Reference book on chemical engineering volume 2

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Reference Book

on

Chemical
Engineering


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Reference Book

on

Chemical
Engineering
Volume II

D. Sel
B.Ch.E.
Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India)
Former Listed lOBI Consultant
and
Retired Chief Engineer (Chern.) of BVFCL, (Formerly HFCL)
Namrup Unit, Assam

NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) UMITED, PUBUSHERS
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Copyright © 2005, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
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PREFACE

This volume II contains a large number of data tables and graphs in Part A
whereas in Part B essential information on other engineering disciplines viz. civil,
mechanical, electrical, instrumentation and general matters were given for Chemical
Engineering students as well as for professionals. Some of the information on other
engg. areas and finance were written by experienced senior engineers and finance
executives from industry to make this volume more interesting. This volume was also
reviewed by Professor U.P. Ganguly (retd.) of Chemical Engg. Deptt. of IIT, Kharagpur.
I thank to all who have assisted in this work.

Kolkata

D. SEN


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CONTENTS
Preface

PART I : DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS

(vii)

1-135

PART U : OTHER INFORMATION

1.

Civil Engineering Information

137

2.

Mechanical Engineering Information

140

3.

Electrical Engineering Information

151

4.

SpeCifie Requirement of Electrical Equipment

160

5.

Process Instrumentation

183

6.

Instrumentation-Practical Guide

190

7.

General

196

8.

Glossary of Thrms in Chemistry and Others

198

Index

212


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PART I
Data Tables and Graphs

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TABLES
Table 1 : Chemical and physical Data of Various Elements
Symbol

Atomic
Mass
12C

= 12

Density6)

Melting
Point

Brinell
Hardness

°C

Boiling
Point at

760 Torr
°C

g/cm3
(20°C)
2.70

659

2447

16

HB

Aluminium.......

Al

26.98

Antimony.......

Sb

121.75

6.69

630.5

1637

30

Arsenic.......

As

74.92

5.721)

815

613

–

Barium.......

Ba

137.34

3.61

710

1637

42

Beryllium.......

Be

9.01

1.85

1283

2477

60

Boron.......

B

10.81

2.33

2030

3900

–

Cadmium.......

Cd

112.40

8.64

321

765

35

Calcium.......

Ca

40.08

1.54

850

1487

13

Carbon3).......

C

12.01

2.20

3800

–

–

Cerium.......

Ce

140.12

6.77

797

3470

21

Chromium.......

Cr

52.00

7.20

1903

2642

70

Cobalt.......

Co

58.93

8.90

1492

2880

125

Copper.......

Cu

63.54

8.96

1083

2595

50

Fluorine.......

F

19.00

1.70

–219.6

–188

–

Gold.......

Au

196.97

19.30

1064.8

2707

–

Iodine.......

I

126.90

4.932

113.6

182.8

–

Iron.......

Fe

55.85

7.87

1536

3070

45

Lead.......

Pb

207.19

11.34

327.4

1751

3

Magnesium......

Mg

24.31

1.74

649.5

1120

–

Manganese......

Mn

54.94

7.43

1244

2095

–

Mercury.......

Hg

200.61

13.55

– 38.9

356.7

–

Molybdenum....

Mo

95.94

10.22

2620

4800

160

3


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4

REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Nickel.......

Ni

53.71

8.91

1455

2800

70

Nioblum.......

Nb

92.91

8.55

2468

~4900

250

Phosphorus.....

P

30.97

2.694)

44.25)

281

–

Potassium.......

K

39.10

0.86

63.2

753.8

0.037

Rhodium.......

Rh

102.91

12.50

1960

3960

110

Silicon.......

Si

23.09

2.33

1423

2355

–

Silver.......

Ag

107.87

10.50

961.3

2180

20

Sodium.......

Na

22.99

0.97

97.8

890

0.07

Sulphur.......

S

32.06

2.07

115.2

444.6

–

Tantalum.......

Ta

180.95

16.60

2996

5400

30

Titanium.......

Ti

47.90

4.51

1668

3280

160

Uranium.......

U

233.03

19.10

1130

3930

–

Vanadium.......

V

50.94

6.12

1890

≈ 3380

260

Bismuth.......

Bi

203.98

9.79

271

1560

9

Tungsten.......

W

183.85

19.27

3390

5500

250

Zinc........

Zn

65.37

7.13

419.5

907

35

Tin.......

Sn

113.69

7.29

231.9

~2687

4

Zirconium.......

Zr

91.22

6.50

1855

≈ 4380

160

Chlorine

Cl

35.46

2.496

–101.6

–34.6

–

Helium

He

4.00

0.137

–272.2

–268.9

–

H

1.008

0.069

–259.1

–252.7

–

Hydrogen
Krypton

Kr

83.70

2.818

–169

–151.8

–

Neon

Ne

20.183

0.674

–248.6

–245.9

–

Nitrogen

N

14.00

12.57

–209.8

–195.8

–

Oxygen

O

16.00

1.105

–218.4

–183

–

Radium

Ra

226.05

5.0

960

1140

–

(1) For the rhombic modification. (2) At 25°C. (3) For graphite. (4) For black phosphorus. (5) For
white phosphorus. (6) At. 20°C (7) At 0°C and H2O = 1

Source : D ANS Lax, Chemists and Physicists Pocket Book, 3rd edn 1967 except B.H.

Table 2 : Groups of chemicals
There are about 70, 000 chemicals in use through out the world. The chemicals can be
classified in three groups as below :
Group A
1.

Adhesive chemicals

2.

Pesticides

3.

Fertilisers (agro chemicals)

4.

Basic chemicals

5.

Bulk drugs


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DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS

6.

Catalytic chemicals

7.

Cosmetics and detergents

8.

Dyes and Pigments

9.

Lab. reagents

10.

Fine chemicals

Group B
11.

Perfume chemicals

12.

Food preservatives (additives)

13.

Food Processing Chemicals

14.

Heavy chemicals

15.

Intermediates

16.

Leather chemicals

17.

Metal Processing chemicals

18.

Organic chemicals

19.

Oil and drilling chemicals.

20.

Paper processing chemicals.

Group C
21.

Petrochemicals

22.

Plastic Polymers
(straight, addition and condensation)

23.

Pharma chemicals

24.

Speciality chemicals

25.

Textile processing chemicals

26.

Printing and Writing ink

27.

Optical whiteners

28.

Oils & fats

29.

Rubber chemicals

30.

Photographic chemicals.

N. B. Some chemicals have overlapping existence in other groups.

5


34.08

HCl

H2S

SO2

Hydrochloric
acid............

Hydrogen
sulphide.......

Sulphur
17.03
28.01
44.01

Carbon monoxide.CO

Carbon dioxide.....CO2

1.98

1.250

0.77

2.93

1.54

1.63

960 (– 6)

791 (–191)

650 (–10)

1460 (–10)

964 (– 60)

1194 (–86)

1000 (4)

1574 (–40)

520 (–146)

812 (–196)

1195 (–195)

–78.5

–191.6

–31.0

–10.0

–60.2

–85.0

100.00

–34.1

–191.4

–195.8

–183.0

–252.8

Boiling
Point
760 Torr
°C

137

51.6

288.8

93.1

131.0

105.8

539

68.8

47

47.3

50.9

(18)

108.4

Heat of
Vaporisation
kcal/kg

0.202

0.243

0.50

0.145

0.24

0.19

1.007

0.114

0.240

0.25

(48)

0.22

3.424

Specific
Heat Cp
kcal/kg
deg C

– 56.6

– 205.1

– 77.4

– 75.5

– 85.7

– 114.2

0.000

–101.0

–213.0

–210.0

–218.8

–259.2

31.0

– 140.2

132.4

157.5

100.4

51.5

374.2

144

–140.7

–146.9

–118.3

–239.9

Specific heat at constant pressure Cp. Where the information shown does not refer to 20°C for liquids or 25°C for vapours or gases,
the relevant temperature is given in brackets.

Where the heat of evaporation does not refer to the boiling point at 760 Torr (760 mm Hg), the relevant temperature is added in
brackets.

75.3

35.7

115.2

80.4

91.9

84.7

225.6

78.5

38.5

34.5

51.8

13.2

Melting Critical
Critical
Point Temper- Pressure
ature
°C
°C
kp/cm 2

Where the liquid-state density shown does not refer to 20°C, the relevant temperature is indicated in brackets.

Source : Chemists and Physicists pocket book-D Ans Lax 3rd edn. 1967.

See notes to Table 1 for Tables 3 to 15

Ammonia......

NH3

dioxide.........

18.01
36.47

H2O

Water...........

kg/m 3
liquid
71 (–253)

Density

6

64.07

70.91
0.804

1.29
3.21

28.96

1.25

28.02

Cl2

N2

Nitrogen........

1.43

32.00

Chlorine........

O2

Oxygen.........

0.09

kg/m 3
gaseous

2.016

Molecular
Weight
12 C=12

Air................

H2

Formula

Hydrogen.......

Substance

Table 3 : Physical Data of various Elements and Compounds

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CH3—CH2—CH2—CH3
CH3
C H— C H 3
CH3
CH3—(CH2)3—CH3

n-Butane......
–10.2

2.7031
2.6731

(1)

kg/nm3

100.21
114.23
128.26

CH3—(CH2)5—CH3

CH3—(CH2)6—CH3

CH3—(CH2)7—CH3

(at 0°C and 760 Torr)

n-Heptane..........
n-Octane..........
n-Nonane...........
718

702

684

669(15)

2-Methyl pentane.. CH 3 —CH—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 3 86.18
|
CH3

625(15)

140.6

125.8

98.3

63.2

68.8

28.0

36.15

–0.5

2.021

626

–44.5

1.3561

664(15)

72.15

72.15

58.12

–164
–88.5

0.7171

kg/m 3

Boiling
Point
760 Torr
°C

Density

86.18

n-Hexane..........

2-Methyl butane
(isopentane)

n - Pentane....

C H 3 — C H — C H 2 — C H3
|
CH3
CH3—(CH2)4—CH3

44.10

CH3—CH2—CH3

Propane...........

i-Butane.......

30.07

CH3—CH3

Ethane..........
58.12

16.04

Molecular
Weight
12C = 12

CH4

Formula

Methane..........

Normal Paraffins

Substance

68.8

71.9

75.6

76.5 (60)

80

81.5

85.4

87.5

92.1

101.8

116.7

121.9

Heat of
Evaporation
kcal/kg

0.52

0.522

0.525

0.523

0.532

0.541

0.543

0.39

0.406

0.399

0.419

0.532

–51.0

–57.0

–90.5

–153.7

–93.5

–159.6

–130.8

–145

–135

–189.9

–172.1

–184

Specific Melting
Heat Cp Point
kcal/kg
deg C
°C

Table 4 : Physical Data of Various Hydrocarbons

322.0

296.2

267.2

224.9

234.7

194.8

197.2

133.7

152.0

96.8

32.1

–82.5

23.7

25.5

28

30.9

31.9

34.4

34.1

37.7

38.6

43.5

50.0

47.3

Critical
Critical
Temper- Pressure
ature
°C
kp/cm 2

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DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS
7


Formula

CH2

98.19

84.16

70.14

56.11

C H 2 — C H 2 — C H 2 — C H 2 112.12
|
|
C H 2— C H 2 — C H 2— C H 2

C H 2— C H 2 — C H 2

C H 2— C H 2— C H 2

C6H4(H3)2

C6H4(CH3)2

(O-Xylene)..........

m-Xylene..........

106.17

106.17

92.14

C6H5CH3

Methyl benzene
(toluene)..........

1, 2-Dimethyl
benzene

78.11

C6H6

Benzene..........

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Cyclooctane..........

CH2

C H 2— C H 2 — C H 2
|
|
C H 2— C H 2 — C H 2

C H 2— C H 2

C H 2— C H 2

C H 2— C H 2
|
C H 2— C H 2

866

881

872(15)

879

Table 5A

834

812

773

745

703 (0)

139

143.6

110.8

80.2

148.5

118

80.8

49.5

–7.5

Boiling
Point
Density 760 Torr
kg/m3
°C

82

83

85

94.2

86

94

103

Heat of
Evaporation
kcal/kg

0.410

0.414

0.41

0.413

0.44

0.497

0.43

0.31

Specific
Heat Cp
kcal/kg
deg C

–49.3

–27.9

–95

5.5

14.3

–12

6.4

–93.3

– 80

°C

Melting
Point

353

358.0

319.9

288.9

281

238.6

37.7

37.3

41.6

49.9

41.9

46.1

Critical
Critical
Temper- Pressure
ature
°C
kp/cm 2

8

Cycloheptane..........

Cyclohexane........

Cyclopentane........

Cyclobutane..........

Naphthenes) (Cycloparaffins)

Substance

Molecular
Weight
12C = 12

Table 5

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REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING


342

193

178.24 1041 (131.1) 332

1252 (0°)

894

Phenanthrene...

138.25

207

218

178.24

H

H

973

976(85.3)

74

76.0

77.5

81.1

81

Heat of
Evaporation
kcal/kg

71.0 (120)

79.3

75

Table 6

255.9

159.6

164.4

136.1

138.4

Anthracene......

thalene (Decalin).....

Cis-Decahydronaph-

ronaphthalene (Tetraline)........

132.21
H

1, 2, 3, 4-TetraphydH

128.18

862
989(77.1)

154.2

864

867

861

Boiling
Point
Density 760 Torr
kg/m3
°C

120.12

120.2

Naphthalene .......

Condensed Aromatics

n-Propylbenzene..... C6H5—CH2—CH2—CH3
Diphenyl..........
C6H5—C6H5

(Mesitylene)...........

C6H3(CH3)2

106.17

C6H5—CH2—CH3

1, 3, 5-Trimethyl
benzene

106.17

C6H4(CH3)2

p-Xylene..........

Formula

Ethyl benzene....

Substance

Molecular
Weight
12C = 12

0.31

0.28

0.41

0.40

0.306

0.295

0.42

0.415

0.406

Specific
Heat Cp
kcal/kg
deg C

101

218

–51

–35

80

70

99.2

–52.7

–94.4

13.3

°C

Melting
Point

478.5

528

363

388

346.4

343

41.9

42.7

33.1

34.3

38.1

37.2

Critical
Critical
Temper- Pressure
ature
°C
kp/cm 2

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DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS
9


56.1

Isobutylene ..........

84.16
98.19

CH2 = CH—(CH2)3–CH3

34.3

42.1

4.75

32

98.5

63.4

39.5

–6.6

– 6.1

– 47

–103.9

Source : Chemists and Physicists pocket book-D Ans Lax 3rd edn. 1967

(1) kg/nm3 (at 10°C and 760 Torr)

CH3

CH2 = C—CH = CH2

2-Methyl butadiene (1, 3)
(Isoprene)
681

683.0 (15)

CH2 = CH—CH = CH—CH3 68.12

Pentadiene(1, 3) ..........
68.12

650 (–6)

54.09

652 (–25)

40.07

CH2 = C = CH2

CH2 = CH—CH = CH2

Propadiene .....

Butadiene(1, 3) ..........

Table 8

705

679 (15)

637 (18)

626.8(–6.6)

607 (9.8)

647 (–79)

1.26'

0.36

0.561 (0)

0.35

0.49

0.50

0.530

0.38

0.38

0.363

0.371

Specific
Heat Cp
kcal/kg
deg C

92.1 (25) 0.58 (25)

108.0

125

79.5

75

92.8

96.1

104.7

125

Boiling Heat of
Point Evapora760 Torr
tion
°C
kcal/kg

–120

– 87.5

–108.9

–146

–119.4

–139.0

–166.2

–146.8

– 190

–185

–170

°C

Melting
Point

152

120.8

262

230

202.6

144.0

146.4

91.8

9.5

44.1

53.5

28.7

31.5

41.7

40.0

37.5

47.1

51.7

Critical
Critical

Temper- Pressure
ature
°C
kp/cm 2

10

Diolefines

Hexene-(1)

Heptene-(1) .......... CH2 = CH—(CH2)4—CH3

Pentene-(1) .......... CH2 = CH—CH2—CH2—CH3 70.14

56.11

42.08

CH = CH2—CH3

Propylene .......

Butylene-(1) .......... CH2 = CH—CH2—CH3

28.05

CH2 = CH2

Formula

Ethylene ..........

Mono-olefines

Substance

MoleDensity
cular
kg/m3
Weight
12C = 12

Table 7

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CH 3 —C ≡ C —CH 2

120.91

CF2Cl2

(1) kg/nm3 (at 0 and 760 Torr)

Dichloro-difluoro
methane

(Freon 12) .........

137.37

Trichloro-monofluoro CFCl 3
methane
(Freon 11) ..........
1486 (–30)

1494 (17.2)

1592

CCl4

Carbon
tetrachloride ......

153.82

1336
1482

84.93
119.38

– 29.8

24.9

76.7

60.7

40.7

–78.2

1.5451

CHCl2

–23.7

2.3071

Chloroform ..........

34.03

Methyl fluoride ...... CH3F

27.2

18

– 27.5

–83.6

40

43.6

46.6

60.6

78.7

124

102

119

198

Boiling Heat of
Point Evapora760 Torr
tion
°C
kcal/kg

Table 10

650

668 (0)

713 (–55)

618 (–81.8)

Density
kg/m 3

Methylene chloride.. CH2Cl2

50.49

54.09

Methyl chloride ..... CH3Cl

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Dimethyl
acetylene ...

54.09

Ethyl acetylene ..... CH 3 — CH 2 — C ≡ CH

26.04
40.07

CH ≡ CH

Formula

Methyl acetylene ... CH 3 — C ≡ CH

Acetylene ..........

Acetylenes

Substance

Molecular
Weight
12C = 12

Table 9

0.137

0.211

0.203

0.237

0.276

0.26

0.193

0.552

0.362

0.403

Specific
Heat Cp
kcal/kg
deg C

–111

–111

–22.9

–63.5

–96

–141.8

–97.7

–32.3

–137

– 105

–81.8

°C

Melting
Point

115.5

198.0

283.1

262.5

237

44.5

142.8

215.5

127.9

35.5

40.9

44.6

46.5

56.7

62

59.9

68.2

63.7

Critical
Critical
Temper- Pressure
ature
°C
kp/cm 2

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DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS
11


64.52

CH2Cl—CH2Cl

CHCl2–CH3

CH2 = CCl2

CCl3—CH3

CHCl2—CH2Cl

CCl2 = CHCl

CHCl2—CHCl2

CCl2 = CCl2

C6H5F

C6H5Cl

Ethyl chloride......

Ethylene dichloride
(1,2)........

Ethylene dichloride
(1,1)........

1,1-Dichloro
ethylene

1,1,1-Tichloroethane........

1,1,2-Trichloroethane.........

Trichloro
ethylene...........

Tetrachloro
ethane............

Tetrachlorethylene ..........

Fluroro
benzene..........

Chloro
benzene ...........
112.56

96.11

165.83

167.85

131.39

1112 (15)

1024

1624 (15)

1603 (15)

1470 (15)

1443

1311 (25)

1218

1184 (15)

1253

917 (6)

927

Density
kg/m 3

132

85.1

121.1

146.4

86.9

113.7

74

37

57.3

83.7

13.1

–81.5

77.6

77

50.0

55.0

57.8

67

65

57.3

84.1

91.3

36

Boiling Heat of
Point Evapora760 Torr
tion
°C
kcal/kg

0.31

0.364

0.210

0.27 (16)

0.277

0.257

0.28

0.21

0.31 (30)

0.382

0.15

Specific
Heat Cp
kcal/kg
deg C

–45

–40.5

–23.5

–42.5

–83

–35.5

–32.6

–122.5

–96.6

–35.5

–142.5

–181.0

°C

Melting
Point

359.2

286.5

250

288

189

28.7

46.1

46.1

51.7

54.8

56.8

39.4

Critical
Critical
Temper- Pressure
ature
°C
kp/cm 2

12

133.41

133.41

96.94

98.96

98.96

104.47

CF3Cl

C2H5Cl

Chloro-trifluoro
methane
(Freon 13)

Formula

Substance

Molecular
Weight
12C = 12

Table 10 (contd.)

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REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING


94.11
108.14

C6H5OH

88.15

(CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH

C6H4(OH)CH3

88.15

C5H11OH

o-Cresol.......

74.12

(CH3)2CHCH2OH

Phenol .......

74.12

C3H7CH2OH

100.16

92.10

Cyclohexanol
(Hexalin).........

1261

60.10

CH3CH(OH)CH3
CH2OH . CHOH . CH3OH

1047

1071 (25)

938 (36.6)

808 (25)

824 (15)

803

810

785

60.10

C2H5CH2OH
804

1113

62.07

n-Propyl
alcohol......
i-Propyl
alcohol......
Glycerine.........

n-Butyl
alcohol........
i-Butyl
alcohol........
n-Amyl
alcohol.......
i-Amyl alcohol

Glycol........

794 (15)

46.07

C2H5OH
HO . CH2—CH2 . OH

Ethanol (ethyl
alcohol).....

795 (15)

32.04

Formula

Density
kg/m 3

Methanol (methyl

alcohol).....
CH3OH

Alcohols

Substance

Molecular
Weight
12C = 12

191

182.2

160

131.5

138

108

117.5

290

82.4

97.4

197.4

78.3

64.7

103

122

108

120

123

138

141

197

160

180

194

202

263

Boiling Heat of
Point Evapora760 Torr
tion
°C
kcal/kg

Table 11

0.50

0.333

0.418

0.560

0.553

0.552

0.560

0.65

0.576

0.560

0.563

0.572

0.596

Specific
Heat Cp
kcal/kg
deg C

32

40.8

23

–78.5

–108

–89.3

18

–89.5

–126.2

–12.4

–114.5

–97.9

°C

Melting
Point

422

419.2

306.6

315

277.6

289.7

243.5

263.7

234.1

239.4

51

62.5

49.8

45

54.9

51.8

65.1

82.6

Critical
Critical
Temper- Pressure
ature
°C
kp/cm 2

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DATA TABLES AND GRAPHS
13