Tài liệu Master toefl vocabulary part 16 pptx

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Chapter 6: All About Prefixes 141
answers
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exercises
Putting It Together
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142 PART III: TOEFL Vocabulary Review
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SUMMING IT UP
•
Learning prefixes will help you work out the meanings of words.
•
There are more than fifty prefixes in English.
06_TOEFL Vocab,Ch6,117-142 8/4/06, 12:40142
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chapter 7
143
All About Suffixes
OVERVIEW
• Suffixes
• Strategies for learning suffixes
• How suffixes work
• Suffixes that describe state of being
• Suffixes that indicate occupations
• Suffixes that show resemblance
• Suffixes that show amount
• Twelve useful suffixes

• Summing it up
SUFFIXES
A suffix is a combination of letters added to the end of a word or word root.
Suffixes are used either to form new words or show the function of a word. For
example, the suffix -ist or -ian added to a noun describes people, forming words
like “motorist” and “musician.”
In this chapter, you will learn some common suffixes that identify nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs to help you recognize errors in word forms. You can also
improve your vocabulary as you learn how these common suffixes change words
from one part of speech to another.
STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING SUFFIXES
Remember that suffixes or word forms are the most common type of error tested
on the TOEFL.
•
Check for word form errors that include the use of words related to certain
fields and the people who work in the field (botany, botanical, a botanist).
•
Check for word form errors involving adjectives and nouns (developing/
development).
•
Check for other word form errors, such as a noun in place of a verb (belief/
believe).
07_TOEFL Vocab,Ch7,143-166 8/9/06, 12:02143
144 PART III: TOEFL Vocabulary Review
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HOW SUFFIXES WORK
Suffixes Are Added to the End of Roots to Create Many Words
In the same way that prefixes are placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning,

suffixes are placed at the end to change a word’s meaning. Here are some examples:
Word + Suffix = Word Definition
allege ation allegation assertion, claim
recognize tion recognition identification
alien ation alienation estrangement, cut off from
peril ous perilous dangerous
hazard ous hazardous dangerous
capacity ous capacious large, roomy
tonsils itis tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils
bronchi itis bronchitis inflammation of the lung region
appendix itis appendicitis inflammation of the appendix
Suffixes Are Always Attached to Words Without a Break
Even though you may have seen the suffix written with a hyphen (as in -eous, -ion,
-ment), the suffix is attached without a hyphen. The following chart shows some examples:
Word + Suffix = New Word Definition
combust ible combustible flammable
pasture al pastoral country-like
palace ial palatial like a palace
abstain ious abstemious moderate, sober
wasp ish waspish irritable, crabby
fellow ship fellowship sociability
Suffixes Are Different Lengths
As with prefixes, suffixes can be as short as one letter or far longer. The following chart
shows some examples:
Number of Letters Suffix Word Pronunciation Meaning
One-Letter Suffix d promulgated (prom-mul-gay-ted) to publish or
disseminate widely
Two-Letter Suffix ed besmirched (bee-smirchd) to soil; make filthy
Three-Letter Suffix ity instability not stable
Four-Letter Suffix ment inducement (in-doos-ment) incentive

Five-Letter Suffix ation vacillation (vah-ci-lay-shun) indecision
07_TOEFL Vocab,Ch7,143-166 8/9/06, 12:02144
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Chapter 7: All About Suffixes 145
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TIP
Whenever you come
upon an unfamiliar
word, first check to
see if it has a recog-
nizable root.
Suffixes Can Affect How a Word Functions in a Sentence
Unlike prefixes, suffixes can create a part of speech. For example, adding a suffix can
change a word from a verb to an adjective, as in risk to risky.
Adjective
The following suffixes show that a word is an adjective (word that describes):
-ful -less -able/-ible -y
Noun
The following suffixes show that a word is a noun (person, place, or thing):
-ance/-ence -ful -ment -sion/-tion -age -ity
Verb
The following suffixes show that a word is a verb (action or state of being):
-ate -en -ite -ize
If you know a word’s part of speech, you can figure out how it is being used—even if you
don’t know its meaning. Study the following examples:
Word Suffix Part of Speech Meaning
bountiful -ful adjective plentiful
boundless -less adjective infinite
perdurable -able adjective permanent; everlasting

frangible -ible adjective easily broken
fallible -ible adjective makes mistakes
decadence -ence noun deterioration, esp. in morality
mouthful -ful noun morsel
excrement -ment noun matter expelled or ejected; waste
perdition -tion noun entire loss; utter destruction; ruin
premonition -tion noun a forewarning
posterity -ity noun those who come after
abdicate -ate verb to formally relinquish or renounce an
office or right
mutate -ate verb change
extradite -ite verb to deliver (give up) a criminal from one
state or nation to another
demonize -ize verb make a demon
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