John wiley and sons - Advanced wireless networks 4g technologies jun 2006

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Advanced Wireless
Networks
4G Technologies
Savo G. Glisic
University of Oulu, Finland
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Advanced Wireless
Networks
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Advanced Wireless
Networks
4G Technologies
Savo G. Glisic
University of Oulu, Finland
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Copyright
C
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2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
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To my family
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Contents
Preface xix
1 Fundamentals 1
1.1 4G Networks and Composite Radio Environment 1
1.2 Protocol Boosters 7
1.2.1 One-element error detection booster for UDP 9
1.2.2 One-element ACK compression booster for TCP 9
1.2.3 One-element congestion control booster for TCP 9
1.2.4 One-element ARQ booster for TCP 9
1.2.5 A forward erasure correction booster for IP or TCP 10
1.2.6 Two-element jitter control booster for IP 10
1.2.7 Two-element selective ARQ booster for IP or TCP 10
1.3 Hybrid 4G Wireless Network Protocols 10
1.3.1 Control messages and state transition diagrams 12
1.3.2 Direct transmission 13
1.3.3 The protocol for one-hop direct transmission 14
1.3.4 Protocols for two-hop direct-transmission mode 15
1.4 Green Wireless Networks 20
References 22

2 Physical Layer and Multiple Access 25
2.1 Advanced Time Division Multiple Access-ATDMA 25
2.2 Code Division Multiple Access 25
2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 30
2.4 Multicarrier CDMA 32
2.5 Ultrawide Band Signal 36
2.6 MIMO Channels and Space Time Coding 41
References 42
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3 Channel Modeling for 4G 47
3.1 Macrocellular Environments (1.8 GHz) 47
3.2 Urban Spatal Radio Channels in Macro/MicroCell Environment (2.154 GHz) 50
3.2.1 Description of environment 51
3.2.2 Results 52
3.3 MIMO Channels in Micro- and PicoCell Environment (1.71/2.05 GHz) 53
3.3.1 Measurement set-ups 56
3.3.2 The eigenanalysis method 57
3.3.3 Definition of the power allocation schemes 57
3.4 Outdoor Mobile Channel (5.3 GHz) 58
3.4.1 Path loss models 60
3.4.2 Path number distribution 60
3.4.3 Rotation measurements in an urban environment 61
3.5 Microcell Channel (8.45 GHz) 64
3.5.1 Azimuth profile 65
3.5.2 Delay profile for the forward arrival waves 65
3.5.3 Short-term azimuth spread for forward arrival waves 65
3.6 Wireless MIMO LAN Environments (5.2 GHz) 66
3.6.1 Data evaluation 66

3.6.2 Capacity computation 68
3.6.3 Measurement environments 69
3.7 Indoor WLAN Channel (17 GHz) 70
3.8 Indoor WLAN Channel (60 GHz) 77
3.8.1 Definition of the statistical parameters 78
3.9 UWB Channel Model 79
3.9.1 The large-scale statistics 82
3.9.2 The small-scale statistics 84
3.9.3 The statistical model 86
3.9.4 Simulation steps 87
3.9.5 Clustering models for the indoor multipath propagation channel 87
3.9.6 Path loss modeling 90
References 93
4 Adaptive and Reconfigurable Link Layer 101
4.1 Link Layer Capacity of Adaptive Air Interfaces 101
4.1.1 The MAC channel model 103
4.1.2 The Markovian model 103
4.1.3 Goodput and link adaptation 105
4.1.4 Switching hysteresis 107
4.1.5 Link service rate with exact mode selection 108
4.1.6 Imperfections in the adaptation chain 110
4.1.7 Estimation process and estimate error 111
4.1.8 Channel process and estimation delay 111
4.1.9 Feedback process and mode command reception 112
4.1.10 Link service rate with imperfections 112
4.1.11 Sensitivity of state probabilities to hysteresis region width 114
4.1.12 Estimation process and estimate error 115
4.1.13 Feedback process and acquisition errors 118
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4.2 Adaptive Transmission in Ad Hoc Networks 118
4.3 Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Schemes for Wireless Links 126
4.3.1 RS codes 127
4.3.2 PHY and MAC frame structures 127
4.3.3 Error-control schemes 129
4.3.4 Performance of adaptive FEC2 132
4.3.5 Simulation results 134
4.4 Stochastic Learning Link Layer Protocol 135
4.4.1 Stochastic learning control 135
4.4.2 Adaptive link layer protocol 136
4.5 Infrared Link Access Protocol 139
4.5.1 The IrLAP layer 140
4.5.2 IrLAP functional model description 142
References 145
5 Adaptive Medium Access Control 149
5.1 WLAN Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function 149
5.2 Adaptive MAC for WLAN with Adaptive Antennas 150
5.2.1 Description of the protocols 153
5.3 MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks 158
5.3.1 S-MAC protocol design 160
5.3.2 Periodic listen and sleep 161
5.3.3 Collision avoidance 161
5.3.4 Coordinated sleeping 162
5.3.5 Choosing and maintaining schedules 162
5.3.6 Maintaining synchronization 163
5.3.7 Adaptive listening 164
5.3.8 Overhearing avoidance and message passing 165
5.3.9 Overhearing avoidance 165
5.3.10 Message passing 166
5.4 MAC for Ad Hoc Networks 168

5.4.1 Carrier sense wireless networks 170
5.4.2 Interaction with upper layers 174
References 175
6 Teletraffic Modeling and Analysis 179
6.1 Channel Holding Time in PCS Networks 179
References 188
7 Adaptive Network Layer 191
7.1 Graphs and Routing Protocols 191
7.1.1 Elementary concepts 191
7.1.2 Directed graph 191
7.1.3 Undirected graph 192
7.1.4 Degree of a vertex 192
7.1.5 Weighted graph 193
7.1.6 Walks and paths 193
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7.1.7 Connected graphs 194
7.1.8 Trees 195
7.1.9 Spanning tree 195
7.1.10 MST computation 196
7.1.11 Shortest path spanning tree 198
7.2 Graph Theory 210
7.3 Routing with Topology Aggregation 212
7.4 Network and Aggregation Models 214
7.4.1 Line segment representation 216
7.4.2 QoS-aware topology aggregation 219
7.4.3 Mesh formation 219
7.4.4 Star formation 220
7.4.5 Line-segment routing algorithm 221
7.4.6 Performance measure 223

7.4.7 Performance example 224
References 227
8 Effective Capacity 235
8.1 Effective Traffic Source Parameters 235
8.1.1 Effective traffic source 238
8.1.2 Shaping probability 238
8.1.3 Shaping delay 239
8.1.4 Performance example 242
8.2 Effective Link Layer Capacity 243
8.2.1 Link-layer channel model 244
8.2.2 Effective capacity model of wireless channels 247
8.2.3 Physical layer vs link-layer channel model 250
8.2.4 Performance examples 253
References 255
9 Adaptive TCP Layer 259
9.1 Introduction 259
9.1.1 A large bandwidth-delay product 260
9.1.2 Buffer size 261
9.1.3 Round-trip time 262
9.1.4 Unfairness problem at the TCP layer 264
9.1.5 Noncongestion losses 264
9.1.6 End-to-end solutions 265
9.1.7 Bandwidth asymmetry 266
9.2 TCP Operation and Performance 267
9.2.1 The TCP transmitter 267
9.2.2 Retransmission timeout 268
9.2.3 Window adaptation 268
9.2.4 Packet loss recovery 268
9.2.5 TCP-OldTahoe (timeout recovery) 268
9.2.6 TCP-Tahoe (fast retransmit) 268

9.2.7 TCP-Reno fast retransmit, fast (but conservative) recovery 269
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9.2.8 TCP-NewReno (fast retransmit, fast recovery) 270
9.2.9 Spurious retransmissions 270
9.2.10 Modeling of TCP operation 270
9.3 TCP for Mobile Cellular Networks 271
9.3.1 Improving TCP in mobile environments 273
9.3.2 Mobile TCP design 273
9.3.3 The SH-TCP client 275
9.3.4 The M-TCP protocol 276
9.3.5 Performance examples 278
9.4 Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance 279
9.4.1 The RED algorithm 280
9.4.2 Performance example 281
9.5 TCP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 282
9.5.1 Effect of route recomputations 283
9.5.2 Effect of network partitions 284
9.5.3 Effect of multipath routing 284
9.5.4 ATCP sublayer 284
9.5.5 ATCP protocol design 286
9.5.6 Performance examples 289
References 291
10 Crosslayer Optimization 293
10.1 Introduction 293
10.2 A Cross-Layer Architecture for Video Delivery 296
References 299
11 Mobility Management 305
11.1 Introduction 305
11.1.1 Mobility management in cellular networks 307

11.1.2 Location registration and call delivery in 4G 310
11.2 Cellular Systems with Prioritized Handoff 329
11.2.1 Channel assignment priority schemes 332
11.2.2 Channel reservation – CR handoffs 332
11.2.3 Channel reservation with queueing – CRQ handoffs 333
11.2.4 Performance examples 338
11.3 Cell Residing Time Distribution 340
11.4 Mobility Prediction in Pico- and MicroCellular Networks 344
11.4.1 PST-QoS guarantees framework 346
11.4.2 Most likely cluster model 347
Appendix: Distance Calculation in an Intermediate Cell 355
References 362
12 Adaptive Resource Management 367
12.1 Channel Assignment Schemes 367
12.1.1 Different channel allocation schemes 369
12.1.2 Fixed channel allocation 370
12.1.3 Channel borrowing schemes 371
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12.1.4 Hybrid channel borrowing schemes 373
12.1.5 Dynamic channel allocation 375
12.1.6 Centralized DCA schemes 376
12.1.7 Cell-based distributed DCA schemes 379
12.1.8 Signal strength measurement-based distributed DCA schemes 380
12.1.9 One-dimensional cellular systems 382
12.1.10 Fixed reuse partitioning 384
12.1.11 Adaptive channel allocation reuse partitioning (ACA RUP) 385
12.2 Resource Management in 4G 388
12.3 Mobile Agent-based Resource Management 389
12.3.1 Advanced resource management system 392

12.4 CDMA Cellular Multimedia Wireless Networks 395
12.4.1 Principles of SCAC 400
12.4.2 QoS differentiation paradigms 404
12.4.3 Traffic model 406
12.4.4 Performance evaluation 408
12.4.5 Related results 408
12.4.6 Modeling-based static complete-sharing MdCAC system 409
12.4.7 Measurement-based complete-sharing MsCAC system 410
12.4.8 Complete-sharing dynamic SCAC system 411
12.4.9 Dynamic SCAC system with QoS differentiation 412
12.4.10 Example of a single-class system 412
12.4.11 NRT packet access control 414
12.4.12 Assumptions 415
12.4.13 Estimation of average upper-limit (UL) data throughput 416
12.4.14 DFIMA, dynamic feedback information-based access control 417
12.4.15 Performance examples 418
12.4.16 Implementation issues 425
12.5 Joint Data Rate and Power Management 426
12.5.1 Centralized minimum total transmitted
power (CMTTP) algorithm 427
12.5.2 Maximum throughput power control (MTPC) 428
12.5.3 Statistically distributed multirate power control (SDMPC) 430
12.5.4 Lagrangian multiplier power control (LRPC) 431
12.5.5 Selective power control (SPC) 432
12.5.6 RRM in multiobjective (MO) framework 432
12.5.7 Multiobjective distributed power and rate control (MODPRC) 433
12.5.8 Multiobjective totally distributed power and rate
control (MOTDPRC) 435
12.5.9 Throughput maximization/power minimization (MTMPC) 436
12.6 Dynamic Spectra Sharing in Wireless Networks 439

12.6.1 Channel capacity 439
12.6.2 Channel models 440
12.6.3 Diversity reception 440
12.6.4 Performance evaluation 441
12.6.5 Multiple access techniques and user capacity 441
12.6.6 Multiuser detection 442
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12.6.7 Interference and coexistence 442
12.6.8 Channel estimation/imperfections 443
12.6.9 Signal and interference model 443
12.6.10 Receiver structure 444
12.6.11 Interference rejection circuit model 446
12.6.12 Performance analysis 451
12.6.13 Performance examples 451
References 457
13 Ad Hoc Networks 465
13.1 Routing Protocols 465
13.1.1 Routing protocols 468
13.1.2 Reactive protocols 472
13.2 Hybrid Routing Protocol 485
13.2.1 Loop-back termination 487
13.2.2 Early termination 488
13.2.3 Selective broadcasting (SBC) 489
13.3 Scalable Routing Strategies 491
13.3.1 Hierarchical routing protocols 491
13.3.2 Performance examples 494
13.3.3 FSR (fisheye routing) protocol 496
13.4 Multipath Routing 497
13.5 Clustering Protocols 501

13.5.1 Introduction 501
13.5.2 Clustering algorithm 503
13.5.3 Clustering with prediction 505
13.6 Cashing Schemes for Routing 512
13.6.1 Cache management 514
13.7 Distributed QoS Routing 520
13.7.1 Wireless links reliability 521
13.7.2 Routing 521
13.7.3 Routing information 521
13.7.4 Token-based routing 522
13.7.5 Delay-constrained routing 523
13.7.6 Tokens 524
13.7.7 Forwarding the received tokens 525
13.7.8 Bandwidth-constrained routing 525
13.7.9 Forwarding the received tickets 526
13.7.10 Performance example 527
References 530
14 Sensor Networks 535
14.1 Introduction 535
14.2 Sensor Networks Parameters 537
14.2.1 Pre-deployment and deployment phase 538
14.2.2 Post-deployment phase 538
14.2.3 Re-deployment of additional nodes phase 539
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14.3 Sensor Networks Architecture 539
14.3.1 Physical layer 541
14.3.2 Data link layer 541
14.3.3 Network layer 543
14.3.4 Transport layer 548

14.3.5 Application layer 550
14.4 Mobile Sensor Networks Deployment 551
14.5 Directed Diffusion 553
14.5.1 Data propagation 556
14.5.2 Reinforcement 557
14.6 Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks 557
14.7 Boundary Estimation 561
14.7.1 Number of RDPs in P 563
14.7.2 Kraft inequality 563
14.7.3 Upper bounds on achievable accuracy 564
14.7.4 System optimization 564
14.8 Optimal Transmission Radius in Sensor Networks 567
14.8.1 Back-off phenomenon 571
14.9 Data Funneling 572
14.10 Equivalent Transport Control Protocol in Sensor
Networks 575
References 579
15 Security 589
15.1 Authentication 589
15.1.1 Attacks on simple cryptographic authentication 592
15.1.2 Canonical authentication protocol 595
15.2 Security Architecture 599
15.3 Key Management 603
15.3.1 Encipherment 605
15.3.2 Modification detection codes 605
15.3.3 Replay detection codes 605
15.3.4 Proof of knowledge of a key 605
15.3.5 Point-to-point key distribution 606
15.4 Security Management in GSM Networks 607
15.5 Security Management in UMTS 612

15.6 Security Architecture for UMTS/WLAN Interworking 614
15.7 Security in Ad Hoc Networks 615
15.7.1 Self-organized key management 620
15.8 Security in Sensor Networks 622
References 624
16 Active Networks 629
16.1 Introduction 629
16.2 Programable Networks Reference Models 631
16.2.1 IETF ForCES 632
16.2.2 Active networks reference architecture 633
16.3 Evolution to 4G Wireless Networks 635
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16.4 Programmable 4G Mobile Network Architecture 638
16.5 Cognitive Packet Networks 640
16.5.1 Adaptation by cognitive packets 643
16.5.2 The random neural networks-based algorithms 644
16.6 Game Theory Models in Cognitive Radio Networks 646
16.6.1 Cognitive radio networks as a game 650
16.7 Biologically Inspired Networks 654
16.7.1 Bio-analogies 654
16.7.2 Bionet architecture 656
References 658
17 Network Deployment 667
17.1 Cellular Systems with Overlapping Coverage 667
17.2 Imbedded Microcell in CDMA Macrocell Network 671
17.2.1 Macrocell and microcell link budget 674
17.2.2 Performance example 677
17.3 Multitier Wireless Cellular Networks 677
17.3.1 The network model 679

17.3.2 Performance example 684
17.4 Local Multipoint Distribution Service 685
17.4.1 Interference estimations 687
17.4.2 Alternating polarization 688
17.5 Self-organization in 4G Networks 690
17.5.1 Motivation 690
17.5.2 Networks self-organizing technologies 691
References 694
18 Network Management 699
18.1 The Simple Network Management Protocol 699
18.2 Distributed Network Management 703
18.3 Mobile Agent-based Network Management 705
18.3.1 Mobile agent platform 706
18.3.2 Mobile agents in multioperator networks 707
18.3.3 Integration of routing algorithm and mobile agents 709
18.4 Ad Hoc Network Management 714
18.4.1 Heterogeneous environments 714
18.4.2 Time varying topology 714
18.4.3 Energy constraints 715
18.4.4 Network partitioning 715
18.4.5 Variation of signal quality 715
18.4.6 Eavesdropping 715
18.4.7 Ad hoc network management protocol functions 715
18.4.8 ANMP architecture 717
References 723
19 Network Information Theory 727
19.1 Effective Capacity of Advanced Cellular Networks 727
19.1.1 4G cellular network system model 729
19.1.2 The received signal 730
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19.1.3 Multipath channel: near–far effect and power control 732
19.1.4 Multipath channel: pointer tracking error, rake receiver and
interference canceling 734
19.1.5 Interference canceler modeling: nonlinear multiuser detectors 736
19.1.6 Approximations 738
19.1.7 Outage probability 738
19.2 Capacity of Ad Hoc Networks 743
19.2.1 Arbitrary networks 743
19.2.2 Random networks 745
19.2.3 Arbitrary networks: an upper bound on transport capacity 747
19.2.4 Arbitrary networks: lower bound on transport capacity 750
19.2.5 Random networks: lower bound on throughput capacity 751
19.3 Information Theory and Network Architectures 755
19.3.1 Network architecture 755
19.3.2 Definition of feasible rate vectors 757
19.3.3 The transport capacity 759
19.3.4 Upper bounds under high attenuation 759
19.3.5 Multihop and feasible lower bounds under high attenuation 760
19.3.6 The low-attenuation regime 761
19.3.7 The Gaussian multiple-relay channel 762
19.4 Cooperative Transmission in Wireless Multihop Ad Hoc Networks 764
19.4.1 Transmission strategy and error propagation 767
19.4.2 OLA flooding algorithm 767
19.4.3 Simulation environment 768
19.5 Network Coding 770
19.5.1 Max-flow min-cut theorem (mfmcT) 772
19.5.2 Achieving the max-flow bound through a generic LCM 774
19.5.3 The transmission scheme associated with an LCM 777
19.5.4 Memoryless communication network 778

19.5.5 Network with memory 779
19.5.6 Construction of a generic LCM on an acyclic network 779
19.5.7 Time-invariant LCM and heuristic construction 780
19.6 Capacity of Wireless Networks Using MIMO Technology 783
19.6.1 Capacity metrics 785
19.7 Capacity of Sensor Networks with Many-to-One Transmissions 790
19.7.1 Network architecture 791
19.7.2 Capacity results 793
References 796
20 Energy-efficient Wireless Networks 801
20.1 Energy Cost Function 801
20.2 Minimum Energy Routing 803
20.3 Maximizing Network Lifetime 805
20.4 Energy-efficient MAC in Sensor Networks 808
20.4.1 Staggered wakeup schedule 810
References 812
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21 Quality-of-Service Management 817
21.1 Blind QoS Assessment System 817
21.1.1 System modeling 819
21.2 QoS Provisioning in WLAN 821
21.2.1 Contention-based multipolling 822
21.2.2 Polling efficiency 823
21.3 Dynamic Scheduling on RLC/MAC Layer 826
21.3.1 DSMC functional blocks 828
21.3.2 Calculating the high service rate 829
21.3.3 Heading-block delay 832
21.3.4 Interference model 832
21.3.5 Normal delay of a newly arrived block 833

21.3.6 High service rate of a session 834
21.4 QoS in OFDMA-based Broadband Wireless Access Systems 834
21.4.1 Iterative solution 838
21.4.2 Resource allocation to maximize capacity 840
21.5 Predictive Flow Control and QoS 841
21.5.1 Predictive flow control model 843
References 847
Index 853
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Preface
The major expectation from the fourth generation (4G) of wireless communication networks
is to be able to handle much higher data rates, which will be in the range of 1Gb in
the WLAN environment and 100 Mb in cellular networks. A user, with a large range of
mobility, will access the network and will be able to seamlessly reconnect to different
networks, even within the same session. The spectra allocation is expected to be more
flexible, and even flexible spectra sharing among the different subnetworks is anticipated.
In such a ‘composite radio environment’ (CRE), there will be a need for more adaptive and
reconfigurable solutions on all layers in the network. For this reason the first part of the book
deals with adaptive link, MAC, network and TCP layers including a chapter on crosslayer
optimization. This is followed by chapters on mobility management and adaptive radio
resource management. The composite radio environment will include presence of WLAN,
cellular mobile networks, digital video broadcasting, satellite, mobile ad hoc and sensor
networks.
Two additional chapters on ad hoc and sensor networks should help the reader understand
the main problems and available solutions in these fields. The above chapters are followed
by a chapter on security, which is a very important segment of wireless networks.
Within the more advanced solutions, the chapter on active networks covers topics like
programmable networks, reference models, evolution to 4G wireless networks, 4G mobile

network architecture, cognitive packet networks, the random neural networks based algo-
rithms, game theory models in cognitive radio networks, cognitive radio networks as a game
and biologically inspired networks, including bionet architecture.
Among other topics, the chapter on networks management includes self-organization
in 4G networks, mobile agent-based network management, mobile agent platform, mobile
agents in multioperator networks, integration of routing algorithm and mobile agents and
ad hoc network management.
Network information theory has become an important segment of the research, and the
chapter covering this topicincludeseffectivecapacityofadvancedcellularnetwork, capacity
of ad hoc networks, information theory and network architectures, cooperative transmission
in wireless multihop ad hoc networks, network coding, capacity of wireless networks using
xix
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xx PREFACE
MIMO technology and capacity of sensor networks with many-to-one transmissions. Two
additional chapters, energy efficient wireless networks and QoS management, are also
included in the book.
As an extra resource a significant amount of material is available on the book’s com-
panion website at www.wiley.com/go/glisic in the form of three comprehensive appendices:
Appendix A provides a review of the protocol stacks for the most important existing wire-
less networks, Appendix B presents a comprehensive review of results for the MAC layer
and Appendix C provides an introduction to queueing theory.
The material included in this book is a result of the collective effort of researchers across
the globe. Whenever appropriate, the reference to the original work, measurement results
or diagrams is made. The lists of references includes approximately 2000 titles.
Discussions and cooperation with Professor P. R. Kumar, of the Coordinated Science
Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, had a significant impact, espe-
cially on the network information theory material presented in the book. Professor Imrich
Chlamtac, of University of Texas at Dallas helped a great deal with the material regard-
ing bioinspired nets. Professor Carlos Pomalaza-Raes, of Indiana-Purdue University, USA,

inspired the presentation on ad hoc and sensor networks. Professor Kaveh Pahlavan of
Worchester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, inspired the presentations of the WLAN
technology. Dr. Moe Win of Massachusetts Institute of Technology provided a set of original
diagrams on Ultra Wide Band Channel measurements.
The author would also like to thank Professor P. Leppanen, J.P. M¨akel¨a, P. Nissinaho
and Z. Nikolic, for their help with the graphics.
Savo G. Glisic
Oulu
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1
Fundamentals
1.1 4G NETWORKS AND COMPOSITE RADIO ENVIRONMENT
In the wireless communications community we are witnessing more and more the existence
of the composite radio environment (CRE) and as a consequence the need for reconfigura-
bility concepts. The CRE assumes that different radio networks can be cooperating compo-
nents in a heterogeneous wireless access infrastructure, through which network providers
can more efficiently achieve the required capacity and quality of service (QoS) levels. Re-
configurability enables terminals and network elements to dynamically select and adapt
to the most appropriate radio access technologies for handling conditions encountered in
specific service area regions and time zones of the day. Both concepts pose new require-
ments on the management of wireless systems. Nowadays, a multiplicity of radio access
technology (RAT) standards are used in wireless communications. As shown in Figure 1.1,
these technologies can be roughly categorized into four sets:
r
Cellular networks that include second-generation (2G) mobile systems, such as Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM) [1] , and their evolutions, often called 2.5G
systems, such as enhanced digital GSM evolution (EDGE), General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS) [2] and IS 136 in the USA. These systems are based on TDMA technology.
Third-generation (3G) mobile networks, known as Universal Mobile Telecommunica-
tions Systems (UMTS; WCDMA and cdma2000) [3]arebasedonCDMAtechnologythat

provides up to 2 Mbit/s. In these networks 4G solutions are expected to provide up to
100 Mbit/s. The solutions will be based on a combination of multicarrier and space–
time signal formats. The network architectures include macro- micro- and picocellular
networks and home (HAN) and personal area networks (PAN).
r
Broadband radio access networks(BRANs)[4],orwirelesslocalareanetworks (WLANs)
[5], which are expected to provide up to 1 Gb/s in 4G. These technologies are based on
orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and space–time coding.
Advanced Wireless Networks: 4G Technologies Savo G. Glisic
C

2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1
JWBK083-01 JWBK083-Glisic March 6, 2006 11:31 Char Count= 0
2 FUNDAMENTALS
Cellular
network
Access
BRAN/
WLAN
Access
TDMA IS 136
EDGE, GPRS
UMTS
WCDMA
up to 2MBit/s
cdma2000
MC CDMA
Space-Time
diversity

4G (100Mb)
IEEE
802.11
2.4GHz
(ISM)
FHSS &
DSSS
5GHz
Reconfigurable
Mobile
Terminals
Network
Reconfigur
ation
&
Dynamic
Spectra
Allocation
DVB
Sensor
networks
Ad hoc
networks
IP Network
Private Network
PSTN
satellite
PLMN
Cellular network
macro/micro/

Pico/PAN
WLAN, WPAN
OFDM > 10 Mbit/s
Hiperlan and IEEE 802.x
54 Mb (indoor)
Hiperaccess
(wider area)
Hiperlink 155 Mb
Space–time–frequency
coding,
WATM
UWB/impulse radio
IEEE 802.15.3 and 4
4G (1 Gbit)
Figure 1.1 Composite radio environment in 4G networks.
r
Digital video broadcasting (DVB) [6] and satellite communications.
r
Ad hoc and sensor networks with emerging applications.
Although 4G is open for new multiple access schemes, the CRE concept remains attrac-
tive for increasing the service provision efficiency and the exploitation possibilities of the
available RATs. The main assumption is that the different radio networks , GPRS, UMTS,
BRAN/WLAN, DVB, and so on, can be components of a heterogeneous wireless access
infrastructure. A network provider (NP) can own several components of the CR infras-
tructure (in other words, can own licenses for deploying and operating different RATs),
and can also cooperate with affiliated NPs. In any case, an NP can rely on several alterna-
tive radio networks and technologies to achieve the required capacity and QoS levels, in a
cost-efficient manner. Users are directed to the most appropriate radio networks and tech-
nologies, at different service area regions and time zones of the day, based on profile
requirements and network performance criteria. The various RATs are thus used in a