Tài liệu A complete English language course part 27 pptx

Remember that, as with the present perfect, you need the
PAST
PARTICIPLE
of the main verb when you use the past perfect.
REGULAR
verbs: past participle = past simple (-ed)
IRREGULAR
verbs: past participle must be learnt
Meaning – the
PAST PERFECT
takes the
PRESENT PERFECT
one stage
back into the past (sometimes it’s called ‘the past in the past’):
When Dave arrived, Jenny had
already gone
(past) (past perfect)
In this example we are talking about an event that happened in the
past (Dave arrived), and when that happened, something else was
already in the past (Jenny had gone).
We often use the past perfect when reporting what people have
said – see next Language point.
Exercise 1
These people have all been very busy this afternoon. Use the
information to make sentences saying what each of them had done
by three o’clock. The first one has been done for you.
1 Candace (fall asleep)
By three o’clock Candace had fallen asleep
2 Fiona (do the shopping)
By three o’clock ______________________
3 James (write six letters)

By three o’clock ______________________
4 Simon (mend the video)
By three o’clock ______________________
5 Liz (pay all the bills)
By three o’clock ______________________
6 Justine (finish her book)
By three o’clock ______________________
7 Adam (do his homework)
By three o’clock ______________________
1111
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1211
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
4211
243
8 Liam (make some rolls)
By three o’clock ______________________
9 Ann (clean four cars)
By three o’clock ______________________
10 Brenda (order the pizzas)
By three o’clock ______________________
Exercise 2
Rewrite these sentences in the past perfect tense. The first one has

been done for you.
1 Terry fell off the ladder. Terry had fallen off the ladder.
2 James is going out.
3 They were watching the film.
4 He’s feeding the cat.
5 Will Su buy the food?
6 I’m writing the letter.
7 The bus is leaving early.
8 I wasn’t working in the office.
9 Did Henry see the doctor?
10 Are you phoning them?
Language point 86 – reported speech
When we report what someone said, we can either quote their actual
words (
DIRECT SPEECH
):
Kath said: ‘I’m not coming’
or we can incorporate the words into one sentence:
Kath said (that) she wasn’t coming
This second option is called
REPORTED SPEECH
(or
INDIRECT SPEECH
).
The most common verbs to introduce reported speech are said sεd
and told /təυld/ – and when we use these, we change the
TENSE
of
the verb in the words that we’re reporting:
244

Actual words Reported speech
present → past simple
present perfect → past perfect
past simple → past perfect
future → conditional
Here are some examples of each of these:
Actual words Reported speech
‘We live
in Heathfield’ They said (that) they lived in
Heathfield
‘I’ve sold
my house’ He said (that) he’d sold his house
‘I went
abroad last She told me (that) she’d gone abroad
year’ last year
‘We’ll phone
later’ They said (that) they’d phone later
‘We can
call a taxi’ They said (that) they could call a taxi
Notice that we can use that after said/told to introduce the reported
speech, but we can also, in colloquial English, leave it out. It is more
usual to leave it out.
In Dialogues 1 and 2 there are a lot of examples of reported
speech – let’s convert some of them back to the actual words:
Reported speech Actual words
She said she’d bought . . . → ‘I’ve bought . . .’
I said I didn’t know → ‘I don’t know’
. . . that you’d phone back → ‘He’ll phone back’
He said he’d be . . . → ‘I’ll be . . .’
He said he’d broken his leg → ‘I’ve broken my leg’

Fred told me he wasn’t coming → ‘I’m not coming’
Notice that told has to be followed by a
NOUN
or a
PRONOUN
, but
said mustn’t be:
He told me he was ill
not ‘He told he was ill
’
He said he was ill
not ‘He said me he was ill
’
1111
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1211
13
14
15
16
17

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
4211
245
And don’t forget that you can use other words to introduce reported
speech as well:
asked
thought

answered
replied
Exercise 3
Rewrite these sentences as reported speech – the first one has been
done for you.
1 ‘My name is Lisa.’ She said her name was Lisa .
2 ‘I’m twenty-four years old.’ She said ________________ .
3 ‘I live in Brighton.’ She said ________________ .
4 ‘I’ve got two sisters.’ She said ________________ .
5 ‘I’ll be coming to the party.’ She said ________________ .
6 ‘I’ve written a poem.’ She said ________________ .
7 ‘I’ve just joined a yoga class.’ She said ________________ .
8 ‘My favourite food is curry.’ She said ________________ .
9 I hope to see you at the She said ________________ .
party later.’
10 I’ll take a taxi home.’ She said ________________ .
Exercise 4
Beatrice has changed her mind about everything she told Andy.
Complete Andy’s replies, as in the first example.
1B
EATRICE
: I’m going to the disco tonight.
A
NDY
: But you said you weren’t!
2B
EATRICE
: The food in this restaurant is awful.
A
NDY

: But you said _____________ wonderful!
3B
EATRICE
: My brother’ll lend me the money for the car.
A
NDY
: But you said _______________ !
4B
EATRICE
: We can’t go to Sicily this year.
A
NDY
: But you said __________ !
5B
EATRICE
: Dave and Rhoda aren’t coming tonight.
A
NDY
: But you said __________ !
246
6B
EATRICE
: Anna doesn’t speak English.
A
NDY
: But you said ___________ !
7B
EATRICE
: I haven’t got any money at the moment.
A

NDY
: But you said ___________!
8B
EATRICE
: It’ll rain all day tomorrow.
A
NDY
: But you said ___________!
9B
EATRICE
: We can take a taxi home later.
A
NDY
: But you said ___________!
10 B
EATRICE
: Paul’s applying for that new job.
A
NDY
: But you said ___________!
Exercise 5
Read these sentences in reported speech and write down what was
actually said – the first one is done for you.
1 The doctor told Dave he’d have to stay in bed.
‘You’ll have to stay in bed.’
2 Gerry said it was too late.
_______________________
3 Jenny said it would rain later.
_______________________
4 Pete told Simon he could come along.

_______________________
5 Henry said he’d broken his arm.
_______________________
6 Julie said the box was too heavy for her to lift.
_______________________
7 Keith told Brenda he wouldn’t help her.
_______________________
8 Nigel said he could understand why I was angry.
_______________________
9 I told them I couldn’t help them.
_______________________
10 Shamira said her computer had broken down.
_______________________
1111
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1211
13
14
15
16
17

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
4211
247