English adverbial clauses and their vietnamese equivalents = mệnh đề trạng ngữ trong tiếng anh và các cấu trúc tương đương trong tiếng việt

English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

VINH UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

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LÊ THỊ TRÂM NGUN

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE
EQUIVALENTS
(mƯnh ®Ị trạng ngữ trong tiếng anh và các cấu trúc
t-ơng đ-ơng trong tiÕng viÖt)

GRADUATION THESIS

Field: Linguistics

VINH, MAY, 2009

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1. Reasons for choosing the study

English usage is a subject as wide as the English language itself. By far the
greater part of usage raises no controversies and poses no problems for native
speakers of English, just because it is their native language. However, there are
certain problems for learners of English as a foreign language, especially English
constructions. Since plenty of them often fail to recognize kinds of adverbial
clauses.
For example:

Working all day, he felt tired

They think that this sentence may be an adverbial clause of time “After he
worked all day, he felt tired” or “When he worked all day, he felt tired”. This
sentence may also be an adverbial clause of reason “Because he worked all day, he
felt tired”.
Adverbial clauses are very important parts in English grammar but they are
not easy to use and usually cause difficulties for learners. English adverbial clauses
have been dealt with by numerous grammarians. But until recent years, there have
no research works on English Adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents
and the ways to help learners overcome the confusion.
2. Aims of the study
The above – mentioned background shows that the status of adverbial clauses
in English needs more detailed study not only in structure but also in uses as well.
With this trend, this study is aimed at:
- Giving the description and features of English adverbial clauses and their
equivalent realizations in Vietnamese to illustrate the differences and similarities of
adverbial clauses in the two languages.
- Offering suggestions for teaching adverbial clauses to Vietnamese learners.

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

* Research questions
Determined by its aims, this paper tries to find the answers to the following
questions:
1. What is an adverbial clause?
2. What are the features and classifications of adverbial clauses?
3. What are the differences and similarities between English adverbial
clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents and how they serve the teaching
of English grammar to Vietnamese students?
4. What are the predicted errors Vietnamese students may make when
learning English adverbial clauses?
5. How are these errors eliminated?

3. Scope of the study
These thesis are about adverbial clauses, especially, we focus on the kinds of
adverbial clauses, adverbial clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents. In
addition, we will provide learners how to overcome errors in using adverbial
clauses.

4. Methods of the study
i. Comparative and contrastive method.
ii. Statistical method.
iii. Analytical method.
5. Design of the study:
This subject consists of three main parts and references.
Part A: The Introduction outlines the reasons, the aims, the research questions,

the scope, the methods, and the design of the study. In addition, the organization
of the thesis is introduced.
Part B, entitled “Investigation”, is divided into three chapters.

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

The first one, “Theoretical preliminaries” supplies an over view of sentence,
clause, and adverbial clauses in English.
The second chapter, “Concrete cases of adverbial clauses
In English and their Vietnamese equivalents”, presents English adverbial
clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents. The presentation focuses on
syntactical features, functional roles and Concrete cases of each kind of
adverbial clauses in the sentence.
The last chapter is about the applications of the study to the teaching of
English adverbial clauses to Vietnamese students.
Part C is the conclusion summarizing the main point discussed in previous
parts.

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

PART B:

INVESTIGATION

CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES
1.1. Sentence and general knowledge of adverbial in sentence
1.1.1. Definition of sentence
Sentence, which is usually considered the largest syntactical unit, is one of
the problems taking up a large portion of grammar books. It is quite easy to
understand why so much attention has been paid to the study of sentence.
The term sentence is so familiar to everyone, from a learner who has just
started a language course to a linguist, yet its definitions are far from homogeneous,
they are even very confusing, instead.
In traditional grammars, sentences are simply defined as “composed of
words” and it is function of syntax to state what words can be combined with others
to form sentences and in what order.
A linguistic definition of the sentence must be in terms of it internal
structure. A sentence will be composed of certain specified elements in a certain
order, ultimately, of course, of word, or parts of word.
According to G. Leech and J. Svartvict (1992), “Sentences are units made up
one or more clauses. Sentence containing just one clause is called simple, and
sentences containing more than one clause are called complex”
1.1.2. Parts of sentence
Randolph Quirk et al (1972) said that sentence usually has two main parts:
Subject and predicate in which subject is a word or a phrase indicating people,
things, or events but predicate is the rest. That means, “The subject of the sentence
has a close general relation” to “what is discussed”, “the theme”, of the sentence
with the normal application that something new. The predicate is being said about a
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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

“subject” that has already been introduced in an earlier sentence. The elements of a
sentence can be expressed clearly by chart and example below:
Sentence
Subject

predicate

Auxiliary and operator
Eg.

He

had

predication
given the girl an apple

1.1.3. Functions of adverbials in sentence
 Adverbial is a part of sentence. It can be an adverb phrase, preposition phrase, or
noun phrase. They can tell us something about the action in the sentence by
modifying a verb.
Eg:
Adverb phrase:

You are going very slowly.

We wanted to get back.

Preposition phrase:

Cathelin wasn’t at home.
You saw the police car in front of you.

Noun phrase:

We wanted to get home.
It happened last week.

 Adverbial modifies different parts in the sentence.
Eg. The car in front of us was a police car.
You were getting really impatient.
They are going very slowly.
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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

They inspected the car thoroughly.
Then you decided to overtake.
1.2. Clause
1.2.1. Common features
A clause is normally understood as a group of words containing a subject and
finite verb, forming a sentence or part of sentence, and often doing the work of a
noun, adjective or adverb.

In the traditional view, clauses are sentences that are part of larger sentences.
That is to say, clauses are seen as the minimal sentences while the term sentence is
used for the larger or maximal sentence (Palmer (1994: 11))
To put it in another ways, the “traditional” clause is a component of the
sentence. Though arbitrary, this conception has indicated what is meant and
illustrated a very important characteristic of natural language.
Quirk et al (1972: 42) give simple explanation, more structurally and
formally biased, of the clause. A clause is a unit that can be analyzed in to the
elements: S, V, O, C, and A (subject, verb, object, complement and adverb).
Later Leech and Svartvick (1992) modify this conception, proposing that
clauses are the principal structures of which sentence are composed. They also put
forward three important ways in which clauses may be described and classified.
 In terms of clause elements (subject, verb. etc.) from which they are constructed
and the verb patterns which are formed from the elements.
 In terms of the use in which a clause is made by verb phrase structure to help
distinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses.

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

 In terms of clause function (the function of a clause performs in a sentence),
such as nominal clause, adverbial clause, etc. Thus, Later Leech and Svartvick
work out some criteria for their explanation of clause on the ground proposed by
Quirk. et. al, the formal and structural view of clauses proves to be clearer and
more precise than the traditional one for it also touches other aspects of
linguistics and serves as a better tool to do linguistic research. More concerned

with language function, Halliday (1985: 67) defines clause is a functional unit
with a triple construction of meaning. In his explanation, a clause functions
simultaneously
 As the expression of the phenomena of experience.
 As the expression of speech function.
 As the bearer of message, this is organized in the form of theme plus
exposition.
In the view of speech function, Halliday’s “clause” has a two-part structure
consisting of modal element and proposional elements.
In whichever approach, traditional, structural or functional, there is always a
widespread agreement that a clause typically consists of five elements: S, V, O, C
and A. In addition, clauses are belong to the three types: adverbial clause, adjective
clauses and noun clauses. An adverbial clause is considered as modifying the verb
of the main clause or sometimes as modifier of the entire sentence. The adjective
clauses modifies a preceding noun or pronoun and a noun clause can function as
subject, subjective complement, object of verb, objective of preposition and
apposite. In this study, we are going to deal with adverbial clause with the features,
functions of each kind of them.
1.2.2. Clause elements
A clause can be analyzed into five different types of clause elements: (subject, verb,
object, complement and adverb)
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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

Eg. Suddenly, I
(A

felt tired.

S

V

C)

I quickly shut
(S

A

the door

V

O)

When a clause is considered as a sentence, it may have following patterns:
1. S + V (transitive).
She smiled.
S

V
(E.Segal (1993: 105))

Oliver bowed.
S

V
( Charler Dicken, 32)

2. S + V + C.
Hary is kind.
S

V

C
(Quirk and Greenbaum (1973: 167))

3. S + V + O (transitive).
He

unlocked

the drawer.

S

V

O
(Charler Dicken, 38)

4. S + V + A.
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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

Morning

arrived

fast.

S

V

A

(Charler Dicken, 53)
5. S + V + O + O.
She gave Oliver a hard blow.
S

V

O

O
(Charler Dicken, 42)

6. S + V + O + A.

He left the room quickly
S

V

O

A
(Charler Dicken, 25)

7. S + V + O + C.
We have proved him wrong.
S

V

O

C
(Quirk and Greenbaum (1973: 168))

1.2.3. More about clauses
Clauses are classified into two main categories: Independent clauses and
dependent clauses. They are also called “main clause” and “subordinate clause”.
An independent clause is a clause “capable of constituting a simple sentence”
(Quirk, Randolph et. al (1972: 721)) or “that can start alone as a sentence” (Bửu
(1994: 65)). A dependent clause is a clause “which makes up a grammatical
sentence only if subordinate to a further clause” (Quirk, Randolph et. al (1972:

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

721)) or which does not stand on it is own as a sentence (Bửu (1994: 65)). In the
traditional view, there are threes types of dependent clauses, which are named, In
general terms

according to their functions in the sentence: adverbial clause,

adjective clauses and noun clauses
Later, dependent clauses are also functionally classified, in more specific
terms, into subject, direct object, disjunct, conjunct. The structures of them are very
diverse. Therefore, the analysis will be done in this study.
Analyzed by structure type, clauses are of three main classes: finite clause, nonfinite clause, and verbless clause.
A finite clause is defined as one containing a finite verb while a non-finite
clause containing a non-finite verb is named a non-finite clause. The non-finite verb
can be infinitive with “to”, an infinitive without “to”, an –ing participle or an- ed
participle. A clause which has no verbal element at all is a verbless clause. One of
the main differences between the finite clause and the other two is that the former
always contains a subject while there is frequent absence of a subject in the latter.
The kind of ellipsis found in non-finite clause and verb- less clause serve stylistic
purposes, especially in the written language.
The clause can also be viewed in another perspective, in the light of
functional approach. Halliay’s idea (1995: 73) is the typical of this view. In his
opinion, “every clause is also structured as a message. It consists of two parts: a
Theme, which is the point of departure- what the message is about, and another
element that constitutes the body of the message, known as the Rhyme ” and the

Theme usually come first in the message structure when we extend our analysis
beyond the syntactic scope, though only occasionally, The Theme- Rhyme structure
is based on to work out a sound explanation.
1.3. Adverbial clauses in English

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

1.3.1. Definition of Adverbial clauses
According to Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue “An adverbial clause is another type of
dependent clause is introduced by a subordinator. It is used to modify the verb of
the noun clause, and it answers such questions as Where?, Why?, How?, When?,…
etc, for what purpose”.
An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, which makes
the subordinate (dependent) clause.
Common subordinating conjunctions:
After

in order (that)

Unless

although

insofar as

Until

As

in that

when

as far as

Lest

Whenever

as soon as

no matter how

Where

as if

now that

Wherever

as though

Once

Whether

because

provided (that)

While

before

Since

Why

Even if

so that

Even though

supposing (that)

How

Than

If

That

inasmuch as

Though

in case (that)

Till

Example of adverbial clause answering when?

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

When will the flowers bloom? Answer: when spring arrives
Example of adverbial clause answering why?

Why didn't the poor woman have money? Answer: because she had lost her
job
Example of adverbial clause answering where?

Where is there fire? Answer: where there is smoke
Example of adverbial clause answering how?

How did he answer the question? Answer: as if he knew the subject quite
well
Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree?

To what degree of lateness will Jones arrive? Answer: (later) than Smith
(will arrive)
Another example of an adverbial clause answering to what degree?

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

1.3.2. Common features of Adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses are dependent clauses that function as other adverbials.
They can have functions as adverb phrases, preposition phrases, and noun phrases.
Eg.

We could play cards after wards.
We could play cards after the meal.
We could play cards after we’ve eaten.
Adverbial clauses usually tell something extra about the action or state

described by the rest of the sentence, the time when it happened, the place where it
happened or the manner in which happened.
Adverbial clauses usually come before or after a main clause. A comma is
often used when the adverbial clause comes first.
Eg. If you like, we could play cards.
We could play cards if you like.
The order of clauses depends on whether the information it conveys is new
and important or not. When the information is new and important, it is usually put

at the end of the sentence.
Eg. I arrived about ten minutes after the start of the meeting.
I was late because Don was telling me his problems. Here I was late
related back to ten minutes after the start. The information about Don is new.
There are non-finite adverbial clauses: - Ing clauses, -Ed clauses, and verbless
clauses.
Eg. Why waiting, Colin paced up and down.
Please wait until told to proceed.

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

1.3.3. Types of Adverbial clauses
Linguistics have proposed different views about kinds of Adverbial clauses in
their famous grammar books and websites. Generally, they are very diverse.
Following L.G. Alexander, there are ten main kinds of Adverbial clauses: Clauses
of time, clauses of place, clauses of manner, clauses of concession, clauses of
result, clauses of reason, clauses of purpose, clauses of comparison, clauses of
condition, and abbreviated adverbial clauses.
1. Clauses of time
Eg: You did not look very well when you got up this morning.
2. Clauses of place
Eg. Consumers usually prefer to do business wherever credit cards are
accepted.
3. Clauses of manner
Eg. I feel as if / as though I am floating on air.

4. Clauses of concession
Eg. Although I felt sorry for him, I was secretly pleased that he was having
difficulties.
5. Clauses of result
Eg. His reactions are so quick (that) no one can match him.
6. Clauses of reason
Eg. Because there was very little support, the strict was not successful.
7. Clauses of purpose
Eg. They must have worn gloves in order not to leave any fingerprints.
8. Clauses of comparison

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

Eg. He must be lying if you told you that.
9. Clauses of condition
Eg. John runs as quickly as Marry does.
10. Abbreviated adverbial clauses
Eg. After listening a little, the postmaster got up and said.

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

CHAPTER 2
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES IN ENGLISH AND THEIR VIETNAMESE
EQUIVALENTS

2.1. Functions of adverbial clause in English sentence structures
According to S. Greenbaum and R. Quirk (1990) “Adverbial clauses
function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In those functions they are like
Adverbial phrases, but in their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are
more often like preposition phrases”.
Adverbial clauses can be identified by asking and answering the questions:
when?, where?, How?, why?, etc.
When?: Tell him as soon as he arrive
Where?: You can sit where you like

(Time)
(Place)

How?: He spoke as if he meant business (Manner)
Why?: He went to bed because he felt ill

(Reason)

There are some major kinds of Adverbial clauses and each of Adverbial
clauses has different functions, so we study detail kinds of Adverbial clauses to
know more clearly about their functions.

2.2. Concrete cases of adverbial clauses in English and their Vietnamese
equivalents.
This part of the study will focus on common features, functions, concrete

cases of the ten kinds of English adverbial clauses, as already mentioned in the
previous chapter, and their Vietnamese equivalents.

2.2.1. Clauses of time
2.2.1.1. Common features
Adverbial clauses of time are dependent clauses, often introduced by one
of the following subordinators: After, as, before, once, since, till, until, when
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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

(ever), while, now that, as long as, immediately (that), directly (that). We
generally use a comma when an adverbial clauses come first.
Eg: You did not look very well when you got up this morning.
After she got married, Madeleine changed completely.
You can keep these records as long as you like.
Once you’ve seen one penguin, you’ve seen them all.

2.2.1.2. Functions
An adverbial clause of time tells us when the action described by the main
verb took place.
Eg: Her father died when she was young.
He has not stopped complaining since he got back from his holidays.

2.2.1.3. Some Concrete cases of adverbial clauses of time in English and
their Vietnamese equivalents.
Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by concrete main subordinators

 When:
When the cloud bursts, it rain fishes.
Rồi khi mây tan, trời mưa ra cá.
When he runs, he leaves the storm wind behind.
Khi cậu ấy chạy, gió bảo sẽ tụt lại đằng sau.

(K. A. Abba, 6)
(N. Tâm, 7)
(G. Balwnt, 26)
(N. Tâm, 27)

When the judge said that an interview with his highness was being arranged,
she agreed

(G. Balwnt, 34)

Khi thẩm phán nói rằng người ta đang thu xếp một cuộc tiếp kiến hồng tử, thì
bà đồng ý.
I watched her when she was not looking.
Tôi quan sát cơ ấy lúc cơ ấy khơng nhìn tơi.
When she finished, I was silent with astonishment.
Khi cô chơi xong, tôi lặng người đi vì ngạc nhiên.
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(N. Tâm, 35)
(M. K. Prabhat, 42)
(N. Tâm, 43)
(M. K. Prabhat, 64)
(N. Tâm, 65)
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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “when” in English and their
Vietnamese equivalents: (rồi khi…, khi…, lúc…, khi…thì, khi..xong.)
 Before:
He would have some hot water before he began.

(J. LonDon, 36)

Anh ấy nhất thiết phải uống một ít nước nóng trước lúc bắt đầu đi tiếp.
(Đ. Lê, 37)
I could have jumped into his taxi, caught the bus before it reach Mahim.
(K. A. Abba, 22)
Tơi có thể nhảy phốc lên Taxi của anh ta, đuổi kịp chiếc xe buýt nọ trước khi
nó đến Malin.

(N. Tâm, 23)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “before” in English and their
Vietnamese equivalents: (tr­íc lóc…, tr­íc khi....)
 Once:
Once the ice was broken, we began to talk with astonishing informality.
(K. A. Abba, 14)
Khi tảng băng ngăn cách bắt đầu tan đi, thì chúng tơi nói chuyện với nhau tự
nhiên mơt cách lạ kỳ.
He gets up late once he has so many things to do.

(N. Tâm, 15)

(H.V. Bửu, 78)

Anh ấy thường thức đậy muộn một khi anh ấy có quá nhiều việc để làm.
(H.V. Bửu, 78)
Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “once” in English and their
Vietnamese equivalents: (khi…thì, một khi…)
 After:
After he had drunk a quart of hot water, the man found he was able to stand.
(J. LonDon, 38)
Sau khi uống ít nước, anh cảm thấy có thể đứng đậy được.

(Đ. Lê, 39)

We can go some Saturday after Maggie’s office closes. (M. K. Prabhat, 66)
Chúng tơi có thể đi vào thứ 7 nào đó sau khi Maggi tan sở.
(N. Tâm, 67)
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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

Adverbial clauses of time are with subordinator: “after” in English and their
Vietnamese equivalents: (sau khi…)
 Till/ until:
I waited till the streetlights leap out of the dark.

(K. A. Abba, 8)

Tôi đợi mãi cho tới khi đèn đường phố từ trong bóng tối nhảy vụt ra.
(N. Tâm, 9)
They grained and grained until he could not keep his mind steady.
(J. LonDon, 18)
Những cơn đau ấy cào đi xé lại cho đến khi khơng giữ được trí óc mình tỉnh
(Đ. Lê, 19)

táo.
I will wait until/ till he comes back.

(H. V. Bửu, 79)

Tôi sẽ đợi đến khi anh trở lại.

(H. V. Bửu, 79)

.

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “till/ until” in English and
their Vietnamese equivalents: ( mãi cho đến khi…, cho tới khi…, đến khi…)
 Since:
He had done a good deed everyday since he took his oath.
Mỗi ngày hắn làm một việc thiện từ khi hắn ta tuyên thề.

(H.V. Bửu, 78)
(H.V. Bửu, 78)

Adverbial clauses of time with subordinator: “since” in English and their
Vietnamese equivalents: ( từ khi…)
 As soon as: (ngay khi…, khi nào…)

As soon as he came back, I will be granted an interview. (M. K. Prabhat, 38)
Khi nào ngài trở về, tôi sẽ được tiếp kiến.

(N. Tâm, 39)

Assuming her that all their troubles would end as soon as he got his chance to
go to London.

(M. K. Prabhat, 36)

Anh an i b m rng tt c nỗi cc nhọc của họ sẽ chấm rứt ngay khi anh có
cơ hội đi Ln §ơn.

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(N. Tâm, 37)

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

2.2.2. Clauses of place
2.2.2.1. Common features
Adverbial clauses of place are dependent clauses, introduced by subordinators:
Where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere.
Eg. The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple.
They went wherever they could find work.
With a special train ticket, you can travel everywhere/ anywhere you like.

2.2.2.2. Functions
Adverbial clauses of place tell where the action described by the main verb
took place.
Eg. Most people prefer to shop where they can be sure of quality.
Consumers usually prefer to do business wherever credit cards are accepted.

2.2.2.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of place in English and
their Vietnamese equivalents.
Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by concrete main subordinators
 Where:
He would come to where she gave him the first view.

(H.V. Bửu, 77)

Anh ấy sẽ trở về nơi mà lần đầu anh gặp cô ấy.
I will go where you tell me.

(H.V. Bửu, 77)

Tôi sẽ đến nơi nào anh bảo tôi.
Adverbial clauses of place with subordinator: “where” in English and their
Vietnamese equivalents: (ni m, ni no, mt ni, chỗ)
Wherever:
He rested whenever he fell.
Anh nghĩ ở chỗ nào anh gục ngã.

(J. LonDon, 32)
(D. Lª, 33)

He said wherever he could find a seat.

(H.V. Bửu, 77)

Hắn ta ngồi bất cứ chỗ no hn ta tỡm c chỗ ngi.

(H.V. Bu, 77)

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

Adverbial clauses of place with subordinator” wherever” in English and their
Vietnamese equivalents: ( ở chỗ no, bt c chỗ no).

2.2.3.Clauses of manner
2.2.3.1. Common features
Adverbial clauses of manner are dependent clauses, introduced by
subordinators: “As”, “in the way that”. They normally come after the main
clause.
Eg. Type this again as I showed you moment ago.
This steak is cooked in the way that I like it.
Adverbial clauses of manner also express comparison when they are
introduced by expression: like, (in) the way, (in) the same way,( in) the same
way as.
Eg. She is behaving in the same way her elder sister used to.
Adverbial clauses of manner can also be introduced by the
Conjunctions As if, as though after the verbs: be, act, appear, behave, feel, look,

seem, smell, sound.
Eg. I feel as if / as though I am floating on air.
It sounds as if/ as though the situation will get worse.
“As though” and “as if” can be used after any verbs describing behavior.
Eg. She acts as if she were mad.
Lillian was trembling as if she had seen a ghost.

2.2.3.2. Functions
Adverbial clauses of manner are dependent clauses, used to talk about
someone’s behavior or the way something is done.
Eg. I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
I feel as if/ as though I am floating on the air.

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

2.2.3.3. Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of manner in English and
their Vietnamese equivalents.
Adverbial clauses of manner are introduced by concrete main subordinators
 As:
Each time he lifted a foot the action culminated in sucking sound as the wet
most reluctantly released it’s grip.

(J. LonDon, 11)

Mỗi khi bàn chân nhấc lên thì một tiếng phọt lại phát ra tưạ như lớp rêu sũng

nước đã miễn cưỡng buông chân ra.

(Đ. Lê, 12)

I shall do as you suggest.

(O. Henry, 72)

Tôi sẽ làm như cô gợi ý.

(Đ. Lê, 73)

Adverbial clauses of manner with subordinator: “as” in English and their
vietnammese equivalents: (tựa như…, làm như…, như…)
 As if :
As if I was some absent-minded professor of philosophy who, engross in the
contemplation of my stories of life, had forgotten the existence of the fancy
umbrella in his hand.

(M. K. Prabhat, 12)

Tôi cứ như thể một giáo sư triết học đảng chí vì đang mãi suy nghĩ về những
bí ẩn của cuộc đời, mà qn khuấy mất rằng mình đang cầm một chíêc ô loại
hảo hạng.

(N. T©m, 13)

He spoke as if he had known what he was talking about.

(H.V. Bửu, 81)

Nó nói như là nó biết vấn đề nó nói.

(H.V. Bửu, 81)

Adverbial clauses of manner with subordinator: “as if” in English and their
vietnammese equivalents: (cứ như thể …mà…, như là…)
 As though:
The man stood till for fully a minute as though debating with himself, he called
out.

(J. LonDon, 8)

Anh đứng yên đến chọn một phút tựa như đang tranh luận với bản thân rồi go
to.

(Đ. Lê, 9)

He dropped it as though it had given him an electric shock.
(C. Erskine, 92)
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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

Anh bng nó xuống nh th b in git.

(Đ. Lê, 93)

Adverbial clauses of manner with subordinator: “as though” in English and
their Vietnamese equivalents: (tựa như …, như là…, như thể…).
2.2.4. Clauses of concession
2.2.4.1. Common features
Adverbial clauses of concession or contrast clauses are dependent clauses,
introduced by the following subordinators: although, though, even though,
event if, considering (that), much as, whereas.
Eg. Although I felt sorry for him, I was secretly pleased that he was having
difficulties.
We intend to go India even if airfares go up again between now and
summer.
Whereas John seems rather stupid, his brother is clever.

2.2.4.2. Functions
Adverbial clauses of concession are used to make statements, one of which
contrast with the other or make it seem surprising.
Eg. I used to read a lot although I don’t get much time for book now.
Adverbial clauses of concession place limits in the statement of the main
clause. The information in the independent clause indicates a concession or
unexpected result of information in the dependent clause.
Eg. Although most students dislike English courses, they most take them in
order to graduate.

2.2.4.3. Some Concrete cases of adverbial clauses of concession in English
and their Vietnamese equivalents.
Adverbial clauses of concession are introduced by concrete main
subordinators

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English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents

 Though:
Though he knew now that he was list.
Mặc dầu anh biết là lúc ny tõm trớ anh ang hỗn lon.

(J. LonDon, 24)
(. Lờ, 25)

He worked more carefully, striving to be cold though his heart was pounding
against his chest.

(J. LonDon, 20)

Anh tát nước thận trọng hơn, cố gắng bình tỉnh tuy thế tim anh vẫn đập thình
thịch vào lồng ngực.

(Đ. Lê, 21)

Adverbial clauses of concession with subordinator: “though” in English and
their Vietnamese equivalents: (mặc dầu…, tuy thế…).
 Although:
Although the hunter’s instinct was in his very blood and bones, such as
loneliness had come in to his life.

(Dhumketu, 84)

Tuy trong máu thịt mình có bản năng của người đi săn, nổi cô đơn ấy đã đến
với ông.
Although he tried hard, he was not successful.

(N. Tâm, 85)
(H. V. Bửu, 86)

Mặc dầu hắn ta cố gắng nhiều, nhưng hắn ta vẫn không thành công.
(H. V. Bửu, 86)
Adverbial clauses of concession with subordinator: “although” in English and
their Vietnamese equivalents: (mặc dầu, mặc dầu…nhưng…, tuy…)
 Even though:
Even though the twilight, they could see the lone ivy leaf climbing to its stem
against the wall.

(O. Henry, 61)

Ngay cả khi qua ánh hoàng hơn, họ nhìn thấy chiếc lá vẫn bám vào cuống lá
nằm sát bên tường.

(Đ. Lê, 62)

His patience was exhausted even though he still had faith. (Dhumketu, 90)
Sự kiên trì của ơng đã cạn mặc dù/ thậm trí ơng vãn cịn niềm tin.
(N. Tâm, 91)
Adverbial clauses of concession with subordinator: “even though” in English
and their Vietnamese equivalents: (mặc dầu…, thậm trí…, ngay cả khi…).
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