Nâng cao hiệu quả kinh doanh xuất nhập khẩu của các doanh nghiệp trên địa bàn tỉnh hà giang TT TIENG ANH

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY

HOANG CU

IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF BUSINESS EXPORT IMPORT OF BUSINESSES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS
Field of study: Business management
Code: 9.34.01.01
SUPERVISORS
Prof., Ph.D VU VAN HOA
Assoc. Prof., Ph.D NGUYEN HUY THINH

HA NOI – 2021


WORK WAS COMPLETED IN:
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY
SUPERVISORS:
1. Prof., Ph.D VU VAN HOA
2. Assoc. Prof., Ph.D NGUYEN HUY THINH
Reviewer 1:
Reviewer 2:
Reviewer 3:

The thesis shall be defended in front of the Thesis Committee at
Hanoi University of Business and Technology
At: .. ……. Day …….. Month …….. Year 2021
The thesis can be found at:

- National Library
- Library of Hanoi University of Business and Technology


PREAMBLE
1. THE NECESSITY OF THE THESIS

Ha Giang is a mountainous province in the northern border of Vietnam, 320
km from Hanoi capital, with a 277,556 km long border border with China, with a
natural area of over 7,800 km2; population is about 900 thousand people, including
19 ethnic groups, mainly Mong, Tay and Dao. The terrain is mainly rocky, which is
a strategic area that is particularly important in terms of economy - society, defense
- security and foreign affairs of the whole country. Ha Giang also has many
potential comparative advantages for development. As the location of the northern
"gateway" of the country, there are 4 national highways passing through, bordering
with China. The management area includes 11 districts, including 07 border
districts, and 34 border communes and towns; adjacent to the districts of Ma Quan,
Ma Ly Pho, Phu Ninh (Van Nam, China) and part of Na Po district (Guangxi,
China). Ha Giang also has Thanh Thuy international border gate as the "first point"
leading to the following provinces such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh... 01
bilateral border gate, 02 auxiliary border gates, 11 border gates. The developed
border gate system is a favorable condition for the import of developed goods.
Practices in Ha Giang in recent years show that border gate economic activities
have been increasing in recent times and have been prioritized for development by
local authorities. Currently, out of a total of 998 operating enterprises, Ha Giang has
only 178 enterprises and private traders engaged in import and export activities, of
which 64 are regularly operating enterprises and traders (53 enterprises and traders).
11 private traders). The activities of import-export enterprises have also contributed
to Ha Giang's GDP growth over the past two decades, contributing to the promotion
of production development, especially the enrichment of agricultural products. As a

result, the import-export enterprises of Ha Giang are mainly small enterprises,
operating irregularly; taxable import and export goods account for a small
proportion of the total number of import and export goods; State budget revenue
from import-export goods is not stable, the main source of revenue is imported
machinery and equipment to create fixed assets… Thus, with the limitations of
resources for development as mentioned above, business Ha Giang import-export
industry will face difficulties in performing the role of "bridge", "transshipment" of
import-export goods and services in order to take full advantage of its geographical
position near the large Chinese market. .
From the approach and assessment of the above situation, the author chooses the
research topic: "Improving the efficiency of import-export activities of enterprises
in Ha Giang province" as the topic of his doctoral thesis. me.
2. OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION OF RESEARCH IN THE HOME AND
OUTSIDE

2.1. Import-Export business theories
The system of trade theory is an important theoretical basis for explaining the
formation of commercial activities in the world including the theory of Adam Smith
with the theory of "Absolute advantage", David Ricardo and Mill with the theory of
"Absolute advantage". theory of “Comparative Advantage”, Heckscher-Ohlin, P.
Krugman (1980) with “New Trade Theory”, Helpman and P. Krugman (1985) with
“Integration Theory” and Michael Porter with “Diamond Models”.
1


2.2. Theoretical foundations of business efficiency
2.2.1. Overseas research projects
The first group: studies on the importance and necessity of business
efficiency analysis and business efficiency evaluation criteria
Research works by Robert Kaplan, Harvard University accounting professor

and David Norton, on the strategic business efficiency evaluation system by the
Balanced Scorecard. Related studies include:
- Book: “The balanced scorecard: Translating strategy into action” published
by Harvard University Press in 1996. In this book, the author presented the
measurement system Balanced scorecard including financial criteria. and nonfinancial, related to each other in terms of cause and effect to translate strategy into
specific operational goals in terms of financial, customer, internal business
processes, awareness and growth. . The book focuses on industry research such as
banking, oil, insurance and retail.
- Article: "The balanced scorecard - measures that drive performance" in
Harvard Business Review, January and February 1992 (pp. 71 - 79). The author has
developed the "Balanced Scorecard", a new performance measurement system for
businesses. The author has built a system of indicators in which indicators reflect
factors affecting the success of the strategy, including: staff quality, internal
business processes, customer satisfaction. …
The topic "Integrated performance measurement systems: A development
guide" by Bititci, Carrie, McDevitt (1997). The research has clearly shown the
importance of business activities and the system of criteria for evaluating business
efficiency of enterprises. On the basis of the experience of previous studies in other
countries, the author makes a proposal to build a system of criteria to evaluate
business efficiency according to the model of linking business efficiency evaluation
criteria in different aspects in the business process. business of that enterprise.
The second group, the research works on business efficiency for
enterprises operating in each industry, each specific field:
Research by Singh and Raymond (2002) in the article "Analysis of financial
ratios commonly used by US lodging financial executives" has shown the
importance of business efficiency analysis criteria of enterprises, especially those
that reflect efficiency of asset use, efficiency of operation management and
indicators of profitability. Performance and profitability ratios are the most
important ratios for managers.
Research by Fang-Mei Tseng, Yu-Jing Chiu, Ja-Shen Chen (2007):

"Measuring business efficiency in the high-tech manufacturing industry: A case
study of Taiwan's large-sized TFT-LCD panel companies". The study identified a
new set of financial and non-financial efficiency indicators that can be used by
high-tech manufacturing companies and developed a business efficiency evaluation
model. The study also pointed out 5 important factors when assessing business
efficiency of enterprises, which are: financial efficiency, competitive efficiency,
production capacity, innovation capacity and supply chain relationship.
From the point of view of evaluating business efficiency in Logistics
enterprises, Yuen, Sheung Man (2006) "Performance measurement and
management of third party logistics : an organizational theory approach", Thesis
2


(Ph.D.) - Hong Kong Baptist University . Business efficiency of logistics service
providers is reflected in 5 criteria: (i) Financial efficiency and market share; (ii)
Productivity; (iii) Turnaround time; (iv) Customer service (v) Reputation and
reputation. The results of practical research with 742 questionnaires show that the
important factors affecting the business efficiency of logistics enterprises are service
quality, organizational efficiency and customer relations.
Zou et al. (1998) to evaluate export efficiency, the author proposes a scale
(EXPERF scale) including three aspects: financial (export profit, export sales and
export sales growth) ), strategy (export's contribution to firm's competitiveness,
strategic position and market share), and stakeholder satisfaction.
Research by Jorge Carneiro, Angela da Rocha, Jorge Ferreira da Silva (2007):
“A Critical Analysis of Measurement Models of Export Performance” is a review of
empirical studies on export efficiency for the period 1999-2004, have shown that
there are flaws in the conceptualization and structure of performance.
Coelli, T., Rao, D., O'Donnell, C. and Battese, G. (2005). “An Introduction to
Efficiency and Productivity Analysis”, 2nd edition, Publishing House. Springer &
Science. According to the author, the efficiency of enterprises consists of two parts:

technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. Technological efficiency represents
the ability of a firm to achieve maximum output with a given input level. Allocative
efficiency represents the ability of a firm to use inputs at the most reasonable ratio
for output and corresponding costs. Combining the two factors of technological
efficiency and distribution efficiency creates overall economic efficiency.
2.2.2 Domestic research projects
The first group, the studies on the theoretical basis of business efficiency
and the system of criteria for analyzing business efficiency of enterprises in general.
Nguyen Trong Co, Nghiem Thi Tha (2017), Textbook of corporate financial
analysis, Financial Publishing House. The financial analysis textbook is approached
according to the requirements of financial management in two areas: macrofinancial analysis and micro-financial analysis. Financial analysis provides
information to help managers have the necessary basis to make decisions on
financial management and operations in a timely and effective manner.
Pham Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Lan Anh (2018), Financial report analysis,
forecast and valuation, National Economics University Publishing House. Chapter
8: Analyzing business efficiency.
Nguyen Nang Phuc, Nghiem Van Loi, Nguyen Ngoc Quang (2006) with the
work "Financial analysis of joint stock companies" presented their views on the
system of financial analysis indicators in general in joint-stock companies.
The indicator system also stops at the most basic financial indicators to help
evaluate and analyze the efficiency of using assets, capital resources, etc.
The second group, the studies use the theoretical basis and the system of indicators
to evaluate business efficiency for enterprises in a particular industry or field.
Doctoral thesis of author Do Huyen Trang (2012): "Complete analysis of business
efficiency in export wood processing enterprises in the South Central region". The
author concludes that improving business efficiency is always associated with the
implementation of social goals. The author gives 3 groups of criteria to evaluate the
business efficiency of enterprises: efficiency in using costs or inputs, turnover rate
3

of costs or inputs, profitability of enterprises. costs or inputs. Especially in the topic,
the author has proposed a number of indicators to evaluate social efficiency such as
the ability to provide jobs, contribute to the state budget. However, when giving the
perfect solution, the author has not analyzed the indicators to measure and evaluate
social effectiveness.
Doctoral thesis of author Le Cong Hoi (2017): "Business efficiency of logistics
enterprises in the North Central provinces". Logistics enterprises are a specific type
of business. Because logistics activities are a series of activities from input to output
of products, the business efficiency of logistics enterprises is not only considered
within the enterprise but also takes into account the business efficiency of partners,
including including partners in the supply chain and enterprises using logistics
services. From the above point of view, the author chooses an efficiency evaluation
model based on two groups of criteria: i. Business efficiency within logistics
enterprises (ROA, ROE, ROS, ROC, Average labor productivity, Average income of
employees); ii. Effective spillover to enterprises using Logistics services and to
socio-economic development (Impact of Logistics on business efficiency, on the
rational use of resources, on business efficiency criteria of enterprises, the impact of
logistics services on local socio-economic development).
The common point of the above-mentioned dissertations is that they have applied
their knowledge of business efficiency evaluation models in the world and applied
them to specific business objects to choose a suitable business efficiency evaluation
model. fit. However, most of the studies focus on perfecting the efficiency
evaluation criteria model, rather than going into the analysis to find out the factors
that directly affect the business efficiency of enterprises in the industry and field.
specific area.
The third group: research works related to import and export topics.
Doctoral thesis of author Nguyen Van Hoi (2014): "Vietnam's competitive
advantage in exporting goods through Vietnam-China border gates". The author
analyzes the factors affecting Vietnam's competitive advantage in exporting goods

through Vietnam - China border gates, including: border gate conditions, Chinese
market demand conditions, trade support services at the border gate, the competitive
environment of traders, the Vietnamese government and China's policy
mechanisms, etc.
The ministerial-level scientific project "Research and propose some solutions to
promote the export of goods from Vietnam to China" was chaired by the
Department of Mountain Trade - Ministry of Industry and Trade in 2009. In which ,
only focus on research on the small-scale export of Vietnamese goods across the
land border to China, not to mention the import and export of goods across the
border in general between Vietnam and China.
Doctoral thesis: "Impact of import and export of goods on Vietnam's economic
growth", by Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy at the National Economics University: Based on
an overview of empirical studies in the world. to point out emerging problems and
to choose an empirical research model on the impact of commodity exports on
economic growth, applied to the specific case of Vietnam. The thesis shows that the
quality of export goods, including the structure of exported goods, is an important
factor affecting economic growth. From the research results, the thesis proposes a
4


number of solutions to promote the export of goods, increase in quantity and
improve in quality, towards sustainable export.
Doctoral thesis: "Policies to promote the export of goods to the EU market in terms
of joining the WTO" by Nguyen Thi Thuy Hong at the National Economics
University in 2014: researched on policies to promote exports of Vietnamese goods
to the EU in the context of increased trade liberalization. The study has also
reinforced the assessment of the importance of proactive domestic raw materials to
improve export efficiency and will be considered and included in the set of
efficiency evaluation criteria.
Doctoral thesis in Economics: "Renovating the structure of import and export

goods in trade relations with China to limit the trade deficit" by author Nguyen Thi
Nhat Thu at Foreign Trade University in 2018: pointed out that the trade deficit
between Vietnam and China is mainly caused by the structure of imports and
exports between the two countries. The thesis proposes some solutions to renovate
the import-export structure, thereby limiting Vietnam's trade deficit with China in
the long run (until 2030).
The research orientation of the topic will mainly focus on the economic
efficiency of the import-export businesses themselves, which is the decisive factor
to the growth of local imports and exports.
2.3 The research gap and the content of the thesis focus on solving
In order to facilitate and have a clear direction for the research, the author
describes the above-mentioned research issues through the following summary
table:
Diagram 1. 1: Overview of the analysis problem model

Economical
ly

Import and
export
business
efficiency

Socially

In terms of
the
environmen
t

- Turnover, growth rate
- Diverse import and export products
- Contribution and GDP
- Increase added value for domestic goods
- Positive local economic restructuring
Impact factors
(Integration
process, policy
mechanisms,
- Increase employment
infrastructure
- No influence, crowding, negative impact on other
capacity, natural
industries
conditions, world
market, human
resources, …

- Maintain environmental stability
- Improve access to international environmental
standards.
- Enhance access to international standards for
goods quality.
(Source: Dao Thanh Huong (2018)1)
5


3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND TASKS

The research objective of the thesis is to focus on proposing solutions to

improve the efficiency of import and export business of enterprises in Ha Giang
province.
4. SUBJECTS AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH

4.1. Research subjects
The research object of the thesis is the efficiency of import and export
business of enterprises in Ha Giang province.
4.2. Research scope
- Research space: to study the actual status of import-export business
efficiency of enterprises in Ha Giang province (enterprises producing import and
export goods, enterprises dealing in import and export goods, enterprises in the area
of Ha Giang province). both production and import-export business, import-export
service enterprises).
- Research period: Secondary data used to carry out the thesis was collected
during the period from 2015-2019.
Research question: What are the major issues that need to be focused on in
the coming period and orientation for import and export of goods? What are the
main solutions to improve the import and export efficiency of enterprises in Ha
Giang province?
5. RESEARCH METHODS
5.1. Research approach

The thesis uses the approach to state governance, that is to consider the
efficiency of import and export activities of enterprises in the overall economic
development of Ha Giang, in comparison with the development of other industries.
other economic activities of the province and compare with import and export
activities of localities in the region.
5.2. Research Methods
5.2.1 Methodology

- Methods of dialectical materialism and historical materialism of MarxismLeninism.
- Approach from theory to practice.
- Approach to systematic research.
5.2.1 Research Methods

- Qualitative research methods
- Method of comparison over time, method of ratio.
- Descriptive statistics method.
6. SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL MEANINGS OF THESIS THEME
6.1. Academically

Systematize basic issues such as: (i) general theory, (ii) evaluation criteria,
(iii) influencing factors, (iv) pointing out lessons learned on improving efficiency.
import and export business of enterprises in the area. Therefore, the research results
will have certain contributions and complete the theoretical framework on
improving the efficiency of import and export business of enterprises in a province.
6.2. In terms of practicality

- The thesis has drawn lessons from local experiences.
6


- Actual situation of import-export business efficiency of enterprises in Ha
Giang province.
- Proposing a system of solutions to improve the efficiency of import and
export business.
- This is also the first study conducted on the efficiency of import and export
business in Ha Giang.
7. CONCLUSION OF THESIS

In addition to the introduction, conclusion, table of contents, list and
abbreviations, list of tables, figures, references, the thesis is organized in chapters as
follows:
Chapter 1: Basic theory of import-export business efficiency and importexport business enterprises.
Chapter 2: Actual situation of import-export business efficiency of enterprises
in Ha Giang province.
Chapter 3: Solutions to improve import-export business efficiency of
enterprises in Ha Giang province.
CHAPTER 1:
BASIC THEORY ON EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS AND
IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS ENTERPRISES
1.1. IMPORT-EXPORT
ENTERPRISE

BUSINESS

AND

IMPORT-EXPORT

BUSINESS

1.1.1. Nature of import and export business
Import-export business is the exchange of goods on the basis of international
division of labor, production specialization and the balance of supply and demand
of the economy, countries will improve their economic efficiency.
1.1.2. Characteristics of import-export business and import-export business
enterprises
1.1.2.1. Features of import and export business
* Import

* Export
1.1.2.2. Characteristics of an import-export business enterprise
1.1.4. The role of import and export business enterprises
1.1.3.1. Importance of exports to the economy
a. Exports create capital for imports to serve the country's industrialization.
b. Export contributes to economic restructuring and promotes production development.
First, export creates favorable conditions for other industries to have
favorable development opportunities.
Second, export creates the possibility to expand the consumption market.
Third, exports facilitate the expansion of input supply for production.
Fourth, export creates economic and technical premise to improve and
enhance domestic production capacity.
7


Fifth, through the export of domestic goods, they will participate in the
competition on the world market in terms of price and quality.
Sixth, exporting also requires businesses to always innovate and perfect their
business management.
c. Exports have a positive impact on creating jobs and improving people's lives.
d. Export is to expand and promote foreign economic relations..
* The role of exports for businesses
1.1.3.2. The role of import activity
First, imports will speed up the process of building material and technical
foundations, transforming the economic structure in the direction of promoting the
country's industrialization and modernization.
Second, imports will promptly supplement the imbalanced aspects of the
economy, ensure a balanced and stable development, exploit to the fullest extent the
potential and capacity of the economy in the cycle. economy.
Third, imports ensure inputs for production, create stable jobs for workers,

and contribute to improving and raising people's living standards.
Fourth, import plays an active role in promoting exports, contributing to
improving the quality of export production, creating a favorable environment for the
export of Vietnamese goods to foreign countries, especially to importing countries.
From the above, we can see that import and export activities have had the
following positive roles:
First, import and export is an active form of exchange.
Second, import-export business occupies an important position in social
reproduction.
On the other hand, diversify or increase the level of use value for the national
economy and at the same time increase national income.
Moreover, import-export will bring into full play the creative dynamism of
people, organizations, industries and localities in society.
It meets the growing demand, and it is the diversity of production and
consumption that will overcome the lack of supply and demand for goods.
In addition, import-export activities also create competition between domestic
and imported goods.
Thus, import-export business plays an important role in the economic
development of each country, bringing into play the strengths of each country and
the strength of the whole world economy. with the world economy.
1.2. NEED AND ROLE OF ENHANCEDING THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORTEXPORT BUSINESS

1.2.1 1.2.1 Concept of import-export business efficiency
The efficiency of goods import and export business of enterprises is a set of
economic, social and environmental criteria, thereby reflecting the aggregate
8


results of goods import and export in terms of qualitative and quantitative terms, on
a local scale, for a certain period of time, usually a year.

Theoretically, the basic content of import-export business efficiency is to
effectively contribute to accelerating social labor productivity and increasing usable
national income, thereby creating more sources of accumulation. production and
improve people's living standards.
1.2.2. The necessity of improving the efficiency of import and export business
Improving the efficiency of import-export business is a decisive factor to
participate in the process of international division of labor and penetrate foreign
markets.
On the other hand, import-export enterprises have common characteristics of
enterprises in general and in addition are strongly influenced by strict requirements
and requirements from foreign customers.
1.2.3. The role of improving the efficiency of import and export business
- For the national economy
- For now
- For the environment
1.3. INDICATORS FOR EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT OF BUSINESS IMPORT
AND EXPORT

1.3.1. Economic efficiency
1.3.1.1. Import-export turnover and growth rate of import-export turnover
An important criterion to evaluate the efficiency of goods import and export is
turnover. Total import and export turnover of goods is determined as total export
turnover plus total import turnover.
1.3.1.2. Balance of trade
From a local perspective, the trade balance is the difference between the export
turnover and the import turnover of a locality in a certain period of time.
1.3.1.3. Import and export structure
The structure of import and export is the sum total of the value of exported
goods and parts of the value of imported goods that make up the local import and
export turnover.

(a) Structure of import and export by market
(b) Structure of imports and exports by commodity
(c) Structure of import and export by economic sectors
1.3.1.4. Contribution of import and export to local economic growth
1.3.2. Social efficiency
1.3.2.1. Increase employment in the business
1.3.2.2. Average labor productivity and average income of
1.3.2. Environmental efficiency
(i) Access to international standards on environmental protection
(ii) Access to international standards for goods quality

9


1.4. FACTORS AFFECTING EXPORT BUSINESS EFFICIENCY
1.4.1 Group of factors inside the enterprise
1.4.1.1. Labor force
1.4.1.2. Level of development of technical facilities
1.4.1.3. Information exchange and processing system
1.4.1.4. Corporate governance factors
1.4.2 The group of external factors within the country
1.4.2.1. Regulatory environment
1.4.2.2. Natural conditions, geographical location
1.4.2.2. Social and cultural environment
1.4.2.3. Political environment
1.4.2.4. Ecological environment and infrastructure.
1.4.2.6. Science and technology environment
1.4.2.7. Economic environment
1.4.2.8. Other factors
1.4.3.Group of external factors of international scope

1.4.3.1. Import policy of partners
1.4.2.5. The international environment and the process of international economic
integration
1.5. EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT
BUSINESS
1.5.1. Experience of Lang Son Province.
1.5.2. Experience of Lao Cai Province
1.5.3. Experience of Cao Bang Province

CHAPTER 2
THE SITUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS OF
ENTERPRISES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE
2.1. OVERVIEW OF THE NATURAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
OF HA GIANG
2.1.1. Natural features and administrative boundaries of Ha Giang
2.1.2. Social characteristics of Ha Giang
2.1.3. Economic characteristics of Ha Giang
2.2. OVERVIEW OF THE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM AND IMPORT-EXPORT
ENTERPRISE OF HA GIANG
2.2.1. Overview of the business system of Ha Giang

2.2.1.1. Number of enterprises.
Chart 2.1: Number of businesses operating in Ha Giang
Period 2015-2019 (Unit: business)

10


2000
1800

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

(S
ource: Ha Giang designer from 2015-2019)
The data in Chart 2.1 shows that in the period 2015 - 2018, the number of
enterprises in Ha Giang tended to be saturated and tended to decrease.
2.2.1.2. Classification of enterprises in Ha Giang province
♦ Distribution of enterprises by district/city in Ha Giang province
Table 2.1: Distribution of enterprises in Ha Giang by locality
(Unit: business)
Year
TT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Regon
Ha Giang City
Bac Quang District
Vi Xuyen District
Quang Binh District
Bac Me District
Xin Man District
Yen Minh District
Dong Van District
Quan Ba District
Hoang Su Phi District
Meo Vac District
Total

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

505
120
113
65
36
52
25
24
34
32
16

548
138
111
47
35
42
27
23
35
39
31

512
130
122
36
24
42
30
37
44
43
30

469
123
129
37
25
50
26
31
35
43
30

405
111
135
26
20
52

27
33
36
45
35

1.022

1.076

1.050

998

925

(Source: Ha Giang Statistical Yearbook from 2017-2018)
The area of operation of enterprises in Ha Giang is mainly concentrated in
Ho Chi Minh City. Ha Giang accounts for approximately 49% of the total number
of enterprises in the province. Thanh Thuy border gate of Ha Giang is located in Vi
Xuyen district, which is also the district with the second largest number of
enterprises in the province.
♦ Ownership structure of Ha Giang enterprises:
Table 2.2: Classification of enterprises by type of enterprise
(Đơn vị tính: doanh nghiệp, %)
TT

Year

2015

11

2016

2017

2018

2019

BQ


1
1a
1b
2
2a
2b
3
3a
3b

Criteria
State enterprises
14
Proportion of SOEs/Total enterprises (%)
1,4
SOE growth rate (%)
0,0

Non-state enterprises
1006
Proportion of non-state enterprises/total
98,4
enterprises (%)
Growth rate of non-state enterprises (%)
-7,0
Enterprises with foreign investment
2
Proportion of enterprises with foreign
0,2
investment/Total enterprises (%)
Growth rate of enterprises with foreign
0,0
investment (%)
total
1.022

14
1,3
0,0
1059

12
1,1
-14,3
1034

10
1,0

-16,7
984

10
0,8
0
1277

12
1,1
-6,2
1072

98,4

98,5

98,6

98,9

98,6

5,3
3

-2,4
4

-4,8

4

29,8
4

4,2
3,4

0,3

0,4

0,4

0,3

0,3

50,0

33,3

0,0

0,0

16,7

1.076

1.050

998

1291

1087

(Source: Ha Giang designer from 2017-2019)
The business force in Ha Giang is mainly in the private sector (accounting
for 98.6%), the state sector only has 10 enterprises by 2019 and the FDI sector is
even lower with only 4 enterprises and 4 enterprises. trend has been stable from
2015 to present.
♦ Structure of the province's economic sector by VA
Chart 2.2: Industry structure by VA (Value Added)
(Unit: %)

2015

2019

Thương mại Dịch vụ;
43.79%

Nông, lâm
nghiệp - thủy
sản; 31.07%

Thương mại Dịch vụ;
42.12%

Công nghiệp Xây dựng;
25.14%

Nông, lâm
nghiệp - thủy
sản; 36.39%

Công nghiệp Xây dựng;
21.49%

(The source: />The economic structure (according to VA) continues to shift in the direction
of reducing the proportion of agriculture, forestry and fishery, increasing the
proportion of industry - construction and services.
Comparing the enterprise structure with the economic structure according to
VA shows that although only 5.9% of enterprises operate in the agriculture-forestryfishery industry, the proportion of this industry accounts for 31.07% of the
structure. economy of the whole province.
2.2.1.4. Evaluation of the development and existence of the enterprise system in
Ha Giang province.
- Regarding the development of the number of enterprises in Ha Giang is at a
saturation level.
12


- In terms of structure: agriculture - forestry - fishery accounts for a low
proportion, trade - services tend to increase, industry - construction decrease.
- Most of them are micro and small scale enterprises.
- The industries considered as advantages of Ha Giang have low contribution
to the budget.
- In terms of employment contribution of the business sector is very low.

2.2.2. Import and export enterprises in Ha Giang province
2.2.2.1. Number of import and export enterprises.
Chart 2.3: Number of enterprises participating in import and export in Ha Giang
400

366

350
300
250
200

177

173

198
163

178
151

137

150
100

83

Doanh nghiệp và tư thương

tham gia hoạt động xuất - nhập
khẩu
Doanh nghiệp chuyên doanh
xuất nhập khẩu

99

50
0

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

(Source: Annual Customs Summary Report 2015-2019)
In 2019: The increase in the number of enterprises participating in import
and export activities is due to an increase in electronic components (temporary
import and re-export business) with a total value of 3,164 million USD. Then it
decreased again in the following years.
Enterprises specializing in import and export of Ha Giang in recent years
have tended to increase. Specifically, in 2015, there were 83 specialized importexport enterprises in Ha Giang, in 2017 this number increased to 177 enterprises
and in 2019 it was 151 enterprises, the growth rate of this group of enterprises in
the period of 2015 -2019 average is 19.6%.

TT

Bảng 2.3: Percentage of enterprises specializing in import and export
(Unit: business)
Year
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
BQ
Criteria

1
2

Enterprises and traders engaged in
173
import and export activities
Growth (%)
78,4
Enterprise specializing in import
83
and export
Density (2)/(1)x100 (%)
48,0
Growth (%)
15,3

137

366

198

178

-20,8

167,2

-45,9

-10,1

99

177

163

151

72,3
19,3

48,4
78,8

82,3
-7,9

84,8
-7,4

33,7
67,2
19,6

(Source: Annual Customs Summary Report 2015-2019)
13


Thus, the import and export activities of Ha Giang still follow a spontaneous
and unstable direction, the participants in import and export activities fluctuate
from year to year, a positive sign is that specialized import-export enterprises tend
to The increase over the years shows the prosperity in import and export activities
of Ha Giang.
Biểu đồ 2.4: Number of enterprises participating in import-export activities of Ha
Giang
(Unit: business)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

2015

2016

2017

Hà Giang

2018

Cao Bằng

2019

Lào Cai

(Source: Summary report on customs work in Ha Giang provinces,
Cao Bang, Lang Son from 2015 to 2019)
Thus, comparing the number of enterprises participating in import and export
of Ha Giang with other provinces, we see that the number of enterprises
participating in import and export is only equal to Cao Bang, however, the import
and export turnover of Cao Bang in the period 2015-2019 Equal is 738.52 million
USD larger than Ha Giang's is 203.48 million USD.
2.2.2.2. Type of import-export business.
Chart 2.5: Classification of surveyed import-export enterprises by type of company
(Unit: %)

5.00%

35.00%
60.00%

CT TNHH

CT Cổ phần

Khác

(Source: Ha Giang province statistical report from year 2015 - 2019)
14


Inside:
+ Type of limited liability company with import-export activities: accounting
for 35%.
+ Joint stock companies operating in the field of import and export: 5%.
+ Other types of companies: 60%..
2.2.2.3. Size of capital of import-export enterprises.
Biểu đồ 2.6: Classification of surveyed import-export enterprises by size
(Unit: %)
15.00%
40.00%
45.00%

DN vừa

DN nhỏ

DN siêu nhỏ

(Source: Ha Giang province statistical report from year 2015 - 2019)
'Medium' enterprises operating in the field of import and export accounted for: 45%.
'Small' enterprises operating in the field of import and export accounted for: 15%.
'Micro-enterprises' operating in the field of import and export accounted for: 40%.
2.3. THE SITUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS OF
ENTERPRISES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE

2.3.1. Economic efficiency analysis
2.3.1.1. Import-export turnover and growth rate of import-export turnover
Bảng 2.4: Total value of imported and exported goods in Ha Giang province by type
(Unit: million USD, %)
Year
TT

2016

2017

2018

2019

BQ

Criteria
Total value of imported and exported goods 1.593,1 4.157 576,2 588,3
(million dollars)
100
100
100
100
Proportion (%)
639,5 160,9 -86,1
2,1
179,1
1.1 Growth (%)

399,3 368,3 200,7 342,5
Value of exported goods (millions of USD)
25,1
8,9
34,8
58,2
31,7
Proportion (%)
232,9
-7,8
-45,5
70,7
62,6
1.2 Growth (%)
54,0
146,2 132,9 175,5
Value of imported goods (millions of USD)
3,4
3,5
23,1
29,8
14,9
Proportion (%)
-43,4 170,7
-9,1
32,0
37,6
1.3 Growth (%)
1139,8 3642,5 242,5
70,3

Other types: Temporary import for re-export,
Border gate transfer, Processing, tax exemption 71,5
87,6
42,1
11,9
55,8
(million USD)
Proportion (%)
219,6 -93,3 -71,0
18,4
(Source: Report Source: Customs Summary Report of Ha Giang Province,
Cao Bang, Lang Son from 2015 to 2019)
1

The total value of goods imported and exported through Ha Giang border gate
in the period 2015 - 2019 fluctuated greatly. Specifically, the total value of imports
15


and exports in 2017 increased sharply, reaching $4,157 million, then fell sharply in
2018 to $576.15 million and $588.3 million in 2019.
Regarding the structure of the total value of imports and exports: exports
accounted for a higher proportion of imports, and other types of import and export
decreased the proportion from 71.5% in 2015 to 11.9% in 2019.
Chart 2.7: Import and export turnover of Ha Giang
Compare with Northern Mountain Provinces
(Unit: million USD)
Cao bằng

Hà Giang

Lào Cai

Lạng Sơn

6000
5000

4157

4000
3000
1593

2000
1000
166
0

2 01 5

2 01 6

2 01 7

576

588

2 01 8

2 01 9

(Data source: Report summarizing the work of the Customs Department of Cao
Bang, Ha Giang, Lao Cai and Lang Son provinces in the period 2015-2019)

Overall, Ha Giang's import-export turnover is only higher than Cao Bang's,
although there was a breakthrough in 2017, the average import-export turnover is
still lower than Lang Son and Lao Cai.
2.3.1.2. Import and export structure
* Structure of import and export by product
Table 2.5: Some main export items of Ha Giang
No.
Exports
Unit
2016
2017
2018
2019
1
Ore of all kinds
Ton
22.194
25.966,2
1.944,5
3.367,6
2
All kinds of tea
Ton
1.655,8

4.413,7
1.074,8
1.018,7
3
Peeled chipboard
Ton
3.741,4
10.369
31.415,7
61.274,1
4
Beds cabinets
The
828
5 Sliced dried cassava
Ton
130
9.427
67.254,6
39.089
(Source: compiled from the report "Ha Giang Economic Strategy Action Program for the period
of 2017-2020, with a vision to 2030" of the People's Committee of Ha Giang Province and
website: hagiang.gov.vn)

Ha Giang's main export products are: Ore, Tea of all kinds, Peeled Boards,
Furniture, Handicrafts, Sliced Dried Cassava,... mainly natural resources and raw
materials with added value. not tall.
Exports are mainly fruits (dragon fruit, longan, banana, ..) and a number of
agricultural products (fresh cassava, cassava chips, ...) and this group is on an
increasing trend. Chipboard, ore and minerals tend to decrease due to the policy of

restricting the export of raw resources and closing forests of the Central
Government.

16


Imports from China in 2019: USD 127.5 million, down 29% compared to the
previous year, mainly including nitrogen fertilizers, electric energy, plumbing parts,
fruits...
Bảng 2.6: Import value of Ha Giang
(Unit: 1.000 USD)
No.

1

2

Year
2016
2017
2018
2019
Average
Items
Import
11.172,4
32.688,5
33.298,1
35.297,8
Growth (%)

192,58
1,86
6,01
66,82
Production materials
9.697,2
19.294,6
22.534,2
24.059,6
Growth (%)
98,97
16,79
6,77
40,84
Devices
9.661,5
17.344,4
8.534,3
10.478,3
Growth (%)
79,52
-50,80
22,78
17,17
Raw materials
35,7
1.950,2
13.999,9
13.581,3
Growth (%)

5.362,75
617,87
-2,99
1.992,54
Consumer goods
1.475,2
13.393,9
10.763,9
11.238,2
Growth (%)
807,94
-19,64
4,41
264,24
Food
44,2
2.974,3
2.765,2
3.379,3
Growth (%)
6.620,67
-7,03
22,21
2.211,95
(Source: compiled from “Ha Giang economic planning to 2030” and website:
hagiang.gov.vn)

Table 2.7: Quantity of imported goods of Ha Giang
No.
1

2
3
4
5

Items
Fresh fruit
Growth
Car
Growth
Fertilizer
Growth
Automotive Parts
Growth
Electricity

Unit
2016
2017
2018
2019 Average
Tấn
1.449
12.990 22.786
9.781
%
796
75
-57
272

Cái
12
10
12
%
-17
20
-100
-32
Tấn
11,7
2.258 6.078,80 6.379
%
19.199
169
5
6.458
Cái
1.618,70 125,3
%
-92
-100
-96
million
KWh
85,6
184,7
134,1
123,7
Growth

%
116
-27
-8
27
(Source: compiled from “Ha Giang economic planning to 2030” and website:
hagiang.gov.vn)

In terms of import value, electric energy is still Ha Giang's largest import
value, followed by machinery, water line equipment, fresh fruit, auto parts...
* Structure of import and export by object
According to the statistics of Ha Giang Customs Department, the import and
export turnover of goods of the Department in the period 2016-2019 is divided by
localities as follows:
Chart 2.8: Import and export turnover of Ha Giang in the period 2016-2019
by locality
(Unit: million USD)

17


100.0%
90.0%

90.6%
82.5%

81.6%

80.0%

74.3%

70.0%
60.0%

Kim ngạch XNK của DN
t rong t ỉnh

50.0%

Kim ngạch XNK của DN
ngoài t ỉnh

40.0%
30.0%
20.0%

18.4%

17.5%

25.7%

9.4%

10.0%
0.0%

2016

2017

2018

2019

(Source: Ha Giang Customs Department)

The proportion of import and export turnover through Ha Giang border gate
by locality, we see that mainly import and export goods come from enterprises
outside the province. The main export items of enterprises outside the province are
mainly Dried and Fresh Fruits, Confectionery, Black Pepper, Tapioca Starch…
Imported goods are machinery and equipment, automobiles and auto parts, coke,
electric power; other types are electronic printed circuit boards, cigarette fibers, air
blowers, cigarettes...
The main export items of enterprises in the province are mainly rice, corn,
fresh fruit, peeled board, Antimo, tapioca, other goods; Imported products are
processed zinc Angtimon ingots, machinery and equipment, auto parts, coke,
Manganese ore...
2.3.1.3. State budget revenue from import and export activities.
Table 2.8: Contribution from Import - Export activities of Ha Giang Province
in state budget revenue
(Unit: million đồng)
Year
No.
1

2

3

2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Aver.
Criteria
Total state budget revenue of
10.355.151 10.783.378 12.509.542 14.042.064 15.776.941
Ha Giang
Growth rate of state budget
revenue compared to the
7,73
4,14
16,01
12,25
12,35
10,50
previous year (%)
State budget revenue from
174.705
202.414
216.303
185.337
206.960
import and export activities
Growth rate of state budget
revenue compared to the

-3,75
15,86
6,86
-14,32
11,67
3,26
previous year (%)
Proportion of state budget
revenue from import1,69
1,88
1,73
1,32
1,31
1,58
export activities / total
state budget revenue (%)
(Source: Statistical Report of Ha Giang Province in 2015-2019)
18


From the above table, we can see that the proportion of state budget revenue
from import-export activities of Ha Giang accounts for an average of 1.58% of the
total state budget revenue in the period 2015 - 2019. Reasons for structure and
quantity goods are not diversified, mainly agricultural products with low turnover
value; business activities, import and export of enterprises in the area is still
limited.
Table 2.9: Proportion of state budget revenue from import and export activities
In Ha Giang Province
(Unit: million đồng, %)
Year

No.
1

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2015
Criteria
State budget revenue from import
and export activities (million VND)
Growth rate of state budget revenue
(%)
Export tax (million VND)
Import tax (million VND)
Special consumption tax on imported
goods (million VND)
Value-added tax on imported goods
(million VND)

2016

2017

2018

2019

Aver.

174.705 202.414 216.303 292.751 315.000
-3,75

15,86

6,86

35,34

7,60

12,38

15.261 23.577 14.680 15.391 23.562
13.477 7.348 12.604 14.129 17.148
0

32

34

40

60

145.828 171.432 188.909 263.191 274.230

(Source: Ha Giang Statistical Yearbook 2015-2019)
State budget revenue from import and export activities tends to increase and

decrease unevenly over the years. The average growth rate of state budget revenue
in the period 2015 - 2019 is 12.38%/year.
2.3.2. Social efficiency analysis
2.3.3.1. Average labor productivity
Average labor productivity is calculated on the basis of the total value or
products consumed and the number of employees employed by the company;
Table 2.10: Average labor productivity of some import-export enterprises
In Ha Giang province
(Unit: million đồng, man)
Year
No.

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

BQ

Criteria
1 Total revenue (million VND)
990.950 1.036.400 1.215.780 1.352.400 1.442.020 1.207.510
2 Cost (million VND)
933.000 972.000 1.116.000 1.258.000 1.402.000 1.136.200
3 Number of employees (person)

551
563
569
594
570
569,40
Average labor productivity
4
105,2
114,4
175,4
158,9
70,2
124,8
(million VND/person)
5 Labor productivity growth rate
8,76
53,30
-9,37
-55,82
-0,78

(Source: Survey statistics of Ha Giang import-export enterprises in the period of
2015-2019)
Statistical survey results of 20 enterprises that regularly engage in importexport activities show that the current average labor productivity of enterprises is
higher than the national average, but tends to decrease within 5 years. both in value
and speed. Specifically, in 2015, the labor productivity of the surveyed group of
19

enterprises was 105.2 million VND/person, by 2019 the labor productivity was only
70.2 million VND/person.
2.3.3.2. Average salary
Tble 2.11: Average salary of some import-export enterprises
In Ha Giang province
(Unit: million đồng, man)
Ỷe
No.
Criteria
1 Salary Fund (million VND)
2 Number of employees (person)
Average salary (million
3
VND/person/year)
Average salary (million
4
VND/person/month)
5 Average salary growth rate

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Aver.

52.340
441

54.340
448

54.360
439

61.160
454

59.870
425

56.414
441,4

118,7

121,3

123,8

134,7

140,9

127,8

9,9

10,1

10,3

11,2

11,7

10,7

2,20

2,09

8,79

4,57

4,41

(Source: Survey statistics of Ha Giang import-export enterprises in the period of
2015-2019)
The average wage indicator also reflects the quality of labor. The average
salary of the surveyed import-export enterprises in Ha Giang shows a much higher
level than the average salary of the whole country. The average monthly income of
employees in import-export enterprises in 2019 is 11.2 million VND/month, twice
as much as the province's average income of 5.5 million VND/month and the

average income of employees in Vietnam is 11.2 million VND/month. Labor in
import-export enterprises according to the survey is only behind the two highest
sectors: Finance - Banking, production and distribution of electricity and gas.
2.4. ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS OF
ENTERPRISES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE

2.4.1. Achievements
2.4.1.1. Enterprises specialized in import and export tend to increase over the
years.
2.4.1.2.The activities of import-export enterprises play an important role in the
GDP growth of Ha Giang.
2.4.1.3. Export-Import enterprises of Ha Giang have contributed to promoting
production development, especially by enriching agricultural products.
2.4.1.4. Import-export business activities contribute to strengthening international
exchange cooperation between Ha Giang and China and countries around the
world.
2.4.2. Restrictions
Although import-export enterprises contribute greatly to the economic
development of Ha Giang, there are still some limitations as follows:

20


2.4.2.1. Firstly, the number of enterprises participating in import and export,
import and export turnover through Ha Giang is still much lower than in the
Northern provinces.
2.4.2.2. Secondly, goods imported and exported through Ha Giang border gate
are mainly goods temporarily imported for re-export and of enterprises outside
the province.
2.4.2.3.Thirdly, goods imported and exported through Ha Giang border gate are

mainly fresh fruits and agricultural products.
2.4.2.4.Fourth, the activities of enterprises in the field of border gate economy
have not yet created a high surplus value.
2.4.2.5.Fifth, the development of import-export enterprises in Ha Giang does not
create spillover values for regions and economic sectors in the area.
2.4.2.6.Sixth, about the ability to contribute to the budget in Ha Giang with the
current border gate economic activities and models in the localities.
2.4.3. Cause of restrictions
- Regarding enterprises operating in border trade:
- Regarding border policy:
- Regarding border infrastructure.
- Regarding traffic, difficulties in connecting economic exchanges
- Connection of transport infrastructure to markets and openings is still
limited
- Services to support cross-border economic development such as:
- Impact of the Covid-19 epidemic.
CHAPTER 3:
SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT
BUSINESS OF BUSINESS IN HA GIANG PROVINCE
3.1. ORIENTATION FOR OUTDOOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
ENHANCE THE ROLE OF IMPORT-EXPORT ENTERPRISES IN HA GIANG
PROVINCE TO 2030.

3.1.1. Challenges and opportunities in external economic development of Ha
Giang
3.1.1.1. Challenge
* For Ha Giang province
- Ha Giang province has a low economic starting point, low population
income, capital, science and technology level; small production scale, low
production level, and undeveloped consumer goods industry.

- The investment environment still has many limitations such as
infrastructure, institutions, legal system, law enforcement, efficiency and
effectiveness of management...
- The investment environment and investment policies at home and abroad
are volatile.
- The biggest challenge for the commercial development of Ha Giang comes
from the limited human resources.
21


- Ha Giang's exports have not developed sustainably.
- Expansion of export is at risk of challenging natural resources and
environment.
- Many social problems arise from import and export activities.
- Imports are not sustainable.
* For import and export enterprises of Ha Giang
- Competition in the export market.
- Facility conditions for import and export activities: Traffic connection is not
favorable (no expressway) both domestically and to China.
- Traffic infrastructure connection to markets and openings is limited.
Functional areas in Thanh Thuy International Border Gate Economic Zone have not
been developed and logistics activities are still simple.
3.1.1.2. Opportunities in developing import and export activities of enterprises in
Ha Giang.
* International economic integration has brought Ha Giang opportunities to
open the market as well as penetrate into foreign markets:
* China's transport infrastructure development strategy brings advantages of
border gate economic development to Ha Giang.
* The government prioritizes and cares about the import, export and
circulation of goods in the region and the world.

* Local authorities support and create favorable conditions for importexport enterprises in terms of finance, investment in technical equipment and legal
environment.
3.1.2. Objectives and development orientation of import-export enterprises
3.1.2.1. Development goals of Ha Giang's import-export enterprises
(1) Developing export on the basis of fully exploiting comparative and
competitive advantages, ensuring high growth rate and quality, contributing to fast
and sustainable economic growth.
(2) Developing exports on the basis of rational exploitation and regeneration
of natural resources, limiting environmental pollution and resource depletion,
improving the ability of goods to meet environmental regulations and standards.
export goods.
(3) Export development contributes to the realization of social goals such as
hunger eradication and poverty alleviation, creation of many jobs to ensure social
justice, and reasonable benefit sharing among export participants.
3.1.2.2. Development orientation of import-export enterprises of Ha Giang
On the basis of the above general orientation goals, some specific
orientations for export development in the period 2020-2030 are:
- Determining and developing export of new products in line with the
changing trend of the world market and Ha Giang's advantages.
- Focus on developing environmentally friendly export products, limiting the
use of energy and resources.
- Focus on developing the market for products with great competitiveness,
high added value or product groups with a large proportion of turnover.
- Focus on developing Thanh Thuy international border gate economic zone.
22


- Step by step invest in infrastructure development to promote goods
exchange and trade at additional border gates and openings
- To closely combine external economic development through border gates.

3.2. SOME SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT AND
EXPORT ACTIVITIES OF BUSINESSES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE.

3.2.1. Improve the production capacity of enterprises in the province.
- Change business direction in line with the province's development
orientation.
- Restructuring the agricultural sector and renewing the production model in
agriculture.
- Building a production linkage model according to the value chain of
agricultural products between enterprises and farmers.
- Invest in infrastructure and technology for efficient production
development.
3.2.2. Improve financial capacity
Businesses that want to increase their financial capacity:
You must first increase your equity. Businesses can increase equity in many
ways. But one of those ways is:
+ Increase capital contribution of strategic shareholders.
+ Increase the number of shareholders.
+ Issuance of term bonds.
+ Participate in the stock market.
But in order for businesses to participate in the financial market, the
enterprises themselves must do business effectively, profits increase steadily over
the years. Good product quality, trusted by consumers.
Businesses need to improve themselves, in order to
access bank loans more easily.
Equitize some import-export enterprises with business
capacity of Ha Giang.
3.2.3. Improve management capacity
Business capital management
In order to effectively manage working capital, businesses need to divide this

operation into three types:
+ Management of capit
+ Management of capital use.
+ Business efficiency management.
Management of business relationships
Business relationship management includes core contents, which are:
+ Select partners by region and business area.
+ Choose a customer to perform each type of business service.
+ Select the object and level of business cooperation.
Business relationship management is the strategic content of each enterprise,
which has been implementing this strategy very successfully. In the future, it is
necessary to have many strategic partners in areas with great investment potential.
For staff in enterprises in Ha Giang province to work more effectively. There
should be more close attention of business leaders in assigning work:
23