Tài liệu Academic Writing A Handbook for International Students part 23 pdf

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Answers
trades unions defended their members’ jobs. Although some of the world’s strongest
brands are today owned by the industry, many major motor companies struggle with
declining profits and static markets.
8. (Sample paraphrase)
Antarctica was unexplored until the twentieth century, and still has a tiny population
in relation to its size. Yet it suffers from various pollution problems which have been
described in a report by a New Zealand government agency. The low temperatures
there impede the usual pattern of decay, though compared with most parts of the
world it remains in pristine condition. Some long-established scientific bases have
large piles of garbage around them.
Few people realise that Antarctica has very little precipitation, so that in the current
context of global warming the ice tends to reveal the rubbish that previously was
slowly being buried under snow. For more than a decade the nations involved in
Antarctic research have respected an agreement to repatriate their garbage, and
this should gradually solve the problem. But there are a few items which will not
be cleared up, since they belonged to the early period of exploration and have now
acquired historic interest.
1.9 Summary Writing
1 Features of good summaries should include: selection of main features/accuracy (i.e.
not distorting the original)/clear expression.
2 making detailed notes from sections of journal articles and books
making global summaries of writers’ ideas and theses
3
3b key points
3c use your own words
3d order of ideas where necessary
3e important points
4 (a) is the best summary
(b) fails to describe the experiment

(c) describes neither the experiment nor its significance
6 (Possible answers)
6a weather forecasting methods
6b blossoming of local tree
6c castor (for dry)
6d the monsoon can be quite accurately forecast by the time of the tree’s flowering
Answers
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7 Model answer
Indian scientists are checking ancient weather forecasting methods, such as the old
saying which links the date of the monsoon to the flowering time of a local tree. This
has been used by farmers to select either peanuts (for wet conditions) or castor (for
dry). Dr Kanani of Gujarat Agricultural University has found that the monsoon can be
quite accurately forecast using the time of the tree’s flowering.
8 Model answer
Recent Indian research confirms the accuracy of an ancient method of forecasting the
monsoon’s arrival used by farmers to choose crops.
9 Model answer
It is planned to move South Korea’s capital from Seoul to a central site by 2012, at a
cost of $45 billion. Although Seoul is crowded and too near the border, critics claim
that this scheme will be too expensive and take too long. Businesses are unlikely to
move away from Seoul when the government does. Other countries have experienced
severe problems with capital relocation.
1.10 Combining Sources
1a 4
1b to introduce summaries
1c Others, however,
3a direct quote: ‘such procedures are now labelled “interfering with nature” ‘
summary: GM techniques are no different from breeding techniques which have been
practised by man for thousands of years.

3b On the other hand
3c Source A states that
Source B considers that
He believes that
4 Model answer
Source C claims that tourism creates a significant amount of employment which
provides a welcome alternative to traditional work such as farming. However, source
D points out that many of these jobs are insecure and poorly paid, being likely
to contribute to social tensions. This negative view is partly supported by source
E, who insists that despite some positive examples the more common experience
of developing countries is for tourism to exacerbate social ills such as crime and
prostitution.
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1.11 Planning Essays
1 Other possible ideas: tourism helps poorer countries develop
pressure to offer ‘new’ countries
tourist industry vulnerable to political/natural disasters
package holidays helped to popularise foreign travel
huge potential demand from developing countries
2 Most suitable structure would be based on time, since the title asks for study of past
and present.
3 (Sample plan)
Main body: ii) package holidays helped to popularise foreign travel
iii) tourism helped poorer countries to develop
iv) constant demand for new destinations and new types of holiday
v) danger of damaging environment through growth of visitors
Conclusion: industry has grown rapidly but faces variety of threats
4a For and against
4b Comparison

4c Time
4d For and against
4e Comparison
5 Main body: i) benefits of TV advertising: reach large audience, have strong
impact
ii) drawbacks: expensive and can be ignored
iii) benefits of newspaper advertising: flexible, cheap, focused
iv) drawbacks: static
Conclusion: TV more effective in reaching large numbers but newspapers
probably better for specialised markets
7 Introduction
• In 1985 12% of young people went to university in the UK. Now the figure is over
30%. Similar growth has been experienced in many countries, developed and
developing.
• Outline of essay: benefits and drawbacks of expansion.
Main body
1. Benefits of expansion
• Modern economies are based on knowledge. Therefore, every country
needs to educate its workforce as highly as possible to compete with other
economies.
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• University education may help students from poorer families to move into a
higher social position.
2. Drawbacks of expansion
• As student numbers rise, standards fall. Classrooms become more crowded,
and overworked teachers are less able to give students personal attention.
• Because increasing numbers of young people are gaining a first degree, their
degrees are worth less. It is now necessary to have a second degree to compete
in the labour market.

• Recent research (Jackson
et al.) shows that employers are looking for personal
skills rather than educational qualifications.
• The average student in Britain now leaves university with debts of £15,000.
3. Discussion
Higher education does not benefit everyone. Advantages have to be balanced
against time and money invested.
4. Conclusion
Not clear that numbers in higher education can be expanded indefinitely.
1.12 Organising paragraphs
3 1. Topic
2. Definition
3. Example
4. Detail
5. Detail
6. Reason
4 Topic: London has been . . .
Restatement: For many centuries . . .
Reason: Its dominance is due . . .
Example: The Romans were the first . . .
Information: Over 500 years ago . . .
5 1. Topic 1: An English zoo . . .
2. Topic 2: But when the English . . .
3. Example: Even simple words . . .
4. Reason: The zoo realised that . . .
5. Information: Consequently, the keepers . . .
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Answers
Model answers for (6–9)
6 1. . . . was developed in the 19th century.

2. . . . to isolate, punish and reform.
3. . . . there has been a steep rise in the number of prisoners.
4. . . . as being ‘universities of crime’.
5. . . . how effective prisons are today.
7 1. Prisons appear to offer society three benefits.
2. Firstly, they punish prisoners by depriving them of freedom.
3. In addition, offenders are segregated from society so they cannot commit further
crimes.
4. Finally, they offer the possibility of reform through training programmes.
8 1. Prisons, however, appear to many observers to be failing in the twenty-first
century.
2. In most countries the prison population is rising steadily.
3. Furthermore, many prisoners return to prison after their release; they are repeat
offenders.
4. This suggests that few prisons offer effective reform programmes.
5. In addition, prison conditions can often be brutal and degrading.
9 Prisons have existed in their present form for about 200 years and are clearly necessary
to deter and punish criminals. However, they are often no longer successful in this
aim, as shown by the steady increase in the prison population, and the rise of re-
offending. It would appear that more emphasis should be placed on reform and
education, as well as examining alternatives to prison, such as community work.
1.13 Organising the Main Body
1a For and against/type 1
1b Comparison
1c Development
2 Structure: For and against/type 1
1. many older students have lost interest in learning and disrupt classes
2. problem students waste everybody’s time, including their own
3. some students are more suited to work which doesn’t require qualifications
4. in future, almost all jobs will require academic skills

5. if they left at 14, students would be unlikely to find proper jobs
6. effort should be made in primary schools to prevent pupils falling behind