‛.
‛.


22
 

7- >=. Gíl ĞẸt L] tĬeb ví iởp kẮeh gbj inptjp
Bộeb 7->=.
Gợg fg trỏe ỗ tblt ip g n gb L] gbj ]IG ví inptjp tráe güeh kỜt iởp
kẮeh. ]IG bjt eh eb kt kợy gb (s`rv`r) gữ n gb ’><6.>32.=.>
’><6.>32.=.>‛,
‛, ví inptjp
bjẮt ĞỜeh ebƽ kỜt kỵy obỵgb vởl Ğỏn gbỌ ií ’><6.>32.=.>=<
’><6.>32.=.>=<‛.
‛.

7.66 Tb
7.
Tbuẫ
uẫtt tjỵe
tjỵe ĞlỎ
ĞlỎu
u oblệ

oblệe
e gbj
gbj bỈ tbỞ
tbỞeh
eh


23
 

7.6.> Iƽu Ğỗ tbuẫt tjỵe gỨn gbƽƮeh tréeb gbëeb

 Béeb 7->>.
7- >>. Iƽu
 Iƽu Ğỗ tbuẫt tjỵe
tjỵe gbƽƮeh tréeb gbëeb

Wừ dỠeh iởp (ginss) senp8.gil`et trjeh tbƽ vlỈe Wenp8 Ğệ tbỾg blỈe q tréeb
hlnj tlẺp truyỎe tbơeh hlỪn ]G ví ]IG, gỠ tbệ hỗk gỵg fƽởg snu1
j
Fƽởg >1 ObỚl tẮj ĞỞl tƽủeh gil`et, oẺt eỞl vởl s`rv`r ií ]IG g÷ Ğỏn gbỌ
’><6.>32.=.>‛.
j

j

Fƽởg 61 Olệk trn téeb trẮeh oẺt eỞl. EẺu ’snl‛ tỬg ií iỘl oẺt eỞl tbé sẻ tbỾg
blỈe oẺt eỞl iẮl. EẺu ’Ğñeh‛, oẺt eỞl tbíeb gơeh gbuyệe tởl fƽởg tlẺp tb`j.
Fƽởg 71 ĝịg dỪ ilỈu trjeh fỜ ebở gỨn ]IG.

24
 

j

j
j

j

Fƽởg 41 Olệk trn flẺe ’Let`r‛. EẺu Let`r ;; Cnis`, sẻ quny iẮl fƽởg 7.
 EẺu Let`r ;; Tru`, gbƽƮeh
gbƽƮeh tréeb gbuyệe sneh
sneh fƽởg tlẺp
tlẺp tb`j.
Fƽởg 01 GbƽƮeh tréeb xừ iû ầeb Ğƽủg tbỾg blỈe.
Fƽởg 31 Olệk trn flẺe ’xừ iû xjeh‛, eẺu Ğñeh tbé gbuyệe sneh fƽởg tlẺp
tb`j, eẺu snl tbé quny iẮl fƽởg xừ iû ầeb.
Fƽởg 81 Hbl hlỵ trỏ gblỎu díl, gblỎu rỜeh Ğj Ğƽủg Ớ fƽởg 3 víj fỜ ebở gỨn
]IG, ĞẸt flẺe ’xừ iû xjeh‛ ví ’Let`r‛ trjeh fỜ ebở ]IG iẨe iƽủt ií Tru`
ví Cnis`.
7.6.6 Iƽu Ğỗ xừ iû ầeb

7.6.6.>. Û tƽỚeh tbỾg blỈe
Rỵg Ğỏeb oëgb tbƽởg tbỾg tẺ gỨn vẫt (vẫt N) sừ dỠeh tbƽ vlỈe Jp`eGS tb`j
quy tréeb hỗk1
j
ĝẸt N iáe kỜt vẫt tbnk gblẺu béeb gbỪ ebẫt, ĞƮe sẪg g÷ oëgb tbƽởg xỵg
Ğỏeb

j
Düeh w`fgnk gbỠp ầeb tữ tráe xuỞeh tb`j pbƽƮeh tbặeh ĞỬeh
j
Rừ iû ầeb vởl Jp`eGS Ğệ xỵg Ğỏeb gbëeb xỵg vẫt tbệ trjeh ầeb ví ték rn
vẫt tbệ iởe ebẠt gbëeb ií vẫt tbnk gblẺu
j
Tëeb tjỵe Ğệ ték rn tịn ĞỜ 4 ĞỌeb gỨn vẫt tbnk gblẺu
j
Tữ tịn ĞỜ 4 ĞỌeb ték Ğƽủg, tbu hịe ầeb hỞg tbíeb ầeb kởl gbỌ hỗk vẫt
tbnk gblẺu ví N. Trjeh Ğ÷ vẫt tbnk gblẺu ií eỎe g÷ tỌ iỈ > plx`i ; > kk
j
TlẺp tỠg xừ iû ầeb vởl Jp`eGS Ğệ xỵg Ğỏeb N tráe eỎe
j
Tëeb tjỵe Ğệ ték rn tịn ĞỜ 4 ĞỌeb gỨn N. Tữ Ğ÷ tëeb rn Ğƽủg oëgb tbƽởg
tbỾg tẺ gỨn N


25
 

7.6.6.6. Iƽu Ğỗ tbuẫt tjỵe1

 Béeb 7->6.
7- >6. Iƽu
 Iƽu Ğỗ tbuẫt tjỵe q tréeb xừ iû ầeb

GbƽƮeh tréeb xừ iû ầeb Ğệ tëeb tjỵe gb tbƽởg gblỎu díl gblỎu rỜeh gỨn
vẫt trjeh ầeb Ğƽủg vlẺt fẾeh ehôe ehỪ iẫp tréeb ]ytbje sừ deh tb vle
Jp`eGS. Tb vle Jp`eGS ỗ gữ rt eblu kỗ ehue b tr vlg tởeb tjợe trjeh
quợ trộeb x iû, oẺt bủp vởl ƽu Ğlệk ehẪe hịe, dỀ ebở gỨn ehôe ehỪ iẫp tréeb

]ytbje Ğệ gbƽƮeh tréeb ehẪe hịe ví xừ iû ebneb bƮe. GỠ tbệ tữeh q tréeb ebƽ
snu1
j
Tbu ebẫe ầeb1 Wnu obl obỚl ĞỜeh gbƽƮeh tréeb xừ iû ầeb ví ebẠe pbëk
’gỵgb‛ tbé w`fgnk sẻ gbỠp ví iƽu iẮl kỜt ầeb VHF Ğỏeb dẮeh A]H vởl ĞỜ
 pbæe hlầl ií >62=x86=
>62=x86=p.
p. VHF ií vlẺt tẪt gỨn bỈ hỗk fn kíu V`d, Hr``e
ví Fiu`. Jp`eGS xừ iû ầeb ví vld`j Ớ Ğỏeb dẮeh 2 flt, sỞ ehuyáe obôeh
dẠu, Ğỏeb deh FHV. Eữl gợgb obợg, bộeb eb tbu g gữ tbệ gjl ií 7 kn
trẫe1 Fiu`, Hr``e ví V`d vởl gỵg hlỵ trỏ ehue eẾk trjeh objầeh tữ =
ĞẺe 600.
j

TlỎe xừ iû1 Fƽởg eíy tbỾg blỈe gbuyệe ĞỐl ầeb kíu sneh ầeb xỵk ví iịg
eblỀu. KỘl Ğlệk ầeb gỨn ầeb kíu gbỬn fn kn trẫe kíu xneb dƽƮeh, xneb
iỵ ví ĞỊ. EẺu sừ dỠeh ầeb kíu VHF Ğệ tbỾg blỈe tëeb tjỵe Ğỗeh ehbĬn
 pbầl iík vlỈg güeh iđg vởl fn kn trẫe. Tuy ebláe kỘl kn trẫe kíu iẮl g÷
kỜt kn trẫe xỵk tƽƮeh Ửeh. Sé vẫy gẨe ték gỵgb tỐeh bủp fn kn trẫe xỵk
gỨn fn kíu xneb dƽƮeh, xneb iỵ ví ĞỊ tbíeb kỜt kn trẫe xỵk Ğệ hlầk
obỞl iƽủeh ví tbuẫe iủl gbj vlỈg tëeb tjỵe vỎ snu. Jp`eGS ỗ gữ kỗ
ehuue hlủ
eh
lủpp tbg ble vlg gbuy
uye
e ĞỐ
ĞỐll ầe
ầebb xỵk
ỵk.. Wừ dỠ
dỠeeh iỈe

Ỉebb
gv6.gvtGjijr(GS6.GJIJVZFHV6HVN\).