Tài liệu Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.20 ppt

Rr
rabbit
noun
• VERB + RABBIT
hunt, shoot, trap
I
skin
• RABBIT + VERB
hop, jump
I
bolt, run
A frightened
rabbit will boltfor its hole.
I
breed
Rabbits breed veryfast.
• RABBIT + NOUN
fur, skin
I
burrow, hole, hutch, war-
ren
(oftenfigurative) The building was a real rabbit war-
ren of corridors.
race
noun
1contest to find the fastest person, car,etc.
• ADJ.
big
I get very nervous before a big race.
I
close,

tight
I
long-distance
I
10-kilometre, 24-hour, 7-lap,
etc.
I
gruelling, hard, tough
I
relay, road
I
men's,
women's
I
boat, motor, motorbike, yacht, etc.
I
dog,
horse, etc.
I
Grand Prix, World Cup, etc.
• VERB
+
RACE have,hold,organize,stageLet'shavea
race!
I
be in, compete in, enter, go in for, run in, take
part in
Is she running in the big race on Saturday?
I
drop

out of, pull out of, withdraw (sth) from
He dropped out of
the race with a pulled muscle after two laps.
'>
She had to
pull out of the race at the last minute.
I
lead, win
I was
leading the race until the half-way point. o She has won the
race for the last five years.
I
lose
I
come first/second,
etc. in
I
beat sb/sth in
I
fix
There is a rumour that the
race was fixed. I
throw
(=
to lose deliberately) He was
paid £1 000to throw the race.
• RACE + VERB
be run/held, take place
• RACE + NOUN
meeting

The horse was withdrawn
from today's race meeting with an injured leg.
I
winner I
official, organizer
• PREP.
in a/the -
I'm not in this race.
I -
against/with
the race against the Danish team -
between
the University
Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge -
over
a race
over 200metres
2 competitive situation
• ADJ.
two-horse
Although there are five candidates,
realistically it is a two-horse race.
I presidential I arms
the halting of the nuclear arms race
• VERB
+
RACE
be (involved) in, join
The rival TV com-
panies are in a race to bring out thefirst film. drama of his

life.
I
be ahead in, lead, win
Who will win the racefor the
White House?
I
be left behind in, lag behind in, lose
• PREP.
in
a/the-lagging behind in the racefor thepresi-
dency
I -
between
a race between the developing countries
- for
the racefor nuclear supremacy -
with
the race with
their rivals
3 racial group
• ADJ.
human
I
mixed
a child of mixed race
I
Irish,
Jewish, Latin, etc. I master
the ideology of the master
race

• RACE + NOUN
relations
Immigration and race rela-
tions were key political issues at the time.
I equality
I
dis-
crimination, prejudice
I
riot
• PREP. among -s
The disease
is
more common among
European races.
between -s
greater understanding be-
tween nations and races
from a -
children from all races
and religions
of a-
people of different races and cultures
I
- of
The Amazons werea race offemale warriors.
• PHRASES
on (the) grounds of race
discriminating
against people on the grounds of race

race
verb
• ADV.
frantically, madly
She raced frantically towards
the train.
I ahead, away, back, by, downstairs, off, out,
past, upstairs
Farms and villages raced by.
• PREP.
across, after, along, around/round, down, for,
into, out of, through, to, towards, up
He raced madly up
the stairs.
• PHRASES
come racing
Two boys suddenly came racing
round the corner.
racing
noun
1sport of racing horses
• ADJ.
horse
I
flat, jump
• RACING
+
NOUN
results
I

tip
I
expert, tipster
Her
racing tipster got the Derby winner right.
I
manager,
owner, trainer
I
career
I
stable
I
trophy
I
calendar, pro-
gramme, season
He organizes his life according to the ra-
cing calendar.
I
business, game, industry
He has ridden
horses all his life, but he was a late starter in the racing
game.
I
circles, scene
He's known in racing circles as a
fierce competitor.
o
She's afamiliar face on the racing scene.

I
correspondent
the racing correspondent or The Times'
2 sport of taking part in races
• ADJ.
competitive, top-level
Today's cross-country
event marks his return to top-level racing.
I
bike, dog,
motor, yacht, etc.
I
Grand Prix
I
road, track
• RACING
+
NOUN
champion
I
legend, star
racing le-
gend Ayrton Senna
I
cyclist, driver
I
team
I
pro-
gramme, season

I
scene
I
career, days
I
debut
He
made his racing debutfor Benetton threeyears ago.
I
car
I
circuit
The bikes sped by on the racing circuit.
I
enthusi-
ast, fan
racism
noun
• ADJ.
blatant, overt
I was shocked by the blatant racism
of his remarks.
I
rampant
Racism is rampant in the
armed.forces,
I institutional, institutionalized
• VERB
+
RACISM

be a victim of, experience
Many im-
migrants have experienced racism.
I combat, fight
(against), stamp out
measures to combat racism
• PREP.
against-
thefight against racism
• PHRASES
a form of racism
rack
noun
• ADJ.
display, storage
I
cooling, drying I letter, lug-
gage, magazine, plate, spice, toast, vegetable, wine,
etc.
I
roof
Wefixed the canoe onto the car's roof rack.
• VERB
+
RACK
hang sth on, put sth on/onto/in/into,
stack sth in/on, store sth in/on
The wine is stored in spe-
cialracks.
• RACK + VERB

contain sth, hold sth
The racks along
the wall held most of the costumes.
• PREP.
in a/the -
He replaced the CD in the rack.
on
a/the -
Spread the flowers out to dry on a rack.
I - for
a
rack
tor
storing apples -
of
racks of magazines
racket
noun
1 noise
• ADJ.
appalling, frightful, hellish, terrible
• VERB + RACKET
make
Doyou kids have to make such
a terrible racket?
• PREP. above/over the-
He had to shout over the racket.
2 illegal way of making money
• ADJ.
drugs, extortion, protection, smuggling

• VERB
+
RACKET
set up
He set up a protection racket
and demanded thousands of pounds from local shopkeep-
ers.
I
control, operate, run I be involved in
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radar
• PREP. in a/the -
the other people in this racket
I -
in
a
racket in stolen goods
radar
noun
• ADJ. enemy, police
• VERB
+
RADAR be equipped with
• RADAR
+
NOUN operator
I
screen
I
beam, signal

I
equipment, scanner, station, system, transmitter
• PREP. by -
navigating by radar
on -
The submarine is
impossible to detect on radar.
radiation
noun
• ADJ. background
I
low-level
I
harmful
I
electro-
magnetic, gravitational, infrared, microwave, nuclear,
solar, thermal, ultraviolet
• QUANT. dose
Patients receive high doses of radiation
during cancer treatment.
• VERB
+
RADIATION emit, give off
I
absorb
The
ozone layer absorbs solar radiation.
I
measure, monitor

I
expose sb to
Nuclear testing has exposed millions of
people to radiation.
• RADIATION
+
NOUN sickness
I
leak
I
dose, level
I
exposure
I
therapy
• PREP.
-jrom
radiation from computer screens
radiator
noun
1equipment used for heating a room
• ADJ. central heating, convector, storage
• VERB + RADIATOR turn off/on
I
bleed
You'll need to
bleed the radiators
to
remove the airlocks.
• RADIATOR + VERB leak

• RADIATOR
+
NOUN key, valve
2 equipment for keeping an engine cool
• ADJ. car
• VERB + RADIATOR top up
Top up the radiator before
making a long journey.
• RADIATOR
+
NOUN grille
radical
adj.
• VERBS be, seem, sound
I
become
• ADV. really, very
I
increasingly
I
fairly, quite, some-
what
I
genuinely, truly
a truly radical concept
I
appar-
ently
I
potentially

I
politically, socially
radio
noun
• ADJ. cab, car
There were calls for cab radios
to
link
train drivers and signal boxes.
I
CB, mobile, portable,
transistor, two-way
I
FM, long-wave, short-wave
I
army, police
I
community, local, national, state
• VERB
+
RADIO listen to
I
turn on, tune in to
I
tune
His radio is permanently tuned
to
Radio
1.
I

turn
down/up
• RADIO
+
VERB announce sth, report sth
The radio
announced that the president had been assassinated. I
blare (out), play (sth)
He drove along with his windows
open and the radio blaring out.
• RADIO
+
NOUN receiver, set
I
alarm, cassette (play-
er)
I
message, signal, waves
I
operator
I
system
I
transmitter
I
silence
The troops maintained a strict
radio silence while they moved into position.
I
station

I
advertisement, broadcast, interview, news, pro-
gramme, report, show, transmission
I
frequency
I
amateur, ham
The distress call was picked up by a young
radio ham. I
drama, play
• PREP. by-
The message was sent by radio.
on the-
We
were listening toa show on the radio.
radioactive
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. dangerously, highly
I
slightly
616
radioactivity
noun
• QUANT. level
The soil contains 30 times the acceptable

level of radioactivity.
• VERB
+
RADIOACTIVITY discharge, produce, re-
lease
I
measure, monitor
• RADIOACTIVITY
+
VERB be present
I
escape, leak
I
contaminate sth
The site toasfound to becontaminated by
radioactivity.
• RADIOACTIVITY
+
NOUN levels
raffle
noun
• ADJ. charity
• VERB
+
RAFFLE have, hold, organize, run
I
enter
I
win
I

draw
The club secretary will now draw the raffle.
• RAFFLE
+
NOUN ticket
the winning raffle ticket
I
prize
• PREP. in a/the -
I won a bottle of wine in the office
Christmas raffle.
I -
for
He's organizing a raffle for the
schoolplayground appealfund.
raft
noun
• ADJ. life
• VERB
+
RAFT build, make
They built a raft of logs.
• RAFT + VERB bob, float, sail
The raft floated away
down the river.
I
capsize, overturn
• RAFT + NOUN race, racing
• PREP. on/onto
a/the-floating on a raft

rag
noun
• ADJ. clean
I
dirty, filthy, oily, old
I
bloodstained
• QUANT. bundle, heap, pile
He noticed what looked like
a bundle of rags beside the road.
• VERB + RAG wipe sth (off) with
I
be wrapped in
The
gun was wrapped in a dirty rag.
• PREP. on
a/the-He wiped his hands on an oily rag.
with
a - I cleaned the board with an old rag.
rage
noun
1 great anger
• ADJ. blind, cold, icy, pure
I
helpless, impotent
burn-
ing with impotent rage
I
pent-up, suppressed
• QUANT. fit, burst

Hepunched the wall in afit of rage.
• VERB
+
RAGE be beside yourself with, be
boiling/burning with, be choked with, be filled with, be
full of, be purple/red/white with, be rigid/stiff with, be
shaking/trembling with, feel, seethe with
He glared at
me, quite beside himself with rage.
0
'How dare you!' she
said, her voice choked with rage.
I
vent
The people vented
their rage ongovernment buildings.
I
control, master
He
managed tomaster his rage.
• RAGE + VERB build up
She felt the rage building up
inside her.
I
erupt
His rage suddenly erupted.
I
subside
His rage was beginning tosubside.
• PREP. with -

She was speechless with rage.
I -
at
boiling with rage at the unfairness of it all
• PHRASES a bellow/cry/roar/shout of rage
He gave a
roar of rage and punched me in theface.
tears of rage
2 sudden display of great anger
• ADJ. blind, terrible, towering
I
jealous
I
drunken
She smashed up his car in a drunken rage.
• VERB
+
RAGE be in, fly into, get in
If something's too
difficult she gets in a rage.
• PREP. in a -
She killed him in a rage of despair.
I
- about
He was in a towering rage about his lost watch.
-at
Hefleto into a rage at the insult.
-of
He left in a rage of
humiliation.

rage
verb
1 show great anger
• ADV. inwardly
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• PREP. about
She was still raging about the treatment
she had received.
against
I raged inwardly against his in-
justice. at The team was left raging at the referee's decision.
2
continue with great force
• ADV. still, on
The argument still rages on.
• PREP. around
Even the dogs were quiet while the heated
quarrel raged around them.
within
trying to control the
fury raging within her
• PHRASES rage unabated
The storm raged unabated.
raid
noun
1 surprise attack
• ADJ. daring
I
destructive, heavy, major
I

punitive,
retaliatory, revenge
I
dawn, daylight, night
I
border,
cross-border
I
air, bombing
I
commando, guerrilla
• VERB
+
RAID carry out, conduct, make
bombers
carrying out daylight raids over northern France
I
launch, mount, stage
I
lead sb in
I
suffer
• PREP. during/in a/the -
Five civilians died in the raid.
on a/the -
He led his men on a cross-border raid.
I
- against
The raids against Norway continued. -
by

The
town suffered several raids by Vikings. -
on
air raids on
Liverpool
2 robbery from a building
• ADJ. bank, post office, shop
I
armed, smash-and-
grab
I
dawn, daylight, night
I
daring
• VERB
+
RAID plan
I
carry out
I
foil
Two customers
haoefoiled a smash-and-grab raid on a local shop.
• PREP during/in althe -
the jewels stolen in the raid
I
- on
She was shot during an armed raid on a security van.
3
surprise visit by the police

• ADJ. dawn, early morning
I
police
I
drug/drugs
• VERB
+
RAID carry out, launch, stage
Police staged
an early morning raid on the premises.
• PREP. during a/the -
He was injured during a police
raid on his nightclub.
in a/the -
the drugs seized in last
night's raid
I -
by
a raid by drugs squad detectives - on
raids on houses in Catholic areas of the city
rail
noun
1
bar
• ADJ. guard, safety
I
curtain, picture, towel
heated
towel rails I
altar, balcony, banister

• VERB
+
RAIL grip, hold on to, lean on
She held tightly
on to the rail.
I
hang from
Lace curtains hung from the
brass rails over the bed.
I
fit, fix
• PREP. on a/the-
She sat on the rail.
over a/the-
Hefold-
ed the towel over the rail.
2 (usually rails) tracks
• VERB
+
RAIL run along/on -s
Trams run along rails.
• PREP. along (the) -s
The train thundered along the
rails.
between the -
Weeds grew between the rails.
off
the -s
The train came off the rails.
on (the) -s

The gun is
mounted on rails.
3 railway system
• RAIL
+
NOUN fare, ticket
I
network
modernizing the
rail network
I
route
I
timetable
I
service
I
connec-
tion, line, link
the Channel Tunnel rail link
I
journey
I
commuter, passenger, traveller, user
I
transport, travel
I
traffic
I
freight

I
bridge
I
accident, crash, disaster
I
employee, staff, worker
I
union
I
enthusiast
• PREP.
by-
Weutentfrom London to Budapest by rail.
railway
noun
• ADJ. mainline
I
hiqh-apeed
I
disused
I
narrow
gauge, standard gauge
I
miniatureA miniature railway
runs around the park.
I
model
I
funicular, overhead

Tourists can take the funicular railway to the top of the
mountain. I
private, regional, state
I
electric, steam
• VERB
+
RAILWAYmanage, operate, run
I
nationalize,
privatize
I
build, construct
I
close, open
617
rally
• RAILWAY
+
VERB run
I
carry sth
The railways carry
millions of tons offreight every year.
• RAILWAY
+
NOUN carriage, coach, train, wagon
I
station, terminus
I

platform
I
ticket
I
ticket office
I
timetable
I
service
I
connection
I
journey, travel
the
pleasures of railway travel
I
passenger, traveller
I
em-
ployee, porter, staff, worker
I
architect, engineer
I
au-
thorities, company
I
network, system
I
line, track
I

junction, sidings
I
bridge, tunnel, viaduct
I
enthusiast
He is a lifelong railway enthusiast.
I
accident
I
age
Such
speed of travel was unimaginable before the railway age.
• PREP. on a/the -
doing maintenance work on the rail-
way
o
He works on the railways.
I -
between
the railway
between Funchal and Monte
-frorn, -to
rain
noun
• ADJ. driving, heavy, lashing, pouring, torrential
I
steady
I
fine, gentle, light, patchy
Thefine rain turned to

mist in the early evening.
o
The forecast is for wind and
patchy rain.
I
warm
I
cold
I
constant, continuous, per-
sistent
I
intermittent
I
overnight
Overnight rain had
freshened up the garden.
I
monsoon, tropical
The mon-
soon rains started early this year.
I
autumn, spring, etc.
• QUANT. drop, spot
A few spots of rain had fallen.
I
inch, shower, spot
(informal) Wehad three inches of rain
last night. o Wecould do with a spot of rain:
• VERB

+
RAIN forecast
Rain isforecast for tomorrow.
I
look like, threaten
It looks like rain
(=
itlooks as though it
is going to rain). o
Black clouds threatened rain.
I
pour
with
It poured with rain all afternoon.
I
get caught in
We
got caught in the rain on the way home.
• RAIN
+
VERB beat, come down, drip, drum, fall, lash,
patter, pelt, pour down, splash, trickle
Rain beat against
the window all night. o Rain dripped down his collar.
I
come, set in, start
The rain came just as we set off
(>
The
rain had set in steadily by the time we got home.

I
cease,
let up, stop
The rain didn't let up all day.
I
continue
The
rain continued for most of the day.
I
threaten
With rain
threatening, we headed home as fast as we could.
I
drive
sb
The rain drove the players off the court.
• RAIN
+
NOUN cloud, water
• PREP. in the -
Wefound her sitting in the pouring rain.
out of the -
Come in out of the rain.
through the -
We
drove slowly through the driving rain.
rain
verb
• ADV hard, heavily
I

a little, slightly
I
incessantly,
non-stop, solidly, steadily
It's been raining solidly for an
hour now.
o
It rained incessantly for the whole two weeks.
• VERB
+
RAIN begin to, start to
I
be going to
I don't
think it's going to rain.
• PHRASES start/stop raining
rainfall
noun
• ADJ. abundant, excessive, heavy, high
There have
been heavy rainfalls this monih.
I
low
I
moderate
I
nor-
mal
I
good, poor

We need a good rainfall to save the
crops.
I
annual
I
average
I
local
I
summer, winter
• VERB
+
RAINFALL have
The area has a high annual
rainfall.
I
measure
Her work includes measuring the
local rainfall.
rally
noun
1
political meeting
• ADJ. big, huge, large, major, mass, massive
I
public
I
indoor, outdoor
at a massive outdoor rally in Paris
I

campaign, election, political
I
opposition, protest
I
peace
I
anti-government, anti-war, etc.
• VERB
+
RALLY have, hold, stage
The demonstrators
marched to Trafalgar Square where they held a rally.
I
call for, organize, plan
I
attend, take part in
About
5
000
people attended a rally calling for peace.
I
address,
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rally
speak at
I
ban
The government closed the schools and
banned all rallies.
• RALLY

+
VERB take place
I
break up, disperse, end
The rally dispersed peacefully after six hours.
I
call for
sth
• PREP. at
althe - She spoke at a public rally in Hyde
Park.
I -
against
a mass rally against the treaty -
for
a
rally for the winning candidate -
in support of
a rally in
support of the strike
2 motor race
• ADJ. club, international
I
motor, motorcycle
• VERB
+
RALLY hold, organize
I
compete in, enter
I

win
• RALLY
+
NOUN circuit
I
driver, driving
• PREP. on
althe - He will join the team on the rally next
week.
3in tennis
• ADJ. long, short
I
exciting
• VERB
+
RALLY play
I
win
I
lose
rally
verb
• ADV around/round
Neighbours rallied round and
alerted the emergency services.
• VERB
+
RALLY try to
The team captain vainly tried to
rally his troops.

• PREP. around/round/behind
She urged everyone to
rally behind thepresident. to Friends rallied to her.
• PHRASES rally to sb's defence
BBC leaders rallied to
his defence.
rally to sb's/the cause
Friends and colleagues
have rallied to her cause.
ram
verb
• ADV hard
I
deliberately
• PREP. into
He deliberately rammed his truck into the
back of the one infront.
ramble
noun
• ADJ. country, nature
• VERB
+
RAMBLE go
for/on We uientfor a ramble over
the moors.
• PREP. on a-
The family made the amazing find while
on a nature ramble in the woods.
random
adj.

• VERBS be, seem
• ADV completely, entirely, purely, quite, totally
I
al-
most
I
fairly
I
truly
I
apparently, seemingly
a seeming-
ly random sequence of numbers
range
noun
1 different things within the same category
• ADJ. broad, enormous, extensive, great, huge, large,
vast, wide
I
complete, comprehensive, full, whole
I
in-
finite
I
excellent, exciting, good, superb
I
astonishing,
extraordinary, impressive, remarkable
I
diverse

people
from a diverse range of backgrounds
I
acceptable
I
limited, poor
I
new
Come and seeour new range of
furni-
ture.
I
product
For more information about our product
range, callyour local branch.
• VERB
+
RANGE have, stock
They stock a very wide
range of garden products.
I
make, produce
I
offer (sb),
provide (sb with), supply (sb with)
We provide a full
range of financial services.
I
choose (sth) from, try out
Students can choose from a wide range of options.

I
cre-
ate, develop, launch
The company
is
launching a new
range of cosmetics.
I
expand, extend
• RANGE
+
VERB include sth
Our comprehensive range
of benefits includes pension and health insurance.
• PREP. in
althe-theothermodels in their new range
• PHRASES bottom/middle/top of the range
This is a
top of the range refrigerator.
618
2 amount between particular limits
• ADJ. broad, wide
I
narrow
I
normal
I
ability, age,
price, size, temperature, etc.
• VERB

+
RANGE cover, encompass, feature, include
The trade show uiillfeature an enormous range of goods.
I
extend, increase
trying to extend the range of children's
language
• PREP. across a/the -
There is conslderable variation in
ability across the range.
in a/the -
Most of the students are
in the age range
17-21.outside
althe - No, that's complete-
ly outside my price range.
within a/the>
The level of mis-
takes
is
within the acceptable range of standardsfor apub-
lic organization.
I -
of
a broad range of abilities
3 distance that it is possible to travel, see, etc.
• ADJ. long
missiles effective over a long range
I
close,

point-blank, short
Heshot her at point-blank range.
• PREP. beyond -
This car is beyond the range of most
people's pockets.
in/within -
Are we within range of the
local transmitter?
out of -
Don't shoot yet-he's still out of
range.
outside
althe - It's outside my range of vision.
range
verb
• ADV. enormously, widely
• PREP. across
The opinions they expressed ranged right
across thepolitical spectrum.
between
The town's popula-
tion ranged between
15
and 20000.
from, in
The disease
ranges widely in severity.
over
Her lecture ranged over a
number of topics.

through
an array of lilies, ranging
through yellow to sombre purple
to
selling them at prices
ranging from about $10to $500.
up to
Their ages range up
to 84.
NOTE
Ranks in the armed
air force, army, navy-
an air force/army sergeant
an army/navy captain
air/field marshal
a naval captain/commander/lieutenant/officer
have/hold the rank of, serve as-
She joined the navy and held the rank of captain.
He served as a lieutenant in the marine corps.
be appointed, become, be made-
He was made a colonel at the age of 40.
She ought to have been made sergeant by now.
under-
383men under General Miles attacked the camp.
the rank of-
She was promoted to the rank of colonel.
rank
noun
1 level of importance
• ADJ. high, senior, superior, upper

I
middle
I
infer-
ior, junior, low
the lowest ranks of the aristocracy
I
first,
second
He
is
in thefirst rank of university teachers.
I
so-
cial
I
Cabinet, ministerial
a government minister of Cab-
inetrank
• VERB
+
RANK achieve, attain, be promoted to, get
to, reach, rise to
She joined the navy, where she rose to the
rank of captain.
I
have, hold
He held officer rank in the
air force for many years.
I

be stripped of
He was stripped
of his rank by a military court.
• PREP. above
a/the - He never rose above the rank of
lieutenant.
below a/the -
police officers below the rank of
sergeant
in -
He
is
higher in rank than I am.
I -
in
all
ranks in society -
of
She reached the rank of captain.
• PHRASES of high/low, etc. rank
officers of senior rank
2 group/line of things/people
• ADJ. front, rear
I
massed, serried
the serried ranks of
hotel staff
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• PREP.
along a/the -

The president moved slowly along
the ranks of men.
in a/the-
standing in the second rank
0
The soldiers marched in three ranks of ten.
• PHRASES
break ranks
(=
to leave a line of soldiers, po-
lice, etc.)
Thepolice broke ranks and started hitting people
with their batons.
rank on/upon rank (of sth)
Rank upon
rank of caravansjilled thefield.
3
(also
the ranks) ordinary members of a large group
• VERB + RANK
be admitted into/to, enter, join, swell
Each month thousands more swell the ranks of the un-
employed.
I serve in
They had served in the ranks of the
Sultan's army.
I
come up from/through, rise
from/through
He came up through the ranks to become a

general.
• PREP.
among/within the -s of
There is much disaffec-
tion among the ranks of theparty.
beyond/outside the-s
The group has little influence over those outside its own
ranks.
in the -s
There arefeto women in the highest ranks
of the organization.
rank
verb
• ADV.
high/highly, low
These subjects ranked low for
most students.
• PREP.
above
She ranks above any other musician of her
generation.
according to
The children were ranked ac-
cording to academic ability.
alongside
This city ranks
alongside London as one of the great tourist centres of the
world.
among
He ranks among the greatest boxers of all

time.
as
Their performance ranks as the best of the year.
below, with
This ranks with the great paintings of the
nineteenth century.
• PHRASES
be ranked/rank number two, three, etc.
the
tennis player ranked number two in the world
high-/low-
ranking
He is a high-ranking officer in the Indian Army
rank sth in order of sth
ranked in order of size.
rank in the
top 10.100, etc.
She is now ranked in the topjive hockey
players in Britain.
rank second, third, etc.
The company
ranks second among food manufacturers.
ransom
noun
• VERB
+
RANSOM
hold sb for/to, kidnap sb for
She
was kidnapped and held for ransom.

0
(figurative) The
company refused to be held to ransom by the union.
I
de-
mand I pay
• RANSOM
+
NOUN
demand, note
I
money, payment
• PREP.
for-
stealing cattlefor ransom
rap
verb
• ADV
sharply
He rapped sharply on the door.
I gently
• PREP
on, with
rapping on the window with his stick
rape
noun
• ADJ.
alleged I attempted I marital I date, gang
• RAPE
+

NOUN
victim
q
Note at
CRIME
(for verbs)
rape
verb
• ADV brutally, forcibly, savagely
She was attacked and
brutally raped.
I
repeatedly
I
allegedly
• VERB
+
RAPE
attemptto, try to
• PHRASES
be/get raped
worried about getting raped on
her way home
be accused/convicted of raping sb, be
charged with raping sb, be found guilty of raping sb,
deny raping sb
rapid
tuij.
• VERBS
be, seem

I
become
• ADV exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, un-
usually, very I fairly, quite, relatively
619
rate
rapidity
noun
• ADJ.
alarming, amazing, bewildering, extreme, great,
remarkable
The styles change with bewildering rapidity.
I
increasing
• PREP.
with-
rapist
noun
• ADJ.
potential, would-be
I
convicted
I
multiple, ser-
ial
The serial rapist has struck again.
• RAPIST
+
VERB
attack

(sb),
strike
rapport
noun
• ADJ.
close, easy, good, great, tremendous I person-
al I instant
• VERB
+
RAPPORT
build, develop, establish
I
enjoy,
have
I
feel
• PREP. -
between
She felt an instant rapport between
them -
with
He had enjoyed a personal rapport with the
former president.
rare
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become, get
I

remain
• ADV decidedly, distinctly, especially, exceedingly,
exceptionally, extremely, particularly, surprisingly,
very
I
increasingly
I
comparatively, fairly, pretty,
quite, rather, relatively, somewhat
I
enough, sufficient-
ly
The stamps were not rare enough to be interesting.
rash
noun
• ADJ.
skin
I
itchy
I
allergic
I
heat, nappy, nettle
• VERB + RASH
have I break out in, come out in
When
rm stressed I break out in a rash.
• RASH + VERB
appear, come out, spread
The rash

most commonly appears on the back.
• PREP.
-on
He's got a slight rash on his chest.
raspberry
noun
• QUANT.
punnet
I bought apunnet offresh raspberries.
• RASPBERRY
+
NOUN
cane
rows of raspberry canes
q
Special page at
FRUIT
rat
noun
• ADJ.
black, brown
I
laboratory
I
sewer
I
water
• RAT + VERB
scurry, scuttle
A brown rat scurried

across the road.
I
squeak
I
gnaw
Rats had gnawed
through the wires.
I
carry/spread disease
• RAT + NOUN
catcher
The dog was a useful rat catcher
in the warehouse.
I droppings I poison
• PHRASES
rat-infested
a rat-infested cellar
rate
noun
1 speed/frequency
• ADJ.
constant, expected, regular, steady I slow
the
slow rate of change
I fast, rapid
I
alarming, phenom-
enal
The costs of the project are rising at an alarming rate.
I low

There is a low survival rate among babies born be-
fore
22
weeks.
I high I ever-increasing, rocketing I
seasonally-adjusted
The seasonally-adjusted unemploy-
ment rate in December stood at
5%.
I
success
I
divorce,
marriage I death, mortality
I
survival I birth, fertility I
accident
I
crime
I
growth, inflation
I
metabolic, pulse,
respiratory
We need to eat less as we get older and our
metabolic rate slows down.
• VERB
+
RATE
improve, increase, speed up I cut,

hold down, reduce, slow down
trying to hold down the
rate of
inflatiori
I stabilize I maintain I increase
• RATE + VERB
be/go/shoot up, grow, increase, rise,
rocket, skyrocket, soar I be/come/go down, decline,
decrease, drop, fall, plummet, plunge, slow, slip
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rate
• PREP.
at a/the -
The water was escaping at a rate of 200
gallons a minute.
2 amount of money paid
• ADJ.
competitive, cheap, low, moderate, reasonable
Wehave a wide range of vehicles auailablefor hire at com-
petitive rates.
0
Calls are cheap rate after
6
p.m.
I
extor-
tionate, high I excellent, good I poor
The account offers
apoor rate of interest.
I

fixed, flat
Youcan opt topay aflat
ratefor unlimited Internet access.
I usual I going
rII pay
you at the going rate
(=
the present usual rate of pay-
ment).
I
variable I annual, hourly, weekly
I
base,
basic, standard I top
paying the top rate of tax
I
average
I
market
current market rates for borrowing
I
group,
preferential, reduced
Ask about the special group rates
for entrance to the house and gardens.
I
bank, exchange,
interest, lending, mortgage, tax
• VERB
+

RATE
determine, fix, set
I
increase, lift, put
up, raise
I
cut, lower, reduce
I
hold
We will hold these
rates until I April.
I
charge
They charge the usual rate of
interest.
I pay I give(sb),offer(sb)
• RATE
+
VERB
go/shoot up, increase, rise
Their hour-
ly rates have gone up.
I come/go down, drop
I
fluctuate
Exchange rates are fluctuating wildly.
I
apply to sth
Standard rates of interest apply to these loans.
• PREP.

at a/the -
borrowing money at a high rate of
interest
I -
for
the average rate for an unskilled worker
- of
an increase in the rate of taxation
• PHRASES
a drop in interest rates, a rise in mortgage
rates, etc.
a one-point rise in base lending rates
a rate of
return
safe investments which give agood rate of return
q
Note alpER CENT (for more verbs)
rate
verb
• ADV.
highly
Silver was rated more highly than gold.
• PREP.
among
a golf course that is rated among the top
ten in America
as
It is rated as one of the city's best hotels.
for
a university that ishighly ratedfor its research work

rating
noun
1 measurement of how good sb/sth is
• ADJ.
high, top
I
low, poor
I
overall
The overall per-
formance rating puts the new model well ahead of its main
rivals.
I approval, opinion poll, popularity
He has the
highest opinion poll rating of any president this century.
I
performance I credit
Most countries try topreserve their
international credit rating in order to secure necessary
loans.
I
personal
• VERB + RATING
have
I
assign (sb/sth), give (sb/sth)
I achieve, earn, get, receive, score
The university scored
a top rating among students.
I

preserve
I
improve
• RATING
+
VERB
climb, improve, rise, rocket, soar
The president's ratings have suddenly rocketed.
I
fall
• RATING + NOUN
scale, system
• PREP.
in a/the -
a drop of 50points in her personal rat-
ing I
-for
The resort got a low rating for children's facil-
ities. -
on
The judges gave her the maximum rating on
style.
2 ratings number of TV viewers, etc.
• ADJ.
good I poor
I
audience,
TV
• VERB
+

RATINGS get,haveAtthisstagetheserieswas
getting good ratings.
• RATINGS + VERB
go up, improve, pick up, shoot up,
soar
The ratings went shooting up overnight.
I
dip, fall,
go down
The programme's ratings have dipped sharply.
• RATINGS
+
NOUN
battle, war
• PREP
in the -s
It has been ousted from top spot in the
TVratings.
ratio
noun
• ADJ.
high, low
I
male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. I
beneflt-to-rlsk, power-to-weight, etc.
620
• VERB + RATIO
achieve, have
They have a high ratio
of imports toexports.

I
improve, increase
The hospital is
trying toimprove its staff/patient ratio.
I
reduce
I
calcu-
late, find, work out
• RATIO + VERB
improve
I
worsen
the worsening
pupil! teacher ratio in our schools
• PREP
in a/the-
Wemixed the oil and water in a ratio of
one tofive.
I -
between
the ratio between the amount of
time spent on the work and the profit produced -
of sth to
sth
the ratio of house prices to incomes
• PHRASES
in direct ratio to sth
Their sales rose indirect
ration to the amount they spent on advertising.

ration
noun
• ADJ.
daily, monthly
I
double, entire, extra, full
Preg-
nant women received a double ration of milk.
I
meagre
The refugees queued upfor their meagre rations of soup.
I
emergency, short, starvation, wartime -s
We've beenput
on short rations.
I
cigarette, food, petrol, etc.
• VERB + RATION
give sb, hand out, provide (sb with)
I
get, receive
I
consume, have, use up
You've had your
ration of suieets for the day!
I cut, reduce
The guards are
going to cut our rations again.
• RATION
+

NOUN
book, card, coupon
• PREP. on a/the-living on starvation rations
I
<of our
daily ration of bread
ration
verb
• ADV.
strictly
Thesefoods had to bestrictly rationed.
• PREP. to The soldiers wererationed to one litre of water
eachper day.
rational
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
It all seemed quite rational to me.
• ADV.
highly, very
I
entirely, fully, perfectly, quite
At
thetimeshewasperfectlyrational.
I purely, strictly I es-
sentially
Humans are essentially rational beings.
I
ap-
parently

I
economically
With children working from the
age often, largefamilies wereeconomically rational.
• PREP.
about
Try to be rational about it.
rationing
noun
• ADJ.
strict
I
bread, credit, food, fuel, petrol, etc.
I
wartime
• VERB + RATIONING
have I bring in, introduce
The
government introduced meat rationing in May.
I
end
• RATIONING
+
VERB
be in force, exist
• RATIONING
+
NOUN
system
• PREP. - of Strict rationing of basic foodstuffs was still

inforce by the end of theyear.
ray
noun
• ADJ.
powerful
I
bright
I
harmful
I
dying, last
the
dying rays of a winter sun
I cathode, cosmic, gamma,
heat, infrared, light, ultraviolet, X- I the moon's, the
sun's
• VERB + RAY
emit, give off, send out
gamma rays
given off by plutonium
I expose sb/sth to I block, filter
out, protect/shield sb/sth from
creams which filter out
the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays
I bend, catch, deflect,
reflect
Her brooch caught the rays of the setting sun.
• RAY
+
VERB

filter through sth, pass through sth,
penetrate sth, travel
the moon's ravs tiltering through the
trees
I
hit sth
When the sun's rays hit the earth, a lot of
heat is reflected back into space.
I damage sth
Ultraviolet
rays damage the skin.
• PREP.
in the -s of
a stream sparkling in the rays of the
June sun
• PHRASES
a ray of light/sunlight/sunshine, the rays of
the sun
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razor
noun
• ADJ. open
I
blunt
I
cut-throat, disposable, electric,
safety
• VERB
+
RAZOR cut sb/sth with, shave with, slash

sb/sth with, use
We used a razor to cut the string.
I
be
armed with
He was armed with a cut-throat razor.
• RAZOR
+
NOUN blade
I
wire
• PREP. with a/the -
He slashed his wrists with a razor.
reach
noun
• ADJ. long
Gorillas have a very long reach.
• VERB
+
REACH have
• PREP. beyond (sb/sth's)
The latch wasjust beyond her
reach.
in/within sb/sth's-
a holiday town within reach of
Marseilles
out of sb/sth's -
Keep all medicines out of
reach of children.
• PHRASES within arm's reach

I always keep my mobile
phone within arm's reach.
within easy reach (of sth)
The
house is within easy reach of the shops.
reach
verb
1 arrive at a place/condition
• ADV eventually, finally
• VERB
+
REACH attempt to, try to
I
be expected to,
be likely/unlikely to, expect to
Profits are expected to
reach
£2
billion this year.
I
be able to
I
be unable to, fail
to
Thejury was unable to reach a verdict.
2
stretch out your arm to touch/get sth
• ADV gingerly lout, over
He reached out gingerly to
touch it.

• PREP. for
She reachedfor the telephone and picked it up.
into
He reached into his bag and took out a book.
3
be able to touch sth
• ADV. easily
She had arranged her desk so that she could
reach everything easily.
• VERB
+
REACH can/could
I can't reach the top shelf.
react
verb
• ADV. strongly
I
favourably, positively, sympathetic-
ally
people who react positively to change
I
adversely,
badly, negatively, unfavourably
I
aggressively, angrily,
violently
I
cautiously, coolly
I
sharply

I
appropriately
I
immediately, instantly
I
quickly, swiftly
The police
must be able to react swiftly in an emergency.
I
differently
I
accordingly
His insensitive remarks hurt and she react-
ed accordingly.
I
automatically, instinctively, spontan-
eously
I
physically
• VERB
+
REACT tend to
I
be slow to
The industry has
been slow to react to these breakthroughs in technology.
I
not know how to
He did not know how to react to her
sudden mood swings.

• PREP. against
Many young people react against trad-
itional values. by The government reacted by increasing
taxation.
to
The university reacted unfavourably to the
proposals.
with
Herfamily reacted with horror when she
told them.
reaction
noun
1
response
• ADJ. extreme, sharp, strong, violent
I
favourable,
positive
I
adverse, hostile, negative
I
mixed
The speech
got a mixed reaction.
I
angry
I
first, immediate, initial
I
delayed

Her outburst was a delayed reaction to an un-
pleasant letter she'd received that morning.
I
chain
The
change of plan set off a chain reaction of confusion.
I
mixed
I
common, general, public
I
natural, normal
I
automatic, gut, instinctive, knee-jerk, spontaneous
The
incident calls for a measured response, avoiding knee-jerk
reactions.
I
nervous
I
emotional
I
critical
The critical
reaction to hisfirst novel has beenpositive.
621
read
• VERB
+
REACTION get, have, meet with

The play met
with a mixed reaction from the critics.
I
bring, cause,
produce, provoke, set off, spark (off), trigger (off)
She
was surprised at the reaction brought by the mention of his
name.
I
gauge, judge (by/from)
He eyed her cautiously,
trying to gauge her reaction.
0
Judging by her reaction,
she liked thepresent.
• PREP. in -to
There's been a drop in ticket sales in reac-
tion to the
reoieui
I -
against
Her rebellious attitude is
just a reaction against her strict upbringing. -
to
the pub-
lic reaction to the news
2
(usually reactions) ability to react quickly
• ADJ. fast, good, lightning, quick
I

slow, sluggish
• VERB
+
REACTION have
She has very quick reactions.
I
speed up
I
slow down
Alcohol has the effect of slowing
downyour reactions.
• REACTION
+
NOUN time
Your reaction time increases
when you are tired.
3
chemical reaction
• ADJ. chain
I
chemical, nuclear
• VERB
+
REACTION cause, produce, start, trigger
I
stop
I
speed up
I
slow down

• REACTION
+
VERB occur, take place
• PREP. during/in a/the-
the energy given out during the
reaction
I -
between
studying the reactions between cer-
tain gases
-wlth
the
fuel's
chemical reaction with the sur-
rounding water
4
allergy
• ADJ. adverse, bad
I
mild, slight
I
delayed
a delayed
reaction to the drugs I
allergic
• VERB
+
REACTION have, suffer
She had a very bad al-
lergic reaction to thepeanuts.

I
cause, produce
• PREP. - to
A small minority of patients suffer an ad-
verse reaction to the treatment.
reactionary
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
• ADV extremely, highly, very
I
politically
reactor
noun
• ADJ. nuclear
I
fast, fast-breeder, fission, fusion, gas-
cooled, pressurized-water, thermal
• VERB
+
REACTORbuild
I
operate, run
I
close (down),
decommission, shut down
• REACTOR
+
VERB operate, run
• REACTOR
+

NOUN building, site
I
fuel
I
core
I
acci-
dent, safety, shut-down
read
noun
1 activity of reading
• ADJ. good
I
quiet
• VERB
+
READ have
I had a good read of the paper be-
fore they arrived.
2 writer/book
• ADJ. compelling, good, great, interesting
• VERB
+
READ be, make
The story made an interesting
read.
read
verb
• ADV aloud
listening tochildren reading aloud

I
silent-
ly
I
carefully, with interest
He read her letter with inter-
est.
I
avidly, voraciously
She read avidly from an early
age-books, magazines, anything.
lout
Shall I read this
out toyou?
• VERB
+
READ be able to, can/could
Most children
can read by the age of seven.
I
learn (how) to
I
teach sb
(how) to
• PREP. about
Hogan had read about her death in the
papers.
from
She readfrom the letter.
of

I had read of the
case in the local newspaper.
through
I read through the
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readable
first paragraph again.
to
I read a story to my son every
night.
• PHRASES
read and write
She had great difficulty learn-
ing toread and write.
readable
adj.
1 enjoyable to read
• VERBS
be
I
make sth
• ADV.
eminently, extremely, highly, immensely, very
a
stimulating and highly readable account
I
quite
2 able to be read
• VERBS be
• ADV.

clearly, easily
The figures should be clearly read-
able.
<>
printed in large, easily readable type
• PHRASES
machine readable
reader
noun
• ADJ.
careful, competent, fast, fluent, good
I
alert, at-
tentive
Alert readers may have noticed the misprint in last
week's column.
I
discerning, sophisticated
I
poor,
slow I avid, great, voracious I omnivorous
I
regular
regular readers of this magazine
I
casual I adult, fe-
male, male, women, young I specialist I general, non-
specialist
a book that will be too difficult for the general
reader

I
Daily Express, Guardian, etc. I tabloid
• PREP. - of
a voracious reader of sciencefiction.
readiness
noun
• ADJ.
greater
I
constant
I
combat
The troops were in
a state of combat readiness.
• VERB
+
READINESS
declare, express, indicate,
show, signal
Hungary has indicated its readiness to sign
the treaty.
I
hold sb/sth in
He held his gun in readiness.
• PREP.
in -(for)
service the car in readiness for the jour-
ney
I
-for

toexpress a readiness for change
• PHRASES
a state of readiness
reading
noun
1 sth you can read
• ADJ.
compelling, compulsive, fascinating, good,
interesting
I
depressing, disturbing
I
heavy, serious
I
light I compulsory, essential, required
I
recommend-
ed, suggested
I
background, introductory
I
further
I
bedtime, holiday
some light holiday reading
• VERB
+
READING
be, make (for)
Their story makes

compulsive reading.
• READING
+
NOUN
list
2 activity of reading
• ADJ.
extensive
After extensive reading on the subject
she set to work on an article.
I
careful, close, critical
A
close reading of the text reveals several contradictions. I
serious
I
map
My map-reading skills are not the best.
• VERB
+
READING
do, get down to
I haven't had time
to do much reading lately.
<>
In the holidays r11get down to
some serious reading.
• READING
+
NOUN

material, matter I ability, age,
knowledge, skills
He has a reading age of eight.
<>
She has
a good reading knowledge of Russian.
I glasses, light,
room
• PREP. -
about/on
His reading about Ruskin led him to
the works of Turner.
3 reading in public
• ADJ.
public I Bible, poetry
• VERB
+
READING
give
Dickens gave many public
readings from his works.
• PREP.
at a/the -
We met at a reading of his poetry.
-from/of
readings from the Koran
4 figure/measurement shown on an instrument
• ADJ.
high, low
I

zero
I
normal
I
accurate, correct
I
false
I
meter, thermometer
622
• VERB
+
READING
get, obtain, take
I
give
The dials
weregiving higher readings than we had expected.
readyadj.
1 prepared
• VERBS
appear, be, feel, look, seem I get
We were get-
ting ready to go out.
I get sb
trying to get the children
ready to leave
I consider sb, declare sb, deem sb, judge
sb
She was concerned toprotect the childrenfrom the truth

until shejudged them ready to hear it.
• ADV.
all
I was all ready to leave when the phone rang.
I
not quite
He didn't feel quite readyfor marriage.
I
(just)
about, almost, nearly, practically
I think we'rejust about
ready to start. I
always, ever
I
not yet
I
emotionally
Though Paul had wanted a child, he wasn't emotionally
readyfor it.
• PREP.
for
I feel ready for anything!
with
He's always
ready with a quick answer.
2 prepared and available
• VERBS
be, stand
The suitcases werestanding ready by
the front door.

I
have sth, hold sth, keep sth, leave sth
Please have your tickets readyfor inspection. o holding his
gun ready
o
I'ue left everything ready in the kitchen.
I get
sth, make sth
r11get all the boxes ready.
o
The warships
were soon made ready.
I
consider sth, declare sth, deem
sth, judge sth
The plane was refuelled and declared ready
for service again.
• PREP.
for
The cases are readyfor delioery.
3willing
• VERBS
appear, be, seem
I
remain
• ADV.
more than, only too, very
Connors was more than
ready to oblige.
<>

She was only too ready to believe the
worst of him.
I always, ever
I
apparently I clearly
• PHRASES
ready and willing
always ready and willing
to help
real
adj.
1 serious
• VERBS
be
I
become
• ADV.
all too, very
Her suffering was all too real.
<>
the
very real danger of war
2genuine
• VERBS
be, look, seem
• ADV.
enough
The pearls looked real enough.
realism
noun

• ADJ.
political
I
gritty, stark
the stark realism of
Loach's fiims
• QUANT.
degree
I
element, note
I hate to interject a
note of realism, but we don't have any money to do any of
this.
• VERB
+
REALISM
add, bring, lend
Clever lighting
and sound effects brought greater realism to the play.
I
achieve
Children can get frustrated when they are unable
to achieve realism in their drawings.
• PREP.
-about
the band's realism about their chances of
success
• PHRASES
a sense of realism
realistic

adj.
1 showing acceptance of the facts of a situation
• VERBS
be, seem I keep sth
Try to keep your ambi-
tions realistic.
• ADV.
extremely, very
I
fairly, quite, reasonably
I
enough, sufficiently
He was realistic enough toknow this
success could not last.
• PREP.
about
My friends were quite realistic about my
problems. in being very realistic in their expectations
2 showing things as they really are
• VERBS
be, look, sound
I
become
I
make sth
You
could make the hands a little more realistic.
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• ADV. extremely, truly, very
I

fairly, quite
I
grimly
his
grimly realisticfirst novel about drug addicts
reality
noun
• ADJ. awful, bitter, brutal, cold, grim, hard, harsh,
painful, sad, stark
We werefaced with the awful reality of
having nowhere to live.
I
complex
I
underlying
He has
no illusions about the underlying reality of army life.
I
objective, practical
the practical realities of running a
children's home
I
daily, everyday
I
external
Painters at
the time were largely concerned with reproducing external
reality.
I
commercial, economic, historical, physical,

political, psychological, social
the harsh economic real-
ities of life as a student
I
virtual
the use of virtual reality in
computer games
• VERB
+
REALITY become
One day her dream will be-
come a reality.
I
make sth
It's our task to make the pro-
posals a reality.
I
accept, confront (sb with), face (up to),
get a grip on, grasp, wake up to
She will have toface real-
ity sooner or later.
0
I don't think you have quite grasped
the realities of our situation!
I
bear little/no, etc. rela-
tion/resemblance to, be cut off/divorced/removed from,
be out of touch with, have little/not have much to do
with
They are out of touch with the realities of modern

warfare.
0
Most people's ideas of the disease do not have
much to do with the reaiity.
I
escape from
I
deny, ignore
I
bring sb back to, come/get back to, return to
He called
for the committee to stop dreaming and return to reality.
I
distort
Most comedy relies on distorting reality.
I
pro-
tect/shelter/shield sb from
Her parents always tried to
shield herfrom the realities of the world.
I
reflect
• PREP. in -
The media portray her as happy and success-
ful, but in reality she has a difficult life.
• PHRASES a grasp of reality
He has a rather tenuous
grasp of reality.
a perception/sense of reality
realization

noun
• ADJ. full
I
dawning, growing
I
gradual
I
sudden
I
awful, terrible
• VERB
+
REALIZATION come to
He came to the
realization that he would never make a good teacher.
• REALIZATION
+
VERB come (to sb), dawn (on sb),
hit sb
The realization that the murderer must have been a
close friend came as a shock.
0
We saw the terrible
realization of what she'd done dawn on herface.
realize
verb
• ADV. fully
I
dimly
She dimly realized that she was

trembling.
I
suddenly
I
quickly, soon
I
now
I
for the
first time
I realized for the first time how difficult this
would be.
I
at first
The situation was more complicated
than they had at first realized.
I
at last, belatedly, even-
tually, finally
I
never
Inever realized how much it meant
toyou.
• VERB
+
REALIZE begin to, come to
I
make sb
The
experience made me realize that people did care.

I
seem to
You don't seem to realize the seriousness of the situation.
I
fail to
I
be important to
• PHRASES without realizing (sth)
We are constantly
using historic buildings, without even realizing it.
realm
noun
1 area of activity/interest/knowledge
• ADJ. whole
the whole realm of human intellect
I
new
I
international
I
public
I
domestic, private
I
political,
social, spiritual
• VERB
+
REALM be/lie in, belong in/to
I

open up
The
research has opened up new realms for investigation.
I
enter, move into
I
descend into/to
(disapproving) Most
readers are likely to lose interest when he descends into the
realms of
(=
starts discussing)
rhetorical terminology.
I
623
reason
move from/out of
The euro has movedfrom the realms of
theory into reality.
• PREP. beyond/out of/outside the - of
His ambitions
are way beyond the realms ofpossibility.
in/within the - of
The idea belongs in the realm of sciencefiction.
• PHRASES the realms of fantasy/possibility
2 country ruled by a king/queen
• VERB
+
REALM defend
They fought to defend the

realm.
• PREP. beyond/outside the -
wealth acquired outside
the realm
in/within the -
peace within the realm
through-
out the-
There was rejoicing throughout the realm.
• PHRASES a part of the realm, the defence of the
realm
Royal taxation usually had to befor the defence of
the realm.
reappraisal
noun
• ADJ. fundamental, major, radical
I
complete
I
con-
stant
I
careful
I
critical
a critical reappraisal of existing
ideas and social institutions
• VERB
+
REAPPRAISAL cause, lead to

Her theory is
that disillusionment with employment leads to re-
appraisal of career goals.
I
undertake
They have under-
taken a reappraisal of pupils' needs.
rear
noun
• VERB
+
REAR bring up
Three drummers brought up
the rear
(=
were last in the parade).
I
attack (sb/sth) from
• PREP. at the -
The socketfor theprinter cable is located
at the rear of the computer.
from tha-', in the-
The radio is
loudest in the rear of the car.
to/towards the -
A high gate
blocks the only entrance tothe rear.
rear
verb
• ADV. intensively

intensively reared beef cattle
I
natur-
ally
naturally rearedpork and beef
I
successfully
reason
noun
1 cause/motive/justification; explanation of sth
• ADJ. cogent, good, sound, strong
I
compelling, con-
vincing
I
plausible
I
adequate, sufficient
I
bona fide,
legitimate, valid
I
wrong
He married her for all the
wrong reasons. I
opposite
Tom's problem was that he
lacked confidence; Ed failed for precisely the opposite rea-
son.
I

important
I
special
I
chief, main, major, pri-
mary, principal
I
only, simple, sole
The only reason I
didn't become aprofessional golfer was because of myfam-
ily commitments.
0
I was never good at playing the trum-
pet for the simple reason that I never practised.
I
real,
underlying
She did not tell him the real reason for her
change of heart.
0
The underlying reasons for these differ-
ences will be explored in depth in the next chapter.
I
very
There is an assumption that a state will protect its citizens.
That is the very reason for the existence of states.
I
appar-
ent, particular
He was attacked for no apparent reason.

I
no earthly, (no) possible
Surely there isno earthly reason
why you wouldn't want to come with us?
I
clear, obvious
Thereasonsforherdecisionsoonbecameclear.
I
unclear
I
logical
I
understandable
I
justifiable
I
inexplicable,
unexplained, unknown
For some unexplained reason the
pilot jettisoned all his fuel shortly after take-off
I
un-
specified
I
unconnected
dismissal for reasons uncon-
nected with redundancy
I
personal
I

sentimental
I
self-
ish
I
professional
I
commercial, economic, financial,
legal, political, social, technical
I
practical, pragmatic
I
security
I
health
I
humanitarian
• VERB
+
REASON be aware of, see
We see no reason
why this band shouldn't be a huge success.
I
have
I don't
know why he did that, but
I'm.
sure he had his reasons.
0
I

have no reason to believe that she was lying to me.
I
cite,
give (sb/sth), set out, state
Give me one good reason why I
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reasonable
should helpyou.
0
In the letter she carefully set out her rea-
sons for leaving.
I
cite sth as, give sth as
I
suggest
I
explain
I
understand
I
uncover
• PREP.
by - of
(formal) persons in need of care by reason
of(
=
because of)
old age
for a/the -
procedures carried out

for reasons of national security
for - of
tformaty For rea-
sons of security, you are requested to keep your luggage
with you at all times.
with/without -
They complained
about the food, and with good reason
(=
rightly). I
- against
There are obvious reasons against such
a
move.
- behind
Weare trying to uncover the reasons behind her
decision.
-for
They didn't give any reasonfor the delay.
• PHRASES
all the more reason
If he's unwell, that's all
the more reason to go and see him.
all sorts of reasons
People buy things for all sorts of reasons.
any/everyllit-
tle/no/one/some reason
I know you're angry with me,
and you have every reason
(=

very good reasons)
to be.
for
reasons best known to yourself
For reasons best known
to herself she has turned down the offer.
for whatever rea-
son
people toho.for whatever reason, are unable tosupport
themselves
a number/variety of reasons, rhyme or rea-
son
There's no rhyme or reason
(=
logic)
to the new open-
inghours.
2 power to think logically; what is possible/right
• ADJ.
human
• VERB
+
REASON
lose
He seems to have lost all sense
and reason.
I
be open
to,
listen

to,
see
I tried topersuade
her,but shejust wouldn't listen to reason.
• PREP.
beyond -
He was beyond all reason.
within -
r11
lend you the money you need-within reason, of course!
• PHRASES
an appeal to reason
The residents hope that
an appeal to reason
(=
asking the rioters to be reasonable)
will end the rioting.
it stands to reason
It stands to reason
(=
it is logical)
that she wouldn't want them tofind out
about her personal problems.
the voice of reason
She was
always the voice of reason, persuading him not to buy
things they couldn't afford.
reasonable
adj.
• VERBS

appear, be, seem, sound
I
consider sth,
judge sth, regard sth as, think sth
• ADV.
eminently, extremely, very I entirely, perfectly,
utterly
The police apparently thought this explanation
perfectly reasonable.
I fairly, quite
I
enough
Her request
sounded reasonable enough to me.
I
apparently
reasoning
noun
• ADJ.
careful, sound I false, faulty I underlying I ab-
stract
I
practical I logical
I
deductive, inductive
I
ju-
dicial, legal, moral, scientific, theological
I
human

• QUANT.
piece a
rather confused piece of reasoning
• VERB
+
REASONING
adopt, apply, employ, use
the
reasoning adopted by the court
I
follow, understand
I
can't quite follow your reasoning.
I
accept
I
reject I
challenge
I
explain
• REASONING
+
VERB
apply
The same reasoning ap-
plies to the current situation.
I
lead sb/sth to sth
I cannot
accept the reasoning that led the trial court to its decision.

• REASONING
+
NOUN
process
I
ability
• PREP.
in your -
the circularity in their reasoning
I
- about
reasoning about art -
behind
Many people chal-
lenged the reasoning behind theproposal.
• PHRASES
a flaw in your reasoning, a form/kindlline of
reasoning
The implication of this line reasoning is that
globalization of capital is destructive.
power of reason-
ing
She seemed to have lost her powers ofreasoning.
reassurance
noun
• ADJ.
great
I
further
I

constant, continual
I
calm
Continual calm reassurance should begiven.
• VERB
+
REASSURANCE
have
We have had some re-
assurances from the council that the building will be
624
saved.
I
need, want
I
look for, seek
He glanced at her,
seeking reassurance.
I
draw, find, gain, receive
He drew
reassurance from the enthusiastic applause.
0
She found
reassurance in the high attendance at her lectures.
I
bring
(sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with)A
system of be-
liefs can bring you reassurance at times of stress.

• PREP.
despite -
She kept looking in the mirror despite
my constant reassurances that her hair looked fine.
for-
He held onto her hand for reassurance.
in -
I patted her
shoulder in reassurance.
I -
about/on
The ministry tried
to offer reassurance on the safety of eating beef -
from
re-
assurancestrom
the researchers about their work
reassure
verb
• ADV.
constantly
He was constantly reassuring himself
that he had actedfor the best.
I quickly
• VERB
+
REASSURE
be able to, can
I'
seek

to,
try to
I
hasten to
I
do little to, do nothing to
I
do much to
The
report will do much to reassure parents of children at the
school.
• PREP.
about
trying to reassure the public about the
safety of public transport
of
She needed to be reassured of
his love for her.
with
He reassured her with a pat on the
arm.
• PHRASES
feel reassured
Kate nodded, but she didn't
feel reassured.
need reassuring
Often parents simply need
reassuring that their children are happy at school.
reassuring
adj.

• VERBS
be I find sth
• ADV.
extremely, immensely, very
I
hardly
Her
comment-Tou can always try again lf you fail'-was
hardly reassuring.
I
faintly, quite, vaguely
I
oddly I
somehow
rebate
noun
• ADJ.
generous, substantial I maximum
I
rate, rent,
tax
She's claiming
a
100%tax rebate.
• VERB
+
REBATE
be eligible for, be entitled to
People
on low incomes are entitled to a rebate of up to 80%.

I
ap-
ply for, claim
I
get, receive I give sb, grant sb
I
intro-
duce
I
scrap
• REBATE
+
NOUN
scheme, system
• PREP. -
on
rebates on the new counciltax
• PHRASES
a system of rebates
rebel
noun
• ADJ.
anti-government
I
left-wing, right-wing I US-
backed, etc. I former I armed
• QUANT.
band, group
• VERB
+

REBEL
back, help, support
They sent in
troops to back the rebels.
I
repel I defeat I join
I
lead
• REBEL
+
VERB
be based
The rebels were based in
camps along the border.
I
advance I attack sth
I
cap-
ture sth, gain/regain/seize/take control (of sth)
The
rebels seized control of the national radio headquarters.
• REBEL
+
NOUN
faction, group, movement I army,
fighters, force/forces, officers, soldiers, troops I com-
mander, leader
I
control
The southern parts of the coun·

try had fallen into rebel control.
I
base, camp, position,
stronghold I activity, advance, assault, attack, inva-
sion
I
cause, movement
new recruits to the rebel cause
• PREP.
against the -
military operations against the
rebels
I - against a
group of rebels against the emperor
• PHRASES
a bit/something of a rebel
(figurative) He's
a
bit of
a
rebel
(=
he doesn't like to obey rules).
rebellion
noun
1attempt to change the government
• ADJ.
full-scale, major
I
minor, small

I
general, open
I
armed
I
military, peasant, popular
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• VERB
+
REBELLION
rise (up) in
Simon de Montfort
rose in rebellion in
1258. I launch, raise
(literary),
stage
They staged a rebellion against British rule in Ireland.
I
set off, spark off
The re-introduction of conscription
sparked off a major rebellion.
I foment, provoke (sb/sth
to)
attempts tofoment rebellion in the Cabinet
0
The new
taxes provoked the population toopen rebellion.
I
threat-
en The opposition party members threatened rebellion.

I
join I take part in I lead I support I crush, put down,
quell, suppress
• REBELLION
+
VERB
occur
Peasant rebellions oc-
curred throughout the 16th century.
I
begin, break outRe-
bellion broke out in the Rhineland.
I
fail
• PREP.
in-
They are in rebellion against the conservative
hierarchy of the Church.
I -
against
a rebellion against
the new king -overa rebellion over an increase in VAT
2 opposition to authority
• ADJ.
adolescent, teenage, youthful
• REBELLION
+
VERB
stir
The band refused to go on

stage and rebellion began tostir in the audience.
• PREP.
-against
rebellion against their parents
• PHRASES
an act of rebellion, a form of rebellion
rebuff
noun
• ADJ.
harsh, sharp, stinging I humiliating
• VERB
+
REBUFF
meet (sth) with, receive, suffer
Her
efforts were met with a sharp rebuff
I
risk
My father was
tooproud torisk a rebuff, sohe simply did not ask her. I ex-
pect
He avoided speaking to her, expecting a rebuff
I ac-
cept I ignore
• PREP.
(in) a - to
In a rebuff to the president, Congress
voted against the bill.
I -
from

She suffered a rebuff from
her manager when she raised the matter,
rebuild
verb
• ADV.
completely, entirely, totally
The hall had to be
completely rebuilt after thefire.
I
virtually
I
extensively,
largely, substantially
I
partly
I
painstakingly
• VERB + REBUILD
begin to, start to
beginning to re-
build her life
I
try to
I
help (to)
The international com-
munity must step in tohelp rebuild the country.
• PHRASES
newly/recently rebuilt, rebuild sth from
scratch

Much of the damaged vehicle had to be rebuilt
from scratch.
rebuke
noun
• ADJ.
sharp, stern, stinging
I
gentle, mild
I
silent
I
implied
I
public
• VERB + REBUKE
receive
I
draw, earn (sb)
Even one
minute's lateness would earn a stern rebuke.
I
accept
He
meekly accepted the rebuke.
I
administer
If the general
found his authority questioned he invariably adminis-
tered a sharp rebuke.
• PREP.

-for, -from
They received a public rebuke from
theprime minister for their handling of the matter. -
to
He
hit back with a stinging rebuke to his critics.
rebuke
verb
• ADV.
sharply I gently I publicly
• PREP.
for
She rebuked herself sharply for her stupidity.
recall
verb
• ADV.
clearly, distinctly, vividly, well
I well recall walk-
ing thefioe miles toschool every morning.
I
dimly, vague-
ly I correctly
If I recall correctly, he lives in Luton.
I
eas-
ily
She could easily recall the smell of the orange groves.
I
suddenly
I

fondly
I
still
Becky could still recall that first
meeting clearly.
• VERB + RECALL
seem to
I seem to recall that she said
she was going away.
I
be able to, can/could (barely),
can't/couldn't (quite) I try to
625
receiver
recede
verb
• ADV
a bit, a little, slightly
His
fine dark hair was reced-
ing a little.
I
further
I
gradually, slowly
The pain was
gradually receding.
I
fast, rapidly
The January flood

waters recededasfast as they had risen.
• PREP.
from
These worries now recededfrom his mind.
• PHRASES
recede into the background/distance
His
footsteps receded into the distance.
receipt
noun
1 piece of paper showing what was paid for
• ADJ.
original
• VERB
+
RECEIPT
ask (sb) for
I
get, obtain
I
receive
I
have
Could I have a receiptfor that please?
I
make out,
write (out)
a receipt made out for
£5 I sign I give sb,
issue I keep

You can claim a refund provided you keep
the receipt.
I
produce
The original receipt must be pro-
duced in order toreclaim your goods.
• RECEIPT + NOUN
book
• PREP.
-for
She issued a receiptfor thegoods.
2 act of receiving sth
• VERB + RECEIPT
acknowledge
I would begrateful if
you would acknowledge receipt of this letter,
• PREP.
in - of
people in receipt of housing benefit
on/upon - of
The goods will be sent on receipt of your
cheque.
• PHRASES
the date for receipt
The closing date for re-
ceipt of your application is July
14.within days of re-
ceipt
Items should bepaid for within
14

days of receipt.
3 receipts money received
• ADJ.
total
Cash income is calculated by subtracting
total trading income from total receipts.
I
net
I
capital
I
income, revenue
I
tax I cash I foreign currency/ex-
change I dollar, euro, etc.
I
box-office, gate, match
• VERB + RECEIPTS
receive
• RECEIPTS
+
VERB
rise
Customs and excise receipts
rose2.5per cent.
I
reach sth
Cash receipts reached £70mil-
lion.
I

fall, slump
Match receipts slumped by
£89
000com-
pared to last season.
• PREP.
-frorn
receiptsfrom land sales
• PHRASES
receipts and payments
receive
verb
1get/accept sth
• ADV
gratefully
Any help or donations will begratefully
received.
• VERB
+
RECEIVE
be entitled to
You might be entitled
to receive housing benefit.
I
expect to
You can expect to re-
ceive compensation for all direct expenses arising out of
the accident.
• PREP. fromIreceivedaparcelfrommymother.
2 react to sth in a particular way

• ADV
well
The play was very well received.
I
badly
The
speech was badly received by republican leaders.
• PREP. .
with
The news was received with dismay.
receiver
noun
1 part of a telephone
• ADJ. phone, telephone
• VERB + RECEIVER
lift, pick up
She took a deep breath
and lifted the receiver off its hook.
I
hold
I
put
back/down, replace
I
snatch up I bang down, slam
down
He slammed the receiver down and burst into tears.
I drop
• RECEIVER
+

VERB
dangle
The receiver was dangling
from thepayphone.
• PREP.
over the-
'It's your mother on the phone again!',
said John with his hand over the receiver.
• PHRASES
hold/put the receiver to your ear
She picked
up the receiver and put it to her ear.
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recent
2 piece of radio/television equipment
• ADJ.
portable
I
radio, satellite, television
• RECEIVER
+
NOUN
unit
To change channel, select the
desired number on the receiver unit.
3 person in charge of a bankrupt company
• ADJ.
official
I
administrative

• VERB
+
RECEIVER
appoint, appoint sb (as)
I
call in
They had tolayoff 200staff and call in the receivers.
• PHRASES
in the hands of the receiver
The company
remained in the hands (~
under the control)
of the receiver.
recent
adj.
• VERBS
be
• ADV.
very
I
comparatively, fairly, quite, relatively a
relatively recent development
reception
noun
1 area in a building
• VERB
+
RECEPTION
wait (for sb) in
Please toaitfor me

downstairs in reception.
I
leave sth at/with
I'ue
left the
keys at reception.
I
report
toAll delegates should report to
reception on arrival.
I
phone, ring
• RECEPTION
+
NOUN
area
I
counter, desk
I
hall
I
staff
• PREP.
at (the)-
The man at reception says there's a call
for you.
in -
The documents are in reception.
on -
rve been

on reception (~
working at the reception desk)
the whole
morning.
2 formal party
• ADJ.
big, large
I
intimate, small
I
formal
I
informal
I
official
I
special
I
evening
I
civic, diplomatic, press,
wedding
I
buffet, champagne, sherry, wine
• VERB
+
RECEPTION
attend
I
give, have, hold, host

Are you having a big reception after the wedding?
I
or-
ganize
I
invite sb to
Friends and family are invited to
a
reception after the ceremony.
• PREP.
at althe -
We met at a reception.
I -
for a
recep-
tionfor the Japanese trade delegation
3type of welcome given to sb/sth
• ADJ.
enthusiastic, favourable, friendly, good, great,
marvellous, positive, rapturous, rousing, sympathetic,
warm
I
lukewarm, mixed
I
bad, chilly, cool, frosty, hos-
tile
I
critical
critical reception to
a

movie
I
public
• VERB
+
RECEPTION
enjoy, get, have, meet (with), re-
ceive
The returning soldiers enjoyed
a
rousing reception.
o
The scheme has had a somewhat mixed reception from
localpeople.
I
expect
The managers did not expect
a
sym-
pathetic receptionfrotti the striking workers.
I
give sb/sth
She was given
a
rapturous reception by the crowd.
• RECEPTION
+
NOUN
party
A reception party of sol-

diers was there togreet the visiting head of state.
I
centre
a
reception centrefor children who have run away from
home
• PREP. -
by
the book's reception by reviewers -
from
a
cool receptionfrom the crowd -
into
reception into the mo-
nastic order
-to
the positive reception to the Chancellor's
speech
4 quality of radio/television signals
• ADJ.
good, strong
Television reception is very good in
this area.
I
bad, poor, weak
I
radio, television
recess
noun
1 period when a parliament, etc. does not meet

• ADJ.
Christmas, summer, Whitsun
I
parliamentary
• VERB
+
RECESS
go into, rise for
(formal), takeParlia-
ment is taking the Christmas recess
a
little early this year.
I
return from
• PREP.
in -
The decision cannot be made while the coun-
cil is in recess.
2 part of a wall, set back from the rest of the wall
• ADJ.
deep
I
shallow
I
dark
I
window
• PREP.
in/inside
tofit

a
blind inside a window recess
626
3 (usually recesses) part furthest from the light
• ADJ.
dark, deep, dim
He stared into the dark recessesof
the room.
I
far, inner
I
hidden
• VERB
+
RECESS
lurk in
(figurative)fears lurking deep
in the recessesof our minds
I
push sth into/to
(figurative)
I had continually pushed my doubts to the darker recesses
of my mind.
• PREP.
in/within the - of
The statue was in the inner re-
cessesof the temple.
• PHRASES
the recesses of your mind
(figurative)

recession
noun
• ADJ.
bad, damaging, debilitating, deep, major, mas-
sive, painful, severe, sharp, steep
It was the worst
recession since the war.
I
mild
I
deepening
I
long, pro-
longed
I
short, short-lived
I
continuing
I
global, inter-
national, widespread, world, worldwide
I
economic, in-
dustrial, retail
• VERB
+
RECESSION
cause
I
go into, move into,

plunge (sth) into, sink into, slip into
A rise in interest
rates plunged Britain deeper into recession.
I
beat, com-
bat
I
climb out of, come out of, emerge from, get (sth)
out of, lead sth out of, move out of, pull (sth) out of
ac-
tive policies to pull the country out of recession
I
end
I
suffer from
I
escape (from)
I
ride out, survive
As
dozens of pubs go out of business, others are riding out the
recession.
I
worsen
• RECESSION
+
VERB
loom
With a recession looming,
consumers are spending less. I

hit sth
The country has
been hit by recession.
I
bottom out (~ reach the lowest
level)
• PREP.
in (a/the) -
The economy is in deep recession.
• PHRASES
the depth of the recession, the effects/im-
pact of the recession, in the depths of a recession, in
times of recession, recovery from (the) recession, a
way out of the recession
q
Special pageat
BUSINESS
recipe
noun
• ADJ.
good
I
perfect
I
sure
(figurative) Turning away
under a strong attack is
a
sure recipe for defeat.
I

deli-
cious, mouth-watering, tasty
I
favourite
I
basic
The
basic recipe can be adapted by adding grated lemon.
I
easy, simple
I
complicated
I
new
I
authentic, classic,
old, original, traditional
The ales are brewed to an origin-
al Yorkshire recipe.
I
original
Was there rum in the origin-
al recipe?
I
secret, special
I
family
I
vegetarian
I

Ital-
ian, Mexican, etc.
I
cake, sauce, etc.
• VERB
+
RECIPE
have
I'ue
got agood recipefor fudge.
I
cook, make
This recipe can also be made with ricotta
cheese.
I
try (out)
I enjoy trying out new recipes.
I
read
I
follow, stick to, use
If you wantthe dish to turn out right
you should follow the recipe.
I
adapt
I
devise
All the re-
cipes in the book have been devised by our team of experts.
I

discover, find
He is credited with having discovered the
first recipefor gin back in the 1600s.
• RECIPE
+
VERB
call for sth, use sth
She always said
that if
a
recipe callsfor cream you shouldn't use yogurt in-
stead.
I
contain sth
The recipecontains lotsoffat.
I
make
sth, serve sb
This recipe makes about thirty biscuits.
0
This recipe seruesfour people.
• RECIPE
+
NOUN
book, card, leaflet
I
idea a
maga-
zinefilled with recipe ideas
• PREP.

to a- The dish is made to a traditional Italian re-
cipe.
I-
for
a recipe for leek soup
0
(figurative) To live
every day tothefull is a recipefor happiness.
• PHRASES
a recipe for disaster/success
recipient
noun
• ADJ.
largest
I
main, major
I
intended
She was not the
intended recipient of the reward.
I
ultimate
the ultimate
recipient of the money
I
suitable
matching
a
donor kidney
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with the most suitable recipient
I
passive
We are passive
recipients of information from the world around us.
I
grateful
(ironic) Dad was always the grateful recipient of
her snobbery.
I
unwilling
I
lucky
Our 1000th member
will be the lucky recipient of a mystery gift.
recital
noun
• ADJ. brief, short
I
solo
I
lunchtime
I
organ, piano,
etc.
I
poetry, song
• VERB
+
RECITAL give, play

I
attend, go to
I
listen to
• PREP. - by
a recital by the Grieg Trio
recognition
noun
1 remembering/identifying sb/sth
• ADJ. immediate, instant
I
early
the early recognition
of a disease
I
dawning
I
character, face, handwriting,
speech, text
(computing)
I
automatic, computer
the
automatic recognition of handwriting by computer
• QUANT. flicker, sign
She stared directly at the witness
but he did not show aflicker of recognition
(=
he did not
show that he recognized her).

• VERB
+
RECOGNITION show
I
avoid
He pulled the
hood of his cloak over his head to avoid recognition.
I
allow
The monitoring system allows recognition of pollu-
tion hot spots.
• RECOGNITION
+
VERB dawn
Recognition slowly
dawned, 'Oh, it's you Mrs Foster!'
• RECOGNITION
+
NOUN software, system
• PREP. beyond (all) -
(figurative) Many of those inter-
viewed said their job had changed beyond recognition
(=
changed completely)
over thepast fiue
years.
out of (all)-
(figurative) The equipment and methods of production
have improved out of all recognition
(=

greatly improved).
without-
He looked up, glanced at them without recogni-
tion, and went on his way.
• PHRASES recognition in sb's eyes
There was no recog-
nition in his eyes
(=
he did not look as if he recognized
her).
2 accepting that sth exists/is true; public praise/reward
• ADJ. full
I
appropriate, due, proper
I
insufficient
I
greater, growing, increasing
There needs to be a greater
recognition of corporate crime as asocial problem. I
clear,
explicit, overt
I
implicit
I
apparent
I
grudging
I
posi-

tive
I
equal
equal recognition for the work women do
I
mutual
I
immediate, instant
I
belated
The award is
being made in belated recognition of her services to the in-
dustry.
I
individual, personal
personal recognitton for
your achievements I
general, universal, wide, wide-
spread
The young talent at the club deserves wider recog-
nition.
I
international, national, worldwide
I
public,
social
I
professional
I
diplomatic

I
formal, legal, le-
gislative, official
I
de facto
Twelve states have accorded
defacto recognition to the new regime.
I
government
• VERB
+
RECOGNITION achieve, earn sb, gain, get,
obtain, receive, win
His recitals have earned him recogni-
tion as a talented performer. I
deserve
I
require
Both of
these perspectives are valid and require recognition.
I
imply
They claim that signature of the peace accord did
not imply recognition of the state's sovereignty.
I
ask for,
call for, demand, request, seek
I
apply for
I

qualify for
to qualify for UN recognition as an International
Biosphere Reserve
I
accord sb/sth, give sb/sth, grant
sb/sth
I
refuse sb/sth
• RECOGNITION
+
VERB come
Official recognition of
the change camefast.
• PREP. in -of
an award in recognition of his outstanding
work
without-
She has worked actively but without recog-
nition.
I-
as a country that has long sought recognition
as a major power -
by/from
recognition by his superiors of
the service he had performed -
for
They received recogni-
tionfor their 20-yearcommitment tosafety at sea.
• PHRASES a lack of recognition, recognition of the im-
627

recollection
portance of sth, recognition of the need for sth, a strug-
gle for recognition
recognizable
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. clearly, easily, immediately, instantly, quite,
readily
John's car was easily recognizable in the car park.
o
a building that was immediately recognizable as a
prison
I
barely, hardly, scarcely
• PREP. as
a language barely recognizable as English
by
recognizable by their distinctive uniforms
to
The scheme's
benefits were recognizable toall interest groups.
recognize
verb
1 know sb/sth again
• ADV. immediately, instantly
I immediately recognized

the building.
I
easily
This is the only species offlamingo
in the region, easily recognized by its pink plumage.
I
barely, hardly
Stella hardly recognized her brother.
• VERB
+
RECOGNIZE learn to
You learn to recognize
the calls of different birds.
I
be easy to
• PREP. as
He recognized the man as one of the police offi-
cers.
by
I recognized her by her red hair.
from
I recognized
themfrom a television show.
2 understand sth
• ADV. fUlly
Theyfully recognize the need toproceed care-
fully.
I
belatedly, finally
The government has belatedly

recognized the danger to health ofpassive smoking.
• VERB
+
RECOGNIZE must
I
be important to
I
begin
to
I
be slow to
The company had been slow to recognize
the opportunities available to it. I
fail to
• PREP. as
This issue must berecognized as a priority for
the next administration.
• PHRASES be generally/universally/widely recog-
nized, be increasingly recognized
The strength of this
argument is being increasingly recognized.
failure to rec-
ognize sth
3 accept sth officially
• ADV. clearly
The law clearly recognizes that a company
isseparate from those who invest in it.
I
formally, official-
ly

I
internationally, nationally
The Medway estuary is
recognized internationally as a conservation area.
• VERB
+
RECOGNIZE agree to
I
refuse to
• PREP. as
All rivers should be officially recognized as
public rights of way.
• PHRASES be legally recognized
A bill of exchange is a
legally recognized document.
a refusal to recognize sth
recoil
verb
• ADV. a little, slightly
I
instinctively
As he leaned to-
wards her she instinctively recoiled.
• PREP. at
Howard recoiled a little at the sharpness in my
voice.
from
Shefelt him recoilfrom henfrightened.
in
He re-

coiled in apparent disgust.
recollection
noun
• ADJ. clear, distinct, vivid
I
dim, faint, hazy, vague
I
earliest
I
sudden
I
painful
I
personal
• VERB
+
RECOLLECTION have (no)
I have only a
vague recollection of sunshine and sand.
0
I have absolute-
ly no recollection of the incident.
I
bring back
The place
brought back painful recollections.
I
chuckle at/in, laugh
at, smile at/in
I

shudder at
• PREP. in -
She stared at him in sudden recollection.
I
-from
recollectionsfrom Eliot's own life
• PHRASES to the best of your recollection
To the best
of my recollection
(=
if I remember correctly),
he was not
there that day.
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recommend
recommend
verb
1 say that sb/sth is good
• ADV. highly, thoroughly
This book is highly recom-
mended by teachers.
I
certainly, definitely
I definitely rec-
ommend this film.
I
heartily
I
personally
Consult a so-

licitor who ispersonally recommended toyou.
• PREP. for
Who would you recommend for the job?
to
I
can recommend this book to anyone interested infood.
• PHRASES sth has a lot/much to recommend it
Your
idea has much to recommend it.
2
advise sb to do sth
• ADV strongly
I would strongly recommend that you get
professional advice.
I
particularly, specifically
recommendation
noun
1 official suggestion
• ADJ. firm, strong
I
clear
I
unanimous
I
detailed
I
specific
I
broad, general, wide-ranging

The committee
put fortoard broad recommendationsfor the improvement
of safety at sports grounds.
I
far-reaching
I
important
I
central, key, main, major, principal
I
positive
I
first, ini-
tial
I
final
I
further
I
draft
I
written
I
word-of-mouth
I
medical, official, practical
I
policy, safety
• QUANT. list, series, set
• VERB

+
RECOMMENDATION come up with, make,
produce
The council has produced a set of recommenda-
tions on ethics in health care.
I
give, offer, put forward,
submit
I
publish
I
consider, discuss, review
I
agree
with
I
disagree with
I
accept, adopt, approve, endorse
The UN Security Council endorsed the recommendation
submitted by the Secretary General.
I
reject
I
act on,
carry out, follow, implement
Thegovernmentgaveassur-
ances that it would implement the recommendations in
full.
I

enforce
I
support
I
oppose
I
ignore
I
be in ac-
cordance with, be in line with
to develop a plan in line
with the recommendations of national policy
I
base sth
on
The design of the breakwater was based on the recom-
mendations of an engineering study.
• RECOMMENDATION
+
VERB arise from sth, be
based on sth, follow (from) sth, relate to sth
a detailed
set of recommendations following a comprehensive exam-
ination of the subject
I
aim at sth
recommendations
aimed at achieving a more equitable admissions policy
• PREP. on/upon sb/sth's-
I had the operation on the rec-

ommendation of my doctor.
I -
about/as to/concern-
ing/on
recommendations on how health and safety stand-
ards might be improved -
by/from
recommendations by
thejudges
-for
recommendations for improving the qual-
ity of service -
in respect of
recommendations in respect of
bank officials -
to
the board's recommendations to the
minister -
with regard/respect to
recommendations with
regard to management procedures
cc:>
Special page at
MEETING
2
saying
sb/sth
is good/suitable
• ADJ. glowing, high/highest
I

personal
It's best tofind
a builder through personal recommendation.
• VERB
+
RECOMMENDATION give sb/sth
I
get, re-
ceive
I
come on/with
The new housekeeper came on the
highest recommendation.
0
The chef comes with her recom-
mendation.
I
need no
Swiss chocolates need no recom-
mendation
(=
their good reputation is enough to recom-
mend them).
• PREP. at/on/upon sb's -
At the recommendation of a
psychiatrist, the accused will remain under observation.
0
Wewent to Corfu on your recommendation
(=
because you

recommended it). -
• PHRASES a letter of recommendation
recompense
noun
• ADJ. adequate, sufficient
I
financial
• VERB + RECOMPENSE have
All struggles should have
628
their recompense.
I
expect
I
receive
I
give (sth in), pay
(sth in)
Substantial damages werepaid in recompense.
• PREP as/in -
She received a gift as recompense.
I -
for
He was given
£1
000in recompensefor his loss. -
from
rec-
ompensefrom thegovernment
reconciliation

noun
1
ending a disagreement/conflict
• ADJ. full
I
lasting
I
national, personal, political
• VERB
+
RECONCILIATION seek
He sought reconcili-
ation with those he had stolen from.
I
attempt
I
achieve,
bring about, effect, make, secure
I
promote, work for
I
call for
The rebel leader called for reconciliation with the
armedforces.
• RECONCILIATION
+
NOUN agreement
I
talks
• PREP. - between

They aimed to secure a lasting recon-
ciliation between the two countries. -
with
She attempted
reconciliation with her estranged brother.
• PHRASES an attempt at reconciliation, efforts at/to-
wards reconciliation, a gesture of reconciliation
In a
bold gesture of reconciliation, the government released the
rebelleader.
a mood/spirit of reconciliation, a policy of
reconciliation
reconnaissance
noun
• ADJ. general
I
preliminary
I
aerial/air, maritime, mili-
tary
Spotter planes made a preliminary aerial reconnais-
sance of the island.
• VERB
+
RECONNAISSANCE carry out, conduct, do,
make
• RECONNAISSANCE
+
VERB reveal sth
Reconnais-

sance revealed not a single large ship.
• RECONNAISSANCE
+
NOUN flight, mission, sortie
I
party, patrol, team, unit
I
aircraft, plane
reconstruct
verb
• ADV completely
I
partially
I
painstakingly
Every as-
pect of the original has been closely studied and painstak-
ingly reconstructed.
• VERB
+
RECONSTRUCTattempt to, try to
I
be pos-
sible to
It is not possible to reconstruct the complete sym-
phony from these manuscript sketches.
• PREP. from
Local historians have reconstructed from
contemporary descriptions how the hall may have looked
in 1300.

• PHRASES an attempt to reconstruct sth
reconstruction
noun
• ADJ. fundamental, major
I
complete, total
I
large/large-scale, life-size
a life-size reconstruction of a
Viking longboat
I
dramatic
a dramatic reconstruction of
school life in the 1940s
I
national
The country faces a huge
task of national reconstruction following the war.
I
post-
war
I
economic, historical, social
• VERB
+
RECONSTRUCTIONundertake
A group of en-
thusiasts have undertaken the reconstruction of a steam
locomotive. I
stage

The police have staged a reconstruc-
tion of the events leading up to the murder.
• RECONSTRUCTION
+
NOUN period
I
work
I
plan,
programme, scheme
I
cost
reconstruction costs follow-
ing the cyclone
record
noun
1
account
• ADJ. formal
Noformal record of the marriage now sur-
vives.
I
official, public
I
permanent
I
accurate, careful,
exact
I
up-to-date

I
adequate, proper, reliable
I
inad-
equate
I
incomplete, sketchy
I
brief
I
complete, com-
prehensive, detailed, extensive, systematic
I
verbatim
I
authentic
I
daily
I
documentary, handwritten, writ-
ten
I
photographic, pictorial
I
archival, historical
I
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archaeological This period of barbarian rule is poorly
represented in the archaeological record.
I

fossil, geo-
logical
I
administrative, departmental, financial, per-
sonnel
I
dental, health, medical
• VERB
+
RECORD
keepHehasalwayskeptanaccurate
record of his spending. I check, consult I checked the re-
cords but nobody of that name had worked here. I destroy
Medical records should not be destroyed.
I
file
I
update
I
be on, go on She is on record as saying that she once took
drugs.
0
He is the latest public figure to go on (the) record
about corruption inpolitics.
• RECORD
+
VERB
contain sth The records contain the
bank details of all employees.
I

show sth The records
showed that the building had not been inspected for ten
years.
I
suggest sth Fossil records suggestthat the region
was covered in water until relatively recently.
I
exist, sur-
vive No record exists of a battle on this site.
I
go back The
university recordsgo back asfar as the 13thcentury.
• PREP.
in the-Cs) The historic agreement ispreserved in
the university records. off/on the - Off the record, he told
the interviewer what he thought of his colleagues.
I -
of
a
record of achievement
-on
records on children's progress
• PHRASES
access to the records Under the law, every
citizen has access to their official records. put/set the re-
cord straight She called apress conference to set the record
straight about her disappearance.
2 best result, highest level, etc.
• ADJ.
all-comers, club, course, national, Olympic,

track, world I unbeaten, unbroken I long-standing Bob
Beamon's long-standing record for the long jump was
eventually broken.
I
all-time
I
speed
• VERB
+
RECORD
hold Who holds the 100metre sprint
record? I establish, set She has just set a new world re-
cord. I beat, break, shatter If she continues like this she
could beat the record. I equal Hehas equalled the Olympic
record.
• RECORD
+
VERB
stand His mile record stood for
twelve years. I fall
• RECORD
+
NOUN book/books
Bubka rewrote thepole-
vault record books during his career. I attempt
I
breaker,
holder
I
high, number Unemployment has reached a re-

cord high
(=
the
htghest level ever). 0
There was a record
number of candidates for thepost.
• PREP. -
for These viewing figures are an all-time record
for a single broadcast. - with Lewis established a new
world record with a time of 9.86 seconds.
• PHRASES
in record time I got to work in record time.
3 sb's performance
in
a particular area
• ADJ.
past, track I distinguished, enviable, excellent,
exceptional, exemplary, fine, formidable, good, impres-
sive, magnificent, outstanding, proven, remarkable,
unique, unparallelled, unrivalled I abysmal, appalling,
atrocious, bad, dismal, mediocre, poor, sorry
I
unenvi-
able He has an unenviable record of ill-health. I satisfac-
tory
I
consistent I clean, unblemished Apart from a
parking fine ten years before, she had an unblemished
driving record.
I

academic, educational, school
I
mili-
tary I attendance The teacher spoke to her about herpoor
attendance record. I economic, environmental, human-
rights the government's economic record I disciplinary I
criminal, police I accident, safety The airline's accident
record makes itamong the safest.
• VERB
+
RECORD
have, possess
I
keep, maintain
The company has maintained an accident-free recordsince
it started business.
• RECORD
+
VERB
show sth Her record shows that she
is able to compete under great pressure. I compare with
sth Our record compares favourably with that of any
similar-sized company.
I
speak for itself When it comes to
quality, our record speaks for itself. .
• PREP. -
among They have tlie worst human-rights re-
cord among member countries. - for He has an appalling
recordfor dishonesty. - in The ideal candidate will have a

629
recording
proven track record in project management. - on the gov-
ernment's abysmal record on crime
• PHRASES
on past records On past records, she should
have noproblem passing the exam. on sb's past record
4music
• ADJ.
long-playing I gramophone I classical, jazz,
pop I best-selling
• VERB
+
RECORD
cut, make
I
release They released
theirfirstrecordin 1963.
I
listen to, play, put on
I'll
put
ori
one of my favourite records.
• RECORD
+
NOUN
company, industry, label
I
produ-

cer
I
deal The band signed their first record deal a year
after forming.
I
collection
I
shop
I
library
I
player
I
sleeve
record
verb
1 information
• ADV
carefully, meticulously, painstakingly
I
accur-
ately, correctly, properly The weights must be recorded
accurately. I faithfully It was all
there.faithfully
recorded
in his uncle's stiff and formal style.
I
duly The contract is
witnessed by others and duly recorded.
I

automatically,
routinely The mother's occupation was not routinely re-
corded on the birth certificate.
I
officially
I
electronical-
ly, manually
I
graphically, vividly The circumstances of
her death weregraphically recorded in the localpress.
• PREP.
as The time of the accidentis recordedas 6.23p.m.
• PHRASES
be recorded for posterity The names of
those who died are recordedfor posterity on a tablet at the
back of the church. historically recorded historically re-
corded events poorly/well recorded The geographical
spread of the industry in the 16th century is hard to ascer-
tain,for much of
it
ispoorly recorded.
2 sound/pictures
• ADV
secretly She secretly recorded the conversation.
• PREP.
from a programme she had recorded from the
radio on I recorded thefilm. on video.
• PHRASES
beautifully/well recorded This CD has been

beautifully recorded. digitally recorded
recorder
noun
q
Special page at MUSIC
recording
noun
• ADJ.
excellent, fine, good
I
accurate, careful, de-
tailed a detailed recording offacts I complete a complete
recording of Mozart's piano sonatas
I
last, later/latest,
new, recent the band's latest recording I modern I early,
old I original toenhance the quality of the original record-
ing I pirate I commercial one of thefirst commercial re-
cordings of the artist
I
professional
I
live, studio
I
audio, video
I
cassette, tape
I
analogue, digital
I

mono, stereo I electrical, magnetic The principles of
magnetic recording have been around for a long time.
I
music, sound before the invention of sound recording I
orchestral, piano, etc.
I
test
• VERB
+
RECORDING
make
(sb)
Make a few test re-
cordings before you start the session in earnest.
I
play
(sb),
play
(sb)
back I ioant toplay you a recording of the
rehearsal. I hear, listen to
I
view, watch
• RECORDING
+
VERB
give sth, show sth The record-
ing gives an account of his kidnapping. I sound The
recording soundsjust like a live performance.
• RECORDING

+
NOUN
process I session
I
facilities,
studio I device, equipment, system
I
engineer
I
artist
I
career The clarinet player has launched her recording
career. I contract, deal I company I industry
• PREP.
-by
a recording by the Amadeus Quartet
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recount
recount
verb
• ADV. vividly The story of his life is vividly recounted in
this new book.
recourse
noun
• ADJ. constant, frequent
I
limited
I
no other, only
I

have no other recourse than to inform the police.
I
direct
The study of these creatures has been conducted without
direct recourse to living specimens.
I
legal
• VERB + RECOURSE have The mother of an illegitim-
ate child had no legal recourse to the father.
I
seek An
order was made against which he sought recourse in the
supreme court.
I
avoid Their system of dispute resolution
avoids recourse to the courts.
• PREP. by-to people who deal with emotional pain by re-
course todrugs and alcohol without-to They tried to settle
the dispute without recourse to the courts.
I -
against Citi-
zens have learnt that they do have recourse against gov-
ernments.
-to
She often had recourse to her dictionary.
recover
verb
• ADV. completely, fully
I
partially

I
only just
I
hardly,
never/not quite, never really She had hardly recovered
from the birth of her last baby.
I
well Your baby is recover-
ing well.
I
enough, sufficiently After a minute she re-
covered enough to speak.
I
quickly, soon
I
gradually,
slowly
I
apparently
I
never
• VERB + RECOVER help sb
(to)
I
struggle to Yates is
struggling to recoverform a serious knee injury.
• PREP. from Mrs Burton was last night recovering from
her injuries in hospital.
recovery
noun

• ADJ. amazing, astonishing, dramatic, excellent, mi-
raculous, remarkable
I
good, satisfactory, significant,
strong, substantial
I
complete, full
I
limited, modest,
partial The FTSE index staged a modest recovery to be 6.5
points down.
I
fragile
I
fast, quick, rapid, speedy, swift
I
gradual, slow
I
steady
I
faltering
I
eventual
I
con-
tinuing, lasting, long-term, sustained
I
spontaneous
I
national

I
economic, industrial, physical, political
I
price, profits
I
post-war
• VERB
+
RECOVERY achieve, make, stage Many
people make remarkable recoveries after strokes.
I
aid,
speed (up), stimulate A holiday would speed his recovery.
o
a reduction in interest rates tostimulate global economic
recovery
I
delay, hamper, hinder
I
wish sb We wish
them all a speedy recovery.
• RECOVERY
+
VERB be on the way, come The econom-
iccircumstances are right and recovery is on the way
(=
re-
covery will occur soon).
I
be way off Unemployment

is high and economic recovery is still a long way off(=
it
will be a long time until recovery).
I
be underway,
occur, take place
I
continue
• RECOVERY
+
NOUN time His injuries have returned as
there was insufficient recovery time between matches.
I
period, phase
I
process
I
plan, programme
I
room
After the operation she was taken to the recovery room.
I
position Continue resuscitation until the person starts
breathing and then place them in the recovery position.
• PREP. beyond - The region has been damaged by acid
rain and rioers arefouled almost beyond recovery. in- He's
in recoveryfrom the disease.
I
-from
recoveryfrom his ill-

ness -
in
the recent recovery in consumer spending -
to
a
slow recovery tofull health
• PHRASES be on the road to recovery She is well on the
road to recovery
(=
making goodprogress towards recov-
ery).
hopes/prospects of recovery, a sign of recovery
The economy is showing thefirst signs of recovery.
630
recreation
noun
• ADJ.
popular
I
chief, main Playing billiards is my
chief recreation.
I
informal
I
physical
I
countryside,
outdoor I indoor
• RECREATION + NOUN area, centre, facilities,
ground, room

• PREP. for- She cyclesfor recreation.
• PHRASES a form of recreation His only form of recre-
ation isplaying cards. a source of recreation exploiting
the countryside as a source of recreation
recruit
noun
• ADJ. latest, new, raw, recent raw recruits marching up
and down with the drill instructor
I
possible, potential
I
young
I
graduate
I
army
• VERB
+
RECRUIT findAcommonwaYforcompaniesto
find new recruits is by taking a stand at ajob exhibition.
I
attract It's difficult toattract recruits when working condi-
tions are sopoor.
I
enlist, gain, sign up Thousands of re-
cruits had been enlisted and partly trained.
0
She tried to
gain recruits for the party.
I

train Army recruits are all
trained infirst aid.
I
provide Their business schools pro-
vide recruits for domestic industry.
• PREP. -tonewrecruitstotheparty
recruit
verb
• ADV. directly The specialist institutions directly recruit
their own staff
I
actively
I
locally Most of the workers
will be recruited locally.
I
personally She personally re-
cruited the teachers.
I
specially Staff were recruited spe-
cially for the event.
• VERB
+
RECRUIT need to
I
seek to, try to
• PREP.
as
Peter Watson has been recruited as Sales Man-
ager. for A hundred patients were recruited for the study.

from Soldiers were recruited from the local villages. into
Some of the men were recruited into the army.
to
Ten new
members wererecruited to the committee.
• PHRASES newly/recently recruited
recruitment
noun
• ADJ. large/large-scale
I
annual
I
forced forced re-
cruitment of labour
I
labour, staff
I
executive, gradu-
ate, student She has set up her own executive recruitment
business in Paris.
I
army, military, police
• RECRUITMENT + NOUN policy
I
strategy
I
proced-
ure, process
I
campaign, drive, programme

I
market
I
agency, consultancy, service
I
consultant, manager,
officer, specialist the company's recruitment officer
• PREP. - by recruitment by large companies - into/to
large-scale recruitment tothe new industries
• PHRASES a method of recruitment, a source of re-
cruitment One source of recruitment is the civil service.
recur
verb
• ADV. constantly, frequently, regularly This is a con-
stantly recurring problem which we must deal with.
• VERB
+
RECUR be likely to
I
tend to
• PREP. throughout a theme that recurs throughout the
book
• PHRASES keep recurring
recurrence
noun
• ADJ. high
I
frequent
I
tumour, ulcer, etc.

• VERB + RECURRENCE avoid, prevent
I
experience,
have, suffer He has suffered a recurrence of his hamstring
injury.
• RECURRENCE
+
NOUN rate
• PHRASES the likelihood of a recurrence, the risk of
recurrence a high risk of recurrence
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recyclable
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV. easily Paper is easily recyclable. I completely
Glassproducts are completely recyclable. I potentially
recycle
verb
• ADV. endlessly, regularly (often figurative) endlessly
recycling the same worn-out arguments
• PREP. from made ofplastic recycledfrorn oldpackaging
material into These materials can be recycled into other
packaging products.
red
adj.
1 of the colour of blood
• VERBS glow The coals glowed red in the dying fire.
• A DV.
very
I

slightly The leaves looked slightly red.
• ADJ. bright, brilliant, fiery, flaming, vibrant, vivid
flaming red hair
I
dark, deep, rich
I
light, pale
I
dull
I
blood, brick, ruby her ruby red lips
qSpecialpage at
COLOUR
2 of the face
• VERBS be, look
I
flush, go, grow, turn Mr Grubb was
shouting and growing redder and redder in theface,
• ADV. very
I
quite
I
rather, slightly
• ADJ. bright, fiery Hecouldfeelhimseifgoing bright red.
• PREP with Rossflushed red with embarrassment.
• PHRASES as red as a beetroot, red in the face Charles
was rapidly turning red in theface.
redemption
noun
1 being saved from the power of evil

• VERB + REDEMPTION be in need of, need She be-
lieves that humanity is in need of redemption.
• PREP. beyond - After another incident at the weekend,
the club's reputation for violence is beyond redemption.
I
-jrorn
redemptionfrom evil
2 repayment of money invested/borrowed
• ADJ. early There isafeefor early redemption.
I
capital,
loan, share
• REDEMPTION
+
NOUN date
I
price, value, yield
• PREP. on-A charge ispayableonredemption.
redistribution
noun
• ADJ. major, massive, significant, substantial
I
equit-
able
I
income, land, population
• VERB
+
REDISTRIBUTION be/become available for
a

national tax available for redistribution to local govern-
ment
I
bring about The tax brought about
a
significant
redistribution of wealth.
• PREP. - from, - to redistribution from the rich to the
poor
red tape
noun
• ADJ. bureaucratic
• VERB
+
RED TAPE cut (through), reduce
reduce
verb
• ADV. considerably, dramatically, drastically, greatly,
sharply, significantly, substantially
I
further
I
slightly
Weneed to reduce the speed slightly.
I
gradually, progres-
sively Legislation progressively reduced the number of
situations in which industrial action could be taken.
• VERB + REDUCE aim to, attempt to, seek to, try to
I

help (to) Giving up smoking helps reduce the risk of heart
disease. I manage to I be designed to, be intended to I
be expected to, be likely to
• PREP.
by
Pollution from the works has been reduced by
70per cent. from, to The price is reducedfrom 99pto 85p.
• PHRASES an attempt/effort to reduce sth, measures
631
redundancy
to reduce sth, reduce sth to a minimum The risks must
bereduced to the absolute minimum.
reduction
noun
• ADJ. big, considerable, dramatic, drastic, great,
huge, large, major, marked, massive, remarkable, se-
vere, significant, substantial The changes may result in
a
greater reduction in employee numbers than we had previ-
ously expected.
0
a
sale with massive reductions on selected
items
I
minor, slight, small
I
further
I
possible

I
ac-
tual, net, overall, real
I
across-the-board, general
I
rapid, sharp, steep
I
slow
I
immediate, sudden
I
grad-
ual, progressive, steady
I
initial
I
recent
I
long-term,
permanent
I
proposed
I
percentage A small percent-
age reduction in the cost of materials would mean
a
signifi-
cant increase in profit. I capital, cost, debt, deficit, ex-
penditure, pay, price, tariff, tax, wage

I
emission,
noise, pollution, waste
I
weight
I
staff
I
arms, troop
• VERB
+
REDUCTION achieve, make, secure The gov-
ernment has found it difficult to make real reductions in
government spending.
0
Every effort is made to secure the
highest possible reduction in casualties.
I
cause, lead to,
make, produce, result in These simple changes will make
a
substantial reduction in the fat content of your diet.
I
avoid
I
ask for, demand, seek I asked for
a
reduction
as
the dress was damaged.

I
get, receive Guests staying 14
nights will receive a ten per cent reduction.
I
suffer They
suffered
a
severe reduction in income.
I
accept, welcome
I
give(sb),offer(sb)
I
proposeSheproposedareduction
in the state president's powers.
I
notice, observe, wit-
ness I haven't noticed any significant reduction in the per-
formance of my car since switching to unleaded fuel.
I
an-
nounce
I
forecast The budget forecasts
a
deficit reduc-
tion of 27%.
I
mean, represent Our average margins
dropped to 35%, which represents

a
reduction in gross
margins of £109 million. I show Figures just released
show
a
steady reduction in levels of emissions over the last
four
years.
• REDUCTION + VERB occur, take place
• REDUCTION + NOUN target the government's waste
reduction targets
• PREP. through a/the - economic growth through a re-
duction in interest rates
I -
by reduction by 30% -from,
- in There has been a sharp reduction in the number of ac-
cidents on motorways. - on
a
25%
reduction on normal
subscription rates -
to
a reduction in the speed limit from
50to40miles per hour
• PHRASES a reduction in numbers They are concerned
about the reduction in numbers of people eligiblefor legal
aid. a reduction in the amount/number/size of sth the re-
duction in the number of hospital beds
redundancy
noun

• ADJ.
large-scale, major, mass, massive The closure of
the mine led to large-scale redundancies.
I
widespread
I
threatened
I
compulsory, enforced, forced
I
voluntary
• QUANT. round, wave afresh wave of redundancies
• VERB
+
REDUNDANCY make The bank will be mak-
ing
3
500redundancies over the next five years.
I
lead to,
result in
I
avoid
I
announce
I
be threatened by/with,
face Sixty workers at
a
clothing factory face redundancy

because the firm is relocating.
I
accept, take, volunteer
for Those choosing to take redundancy will receive the
company's standard redundancy terms.
• REDUNDANCY
+
VERB occur, take place
• REDUNDANCY + NOUN policy I programme I no-
tice Redundancy notices have been sent to 200 workers.
I
compensation, package, terms
I
money, pay, payment
I
costs
Most of the companies' lossesstemmedfrom. redun-
dancy costs.
• PHRASES the threat of redundancy
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redundant
redundant
ad}.
1 no longer needed for a job
• VERBS be
I
become
I
make sb
the decision to make

800employees compulsorily redundant
• ADV. compulsorily
2 not necessary or wanted
• VERBS be, feel, seem
I
become
I
declare sth, make
sth, render sth
The chapel was declared redundant in
1995.
• ADV completely
I
virtually
I
largely
refer
verb
PHRASAL VERB
refer to
sb/sth
• ADV briefly, in passing
He referred to the report in
passing.
I
specifically
I
commonly
The disease was
commonly referred to as 'the green sickness'.

I
frequently,
often
I
generally, usually
I
sometimes
I
always
I
never
I
jokingly
• VERB
+
REFER TO SB/STH be used to
The term
'alexia' is used to refer to any acquired disorder of reading.
• PREP. as
She always referred toBen as 'that nice man'.
referee
noun
1controls a sports match
• ADJ. boxing, football
I
match, tournament
decisions
taken by the match referee
I
international

• REFEREE
+
VERB award sb sth
The refereeawarded a
free kick to the home team. I
book sb, send sb off
The ref-
ereebooked threeplayers for offensive behaviour.
• PHRASES the referee's decision
2 recommends sb for a job
• ADJ. academic, professional
• VERB
+
REFEREE act as, be
• PREP. -for
Hisformer employer agreed toact as a refer-
eefor him.
3 settles a dispute between people
• ADJ. official
• VERB
+
REFEREE act as
to act as referee between the
parties involved
• PREP. - between
reference
noun
1 mentioning sb/sth
• ADJ. extensive
I

brief, casual, passing
I
occasional
I
frequent, repeated
I
constant
I
further
They could
find no further reference to Mr LaMotte in the records.
I
general
I
particular, special, specific
She won agrant to
study political science with special reference to China.
I
definite
I
explicit, express
I
direct
I
cryptic, indirect,
oblique, obscure, veiled
I
clear, obvious
I
ambiguous,

confusing
I
early
one of the earliest references to thegame
of chess
I
biblical, cultural, historical, literary
I
written
• VERB
+
REFERENCE contain, have
Her diary con-
tains no reference to the alleged appointment.
I
drop,
make
He dropped casual references to the legacy of his
great ioork.
0
The article makes no reference to his first
marriage.
I
drop, omit
The new constitution dropped all
reference toprevious wars.
I
find
• PREP. in a/the-
In an obvious referenceto the president,

he talked of corruption in high places.
in/with - to
(writ-
ten) I am writing with reference to your job application.
I
- (back) to
The summary should be comprehensible with-
out referenceback to the source work.
2 consulting sb/sth for advice/help/information
• ADJ. easy, quick
The book is organized alphabetically
for easy reference.
I
further, future
• PREP. by-to
Our charges are calculated by reference to
an hourly rate.
for-
Retain a copy of theformfor future ref-
632
erence.
without - to
The decision was taken without refer-
enceto local managers.
• PHRASES for reference purposes
She needs the book
for referencepurposes.
a source of reference
The book is
an invaluable source of referencefor the-art historian.

3 book containing facts/information
• ADJ. general
The book is by far the best general refer-
enceon natural history.
• REFERENCE
+
NOUN book, material, source, work
I
library
I
section
You'll find the information in the refer-
encesection of your local library.
4 numberlnote/symbol
• ADJ. copious
I
fullForfullreferencesofallbookscited,
seeAppendix B.
I
appropriate
Please send afull Cv, quot-
ing the appropriate reference.
I
cross-
The cross-
referencesreferyou to information in other parts of the dic-
tionary. I
bibliographic/bibliographical
I
grid, map

• VERB
+
REFERENCE quote
I
cite, give
References to
original sources are given at the end of each chapter.
• REFERENCE
+
NOUN number
• PREP. in althe -
The date of publication should be in-
cluded in the reference.
I
-to
a reference topage 17
• PHRASES a list of references
5 letter about your character/abilities
• ADJ. glowing
I
character
• VERB
+
REFERENCE ask for
I
give (sb), provide (sb
with), write (sb)
I
follow up, take up
They've taken up my

references
(=
contacted the person who provided the ref-
erence),
so they must be interested in me.
• PREP. -from
a referencefrom your current employer
5 standards by which sth isjudged
• REFERENCE
+
NOUN point
• PHRASES a frame of reference
People interpret events
within their oumframe of reference.
a point of reference
Unemployment serves as a useful point of reference in
examining social problems.
terms of reference
The mat-
ter was outside the committee's terms of reference.
referendum
noun
• ADJ. planned, proposed
I
popular
I
national, na-
tionwide
I
constitutional, independence

• VERB
+
REFERENDUM conduct, hold
The referen-
dum will be held on July 14th.
I
put sth to
The proposals
wereput to a referendum.
I
call
The president called a ref-
erendum that he hoped would confirm him inpower.
I
call
for, demand, propose
The group called for a referendum
on the death penalty.
I
oppose
I
boycott
The unions
urged people to boycott the referendum.
I
declare, organ-
ize
I
be adopted by, be approved by, be confirmed by,
be endorsed by

a new constitution adopted by referendum
• REFERENDUM
+
VERB show sth
A popular referen-
dum showed that the majority ofpeople want reform.
• REFERENDUM
+
NOUN proposal
The Democrats
rejected the referendum proposal.
I
campaign
I
result
• PREP. in a/the -
The issue will be decided in a national
referendum.
I -
on
a referendum on a new constitution
• PHRASES declare a referendum fair/illegal
UN moni-
tors declared the referendum fair.
the result/results of a
referendum
refine
verb
• ADV slightly
I

further
I
increasingly
I
constantly,
continuously
The information system is constantly re-
fined and updated.
I
gradually
• VERB
+
REFINE attemptto, try to
I
help (to)
• PREP into
Sugar cane is refined into sugar.
refinement
noun
1 improvement to/on sth; process of improving sth
• ADJ. considerable, great
A greater refinement of the
categorization is possible.
I
extra, further
I
continuous,
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endless
All programs have bugs and need endless refine-

ment.
I
useful
It ispossible toadd afeu: useful refinements
to the basic system.
I
technical
I
modern
• QUANT.
degree
• VERB
+
REFINEMENT
need, require
The technology
requires agreat deal of refinement.
I
add, introduce
• PREP. -
in
a refinement in the masonry -
on
a refinement
onprevious methods -
to
to add afurther refinement to the
computer system
2 being polite/well educated; clever in design
• ADJ.

great
a woman of great refinement and beauty
• VERB
+
REFINEMENT
lack
The kite was star shaped
and lacked the refinement of current designs.
• PREP. -
in
a lack of refinement in engine design
• PHRASES
a lack of refinement
reflect
verb
1 send back light/heat/sound
• ADV.
dimly, dully
The sun reflected dully off the stone
walls.
o
lfigurative) In Milton's poem, Satan, even after
hisfall, dimly reflects hisformer glory.
I
back
• PREP.
from
The screen reflects light from the sun.
off
2 show/express sth

• ADV
clearly
I
directly
I
accurately, closely, correct-
Iy, faithfully, well
Does this opinion poll accurately reflect
the public mood?
I
adequately
The punishment should
adequately reflect the reuulsion jelt by most people for this
appalling crime.
I
merely, simply
This year's budget
simply reflects the fact that we have fewer people out of
work.
I
not necessarily
The views expressed in this art-
icledo not necessarily reflect those of the editor.
• VERB
+
REFLECT
be designed to
The exhibition is de-
signed to reflectthe diversity of the nation and its regions.
• PREP. in

The condition of the house is reflected in its low
price.
3 think deeply
• ADV.
bitterly, gloomily, ruefully, wryly
reflecting rue-
fully that thegreat American dollar didn't buy as much as
it used to
• VERB
+
REFLECT
pause to
I
leave sb to
He was left
to reflect on the implications of his decision.
• PREP.
on/upon
She paused to reflect on what she had
achieved.
• PHRASES
time to reflect
I need time toreflect.
reflection
noun
1 image in a mirror, etc.
• ADJ.
clear
I
faint

I
blurred, distorted
• VERB
+
REFLECTION
catch a glimpse of, catch sight
of, see
He caught sight of her reflection in the window.
I
glance at, look at
I
gaze at, stare at, watch
I
examine,
inspect, study
• REFLECTION
+
VERB
look
Her reflection in the mir-
ror looked distorted.
• PREP.
in a/the -
In the reflection on the glass door he
could see the class behind him. I -
in
I saw my reflection in
thepolished marble. -
on
the reflection of the mountains on

the calm waters of the lake
2 sending light/heat/sound back from a surface
• ADJ.
heat, light, sound
• PREP. -
from
There is reflection of heat from the metal
surface.
• PHRASES
the angle of reflection
3 indication/description of sth
• ADJ.
accurate, fair, true
I
inadequate
I
mere, pale
This account is only a pale reflection of the true state of af-
fairs.
I
direct, simple
Youngpeople's behaviour is adirect
reflection of adults'.
I
sad
• VERB
+
REFLECTION
give (sb), provide
Such studies

do not give a true reflection ofpopulation needs.
633
reform
• PREP. -
of/on/upon
His low level of performance is no
reflection on his general ability.
4 careful thought about sth
• ADJ.
deep, mature, serious, sober
I
further
I
quiet
I
personal
I
critical, philosophical, theological
• VERB
+
REFLECTION
encourage
Counselling should
encourage reflection on thepast.
• REFLECTION
+
VERB
show sb/sth
A moment's reflec-
tion will show you that that can't be true.

• PREP.
after/on/upon -
Onfurther reflection,
I'm
not so
sure it's a good idea. I
-about/on/upon
The party needs a
period of sober reflection about what went wrong.
• PHRASES
a moment's reflection, a period for/of re-
flection, time for reflection
5written or spoken thoughts about sth
• ADJ.
interesting
I
poignant
• VERB
+
REFLECTION
have
• PREP.
-about/on/upon
She has some interesting reflec-
tions about the spiritual state of the country.
reflective
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV.
highly, very

I
slightly
reflex
noun
• ADJ.
good, lightning, quick
I
poor
I
automatic
I
natural
I
conditioned
• VERB
+
REFLEX
trigger
The rapid movement of an ob-
ject towards the eye triggers the blink reflex.
I
control
I
sharpen, speed up
The training is designed to sharpen
thefighter's reflexes.
I
slow
(down)Alcohol can slow your
reflexes.

I
suppress
I
test
The doctor tested her reflexes.
• REFLEX
+
NOUN
action, reaction
Almost as a reflex
action, Igrab my pen as thephone rings.
• PREP.
by - Almost by reflex, he helped himself to a
drink.
reform
noun
• ADJ.
drastic, fundamental, great, important, major,
radical, significant, substantial
I
comprehensive, far-
reaching, sweeping, wholesale, wide-ranging
I
minor
I
piecemeal
I
new
I
further

I
immediate
I
rapid
I
much
needed, necessary, overdue
Health care reform is long
overdue.
I
effective
I
practical
I
moral, political, social
I
democratic, liberal
I
domestic, institutional, internal
I
procedural, structural
I
administrative, governmen-
tal
I
constitutional, electoral, judicial, law, legal, legis-
lative
I
penal, prison
I

curriculum, educational
I
wel-
fare
I
budgetary, economic, financial, monetary, tax
I
agrarian, agricultural, environmental, land
• QUANT.
package
• VERB
+
REFORM
adopt, bring about, introduce, put
in place
I
push through
They wanted a weak president
and a strong one-chamber parliament able to push
through radical reforms.
I
carry out/through, imple-
ment, put into practice, undertake
I
accelerate
efforts to
accelerate the structural reform of the economy
I
delay
I

block
The conservative coalition could delay further re-
forms or block them altogether.
I
accept, welcome
I
ad-
vocate, call for, press for, propose
They have issued a
statement advocating reform of the legal system.
I
de-
mand
I
back, encourage, support
We are committed to
supporting democracy and reform in the region.
I
require
The practice of global politics requires reform.
I
plan
I
discuss
• REFORM
+
VERB
go through
The reforms went
through in spite of opposition from teachers.

I
aim at sth
tax reforms aimed at encouraging land development
• REFORM
+
NOUN
process
I
movement
I
initiative,
measure, package, programme
I
act, bill
I
policy
• PREP.
-inreformsinhousingandeducation
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reform
• PHRASES the need for reform, the pace of reform, a
programme of reform, a timetable for reform
reform
verb
• ADV. drastically, fundamentally, radically
The health
service must beradically reformed.
• VERB
+
REFORM attemptto, seek to, try to

• PHRASES attempts/efforts/proposals to reform sth, a
need to reform sth
refrain
noun
• ADJ. constant
I
familiar
Complaints about schoolfood
have become
atamiliar
refrain.
• VERB
+
REFRAIN sing, take up
The choir's sopranos
took up the refrain.
• REFRAIN
+
VERB go
Shoppers,
so
the refrain goes, are
never happy until they hauefound a bargain.
refrain
verb
• ADV. carefully, deliberately
He deliberately refrained
from expressing his opinion on the matter.
I
wisely

• PREP. from
Lrefrainedfrom laughing.
refreshing
adj.
• VERBS be
I
find sth
• ADV. extremely, highly, really, very, wonderfully
The
water was cold and wonderfully refreshing.
I
quite
refreshment
noun
• ADJ. light
I
liquid
(humorous)
• VERB
+
REFRESHMENT need
I
take
I
pause for, stop
for
We stopped for refreshment halfway through thejour-
ney.
I
provide (sb with), serve

Light refreshments will be
served in the interval.
• REFRESHMENT
+
VERB be available
• REFRESHMENT
+
NOUN area, hut, kiosk, room
I
fa-
cilities, service
• PREP for -
We're allowed twenty minutes for refresh-
ment.
for-s
What are wegoing to hauefor refreshments?
• PHRASES a place of refreshment, rest and refresh-
ment
rest and refreshmentfor the mind and body
refuge
noun
• ADJ. safe
I
temporary
I
wildlife
I
mountain
a monk
living in a mountain refuge

I
last
lfigurative) They looked
to the country as the last refuge of liberty.
• VERB
+
REFUGE take
They took refuge in the embassy.
I
look for, seek
They sought refuge in the mountain vil-
lages.
I
find
They were hoping tofind a safe refugefor the
night.
0
They found refuge from the bright sun.
I
give
(sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with)
• PREP. - against
lfigurative) Home is a refuge against
the pressures of work. -
from
The cave provided refuge
from the storm.
• PHRASES a place of refuge
refugee
noun

• ADJ. genuine, real
I
would-be
I
returning
I
econom-
ic, environmental, political, war
Many claimed to beenuir-
onmentalrefugees,leavingforthesakeoftheirhealth.
I
ci-
vilian
I
child
• VERB
+
REFUGEE qualify as
Those who did not quali-
fy as refugees were returned to their home countries.
I
be
considered, be found to be, be recognized as
Only nine
per cent werefound to be genuine political refugees.
I
ac-
cept, resettle, take (back/in)
The government has agreed
to take only 150 refugees plus their dependants.

I
expel,
return
I
house
I
help
• REFUGEE
+
VERB flee sth
refugees fleeing political
persecution
I
be displaced
refugees displaced by the civil
634
war
I
arrive
I
pour
Hundreds of refugees are pouring
over the border.
I
live
refugees living in camps along the
border
I
return
• REFUGEE

+
NOUN crisis, issue, problem, question,
situation
I
exodus
I
resettlement
I
status
The Home
Office has refused him refugee status.
I
group, organiza-
tion, worker
I
camp, centre, hostel
I
children, commu-
nity, family, population
• PREP. among -
Unemployment among the refugees has
risen sharply.
-frorn
refugeesfrom. civil wars
• PHRASES a flood/influx of refugees
a new influx of
refugees from the combat zone
the flow of refugees, the
plight of refugees, the return of refugees
refund

noun
• ADJ. full
I
cash
I
tax, ticket
• VERB
+
REFUND
give(sb),makeThey'llonlygiveyou
arefund
if youue
got thereceipt.
I
offer(sb)
I
refuse(sb)
He has been refused a refund on his air ticket.
I
be entitled
to
You're entitled toafull refund should you be unsatisfied
with the quality of our goods.
I
ask (sb) for, claim, de-
mand, request, seek
I
get, obtain, receive
• PREP. - for
There will be no refund for cancellations

made within 10working days of the conference. -
on
She re-
ceived a refund on the unused tickets.
refund
verb
• ADV. in full
Your money will be refunded in full.
I
promptly
• PREP. to
If you are not satisfied with thegoods, the price
will be refunded toyou.
refusal
noun
• ADJ. blank, blunt, complete, flat, outright, point-
blank
I
continued/continuing, obstinate, persistent, re-
peated, steadfast, stubborn
I
cowardly
I
wilful
I
polite
I
first
If you decide to sell your car, I hope you'll give me
first refusal

(=
the opportunity to buy it before it is offered
to others).
• VERB
+
REFUSAL be met by/with
Her appeals for
funds tosupport the cause were met with blank refusal.
• PREP. - by/of
a refusal by a patient to accept the recom-
mended treatment
• PHRASES a refusal of consent
a refusal of consent to
blood transfusions
refusal on grounds
their refusal on
religious grounds toperform military service
refuse
noun
• ADJ. domestic, household
I
uncollected
• QUANT. heap, mound, pile
• VERB
+
REFUSE dump
People dump their refuse in the
surrounding woods instead of taking it to the tip.
I
collect

What day do they collectthe refuse?
I
recycle
• REFUSE
+
NOUN collection, disposal
I
bin
I
dump
refuse
verb
• ADV. adamantly, obstinately, resolutely, steadfastly,
stoutly, stubbornly
I
categorically, flatly, point-blank,
simply
Gerard refused point-blank to co-operate.
I
point-
edly
The demand for an apology was pointedly refused.
I
politely
I
consistently
• VERB
+
REFUSE can't/couldn't, can/could hardly
They made me an offer I couldn't refuse.

I
be entitled to,
have the right to
Workers should be entitled to refuse to
work under these conditions.
I
be/seem churlish to
She
offered them cups of teaand it seemed churlish to refuse.
regain
verb
• ADV. completely
He hadn't completely regained his
strength.
I
quickly, rapidly
I
gradually, slowly
I
even-
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tually, finally I never
He was severely injured and never
regained consciousness.
• VERB
+
REGAIN
fight to, struggle to, try to
The team
are struggling to regain last season's form.

I
be desper-
ate to, be determined to, hope to
He was determined to re-
gain what hisftuher had lost.
I
help sb (to)
I
manage to
I be unable to, fail to
• PHRASES
an attemptla bid/an effort to regain sth
He
is making a bid to regain his World No
1
ranking.
a
chance/an opportunity to regain sth
a chance to regain
the lead in the contest
regard
noun
1
attention to/thought for sb/sth
• ADJ.
due, full, proper I scant I particular, specific
• VERB + REGARD
have
(often law) When exercising its
discretion, the court will have regard

to
all the circum-
stances.
I pay, show
The manifesto pays scant regard to
green issues.
• PREP.
in/with - to
I am writing with regard
to
your re-
cent order.
without-for/to
an attempt
to
plan the
future
of
an industry without due regard
to
market forces
I - for
a
proper regard for human dignity
• PHRASES
in that/this regard
I have nothing further to
say in this regard
(=
in regard to what hasjust been said).

a lack of regard
a lack of regard for public safety
little/no
regard for/to sb/sth
2 respect/admiration for sb
• ADJ.
considerable, great, high
I
insufficient, low
I
mutual
I
critical
• VERB
+
REGARD
have, hold sb/sth
inIhave thegreat-
est regard for his abilities.
0
He is held in the highest re-
gard by his colleagues.
I
win
Thefilm has won critical re-
gard in America.
3 regards used to send greetings to sb
• ADJ.
best, kind, warm
(all written) The letter ended,

'Kindest regards, Felicity.'
• VERB + REGARDS
convey, give (sb), send (sb)
(writ-
ten) David sends his warmest regards to your parents.
• PREP. -
to
(written) My regards to your aunt
(=
please
give my regards to your aunt).
regard
verb
1
(often be regarded) think of sb/sth in a particular way
• ADV.
highly, well
She was highly regarded as a sculptor.
I
generally, universally, widely
The project was widely re-
garded as a success.
I
commonly, popularly, usually I
conventionally, traditionally
Foxes were traditionally re-
garded as vermin.
I legitimately, properly, reasonably
Civil contempt is not properly regarded as a criminal of-
fence

I hitherto I still
I
no longer
• VERB + REGARD
seem to
He seemed to regard the
whole thing as a joke.
I
tend to
They tend to regard the
open expression of emotion as being soft and feminine.
I
come to
I had come
to
regard him as a close
friend.
I con-
tinue to I be tempted to, be tempting to
The successful
are often tempted
to
regard their success as a kind of re-
ward.
I
be a mistake to
It would be a mistake to regard
the incident as unimportant.
• PREP. as Many of her works are regarded as classics.
with

They regarded people outside their own village with
suspicion.
2 look steadily at sb/sth
• ADV.
steadily
I
intently
I
curiously, suspiciously,
thoughtfully, warily
• VERB + REGARD
continue to
His eyes continued to re-
gard her steadily.
• PREP.
with
She regarded the mess with distaste.
635
region
regime
noun
1
system of government
• ADJ.
new
I
old
I
current, established, existing, pres-
ent

I
former, previous
I
interim
I
political
I
conserva-
tive, liberal, radical
I
authoritarian, autocratic, dictator-
ial, totalitarian
I
communist, democratic, fascist, so-
cialist
I
brutal, hard-line, harsh, oppressive, repressive
I
constitutional, parliamentary
I
revolutionary
I
mili-
tary I colonial I puppet
In 1940a puppet regime was es-
tablished by the invaders.
• VERB
+
REGIME
establish, install, set up I defeat,

overthrow, topple
I
bolster, strengthen
Education was
seen as a way of bolstering the existing regime.
I
destabilize I support I oppose I head
a military re-
gime headed by the general
• REGIME + VERB
exist
I
come to power
The commun-
ist regime came
to
power in
1975.I collapse, fall
• PREP.
against a/the -
She called for sanctions against
the regime.
under a/the -
He spoke of the abhorrent crimes
that had been committed under the regime.
I -
under
a
military regime under Franco
• PHRASES

a change of regime, the collapse/fail/over-
throw of a regime, a member of a regime
2 set of rules/procedures
• ADJ.
harsh, rigorous, strict, tight
I
relaxed
I
new
I
special
I
exercise, fitness, health, training
I
dietary
I
drug, therapeutic, treatment I educational I econom-
ic, financial, fiscal, legal, regulatory
a financial regime
imposed by the government
I
trade/trading, tax I safety
• VERB + REGIME
create, introduce, set up, start
It
will be necessary to create a regime to monitor compliance
with the agreements.
I
impose
I

subject sb to
The chil-
dren were subjected to a strict regime of meals, walks and
lessons.
I
follow
He suggested tome that Ifolloto hisfitness
regime.
• REGIME
+
VERB
be based on sth
a regime based on
discipline and training
• PREP.
under a/the-
Under the new regime you will be li-
ablefor automatic penalties for late submission of tax re-
turns.
I
-for
the new regimefor accounting for charities
regimen
noun
• ADJ.
strict
I
combined I dietary I treatment
I
drug

I
dosage/dose
• VERB
+
REGIMEN
use
Weused a combined regimen of
injection treatment and radiation therapy.
• REGIMEN + VERB
comprise sth
a treatment regimen
comprising two antibiotics
region
noun
1
area of land/part of a country
• ADJ.
large I small I entire, whole I distinct, particu-
lar, specific
I
northern, southern, etc.
I
central
I
bor-
der, far-flung, outlying, peripheral, remote I
neighbouring, surrounding
I
unexplored
I

geograph-
ical
I
arid, coastal, desert, equatorial, jungle, moun-
tain/mountainous, polar, tropical I Basque, Gulf, Lon-
don, Pacific, etc.
I
autonomous
I
urbanized
I
rural I
populated
a sparsely populated region
I economic I de-
veloped, industrial I developing I depressed, poor,
underdeveloped
the poorer regions of the continent
I
prosperous, rich
Italy's richest region
I oil-producing,
etc.
• VERB + REGION
inhabit, live in
Nomads have inhabit-
ed this region for thousands of years.
I
work in I leave
I

visit I divide sth into
The country is divided into
17
au-
tonomous regions.
I
confine sb/sth to
This bird is largely
confined to the southern regions of the country.
• REGION
+
VERB
cover sb/sth
The champagne-
producing region covers 34 500hectares.
• PREP.
across a/the -
Sports events across the region
have been cancelled because of the weather.
from a1the-
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register
Twenty participants from the Asia-Pacific region will be
invited to the seminar.
in/within a/the -
The animal is
found in the northern regions of Sweden.
in the - of
(fig-
urative) She earns in the region of

(=
approximately)
£200000.
throughout a/the-
The plant isfound through-
out the western regions of the country.
• PHRASES sth varies from region to region
Sanitary
facilities varied widelyfrom region to region.
2 part of the body
• ADJ. distinct, particular, specific
I
brain, etc.
• PREP. from a/the -
tissue from the mouth region
in/within a/the-
cells in aparticular region of the brain
register
noun
1
list of names
• ADJ. detailed
I
full
I
up-to-date
I
annual
I
central,

national, public
I
statutory
I
professional
I
attend-
ance, membership
I
electoral, voters'
I
medical
I
birth, burial, marriage
I
address
I
class, school
I
church, parish I hotel I asset, land, property, share
• VERB
+
REGISTER
appearon,beonAllthoseappear-
ing on the register must notify the authorities of any
change of address.
I
remain on
I
keep, maintain

They
keep a register of all those who have contributed to the
fund.
I
call, take
The teacher takes the register at the be-
ginning of each class.
I
inspect
I
compile, create, draw
up, establish
She was asked to draw up a register of suit-
able sites. I
add sb/sth to, enter sb/sth in/on, register
sb/sth in/on
Their names had been entered in the register
as owners of the company.
I
omit sb/sth from
I
remove
sb from, strike sb from/off
He was struck off the medical
registerfor professional misconduct.
I
sign
The bride and
bridegroom signed the register.
• REGISTER

+
VERB contain sth, include sth
a register
containing details offour million cars
• REGISTER
+
NOUN office
• PREP in a /the
It was the last entry in the register.
on
a/the -
There are
36
children on the register.
• PHRASES an entry in/on a register
2 range of a voice/an instrument
• ADJ. high, low, middle, upper
the lower register of the
piano
• PREP. in a/the-
boy trebles singing in high registers
31evellstyle of a piece of writing/speech
• ADJ. formal, informal
I
appropriate
• VERB
+
REGISTER adopt
He has adopted an informal
register

so
as not to alienate his audience. .
register
verb
1
put sb/sth on an official list
• ADV fully
On completion of the preregistration year,
graduates becomefully registered by the General Medical
Council.
I
jointly
About
68
per cent of illegitimate births
were jointly registered by both parents.
I
formally, offi-
cially
I
legally
I
duly
As I reached my eighteenth birth-
day I duly registered.for military service.
I
automatically
• VERB
+
REGISTER be required to, have to, must

You
must register the death within three days.
I
be eligible to,
be entitled to
I
fail to
I
refuse to
• PREP. as
the number of people officially registering as
unemployed
at
He registered at his local university.
for
There isstill time to register for English classes.
with
Stu-
dents living away from home are required to register with
a local doctor.
2 notice sth
• ADV. barely, hardly, scarcely
She had barely registered
his presence.
I
vaguely
He vaguely registered that the
women had gone.
• VERB
+

REGISTER fail to
His eyes failed to register
Meredith's surprise.
636
registration
noun
• ADJ. full
I
limited
I
formal
I
compulsory
I
civil
civil
registration of births
I
birth, death
I
student, voter
I
car, company, land, trademark, vehicle
I
VAT
• VERB
+
REGISTRATION require
I
be exempt from

Certain charities are exempt from VAT registration.
I
be
eligible for, qualify for
Youshould be eligiblefor registra-
tion as a student member.
I
apply for, seek
I
obtain
I
grant sb
Under the new regulation wecan grant
full
regis-
tration toforeign. lawyers.
I
refuse sb
I
renew
I
cancel
• REGISTRATION
+
VERB be required
• REGISTRATION
+
NOUN
requirementafailuretocom-
ply with the registration requirements

I
period
I
proced-
ure, process I scheme, system I records
I traced my
family history using the civil registration records.
I
form
I
book, card, document
I
number
I gave the registration
number of the robbers' car to the police.
I
plate
The police
are looking for a large black saloon with German registra-
tionplates.
I officer I fee
• PREP. on -
You will receive a free CD on registration
with the club.
I -
as
registration as a political party -
by
the registration of the vehicle by the appropriate authority
-with

Registration with the council is compulsory.
• PHRASES an application for registration, a certificate
of registration
registry
noun
• ADJ. public
I
private
I
central
a central registry for
all applicants
I
district, national, regional
I
land, corn-
panies'
The deed of transfer must be entered at the land
registry. I landfeesfor land registry
• VERB
+
REGISTRY enter sth at/in, lodge sth at/in,
register sth at
The certificate will have to be lodged at the
registry.
• REGISTRY
+
VERB have sth, hold sth, keep sth
The
registry holds records of all major operations.

• REGISTRY
+
NOUN fee
I
office
I
staff
• PHRASES at a/the -
The map is kept at the local land
registry.
regret
noun
• ADJ. big, bitter, deep, genuine, great, profound, real,
sincere
Her biggest regret was that she had never had chil-
dren.
0
She expressed deep regret at the incident.
• QUANT. pang, stab, tinge, twinge
• VERB
+
REGRET feel, have
I have absolutely no re-
grets about resigning.
I
express, show
• PREP. to your-
To my regret, I lost touch with her years
ago.
with -

It is with deep regret that we announce the
death of Mr Fred Fisher.
without -
She thought of them
without regret.
I -
about/over
She showed no regret about
leaving her country. - at my sincere regret at what has hap-
pened
-for
She enjoyed living alone, but felt a tiny pang of
regretfor her mother's cooking.
• PHRASES expression of regret
The police offered no
expression of regret at his wrongful arrest.
a matter for/of
regret
I never learned toplay an instrument and that's a
matter of some regret.
regret
verb
• ADV bitterly, deeply, greatly, really, very much
The
president said that his country deeply regretted the inci-
dent.
I
rather
I
immediately, instantly

I immediately re-
gretted not asking for his name and address. I
later
Pierre
told them some things he later regretted telling.
I
never
• VERB
+
REGRET begin to
I
come to, live to
She knew
that she would live to regret this decision.
regrettable
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
• ADV. deeply, extremely, highly, very
a deeply regret-
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table incident
0
It is highly regrettable that the minister
cannot be here inperson.
I
rather
regular
adj.
1
frequent

• VERBS be, seem
I
become
• ADV. very
I
fairly, quite
atfairly regular intervals
2 following a pattern
• VERBS be
• ADV. highly, very
highly regular patterns
I
perfectly
Herface was perfectly regular.
I
fairly
regularity
noun
• QUANT. degree
Sons follotoed their fathers' trade with
a high degree of regularity.
• VERB
+
REGULARITY maintain
The idea is to main-
tain the regularity of the heartbeat.
• PREP. with (a) -
He exercised with a regularity that
amazed us.
I -

in
Is there any regularity in English word
stress?
• PHRASES with alarming/depressing/monotonous re-
gularity
the statistics that he quotes with monotonous re-
gularity
with great/increasing regularity
regulate
verb
• ADV carefully, closely, properly, strictly, tightly
The
use of these chemicals is strictly regulated.
• VERB
+
REGULATE attempt to, seek to
I
be de-
signed to, be intended to
a code of conduct intended to
regulate press reporting on the royal family
• PHRASES an attempt to regulate sth, heavily/highly
regulated
a highly regulated economy
regulation
noun
1 control of sth
• ADJ. strict, tight, tough
I
increased

I
government,
international, official, professional, public, state
I
legal,
statutory
I
self, voluntary
I
economic, environmental,
financial
I
price, temperature
• VERB
+
REGULATION call for, demand
They are call-
ing for tighter regulation of the industry.
I
introduce
I
be subject to
Theatre, cinema and broadcasting are all
subject to regulation by local authorities.
• PREP. - by
regulation by local authorities
2
(usually
regulations) law/rule
• ADJ. strict, stringent, tighter, tougher

The Act imposes
more stringent regulations on atmospheric pollution.
I
draft
I
emergency
I
statutory
I
building, fire, hygiene,
planning, safety, traffic, etc.
I
EU, federal, government,
international, official
I
prison, school
• VERB
+
REGULATION comply with, conform to,
meet, observe, satisfy
To comply with government hy-
giene regulations, there must be a separate sink for hand
washing.
I
breach, break, contravene, flout, infringe
I
adopt, bring in, impose, introduce, issue, make
These re-
strictions are set out in regulations made by the minister.
I

liberalize, relax
The government is under pressure torelax
censorship regulations.
I
tighten
I
enforce
In practice,
the regulations are rarely enforced.
• REGULATION
+
VERB be designed to
The regula-
tions are designed to encourage lower consumption of
water.
I
control sth, govern sth, protect sth
regulations
governing trade and industry
I
impose sth, require sth,
restrict sth, specify sth, stipulate sth
Regulations re-
quire water authorities to test sea waterfor bacteria.
I
ap-
ply (to sth)
These regulations apply to all cows sold after
June
1998.

I
come into force
• REGULATION
+
NOUN uniform, white shirt, etc.
She
was wearing the regulation school uniform.
• PREP. against (the) -s
It's against safety regulations to
fix these doors open.
in (the) -
The limits are specified in the
637
reinforce
regulations.
under (the)-
Under the new regulations, each
worker must have a rest every two hours.
I
-s concern-
ing/regarding
There are strict regulations concerning the
adoption of children. - on regulations on hygiene
• PHRASES a breach of the regulations, compliance
with a regulation, in accordance with (the) regulations
The notice is in accordance with Regulation
7. rules and
regulations
rehabilitation
noun

• ADJ. economic, physical, psychiatric, social
• REHABILITATION
+
NOUN centre, unit
a drug re-
habilitation centre
I
services
I
plan, period, process,
programme, scheme
rehearsal
noun
• ADJ. dress
• VERB
+
REHEARSAL do, have, hold
We only had one
full rehearsal.
I
attend, go to
• REHEARSAL
+
VERB take place
I
go
How did the re-
hearsalgo?
• REHEARSAL + NOUN room, space, studio
I

time
• PREP. at (a/the) -
He apologized for his outburst at re-
hearsal.
during (a/the) -
During the dress rehearsal she
suddenly forgot her lines.
in -
They're performing every
night and they have another production in rehearsal.
I
- for
rehearsals for 'Romeo and Juliet' -
of
a rehearsal of
thefinal scene
rehearse
verb
• ADV carefully
I
mentally
She mentally rehearsed what
she would say to Jeff
• PREP. for
rehearsing for the show
• PHRASES well rehearsed
He had all the words he need-
ed typed out and well rehearsed.
reimburse
verb

• ADV. fully, in full
Any costs that you incur will be reim-
bursed infull.
• PREP. for
You will be reimbursed for your expenses.
rein
noun
1
(often reins) for controlling a horse
• VERB + REINS hold
Can you hold the reins for a min-
ute?
I
gather (up), pick up
Sean gathered up the horse's
reins.
I
grab (at), pull on
She pulled sharply on the reins.
I
give/hand sb, let go of
I
lengthen, shorten
• PREP. on a-
She had the horse on a long rein.
2 the reins being in control/the leader of sth
• VERB
+
REINS hold
It's the Treasury that effectively

holds the reins.
I
grasp, take up
The vice-president was
forced to take up the reins of office.
I
hand over
• PHRASES the reins of government/office/power
reinforce
verb
1 support sth that already exists
• ADV. enormously, greatly, massively, powerfully,
strongly
This report strongly reinforces the view that the
system must bechanged.
I
further
I
merely, only, simply
All this simply reinforces my earlier point.
I
constantly,
continually, continuously, repeatedly
I
implicitly
I
mutually
Violent behaviour and rejection by society are
mutually reinforcing.
I

unwittingly
I
positively
• VERB
+
REINFORCE help (to), serve to, tend to
2
make sth stronger
• ADV heavily
• PREP. with
The door was built of oak, heavily reinforced
with iron.
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reinforcement
reinforcement
noun
1 supporting/strengthening sth
• ADJ.
powerful
• VERB
+
REINFORCEMENT
provide
The minister's
statement provides reinforcement for the view that tax cuts
are likely in the budget.
I receive
I
have
The windows

have steel reinforcement.
I
need
2 reinforcements extra soldiers, etc.
• ADJ.
police, troop
• VERB
+
REINFORCEMENTS
call for, call in, send for,
summon
The crowd was very large and police reinforce-
ments were called in.
I
bring in, send
• REINFORCEMENTS
+
VERB
arrive
Reinforcements ar-
rived too late.
reject
verb
• ADV.
decisively, emphatically, firmly, roundly,
strongly, vehemently, vigorously
Shefirmly rejected the
suggestion that she had lied to Parliament.
I
categorical-

ly, completely, flatly, out of hand, outright, unequivo-
cally, utterly
Don't just reject their suggestions out of
hand.
I
overwhelmingly
I
unanimously
I
narrowly
Voters narrowly rejected the scheme.
I immediately, in-
stantly
I
quickly
I
consistently, constantly
I
eventual-
ly, finally I deliberately I explicitly, expressly, specific-
ally
I
effectively I indignantly
The paper indignantly re-
jected charges that it had invented the story to boost sales.
I
formally I publicly I instinctively
I
automatically
No

one knows why afoetus
is
not automatically rejected by the
mother's immune system.
I
rightly
It was an ill-
researchedproduct that consumers rightly rejected.
• VERB
+
REJECT
vote to
I
be free to, have the rightto
Consumers have the right to reject faulty goods and de-
mand a refund.
I
urge sb to
He urged the committee to re-
ject theplans.
• PREP.
as
The proposal was rejected as too costly.
in fa-
vour of
Their design was rejected in favour of one by a
rival company.
• PHRASES
reject sth on grounds
The scheme was re-

jected on economic grounds.
rejection
noun
• ADJ. blanket, outright, total, wholesale
I
deliberate
• VERB
+
REJECTION
fear
Children who have had bad
experiencesfear rejection.
I
risk
I
cope with, take
It takes
a very buoyant personality to cope with constant rejection.
• REJECTION
+
NOUN
letter, slip
apublisher's rejection
slip
• PREP.
-by
the rejection of the child by its mother
• PHRASES
fear of rejection, feelings of rejection, the
rejection of an idea/a proposal/a theory

rejoicing
noun
• ADJ.
great, much
I
general, popular
• PREP
amid/amidst-
The bridge was completed in 1811
amidst much rejoicing. I -
at
general rejoicing at the
team's victory
• PHRASES
a cause for rejoicing
She had a personal
cause for rejoicing.
an occasion for rejoicing
Finding a
job should have been an occasionfor rejoicing.
scenes of
rejoicing
There werescenes of rejoicing at the news.
relapse
noun
• ADJ.
acute
• VERB
+
RELAPSE

suffer I cause, trigger
A wide
range ofemotionally stressful events may trigger a relapse.
I
prevent
• RELAPSE
+
VERB
occur
• PREP.
in -
Even in relapse there will be times when the
patient's general condition improves.
• PHRASES
a risk of relapse
638
relate
verb
• ADV
closely
I
directly, specifically
The issues raised
in the report relate directly toAge Concern's ongoing work
in this area.
• VERB
+
RELATE
be able to, can/could
I

attempt to,
try to
I
be difficult to, find sth difficult to
[found it diffi-
cult to relate the two ideas in my mind.
• PREP.
to
Ourproduct needs an image that people can re-
late to.
• PHRASES
the ability to relate to sb/sth, an attempt to
relate sth
Attempts torelate studies on animals to those on
humans are not really comparing like with like.
related
adj.
1 connected
• VERBS
be, seem
• ADV.
closely, integrally, intimately, strongly
The two
ideas are very closely related.
I
inextricably I loosely
I
not necessarily
I
largely

I
partly
I
directly
I
indirectly
The old rates were at least indirectly related to income; the
new tax takes no account of a person's ability to pay.
I
broadly, roughly
I
specifically
I
fundamentally
I
posi-
tively I inversely, negatively
The traditional approach
has tended toregard unemployment and inflation as being
inversely related.
I apparently
I
clearly, obviously
I
causally, contextually, functionally, logically, thematic-
ally
Is unemployment causally related to crime?
• PREP.
to
The occurrence of the disease

is
apparently re-
lated tostandards of hygiene.
2 of the same family
• VERBS
be
• ADV.
closely
I
distantly
I
genetically
All the bees in
the colony aregenetically related.
• PREP.
to
He claims to be distantly related to the British
royal family:
relation
noun
1 connection between two or more things
• ADJ.
causal I direct
The energy an animal uses
is
in
direct relation to speed and body mass.
I close
The study
shows the close relation between poverty and ill health.

I
significant
• VERB
+
RELATION
bear, have
The film bore no rela-
tion to
(=
was very different from)
the book.
0
The fee
bears little relation to the serviceprovided.
I
show
• PREP.
in
-eto Similar policies werepursued in the 1970s,
particularly in relation to health services.
I -
between,
-to
the relation of the subject to the object
2 member of sb's family
• ADJ.
close, near
I
distant
I

blood
I
poor
(often fig-
urative) Other sparkling wines are often considered the
poor relations of champagne.
• VERB
+
RELATION
visit
• PREP.
-fo
What relation
is
Rita toyou?
• PHRASES
friends and relations
3 relations between people/groups/countries
• ADJ.
close, cordial, friendly, good, harmonious
I
im-
proved I difficult, poor, strained I class, diplomatic,
economic, foreign, gender, human, industrial, inter-
national,labour, personal, political, power, public, race,
sexual, social, trade
The change of government led to im-
proved industrial relations.
0
a public relations exercise I

Anglo-American, East-West, etc.
• VERB
+
RELATIONS
cultivate, develop, establish,
foster
the need to establish good relations with our Euro-
pean partners
I
break off, damage, sever, suspend
Diplo-
matic relations have been broken off between the two coun-
tries.
I improve, strengthen
Renewed efforts are being
made to improve the strained relations between the two
countries.
I
restore, resume
I
regulate
the mechanisms
that regulate the relations between labour and capital
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• RELATIONS
+
VERB improve
Relations between the
two states have improved.
I

deteriorate, sour, worsen
• PREP. -among, -between, -with
• PHRASES an improvement in relations
relationship
noun
1 between people/groups/countries
• ADJ. friendly, good, happy, harmonious, healthy,
strong
I
broken, difficult, failed, fragile, poor, stormy,
strained, troubled, uneasy
1
close, intense, intimate,
special
Britain's special relationship with the US
1
en-
during, lasting, long-standing, long-term, permanent,
serious, stable, steady
He was not married, but he was in
a stable relationship.
1
brief, casual
1
family, human,
interpersonal, one-to-one, personal
I
doctor-patient,
parent-child, etc.
1

business, contractual, formal, mari-
tal, physical, power, professional, sexual, social, work-
ing
1
caring, love-hate, loving
• VERB
+
RELATIONSHIP enjoy, have
They enjoyed a
close working relationship.
0
The school has a very good re-
lationship with the community.
0
He had brief relation-
ships with several women.
I
begin, build (up), develop,
establish, foster
Building strong relationships is essen-
tial.
0
They established a relationship of trust.
I
cement,
improve, strengthen
I
continue, maintain
I
handle,

manage
He's not very good at handling personal relation-
ships.
I
break off
She broke off the relationship when she
found out about his gambling.
I
destroy
Lack of trust des-
troys many relationships.
• RELATIONSHIP
+
VERB exist
We want to improve the
relationship that exists between the university and the
town.
1
blossom, deepen, develop
I
flourish
I
work
I
tried everything to make our relationship work.
1
con-
tinue, last
1
deteriorate, go wrong,

worsenl
break
down, break up, fail
• RELATIONSHIP
+
NOUNdifficulties, problems
I
goals
• PREP. in a/the -
In normal human relationships there
has to be some give and take.
0
At the moment he isn't in a
relationship.
I -
among
The focus is on relationships
among European countries. -
between, - to
their relation-
ship to each other
-with
• PHRASES the breakdown of a relationship, a net-
work/web of relationships
2 family connection
• ADJ. blood, family, kin, kinship
• PREP. in a/the -
Some people think only about them-
selves, even in family relationships.
1 -

between
'What's
the relationship between you and Toriy?' 'He's my cousin.'
-to
What relationship areyou toPat?
3 connection between two or more things
• ADJ. close
There's a close relationship between in-
creased money supply and inflation.
1
direct
I
clear
I
complex
I
significant
I
true
I
particular
I
inverse,
negative
the inverse relationship between gas consump-
tion and air temperature
I
positive
1
causal, dynamic,

reciprocal
1
linear, spatial
I
economic, functional,
legal
1
natural, organic
1
symbolic
• VERB
+
RELATIONSHIP bear, have
Thefee bears little
relationship to the service provided.
I
examine, explore,
look at, study
His latest book examines the relationship
between spatial awareness and mathematical ability.
I
discover, find
They discovered a relationship between de-
pression and lack of sunlight.
1
demonstrate, show
1
see, understand
I
stand in

Women and men stand in a
different relationship tolanguage.
• PREP. in althe -
The different varieties of the language
are in a dynamic relationship with each other.
I -
between
I can't see the relationship between thefigures and the dia-
gram.
-to
the relationship of aparasite to its host
-with
• PHRASES the nature of the relationship
639
relay
relative
noun
• ADJ. close, near
The succession passed to the nearest
surviving relative.
1
distant
1
blood, family
If you die
without a will, only a husband, wife, children and blood
relatives are entitled to inherit your
property.
1
immedi-

ate
The deceased's immediate relatives, her mother and
father, will inherit her estate.
I
living, surviving
1
elder-
ly, old
I
young
I
female, male
1
poor
(often figurative)
He believes that interior design is thepoor relative of(
=
in-
ferior
to) architecture.
I
dependent
I
disabled, ill, sick
I
distressed, grieving
• VERB
+
RELATIVE have
I have no parents or close

relatices.
1
lose
an organization that helps people who
have lost their relatives
(=
whose
relatives have died)
I
care for, give support to, help, look after, support
She's
looking after an elderly relative.
1
live with
1
stay with,
visit
I
trace
The police are trying to trace the reiatives of
the deceased.
I
inform
The names of the victims are being
withheld until the relatives have been informed.
• PHRASES friends and/or relatives
an intimate recep-
tionfor closefriends and relatives
a relative by marriage
relax

verb
• ADV. deeply
Deeply relax all your muscles.
I
com-
pletely, totally
1
a little, slightly
1
just, simply
Just relax
and take it easy.
1
gradually, slowly
Hegradually relaxed
and began to enjoy himself.
1
consciously
She realized
how tense she was and consciously relaxed.
I
visibly
• VERB
+
RELAX begin to
I
try to
Just try to relax com-
pletely.
I

learn to
1
help sb (to)
Use music to help you
relax.
I
make sb
1
appear to, seem to
Julie seems to be
relaxing a little now.
• PREP. against
Jenna relaxed against the pillows.
into
His severe expression relaxed into a half-smile.
• PHRASES lie/sit back and relax, relax and enjoy
sth/yourself
relaxation
noun
1time spent restinq/sth you do to rest
• ADJ. deep, great
1
complete, total
I
muscle/muscu-
lar
an ointment that helps muscle relaxation
• VERB
+
RELAXATION aid, promote

Some people take
up yoga to aid relaxation.
• RELAXATION
+
NOUN exercises, techniques
I
ther-
apy
I
class
Hegoes to relaxation class.
• PREP. for-
She listens to classical music for relaxation.
I
-from
a chancefor relaxation from work
• PHRASES a form/kind of relaxation, rest and relax-
ation, a state of relaxation
2 making rules/controls less strict
• ADJ. further
I
general
I
limited, partial, slight
I
tem-
porary
I
gradual
• VERB

+
RELAXATION call for, seek
Financiers are
calling for a relaxation of these stringent measures.
I
promise
The government has promised further relax-
ations inforeign exchange controls.
• PREP. - in/of
a relaxation in the rules
relaxed
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, feel, look, seem
I
keep sb
• ADV. deeply, extremely, very
I
completely, perfectly,
totally
1
fairly, quite
I
apparently, seemingly
1
enough,
sufficiently
You need to ensure that apatient feels relaxed
enough to discuss things fully:
I
pleasantly

• PREP. about
I was very relaxed about the decision.
relay
(also
relay race)
noun
• ADJ. 4 x 400, etc.
1
medley, sprint
• VERB
+
RELAY run (in)
She ran in the
4 x
400relay.
win
• RELAY
+
NOUN race
I
team
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