Tài liệu Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.24 pdf

Vv
vacancy
noun
• ADJ.
unfilled
I
suitable
The agency will letyou know if
they have any suitable vacancies.
I
casual, temporary
I
job, presidential, senate, staff
• VERB + VACANCY
have
I
create, leave
Her going on
maternity leave will create a temporary vacancy.
I
fill
• VACANCY + VERB
arise, exist, occur
A vacancy has
arisen in our sales department.
• PREP. -fora uacancyfor head chef-in a vacancy in the
catering department
vacant
adj.
• VERBS
be

I
become, fall
(only used of jobs) A seat be-
came vacant and he sat down in it.
0
Ajobfell vacant in the
accounting department.
I
remain
I
leave sth
The officeof
president had been left vacant since her retirement.
I
keep
sth
Thejob will bekept nacantfor afeto more weeks.
vaccination
noun
• ADJ.
flu, measles, rubella, smallpox, etc.
• VERB
+
VACCINATION
have
I
give sb
• VACCINATION
+
NOUN

campaign, programme
• PREP
-against
a vaccination againsttetanus
vaccine
noun
• ADJ.
effective, safe
I
measles, rubella, etc.
The polio
vaccine has saved millions of lives.
I
live
a live vaccine
containing thepolio virus
• QUANT.
dose
one dose ofBCG vaccine
• VERB
+
VACCINE
give sb
I
have, receive
I
develop
• VACCINE + VERB protectsbThevaccineprotectschil-
dren against tuberculosis.
I

prevent sth
a vaccine to pre-
vent rubella
• PREP. -
against
Researchers are trying to develop a vac-
cine against the disease.
-for
a oaccinefor meningitis
vacuum
noun
• ADJ.
perfect
I
moral, political, spiritual
The writer
criticized the moral vacuum in society.
I
power
Her resig-
nation left apower vacuum in thegovernment.
• VERB + VACUUM
create, leave, produce
The machine
then creates a vacuum.
I
fill
Other gases rush in tofill the
vacuum.
vagina

noun
• VERB + VAGINA
enter, penetrate
• PREP.
in/into/inside the/your-
vague
adj.
• VERBS
be, look, sound
'Where did you leave it?' Isobel
looked vague.
I
become, get
She seems to be getting ra-
ther vague as she grows older.
I
remain
I
leave sth
The
identity of the city in the novel is deliberately left vague.
• ADV.
extremely, hopelessly, very
Her directions were
hopelessly vague.
I
a bit, fairly, a little, pretty, quite, ra-
ther, somewhat
I
enough, SUfficiently

It was a vague
enough conceptfor the liberals to unite around.
I
suitably
I
deliberately, intentionally
You're being deliberately
vague.
I
necessarily
Since the officers knew little them-
selves their reassurances were necessarily vague.
I
inher-
ently
an inherently vague and subjective concept
I
notori-
ously
The law is notoriously vague on this point.
• PREP.
about
I am vague about what happened during
the rest of the night.
as to
I was suitably vague as to exactly
how I had acquired the money.
in
The statement was vague
in its wording.

valid
adj.
1 legally acceptable
• VERBS
be
I
become
I
remain, stay
I
deem sth, hold
sth
The original written contract was held valid.
• ADV.
still
Is your passport still valid?
I
no longer
I
le-
gally
Is the contract legally valid?
• PREP.
for
Vouchers are only ualidfor races taking place
before
31
December.
2 strong and convincing
• VERBS

be, seem
I
become
I
remain
I
accept sth as,
consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as
We accepted sev-
eral different approaches as valid.
• ADV.
extremely, very
I
absolutely, completely, per-
fectly
This is a perfectly valid question to raise.
I
not en-
tirely
I
reasonably
I
equally
using a different, but equal-
ly valid technique
I
universally
a universally valid set of
moral principles
I

not necessarily
I
not strictly
That ar-
gument is not strictly valid in this case.
I still
I
no longer
The old assumptions are no longer valid.
I
logically, sci-
entifically, statistically
a logically valid deduction
validity
noun
• ADJ.
great
I
equal
Don't you think that both views
have equal validity?
I
doubtful, dubious, questionable
I
face
The theory has the face validity of being consistent
with recentfindings.
I legal, scientific
The legal validity
of the claims has been challenged.

• VERB
+
VALIDITY
have
I
give sth, lend sth
His repu-
tation lends a certain validity to the approach that it might
not deserve.
I
cast doubt on, challenge, deny, question
I
accept, confirm, uphold
The judges upheld the validity
of the previous judgement.
I
assess, test
to assess the sci-
entific validity of new treatments
• PREP of - The results are of doubtful validity.
I
-for
the theory's validity for parent-child relationships
valley
noun
• ADJ.
broad, deep, high, long, steep, wide
I
little,
nar-

row, shallow, small
I
steep
I
lower, upper
I
fertile, for-
ested, green, wooded
I
mountain, river
I
Rhine,
Thames, etc.
• VALLEY
+
NOUN
bottom, floor, side
• PREP.
in althe-
The cottage was ina wooded valley.
valour
noun
• ADJ.
great
a soldier famed for his great valour
• VERB
+
VALOUR
demonstrate, display, show
He

showed valour and skill on the battlefield.
• PREP.
an act/a deed of valour
valuable
adj.
1worth a lot of money
• VERBS
be, look
I
become
I
remain
• ADV.
extremely, really, very
I
quite, rather
I
com-
mercially
commercially valuable expertise
2 very useful
• VERBS
be, prove, seem
I
become
I
remain
I
make
sb/sth

They have skills and qualities which make them
highly valuable.
I
consider sth
• ADV.
eminently, enormously, especially, exceeding-
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Iy, exceptionally, extremely, highly, immensely, most,
particularly, really, truly, very
I
increasingly
I
quite
I
equally
The subject could be equally valuable for scien-
tists.
I
inherently, intrinsically
The Romantics believed
that the life of the imagination was intrinsically valuable.
I
potentially
I
ecologically, educationally, scientifical-
ly, socially
ecologically valuable species
• PREP.
as
The survey uias valuable as an indicator of

local opinion.
for
Good eyesight is a quality which is ex-
tremely ixiluable for a hunting animal.
to
documents that
are enormously valuable to historians
valuation noun
• ADJ.
high, low
I
detailed
I
independent
I
actuarial
I
market
I
land, mortgage, property
I
share, stock
• VERB
+
VALUATION
carry out, do, make, prepare
• VALUATION
+
NOUN
fee, report

value noun
1 amount of money that sth is worth
• ADJ.
high, low
the high value of the dollar
I full, total I
real, true
I
nominal
a share with a nominal value of £20
I
face
At yesterday's auction an old coin soldfor many times
more than itsface value of 20pence.
I
residual
a residual
value of
1
0
%
of its original cost
I
resale
Regular servicing
will add tothe resale value ofyour
pc.
• VERB
+
VALUE

place, put, set
It's hard to put a value
on a company with large assets and turnover but low
profits.
I
add
I
increase, raise
I
double, triple, etc.
Dra-
matic developments on the stock market tripled the value of
his shares.
I
lower, reduce
I
hold, keep
The piano has
held its value.
I
calculate, work out
• VALUE
+
VERB
double, triple, etc.
I
appreciate, go
up, increase
I
decrease, depreciate, fall, go down

• PREP.
in -
The land has dropped in value.
to the - of
Jewellery to the value of a million pounds was stolen last
night.
• PHRASES
an increase/a rise in value, a drop/fail/re-
duction in value
2 how much sth is worth compared with its price
• ADJ.
excellent, good, great, outstanding
I
poor
• PHRASES
value for money
Though a little more expen-
sive, the larger model gives better ualuefor money.
3 importance
• ADJ.
enormous, great, high, immense, incalculable,
tremendous
I
doubtful, dubious, limited, low
His pub-
lished account of his travels is of dubious value to other ex-
plorers.
I
lasting
I

main, real, true
I
practical, senti-
mental, symbolic
• VERB
+
VALUE
have
The stolen necklace only had sen-
timental ualuefor her.
I
attach, place, put, set
Heplaces a
high value on marriage.
• VALUE
+
VERB
be, lie
The real value of the book lies in
its wonderful characterization.
• PREP.
of -
He didn't say anything of value. I -
to
Pot-
teryfragments are of great value to archaeologists.
4 values set of beliefs
• ADJ.
dominant
the dominant values of a society

I
con-
servative, conventional, traditional
I
common, shared,
universal
What shared values do you have with your
friends?
I
human
I
aesthetic, cultural, educational, eth-
ical, moral, political, social, spiritual
Weneed to beguided
by our moral values.
I
family
The party's election cam-
paign emphasized its belief in family values.
I middle-
class, Victorian, Western
I
parental
the rejection of par-
ental values by a child
I
democratic, liberal
• QUANT.
set
aprevailing set of cultural values

• VERB + VALUES
have, hold
They hold very middle-
class values.
I
cherish, encourage, foster
Is it the role of
schools tofoster spiritual values?
I
hold onto, preserve
a
society that has
jailed
topreserve its traditional values
• VALUE
+
NOUN systemacommonvaluesystem
847
vanish
value verb
1decide how much sth is worth
• AD"!. officially
• PREP.
at
The company has recently been valued at
$6billion.
2 think sb/sth is very important
• ADV.
greatly, highly, particularly
I

increasingly
I
positively
I
negatively
Housework is negatively valued
as a retreat from a disliked alternative-employment
work.
I
rightly
the fear of losing the independence that
they rightly value
I
socially
one of the most socially val-
ued roles in contemporary society-being aparent
• VERB
+
VALUE
learn to
learning to value the ordinary
things in life
• PREP.
as
I value her very highly as a friend.
for
He
hated to be ualuedfor his looks alone.
valueless
adj.

• VERBS
be, seem
I
become
• ADV
completely, quite
Our shares became completely
valueless overnight.
• PREP.
as
Some of the royalforests had become valueless
as hunting grounds.
valve noun
• ADJ.
safety
I
non-return, one-way
I
drain, pressure-
relief
I
fuel, water, etc.
I
heart, radiator, etc.
• VERB + VALVE
fit
The plumber willfit some new safety
valves.
I
open

You need special tools to open the valve.
I
close
van noun
1vehicle for transporting goods, etc.
• ADJ.
light
I
transit
I
camper
I
delivery, furniture, ice-
cream, mail, removal
I
armoured, police
• VERB + VAN
drive
I
park
I
load, unload
• VAN
+
NOUN
driver
2type of railway carriage
• ADJ.
goods, guard's, luggage
vandal noun

• ADJ.
car
Car vandals caused more than £10000worth of
damage to vehicles last Saturday.
• VERB + VANDAL
deter, discourage
The windows are
covered with grilles to deter vandals.
• VANDAL
+
VERB
damage sth, wreck sth
vandalism noun
• ADJ.
mindless, wanton
I
criminal
I
environmental
• VERB + VANDALISM
discourage, prevent
• PHRASES
an act of vandalism
vanish verb
1 disappear suddenly and completely
• ADV.
just, simply
I turned round and she had simply
vanished.
I abruptly, instantly, promptly, suddenly I

quickly, rapidly
Herfeelings of shyness rapidly vanished.
I
mysteriously
a man who mysteriously vanished
from.
his home last month
• VERB + VANISH
seem to
I
make sb/sth
• PREP.
from
All thoughts of romance uanished from his
mind.
into
She vanished into the mist.
• PHRASES
vanish from the face of the earth, vanish
from sight, vanish into thin air
At a stroke she could make
things vanish into thin air.
vanish without trace
2 disappear over a period of time
• ADV
altogether, completely, entirely, totally
Many of
these old cinemas have now vanished altogether.
I
all but,

almost, virtually
country inns of a type that has now all
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vanity
but vanished
I
long since
The people who built this tem-
ple have long since vanished.
I
forever
Much of the land
we loved has vanishedforever.
• PREP from
This plant is vanishing from the British
countryside.
vanity
noun
• ADJ. great
I
female, human, male, personal
• VERB + VANITY appeal to, flatter
My suggestion ap-
pealed to her vanity.
vapour
noun
• ADJ. water
• QUANT. cloud
There was a hissing sound, and clouds of
vapour were emitted.

• VERB
+
VAPOUR form, turn to
The particles then form.
a vapour.
I
emit, give off/out
• VAPOUR + VERB condense
variability
noun
• ADJ. considerable, extreme, great, high, wide
There is
considerable variability in all the test scores.
I
low, slight
• QUANT. degree
• PREP. - among/between
variability among different
health authorities -
in
variability in cropyields
variable
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
I
become
• ADV extremely, highly, very, widely
Polar habitats
are harsh and highly variable.
I

infinitely
These systems
are infinitely variable.
I
increasingly
I
quite, slightly,
somewhat
• PREP. in
variable in shape
variation
noun
• ADJ. considerable, dramatic, enormous, extreme,
great, major, marked, significant, striking, substantial,
tremendous, wide
I
minor, slight, small, subtle
subtle
variations of colour and design
I
numerous
I
endless,
infinite
I
complex
I
random
I
systematic

I
local, re-
gional
I
climatic, cultural, environmental, ethnic, gen-
etic, geographical, hereditary, language, linguistic
I
annual, daily, day-to-day, seasonal, year-to-year
• VERB + VARIATION show
The businesses showed a
dramatic variation in how they treated their staff
I
find,
observe
Considerable variation was found in the terms
offered by different banks.
I
analyse
• VARIATION + VERB occur
• PREP. -according to
variation according to the time of
year -
across
She is studying language variation across
the social range. -
among
variation among the students in
terms of ability -
between
variations between different ac-

cents -
by
There is little variation by sex or social class in
these attitudes. -
in
slight variations in pressure -
with
temperature variation with altitude-within There may be
striking variations within a species.
• PHRASES a range of variation, a variation on a theme
His numerous complaints are all variations on a theme.
varied
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. enormously, extremely, highly, immensely,
richly, tremendously, very, widely, wonderfully
a richly
varied cultural life
I
endlessly, infinitely
an endlessly
varied repertoire of songs
I
increasingly
I
quite

I
enough, sufficiently
• PHRASES many and varied
The opportunities the job
offers are many and varied.
848
variety
noun
1 not being the same; different kinds of sth
• ADJ. amazing, astonishing, bewildering, consider-
able, endless, enormous, exciting, extraordinary, fas-
cinating, good, great, huge, impressive, incredible, in-
finite, large, remarkable, rich, surprising, tremendous,
vast, wide, wonderful
The market sold a bewildering var-
iety of cheeses.
0
the rich variety of the local bird life
• VERB + VARIETY add, give, offer
Dealing with cus-
tomers adds variety to thejob.
• PREP. of -
a country of great variety
I -
in
There is
wide variety in shape and colour. -
of
Menus offer a good
variety of seafood.

2 particular type of sth
• ADJ. distinctive
I
common-or-garden, standard
I
rare, unusual
I
different
There are hundreds of different
varieties of apple.
I
new, old
Old varieties of rose can be
less resistant todiseases.
varnish
noun
• ADJ. clear, colourless, transparent
I
gloss, glossy
I
matt (seealso nail varnish)
• QUANT. coat
The table needed two coats of varnish.
• VERB + VARNISH apply
Apply the varnish evenly over
the whole surface.
I
remove, scrape off, strip off
• VARNISH
+

VERB dry
I
protect sth
You need a good
quality varnish toprotect the timber.
• VARNISH + NOUN remover
vary
verb
• ADY. considerably, dramatically, enorrnously, a
great deal, greatly, a lot, markedly, sharply, significant-
ly, substantially, tremendously, widely, wildly
I
hardly
The sword hardly varied inform from the 12th to the 15th
century.
I
(a) little, slightly, somewhat
I
constantly,
continuously
the continuously varying intensities of nat-
ural light
I
never
I
inevitably, necessarily
What can be
found will inevitably vary according to the area under
study.
I

naturally, obviously
Personal preference natural-
ly varies.
I
systematically
I
accordingly
Dictionaries
areproduced with specific markets in mind, and their con-
tents vary accordingly.
I
inversely
The availability of
good medical care tends to vary inversely with the needfor
it.
I
geographically, historically
Voting behaviour varies
geographically.
• VERB + VARY can, may
Prices can vary enormously.
I
be likely to, tend to
• PREP. according to
The leaf's size varies toidely accord-
ing tothe area where itgrows.
among
Services offered vary
among the main high street banks.
between

The rate of
growth varies considerably between different industries.
0
The doses used for surgical anaesthesia vary between 2
and 10mg/kg.
by
Access to this information varies by so-
cial class.
depending on
Costs are likely to vary depend-
ing on whereyou live.
from to
The situation varies
slightly from country to country.
0
Its speed varies from 20
mph to
35
mph.
in
The rooms vary in size.
with
The danger
of a heart attack varies with body weight.
• PHRASES vary over/with time
studying moral values
and how they vary over time
vase
noun
• ADJ. flower

I
china, crystal, cut-glass, glass, porcel-
ain, silver, stone
• VASE
+
VERB be filled with sth, contain sth, hold sth
I
stand
A silver vase stood on the mantelpiece.
• PREP. in althe-
flowers arranged in a vase
I
-of
a vase
of
fresh
flouiers
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vault
noun
1 strong, underground room
• ADJ. secure
I
bank, museum
I
treasure
• VERB
+
VAULT keep/store sth in
• PREP. in a/the-

Thejewels werekept in a bank vault.
2 room under a church where dead people are buried
• ADJ. burial, family, royal
• VERB
+
VAULT bury sb in
She is to be buried in the
family vault.
veer
verb
• ADV. sharply, violently, wildly
The ship veered round
wildly in the rough sea. I
(to the) left, (to the) right
I
away, round
The plane veered away to the left.
• PREP. between
(figurative) He veered between calm ac-
ceptance and hysterical accusations.
from
(figurative) The
play veers from loopy comedy to serious moralizing.
off
The car veered off the road.
to
The path veers sharply to the
right.
towards
He veered left towards them.

vegetable
noun
• ADJ. green, leafy, root, salad
The children don't eat
enough green vegetables.
I
crisp
a salad of crisp, raw vege-
tables
I
cooked, raw
I
fresh, frozen, tinned
I
organic
I
early, seasonal, spring, summer, winter
I
rotten
• VERB
+
VEGETABLE grow
They grow all their own
vegetables.
I
eat, have
I
boil, cook, overcook, parboil,
steam, stir-fry
I

chop, peel, puree
• VEGETABLE
+
NOUN garden, patch, plot
I
market,
stall
I
rack
I
crop
I
produce
I
dish, soup, stew, stock,
terrine
I
fat, oil
I
protein
I
dye
I
fibre, matter
q
Special page
at FOOD
vegetarian
noun
• ADJ. strict

They are strict vegetarians.
• VEGETARIAN + NOUN cookery, dish, food, meal
I
diet
I
restaurant
• PHRASES suitable for vegetarians
All our cheeses are
suitable for vegetarians.
vegetation
noun
• ADJ. green
I
dense, lush, luxuriant, thick
I
scrub,
scrubby, sparse
As we drove towards the desert, the vege-
tation became sparse.
I
decaying, decomposing, rotten,
rotting
piles of rotting vegetation I
natural
Removal of the
natural vegetation has resulted in a lossof nutrients in the
soil.
I
aquatic, woodland, sub-tropical, tropical
• VERB

+
VEGETATION be covered in/with
The hills
are covered in lush green vegetation.
• VEGETATION
+
VERB grow
• VEGETATION + NOUN cover
vehicle
noun
1 used for transporting people or things
• ADJ. moving, oncoming, passing
She was blinded by
the lights from an oncoming vehicle.
I
parked, stationary
The bus crashed into a stationary vehicle.
I
unattended
I
stolen
The thieves escaped in a stolen vehicle.
I
horse-
drawn, motor
I
electric, diesel, petrol/petrol-driven
I
wheeled
The city centre is off-limits to wheeled vehicles.

I
road
I
four-wheel-drive
I
all-terrain, off-road
I
vintage
I
private
I
commercial, delivery, (heavy) goods
I
emergency
I
police
I
armoured, military
• QUANT. convoy
The president's car was being follouied
by a convoy of vehicles.
• VERB
+
VEHICLE own
I
hire
Hire a four-wheel-drive
vehicle-there are lots of spots to discover off the beaten
track.
I

drive
I
park
I
impound, tow away
The vehicle
was impounded as part of the police investigation.
I
849
vendetta
abandon
Sniffer dogs were brought in tofollow the men
after they abandoned the vehicle in a ditch.
• VEHICLE + VERB arrive
An eyewitness said, 'We saw
loads of smoke, and then the emergency vehicles arrived.'
I
break down
I
collide, crash (into sth)
Two drivers es-
caped injury when their vehicles collided near Thirsk.
I
run on sth
vehicles running on lead-freepetrol
• VEHICLE
+
NOUN emission
tighter controls on ve-
hicle emissions

I
manufacture
2
sth used for communicating ideas/achieving sth
• ADJ. excellent, ideal, perfect
I
important, main,
major
• PREP. -for
The play is a perfect vehicle for her talents.
- of
The Students' Union is the main vehicle of communi-
cation for students in the college.
veil
noun
1 piece of material for covering a woman's head
• ADJ. bridal
The bridal veil uiasfringed with lace.
• VERB + VEIL wear
I
lift (back), remove, take off
• VEIL + VERB cover sth
A veil covered herface.
• PREP. behind a/the -
I couldn't see her face behind the
veil.
2 sth that stops you knowing the full truth about sth
• VERB
+
VEIL lift

Thegovernment has decided to lift the
veil on its plans.
I
draw
It would be better to draw a veil
over what happened next
(=
not talk about
it).
• PREP. behind/under-of
The work iscarried out behind
a veil of secrecy.
vein
noun
1 tube carrying blood in the body
• ADJ. blue
A blue vein throbbed in his forehead.
I
broken, thread, varicose
She uses make-up to hide the
thread veins in her cheeks.
I
jugular
• VERB
+
VEIN course/run along/through, flow
through, pump through, race through, rush through
He
felt the adrenalin coursing through his veins.
• VEIN

+
VERB bulge, pulse, stand out, throb
The
veins stood out on her throat and temples.
2 particular style/quality
• ADJ. rich
• VERB
+
VEIN hit, strike
The team have hit a rich vein
of
form
recentiy.
I
tap (into)
• PREP. - of
The writer tapped into a rich vein of humour
in theplay.
• PHRASES in a different vein, in a lighter/more serious
vein
Fortunately, the rest of the evening continued in a
lighter vein.
in the same vein/in a similar vein
velocity
noun
• ADJ. enormous, high
I
low
I
constant, uniform

I
average, mean
I
maximum
• VERB
+
VELOCITY achieve, attain, reach
Eventually,
the star attained the velocity of light.
I
move with
to move
with a uniform velocity
I
increase, raise
• VELOCITY
+
VERB increase, rise
I
decrease, fall
• PREP. at a/the-
Light travels at a constant velocity.
velvet
noun
• ADJ. heavy
I
rich
I
faded, worn
I

crushed
• PREP. of-
curtains of heavy crimson velvet
vendetta
noun
• ADJ. personal, political
• VERB
+
VENDETTA conduct, pursue, run
• PREP. - against
For years he pursued a vendetta
against the Morrisfamily:
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veneer
veneer
noun
• ADJ.
thin
I
false
I
civilized
• VERB + VENEER
acquire
I
strip (off), strip sb/sth of
They havestripped the veneer ofjingoismfrom the play, by
showing war in its true horror.
• VENEER + VERB
disguise sth, hide sth, mask sth

He
managed toacquire a thin veneer of knowledge to mask his
real ignorance.
I
crack
For thefirst time her veneer of po-
liteness began to crack.
• PREP.
behind/below/beneath/under a/the -
They're
brutal people behind their civilized veneer.
I
-of
vengeance
noun
• ADJ.
terrible
• VERB
+
VENGEANCE
exact, take, wreak
She is deter-
mined to wreak vengeance on those who killed her cousin.
I
be bent on, demand, seek, swear, vow, want
He stormed
out, eyes blazing, bent on vengeance.
• PREP. -
against
They sought vengeance against the

countries that had humiliated France in
1814 for
ven-
geance for the murder of the princess - on He silently
vowed vengeance on them all.
venom
noun
1 poisonous fluid from a snake, etc.
• ADJ.
deadly
I
snake, spider, etc.
• VERB + VENOM
inject, spit
The snake injects the
venom immediately after biting itsprey.
• VENOM
+
NOUN
gland
2 extreme anger or hatred
• ADJ.
pure, real, undisguised
a look of pure venom
• VERB
+
VENOM
spit
She surveyed him coldly with
eyes that spat venom.

• PREP.
with -
She said it quickly and with venom.
venomous
adj.
• VERBS
be
• ADV.
highly
a highly venomous snake I
actively
There
are two types of mollusc that are actively venomous.
vent
noun
• ADJ.
air, heating
I
roof, side
• VERB
+
VENT
open, close
I
fit, install
• PREP.
through a/the-
Air passes through a vent.
ventilate
verb

• ADV.
adequately, properly, well
Make sure that the
room is well ventilated.
I
badly, poorly
ventilation
noun
• ADJ.
adequate, good
Inspectors checked that there was
adequate ventilation.
I
inadequate, poor
I
artificial,
mechanical
I
natural
I
through
The windows at the back
are blocked up, so there is no through ventilation.
• VERB + VENTILATION
give, provide
Zips up the sides
of thejacket give good ventilation.
• VENTILATION
+
NOUN

system
I
brick, duct, grille,
hole, opening, pipe, shaft, slit, tube
venture
noun
• ADJ.
exciting
I
new
I
profitable, successful
I
cost-
ly, expensive, unprofitable
I
ill-fated, unsuccessful
I
ambitious, bold, brave, high-risk, risky, speculative
I
collaborative, cooperative, joint
I
private
I
non-
commercial
I
business, commercial, financial, pub-
lishing, tourism/tourist, trading
• VERB

+
VENTURE
embark on, undertake
The direct-
ors of the company refused to undertake such a risky ven-
ture.
I
establish, set up
The company has set up a joint
850
venture with afirm in Austria.
I
join (in), join sb in
His
son Mark will bejoining him in the new venture.
• VENTURE
+
NOUN
capital, funds, money
• PREP. - by a cooperative venture byfirms at the science
park
q
Special page at BUSINESS
venture
verb
• ADV
cautiously
She ventured cautiously into the room.
I
rarely, seldom

I
far, further (afield)
Some of the men
ventured further out to sea.
I
abroad, forth, out, outside
Afew people ventured out into the street.
• VERB
+
VENTURE
dare (to)
She would not have dared
venture here alone.
• PREP.
away from, beyond, into, out of
They rarely ven-
tured beyond their local market town.
venue
noun
• ADJ.
ideal, perfect, popular, prestigious, top
Europe's
toP.venue for indoor athletics
I
intimate
With room for
only 200people, this is the most intimate venue the band
has played for years.
I
all-seater, SOD-seater, etc. lout-

door
I
home, neutral
The match will be played at a neu-
tral venue.
I
tourist
I
cabaret, concert, conference, en-
tertainment, exhibition, performance, rock, sport-
ing/sports
• VERB
+
VENUE
be, provide
The Holiday Inn prouided
the venue for this year's conference.
I
hire
I
play
I
pack
(out)
The musical has beenpacking out venues around the
world.
• PREP.
at a/the -
The meeting will be heid at a venue in
the south of the city.

in a/the -
She has performed in venues
around Europe.
I -
for
The hall
is
a popular venue for
weddings.
• PHRASES
a change of venue
verb
noun
• ADJ.
plural, singular
I
intransitive, transitive
I
ac-
tive, passive
I
irregular, regular
I
main
What's the main
verb of the sentence?
I
finite
I
auxiliary, linking, modal

I
phrasal
• VERB + VERB
use
In this essay he has used the same
verbs over and over again.
I
take
'Government' can take a
singular or plural verb.
I
agree with
The subject doesn't
agree with the verb.
I
conjugate, inflectDo
you know how
to conjugate the verb 'seek'?
I
modify, qualify
Adverbs
modify verbs.
• VERB
+
VERB
take sth
Transitive verbs take a direct
object.
I
agree with sth,

infJectAdd an ending to make the
verb agree with the subject.
I
end in sth
• VERB
+
NOUN
ending, form, phrase
• PHRASE S
a verb of motion/perception
verdict
noun
1 decision in a court of law about whether sb is guilty
• ADJ.
adverse, favourable
In the case of an adverse ver-
dict, the company could stand to lose millions.
I
guilty,
not guilty, not proven
I
majority, unanimous
a unani-
mous verdict of not guilty
I
formal
The jury returned a
formal verdict after direction by the judge.
I
jury, trial

I
appeal, inquest
I
accident, accidental death, man-
slaughter, murder, misadventure, open, suicide
An
open verdict was the only appropriate one, given the very
unclear evidence at the inquest.
• VERB
+
VERDICT
consider
The judge sent the jury
away to consider its verdict.
I
agree (on), arrive at, reach
They reached a verdict after hours of deliberation.
I
an-
nounce, bring in, deliver, enter, read out, give, pass,
pronounce, record, return
The verdict was delivered in
front of apacked courtroom.
0
The jury returned a verdict
of guilty at the end of the trial.
0
The coroner recorded a
verdict of accidental death.
I

accept
I
appeal against,
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protest against
I
overturn, quash, reverse, set aside
Hisfamily always insisted that the original 'guilty' verdict
should be overturned.
I
uphold
The verdict was upheld at
appeal.
• VERDICT
+
VERB be in sb's favour
• PREP. -against
Webelieve that the verdict against him
was unfair. -
of
a verdict of accidental death
2 decision/opinion
• ADJ. final
Thepanel will give itsfinal verdict tomorrow.
I
general, overall, unanimous
The unanimous verdict
was that thepicnic had been agreat success.
• VERB
+

VERDICT give
• PREP -on
What'syour verdict on her new book?
verge
noun
• ADJ. grass
I
motorway, roadside
• VERB
+
VERGE bring sb/sth to
(figurative) This ac-
tion brought the country to the vergeof economic collapse.
• PREP. on the -
(figurative) She was on the verge of a ner-
vous breakdown when shefinally sought help.
verification
noun
• ADJ. empirical, scientific
• VERIFICATION
+
NOUN procedures
• PREP. subject to-
The credit card is then accepted, sub-
ject to verification of the signature.
vermin
noun
• VERB
+
VERMIN regard sth as

Farmers regard foxes
as vermin.
I
catch, control, deal with, shoot
versatile
adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem
• ADV. amazingly, extremely, highly, very, wonderfully
This machine is amazingly versatile.
I
fairly, quite
verse
noun
• ADJ. humorous, light, satirical
I
blank, free, rhyming
• VERB
+
VERSE compose, write
• VERSE
+
NOUN form
I
drama
• PREP. in -
aplay in verse
version
noun
1sth based on sth else
• ADJ. current, latest, new, updated, up-to-date

I
early, initial, original, preliminary, prototype
an earlier
version of this computer software
I
later, subsequent
I
definitive, final
thefinal version of the architecturalplans
I
future
Afuture version of the camera is currently being
developed.
I
basic, standard
I
primitive, simplified
I
amended, enhanced, improved, modified, refined, re-
vamped
I
advanced, complex, elaborate, sophisticated
a more advanced version of the initial concept
I
high-
performance
I
customized
I
de luxe, expensive, lux-

ury
I
cheap, low-cost
I
miniature
I
enlarged
I
compact,
cut-down, portable, scaled-down, small-scale
I
full-
blown, full-length, full-size
I
French, French-language,
etc.
the Japanese-language version of the software
• VERB
+
VERSION develop
I
bring out, create, come
out/up with, introduce, launch, offer, present, produce,
release, roll out, unveil
The company will roll out an en-
hanced version of its operating system in the new year.
• VERSION
+
VERB be out, come out
The new version

comes out in June.
I
be based on sth
2 play, film, book, piece of writing, etc.
• ADJ. draft, rough
Keep a copy of the rough version of
your essay.
I
abridged, condensed, short, simplified
I
unabridged, unsimplified
I
expanded
I
authorized, of-
ficial
This is the official version of thepainter's biography.
I
unauthorized, unofficial
I
hardback, paperback
I
851
vet
CD-ROM,
electronic, interactive
I
French, French-
language, etc.
I

film, movie, musical, screen, stage,
television
Thefilm version does not live up to the original
novel.
I
cover
(=
of a song)
The band does a lively cover
version of 'Johnny B. Goode'.
• VERB
+
VERSION do
• PREP. in a/the -
The children read the novel in its
abridged version.
3way sth is seen/done by sb
• ADJ. accurate, faithful
I
full
Only one newspaper
printed the full version of the speech.
I
popular
I
ex-
treme, radical
I
watered-down, weak
Theirs is a

watered-down version of socialism.
• VERB
+
VERSION give sb
She agreed to give her ver-
sion of events tojournalists.
vessel
noun
1ship/boat
• ADJ. crippled, stranded, stricken, wrecked
I
sea-
worthy
I
sailing, steam
I
ocean-going, sea-going
I
fishing
I
cargo, commercial, container, freight, mer-
chant
I
naval
I
escort, patrol, supply, support, survey,
transport
I
passenger
I

research
I
foreign
• VERB
+
VESSEL operate
He was accused of operating
the vessel while drunk.
I
register
The vessel was regis-
tered in Bermuda.
I
charter
I
steer
I
anchor, moor
I
sink
I
ram
The captain of the boat was accused of ram-
ming apatrol vessel.
I
refloat
A salvage team failed to re-
float the vessel.
I
board

Police boarded and searched the
vessel.
I
swamp
Huge waves swamped the vessel.
• VESSEL
+
VERB
beafloatltwasoneofthelargestves-
sels afloat.
I
sail
The damaged vessel sailedonfor another
50miles. I
be bound for sth
a French vessel bound for Ni-
geria
I
enter a port, make port
The vessel finally made
port after thirty days at sea.
I
leave a port
I
carry sb/sth
The vessel carried a crew of 130.
I
flood
I
go/lie/run

aground, sink
The oesselflooded and began to sink.
• PREP. aboard a/the -
They managed to haul the sur-
vivors aboard the vessel.
alongside a/the -
A rescue boat
managed to come alongside the crippled vessel.
on/on
board a/the-
Afire broke out on board the vessel.
2 container for liquids
• ADJ. drinking
I
empty
It is a scientific fact that empty
vessels make the most noise.
I
ritual, sacred
ancient
bronze ritual vessels
I
bronze, glass, pottery, silver,
wooden
• VERB
+
VESSEL fill
• VESSEL
+
VERB contain sth

qSeeBLOOD VESSEL
vest
noun
• ADJ. sleeveless
I
string
I
thermal
I
running
bullet-proof
• PREP. in (your)-
standing there in vest and shorts
q
Special page at CLOTHES
vestige
noun
• ADJ. last, remaining
The government has to remove
any last vestiges of corruption.
• VERB
+
VESTIGE lose, shed
I
dispel, remove, strip
sb/sth of
I
preserve, retain
I'm
struggling to retain any

vestige of belief in his innocence. I
show
Heshowed no ves-
tige of remorsefor his crime. .
• PREP. without a-
He looked at her without a vestige of
sympathy.
I-
of
vet
noun
• ADJ. good
I
qualified
I
practising
I
country, local
• VERB
+
VET call (out)
I think we'll have to call the vet
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vet
out.
I
consult, go to, see, speak to/with, take sth to, talk
to/with
Wehad to take the dog to the local vet.
• VET

+
VERB recommend sth
C:>NoteatJOB
vet
verb
• ADV carefully
I
fully, thoroughly
• PREP. for
All goods are carefully vetted for quality be-
fore they leave thefactory:
• PHRASES vetting procedure
We are introducing new
security vetting procedures.
veteran
noun
1 sb who has served in the army, navy, etc.
• ADJ. war
I
army, navy
I
retired
I
disabled, wounded
I
Vietnam, World War Two, etc.
• PREP.
-ofaveteranofWorldWarTwo
2 sb with long experience of an activity, etc.
• ADJ. seasoned

He's the seasoned veteran, who has
taken the children to the museum many times. I
industry
• VETERAN
+
NOUN campaigner, leader, politician
• PREP. - of
a veteran of numerous political campaigns
veto
noun
• ADJ. effective, virtual
I
absolute
I
government, presi-
dential
• VERB
+
VETO have
I
cast, exercise, impose, use
The board can exercise its veto toprevent the decision.
I
lift
The agreement became possible when Spain lifted its veto.
I
override, overturn
The Senate voted to override the
president's veto.
• VETO

+
NOUN power, rights
• PREP. - against
The nobles had a virtual veto against
peasant candidates. -
on
The Opposition effectively have a
veto on constitutional reform. -
over
a veto over all polit-
ical appointments
• PHRASES a power/right of veto
veto
verb
• ADV. effectively
The president effectively vetoed this
measure.
• VERB
+
VETO threaten to
• PHRASES the power/right to veto sth
viability
noun
• ADJ. continued, continuing, future, long-term
She is
very negative about the long-term viability of theproject.
I
commercial, economic, financial, political
• VERB
+

VIABILITY assess, explore, investigate, test
I
prove
Once the railways had proved their viability ex-
pansion was rapid.
I
ensure
I
maintain, preserve, safe-
guard
measures to preserve the viability of small busi-
nesses
I
improve
I
doubt, question
The company has
questioned the commercial viability of the mine.
I
threat-
en, undermine
viable
adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem, sound
None of the projects
proved financially viable.
I
become
I
remain

I
make
sth
It is only their investment that makes the programme
economically viable.
I
consider sth, regard sth as
• ADV extremely, truly
I
perfectly
a perfectly viable
form of political organization
I
potentially
I
still
I
no
longer
I
commercially, economically, financially
vibrate
verb
• ADV. gently
• VERB
+
VIBRATE seem to
• PREP. through
The thuds vibrated through the car.
with

The atmosphere seemed to vibrate with tension.
852
vibration
noun
• ADJ. high-frequency, low-frequency
• VERB
+
VIBRATION cause, make, produce
I
damp-
en, reduce
I
detect, feel
Certain animals can feel vibra-
tions in the sand.
0
Their instruments can detect the slight-
est vibration.
• VIBRATION
+
NOUN frequency
I
level
• PREP. - from
uibrationsfrom heavy traffic
vice
noun
• ADJ. secret
• VERB
+

VICE indulge (in)
He used his inheritance to
indulge his vices of drinking and gambling.
vicinity
noun
• ADJ. close, immediate, near
• PREP. in the - (of)
There is no hospital in the immediate
vicinity.
vicious
adj.
• VERBS be, look, sound
I
become, get, turn
The com-
puter wars are going toget vicious over the next feu: years.
• ADV. particularly, truly, very
aparticularly vicious and
brutal crime
I
increasingly
I
rather
victim
noun
• ADJ. hapless, helpless, innocent, poor, unfortunate,
unsuspecting, unwilling
He defrauded his innocent vic-
tims of millions of pounds.
I

easy
Tourists are easy uic-
tims for pickpockets.
I
passive
I
willing
In his fantasies,
women became passive and sometimes even willing vic-
tims.
I
intended, potential
The intended victims were se-
lected because they seemed vulnerable. I
child, elderly
the
child victims of the war
I
Aids, cancer, heart attack,
plague, stroke
I
accident, bomb, crash, disaster, earth-
quake, famine, flood
The government is sending aid to
flood victims.
I
kidnap, murder, rape
I
sacrificial
I

fashion
She's afashion victim
(=
wears the newest fash-
ions even if they do not suit her).
• VERB
+
VICTIM portray sb as
In his trial, he tried to
portray himself as the victim of an uncaring society.
I
claim
The train crash claimed its tenth victim yesterday
when the driver died in hospital.
I
compensate
a bill
aimed at compensating victims of air pollution
I
blame
The cut in benefits for the unemployed is a classic case of
blaming the victim.
• PREP. - of
They were the victims of a cruel hoax.
• PHRASES fall victim to sb/sth
Unfortunately, she fell
victim to an unscrupulous landlord.
a victim of your/its
own success
The small firm became a victim of its own

success when it could not supply all its orders on time.
victor
noun
• ADJ. clear, runaway
I
worthy
• VERB
+
VICTOR be, emerge (as)
The team emerged as
worthy victors.
• PREP. - over
The French pair fought back tofinish two
sets toone victors over the Williams sisters.
victorious
adj.
• VERBS be, emerge, prove
Osborne emerged victorious
after the second round of voting.
• ADV eventually, ultimately
Against all the odds, Fred-
erick II was ultimately victorious.
• PREP. in
victorious in the election
over
The Reds were
victorious over the Whites.
victory
noun
• ADJ. famous, glorious, great, historic, impressive,

notable, outstanding, remarkable, significant, superb
I
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clear, clear-cut, comfortable, convincing, crushing,
easy, emphatic, handsome, landslide, massive, over-
whelming, resounding, sweeping
His party won a land-
slide victory in the elections.
I
complete, comprehensive,
outright, total I narrow I conclusive, decisive
The
army won the decisive victory that changed the course of
the war.
I dramatic, thrilling
I
shock, stunning, sur-
prise, unexpected
I
crucial, vital
I
deserved, well-
deserved
I
hollow, Pyrrhic
I
election, electoral, mili-
tary, moral, political
• VERB
+

VICTORY
clinch, ensure, notch up, pull off,
record, score, secure, snatch, win
They would do tohat-
ever lay in their power to ensure victory for themselves.
0
The Hungarians pulled off a surprise victory against the
Italian champions.
I taste
The England cricket team has
tasted victory for the first time this season.
I
end in
I
roar/romp/storm/sweep to
Labour swept to victory in the
2001election.
I
hail sth as
I
hail
Union leaders hailed the
socialists' victory as a huge step forward.
I celebrate I
claim
The outcome left both sides claiming victory.
I
gain
sb, give sb
I

deny sb
The Dutch champions were denied
victory in a tough
2-2
draw at Porto.
• VICTORY
+
NOUN
celebration, parade I speech I
dance, salute
• PREP. -
against
a victory against Fascism
-for
The case
was hailed as a victory for the common man. -
over
their
resounding victory over England
• PHRASES
snatch victory from the jaws of defeat
video
noun
1 system of recording moving pictures and sound
• ADJ.
interactive
• VIDEO
+
NOUN
camera, equipment, machine, play-

er, recorder, screen I clip, film, footage, image, picture,
recording, replay, sequence
The jury toatched uideo foot-
age of the riots.
I
shoot
The band are in Iceland doing a
video shoot.
I
channel
I can't find the video channel on
this television.
I game
I
conferencing
I
conference,
presentation I link
The speech was broadcast via a video
link to thousands standing outside.
I
surveillance
• PREP.
on -
Thefilm is already out on video.
2 tape/ cassette
• ADJ.
hour-long, ten-minute, etc. I blank
I
pre-

recorded
They sell both blank and pre-recorded videos.
I
amateur, home
An amateur video of the crash failed to re-
veal the cause.
I
educational, instructional
They produce
educational uideosfor learning languages.
I
music, pop,
rock I corporate I promo, promotional I training
I
ex-
ercise, fitness I porn/porno/pornographic, sex
I
po-
lice, security
• VERB
+
VIDEO
make
I
manufacture, produce
I
re-
lease
The group's new video will be released next month.
I

capture sb/sth on, catch sb/sth on
The thief was caught
on video as hepocketed watches and rings.
I
rent (out)
We
rent videos out nearly every weekend.
I
watch
The chil-
dren can sitfor hours watching videos.
I show (sb)
Their
teacher showed them a video about the Romans.
I
fast-
forward, rewind
• VIDEO
+
NOUN
cassette
I
library, rental shop, shop
I
release
a review of the latest video releases
• PREP.
-of
a security video of the attack
3 (also

video recorder)
• VERB
+
VIDEO
programme, set
Did you remember to
set the videofor 'Inspector Morse'?
videotape
noun
• VERB
+
VIDEOTAPE
make
I
copy (sth) onto, record
(sth) onto
Film can also be copied onto videotape.
I
screen
The videotape of the attack caused outrage when it
was screened on the news.
• PREP.
-ofa videotape of the demonstration
853
view
view
noun
1 opinion/idea about sth
• ADJ.
general, popular, prevailing, widely held

The
prevailing view is that he has done a good job in difficult
circumstances.
I conflicting, differing, divergent, op-
posing, polarized
The debate brings together experts with
conflicting views.
I clear, forthright, strong
He's a doctor
with clear views on how toprevent illness.
I idealized, op-
timistic, positive, romantic, rosy
Her rosy view of life
abroad seems rather naive.
I
jaundiced, negative, pes-
simistic
After his experience in jail, he has a pretty jaun-
diced view of the penal system.
I conventional
The con-
ventional view is that work is pleasant and rewarding.
I
unorthodox I minority I political I liberal, modern,
progressive, radical
I
moderate
I
conservative, reac-
tionary

I
extremist, hard-line
I
stereotyped, stereotyp-
ical I informed
I
ill-informed, uninformed I world
His
world view revolves around a battle between rich and poor.
• VERB
+
VIEW
have, hold I
takeItooktheviewthatan
exception should be made in this case.
I air, convey, ex-
pound, express, make known, present, put forward
The
meeting gave everyone the chance to air their views.
0
She
picked up the phone and made her views known to her
boss.
I
discuss, exchange, share
At the meeting, we hope
people will exchange views freely.
I canvass, solicit
He
called a meeting to solicit the views of his staff

I reflect,
represent
His letter to the management did not reflect the
views of his colleagues.
I adhere to, agree with, endorse
I confirm, support I challenge
His music challenges the
view that modern jazz
is
inaccessible.
• PREP.
in your -
In my view it was a waste of time.
I
- about
Teachers generally keep their views about politics
hidden. -
on
Experts hold widely differing views on this
subject.
• PHRASES
an exchange of views
It's good tohave
afull
and frank exchange of views.
a point of view
From a
teacher's point of view, activities that can be done with
minimal preparation are invaluable.
take a dim view of

sth
(=
have apoor opinion of sth)
My mother takes apretty
dim view of my cooking skills.
2 ability to see/be seen from a particular place
• ADJ.
good, grandstand, wonderful I poor, terrible
We
had a poor view of the stagefrom where we were sitting.
I
clear, un impeded, uninterrupted, unobstructed
I
back,
front, rear, side
Thepicture shotos
afront
view of the car.
I
close, close-up I public
Tensions within the band re-
mained hidden from public view.
I overall
(figurative)
The staff handbook gives an overall view of the company.
• VERB
+
VIEW
get, have
The pillar prevented me get-

ting a clear view of the action.
I give sb
The patio gave an
unimpeded view across the headland to the sea.
I block
A
woman in a very large hat was blocking my view of thepro-
cession.
I
come into
A large truck suddenly came into
view.
I disappear from
They stood waving on the plat-
form, until the train disappeared from view.
I
be hidden
from
• PREP.
in -
There was nobody in view.
on -
The carriage
was put on uieuifor thepublic to see.
• PHRASES
infullview(ofsth)Hewasshotinfullviewof
a large crowd.
3 scenery
• ADJ.
breathtaking, fine, lovely, magnificent, spec-

tacular, splendid, stunning, superb, wonderful
a room
with a breathtaking view across the bay
I
commanding,
panoramic I mountain, sea, etc.
• VERB
+
VIEW
afford, boast, enjoy, give, have
Most
rooms enjoy panoramic views of the sea.
0
The large win-
dows givefine views of the surrounding countryside.
I
ad-
mire, enjoy
aplace to unwind and enjoy the view
• PREP. -
across/over
a view over the valley -
from
the
viewfrom his apartment -
of
• PHRASES
a room with a view
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view

view
verb
• ADV
favourably, positively
I
unfavourably
I
cau-
tiously, suspiciously
These results should be viewed cau-
tiously.
I
differently
I
objectively
Try io view the situ-
ation objectively.
I
privately
• VERB
+
VIEW
tend to
I
try to
• PREP.
as This behaviour is not viewed as acceptable.
from
trying to view the situation from an American per-
spective

with
They tend to viewforeigners with suspicion.
• PHRASES
generally/widely viewed as sth
He is widely
viewed as a possible prime minister.
increasingly viewed
assth, traditionally viewed as sth, a way of viewing sth
viewer
noun
• ADJ.
televisioniTV
I
armchair
While fewer people are
attending football matches, armchair viewers aregrowing
in number.
• VERB
+
VIEWER
attract, pull (in)
The evening news is
tochange its serious image in a bid toattract more viewers.
I
be a hit with
The new sitcom has been a smash hit with
viewers.
I
inform, tell
The announcer informed viewers

that programmes would be running late.
I
entertain
I
outrage, shock
a major new drama series that looks set to
shock television viewers
• VIEWER
+
VERB
see sth, watch sth
BBC viewers saw
the prime minister lose his cool on last night's 'Question
Time'.
0
It is estimated that four million viewers watched
theprogramme.
I
switch (between) channels, switch off
I
phone in, write in
Hundreds of vieuiers phoned in tocom-
plain after the show.
viewpoint
noun
• ADJ.
alternative, contrasting, different, differing, op-
posite
The magazine likes to publish articles with alter-
native viewpoints.

I
narrow
I find his viewpoint on this
matter very narrow.
I
extreme
I
personal I ideological,
political
I
commercial
I
scientific
• VERB
+
VIEWPOINT
express, present, put forward
I
adopt, take
He always takes the opposite viewpoint to the
rest of the group.
I
share
I understand her viewpoint, but
do not share it. I
support
He quoted recent test results to
support his viewpoint.
I
look at/see/view sth from

Seen
from the student's viewpoint, the oral exam can befright-
ening.
I
see, understand
• PREP.
from the - of
From the viewpoint of teachers,
there has been a great increase in work.
• PHRASES
from a purely viewpoint
From a purely
commercial viewpoint, thefilm. was afailure.
vigil
noun
1when you stay awake to look after sb, etc.
• ADJ.
all-night, constant, round-the-clock, 24-hour
Since the accident, the boy's parents have kept a constant
vigil at his bedside.
I
bedside
I
lonely
For three nights,
the shepherd maintained his lonely vigil.
• VERB
+
VIGIL
keep, maintain

He told the gatekeeper
to keep vigil.
• PREP.
-over
the husband's vigil over his dying wife
2 silent political protest; time of prayer
• ADJ.
candlelight/candlelit, night-time, nocturnal
Pro-
testers held a candlelit vigil against the war.
I
silent
a si-
lent vigil outside thepresidential palace
I
prayer
• VERB
+
VIGIL
hold, stage
I
attend
• PREP. -
for
a uigilfor the murdered politician
Vigilance
noun
• ADJ.
constant, continued, eternal
I

extra, increased,
special
You should exercise extra vigilance about locking
your car properly.
• VERB
+
VIGILANCE
exercise, maintain
I
relax
The
854
birds cannot afford to relax their vigilance against preda-
tors.
I
require
• PREP. -
against
vigilance against shoplifters -
on the
part of sb
Guaranteeing the safety of students requires
continued vigilance on thepart of teachers.
• PHRASES
a need for vigilance
vigilant
adj.
• VERBS
be, keep, remain, stay
I

become
• ADV
especially, extra, extremely, particularly, very
I
constantly, ever
The organization is ever vigilant for
threats to the habitats of birds.
• PREP.
about
Be extra vigilant about what you eat or
drink.
against
You need to be vigilant against garden
pests.
vigorous
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
become
• ADV.
extremely, very
leading a very vigorous cam-
paign to get the chairman removed
I
quite
taking some
quite vigorous exercise
I
enough, sufficiently

• PREP.
in
The group is not vigorous enough in its oppos-
ition to the proposals.
vigour
noun
• ADJ.
added, increased, increasing
I
fresh, new,
renewed
He returned to work with a sense of renewed vig-
our after his holiday.
I
extraordinary, great, tremendous
I
youthful
I
creative, intellectual, physical
• VERB
+
VIGOUR
pursue/tackle sth with
The govern-
ment gave assurances that the enquiry would be pursued
with vigour.
• PREP.
with-
• PHRASES
full of vigour

She was a wonderful, bubbly
girl,full of vigour.
vim and vigour
He set to his task with
renewed vim and vigour.
with equal vigour
She attacked
both political parties with equal vigour.
villa
noun
• ADJ.
grand, grandiose, handsome, imposing, luxuri-
ous, luxury, magnificent, sumptuous I modest I coun-
try, suburban
I
hilltop
I
private, rented
I
holiday, self-
catering
I
four-bedroom, two-storey, etc.
I
Roman,
Spanish, etc.
• VERB
+
VILLA
have, own

I
rent
I
live in, stay in
• VILLA
+
NOUN
holiday
• PREP
in
a/the-staying in his Spanish holiday villa
village
noun
• ADJ.
big, large
I
global
Technology has turned the
world into a global village.
I
little, small, tiny
I
ancient,
old
I
attractive, beautiful, picturesque, pretty
I
quiet
I
nearby, neighbouring, surrounding

The flood affected
the town and surrounding villages.
I
outlying, remote,
scattered
I
country, rural
I
coastal, seaside
I
desert-
ed
I
home, native
She married a man from her home vil-
lage. I
agricultural, farming, fishing, holiday, mining
• VILLAGE
+
NOUN
community, life
I
church, green,
hall, pub, school, shop, street
I
centre
• PREP.
in a/the-
They live in afarming village.
outside

a/the -
Our cottage isjust outside the village.
• PHRASES
the centre/middle of the village, the
edge/outskirts of the village
villain
noun
• ADJ.
pantomime
He wore a black cloak, like a panto-
mime villain.
• VERB
+
VILLAIN
cast sb as
She seems to have cast me
as the villain in her latest emotional upheaval.
I
play
He
has played villains in most of his films.
I
catch, nail
The
police still haven't nailed the villain.
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• PHRASES
the villain of the piece/story
He changed his
story to make his wife appear the villain of thepiece.

vintage
noun
• ADJ.
classic, fine, superb
I
rare
• VINTAGE
+
NOUN
champagne, claret, port, etc.
viola
noun
e:>
Special pageat
MUSIC
violate
verb
• ADV.
flagrantly, shamelessly
They haoeflagrantly vio-
lated the treaty.
I
systematically
I
brutally
The peace of
the island community had been brutally violated.
violation
noun
• ADJ.

blatant, clear, flagrant
The attack on civilians is a
flagrant violation of the peace agreement.
I
grave, gross,
major, massive, serious
I
wholesale, widespread
I
continued, repeated
I
human rights
I
traffic
• VERB
+
VIOLATION
commit
The army was accused of
committing violations against the accord.
I
be, constitute
This action constitutes a violation ofinternationallaw.
• PREP.
in - of
There isplenty of evidence that her actions
were in violation of an earlier contract.
I -
against
viola-

lions against minimum wage agreements
violence
noun
1 behaviour that hurts other people physically
• ADJ.
considerable, great, excessive, extreme, large-
scale, serious
I
fresh
There arejears offresh. violence if
the strike continues.
I
continuing, escalating, growing
I
gratuitous, unnecessary
Letters poured in complaining
about the gratuitous violence on the show.
I
mindless,
random, uncontrolled I brutal I criminal, unlawful I
endemic, institutionalized, widespread
attempts to res-
cue the country from endemic violence
I
sporadic
In spite
of sporadic violence, polling was largely orderly.
I
do-
mestic, physical, sexual

I
drug-related, election-
related, etc.
I
communal, ethnic, inter-communal,
inter-ethnic, racial, sectarian
I
political, revolutionary,
terrorist
I
left-wing, right-wing
• QUANT.
level
• VERB
+
VIOLENCE
commit, engage in, inflict, per-
petrate, resort to, turn to, use
people who inflict violence
on animals
<>
violence perpetrated by the army
c
The peas-
ants believed their only choice was to resort to violence.
<>
Under no circumstances should police use violence against
protesters.
I
suffer

She had suffered years of violence and
abuse.
I
encourage, incite, provoke
I
denounce, de-
plore, hate, reject
I
breed
Hatred breeds violence.
I
spill
over into
The enthusiasm of the protest spilled over into
violence. I
contain
UNpeacekeepers are struggling to con-
tain the escalating violence.
I
end, quell
Troops were
called in to quell the violence.
I
be capable of
We are all
capable of violence in certain circumstances.
• VIOLENCE
+
VERB
break out, erupt, flare, occur

Vio-
lence erupted outside the prison last night.
I
mar sth
The
demonstration was marred by violence.
I
escalate, inten-
sify, worsen
Observers have warned that the violence
could escalate intofull-scale armed conflict.
I
spread
• PREP. -
against
violence against police officers -
among
violence among football supporters -
between
violence be-
tween rival ethnic groups -
towards
violence towards eth-
nic minorities
-within
violence within thefamily
• PHRASES
an act of violence
Any act of violence
against another player must bepunished.

an end to vio-
lence
The former leader of the terrorist group has called
for an end to the violence.
an eruption/outbreak of vio-
lence
The police are bracing themselvesfor an outbreak of
violence.
fear of violence, a life of violence
It was apre-
855
visa
dictable death for a man who had lived a life of violence.
men of violence
the men of violence who start wars
an
outburst of violence
He had a short temper and was
prone to outbursts of violence.
a threat of violence, an up-
surge in violence, a victim of violence
a refuge for vic-
tims of domestic violence
violence begets/breeds vio-
lence
We have to make people realize that violence only
begets more violence.
a wave of violence
2 physical/emotional force
• ADJ.

suppressed
• PREP
with (a)-
He kissed her with suppressed violence.
violent
adj.
1 using physical strength intended to hurt/kill
• VERBS
be
I
become, get, grow, turn
• ADV.
exceptionally, extremely, particularly, really,
terribly, very
I
increasingly
I
almost
I
a bit, fairly,
pretty, quite, rather
She started to get a bit violent.
I
gra-
tuitously
The film is contrived, sentimental and gratuit-
ously violent.
I
potentially
dealing with potentially uio-

lentincidents
I
physically, sexually
• PREP.
to, towards
He was violent towards his wife on
several occasions.
2 very strong
• VERBS
be
I
become
• ADV
exceptionally, extremely, very
an exceptionally
violent storm'
I
almostHefelt
a strong, almost violent, dis-
likefor the stranger.
I
fairly, quite
violin
noun
• ADJ.
muted
• VERB
+
VIOLIN
tune (up)

• VIOLIN
+
NOUN
bow, string
I
family
The cello is a
member of the uiolinfamily:
e:>
Special pageat
MUSIC
virginity
noun
• VERB
+
VIRGINITY
lose
virtue
noun
• ADJ.
cardinal, great, special
I
chief
I
inherent
There
is no inherent virtue in having read all the latest books.
I
negative, positive
She has just one, negative virtue-she

never tells lies.
<>
The brochure makes a positive virtue of
the island's isolated position.
I
old-fashioned, traditional
He understands the traditional virtue of hard work.
I
Christian, ethical, moral I domestic I civic, public
I
political
I
easy
women of easy virtue
(=
with low stand-
ards of sexual morality)
• VERB
+
VIRTUE
have
Her book has the cardinal virtue
of simplicity.
I
emphasize, extol, preach
He never stops
extolling the virtues of thefree market.
• PHRASES
make a virtue of necessity
(=

to
manage to
gain an advantage from sth you have to do and cannot
avoid), a paragon of virtue
It would have taken aparagon
of virtue not tofeel jealous.
virus
noun
• ADJ.
deadly
I
virulent
I
Aids, flu, hepatitis, herpes,
HIV,
measles, etc.
I
computer
• VERB
+
VIRUS
be infected with, contract, develop
I
carry
I
pass (on), spread, transmit
An infected person
canpass the virus toothers.
I
isolate

I
inactivate
• VIRUS
+
VERB
attack sb/sth
The virus attacks a var-
iety of cells in the body.
I
replicate
• VIRUS
+
NOUN
infection
I
vaccine
visa
noun
• ADJ.
entry, exit, transit I student, tourist, travel
• VERB
+
VISA
get, obtain
I obtained a visa after hours
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viscount
of waiting at the embassy.
I extend, renew I give sb,
grant (sb), issue, issue sb (with) I deny sb, refuse sb

She was refused a visa because of her criminal record. I
need, require
Do South Africans need a visa to go to
France?
I
stamp
I
check
I
overstay
He was arrested for
overstaying his visa.
• VISA
+
VERB
expire
Her visa expired six months ago.
• VISA
+
NOUN
regulations, requirements, restric-
tions
I
application
• PREP.
on a - She entered the country on a student visa.
-for
Doyou need a oisafor Egypt?
viscount, viscountess noun
cc:>

Note at PEER
visibility noun
1 how far you can see
• ADJ.
clear, good, excellent, high
I
bad, limited, low,
poor, zero
• VERB
+
VISIBILITY
reduce
The sand in the air re-
duced visibility to a hundred yards.
• VISIBILITY
+
VERB
be down to sth
Visibility was
down to
25
yards.
• PREP. in -
Wesetacourseingoodvisibilityandcalm
seas.
2 obviousness in public life
• ADJ.
high I greater, increased, increasing
• VERB
+

VISIBILITY
increase, raise
We aim to raise
the visibility of ethnic minorities in our organization.
visible
adj.
• VERBS
be I become
I
remain, stay
The scars re-
mained visible all her life.
I leave sth, make sth
We cut
the treesdown tomake the lake uisible
from
the house.
• ADV.
all too, clearly, easily, highly, obviously, par-
ticularly, plainly, readily, very
His relief was all too vis-
ible. o The election poster was clearly visible from the
street. o Italy has a highly visible environmental move-
ment.
I fully, quite
The sea was now out, leaving the wreck
fully visible.
<>
EWe's quite visible embarrassment
I just

The mountains toerejust visible, dusky and black.
I bare-
ly, hardly, scarcely
The low,flat boats were barely visible.
I almost I half, partially
She stood, half visible in the dim
light.
I dimly, faintly
A figure was dimly visible in the
evening gloom.
I externally I immediately
Women are
advised to wait where they are not immediately visible to
approaching traffic.
I still I no longer
• PREP. to
Its contents were visible to all of them.
• PHRASES
visible to the naked eye
tiny spiders that are
hardly visible tothe naked eye
vision noun
1ability to see
• ADJ.
20/20, excellent, perfect
The eye test shows she
has perfect vision.
I normal I clear
The rain prevented
her having clear vision of the road ahead.

I blurred, de-
fective, distorted, impaired, poor
I
double, tunnel
(often
figurative)
I
all-round
The high driving position gives ex-
cellent all-round vision.
I binocular, stereoscopic I X-
ray
I
distance
lean read without glasses, but my distance
uision ispoor
I night I peripheral
Useyourperipheralvi-
sion widely when movingfrom place toplace.
• VERB
+
VISION
have
I
give (sb) I obscure, restrict
I
blur
The tears blurred her vision.
I improve
• VISION

+
VERB
clear
Her vision cleared and she real-
ized Niall was standing beside her.
• PREP.
across your-
A bird shot across her vision.
• PHRASES
your field of vision
She was aware of shapes
moving across herfield of vision.
your line of vision
Some-
one was standing in my line of vision so I couldn't see the
screen.
856
2 picture in your imagination
• ADJ.
disturbing, dreadful, ghastly, horrible I bleak
I
inner, intuitive, mental, spiritual I mystic/mystical,
prophetic, religious
A young girl in the village experi-
enced a prophetic vision.
I poetic I apocalyptic
an
apocalyptic vision of the end of civilization
I
momentary,

sudden
• VERB
+
VISION
experience, have, receive
I had vi-
sions of us getting hopelessly lost.
I conjure up
The word
'island' conjures up a vision of a relaxing summer holiday.
• VISION
+
VERB
fade
As he approached, the vision
faded and there was no one there.
• PREP.
in a/the-
The idea came to her ina vision.
I -of
3 ability to see/plan for the future
• ADJ.
great I imaginative I alternative I broad, com-
prehensive, global, wide
The company needs to develop a
global vision.
I
narrow I overall I personal I clear
The
engineers had a clear vision of what they wanted to

achieve.
I common
They share a common vision for the
development of health services.
I
strategic
I
political I
revolutionary
I
romantic, Utopian
• VERB
+
VISION
have
I
develop I convey, expand
on/upon, outline, promote
He outlined his vision for the
new economic order.
I impose
The new leader set about
imposing his vision on the party.
I share I cloud
He was
determined not to let emotions cloud his vision.
• PREP.
of-astatesmanofgreatvision
I
-tor aotsiontor

thefuture -
of
an alternative vision of society
• PHRASES
breadth of vision
His plans for the country's
future show a remarkable breadth of vision.
visit noun
• ADJ.
brief, fleeting, flying, quick, short I lengthy,
long I eight-day, hour-long, etc.
I
long-awaited I regu-
lar I constant, frequent
She enjoyed thefrequent visits of
her grandchildren.
I infrequent, occasional, periodic,
rare I annual, daily, twice-weekly, etc. I forthcoming,
impending
The prime minister has been briefed in prepar-
ation for his forthcoming visit to China.
I exchange, re-
ciprocal, return
Exchange visits between company and
school have kept the project going.
<>
They came to visit last
week, and we'll pay them a return visit in the autumn.
I
surprise, unannounced, unexpected I unwelcome I

casual I formal, ministerial, official, presidential, royal,
state I high-profile
I
trade I private, unofficial I foreign,
overseas
I
personal
Following her letter of complaint,
she received a personal visit from the store manager.
I
domiciliary, home
You should receive a home visit from
your midwife within a month.
I
hospital, prison I initial,
preliminary I follow-up
I
social I neighbourly I edu-
cational, study I fact-finding, research I courtesy,
goodwill
While on holiday in Italy, the prime minister
paid a courtesy visit to his opposite number in Rome.
I
morale-boosting I inspection, monitoring Ion-site, site
I
school I customer I memorable
• VERB
+
VISIT
go on, make, pay sb, undertake

We
used togo on school visits tomuseums and historical build-
ings.
o
How many doctors are still able to make home
visits?
<>
Pay us a visit next time you're in town.
I get,
have, receive
I
look forward to
I'd been looking forward
to my cousin's visit for ages.
I arrange, organize I post-
pone I cancel
I
cut short
He was forced to cut short a
visit to North America.
I
prolong
He offered her adrink to
try to prolong her visit.
I
announce
We received a letter
announcing a visit from government inspectors.
I
be

(well) worth
If you're staying in Rome, Ostia is well worth
a visit.
• VISIT
+
VERB
mark sth, signal sth
The visit signalled
the normalization of relations between the two countries.
• PREP.
during/on a/the -
On one of her regular visits
home, she told her parents she was engaged.
I - from
We
had a oisitfrom somebody collectingfor charity.
-jo
a visit
to the theatre
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visit
verb
• ADV. regularly
• VERB
+
VISIT come to, go to
My parents are coming
to visit me next week.
0
We've just been to visit my grand-

parents.
I
decide to, hope to, intend to, plan to, promise
to, want to, wish to
I
be expected to, be likely to
A mil-
lion people are expected to visit the museum over the next 12
months.
I
invite sb to, urge sb to
visitor
noun
• ADJ. constant, frequent, regular
I
occasional
I
sea-
sonal
I
rare
I
casual
I
first-time
First-time visitors to
Spain are often surprised by how late people eat. I
wel-
come
I

surprise, unexpected
I
uninvited, unwanted,
unwelcome
I
potential, prospective, would-be
The lat-
est crime figures are likely to put off prospective visitors to
the city.
I
foreign, international, overseas
I
annual,
yearly
I
business, holiday, tourist
I
museum
I
home,
hospital, prison
I
health
The baby's weight is monitored
by the health visitor.
• VERB + VISITOR get, have, receive
Do you get many
visitors? I
expect
The house was tidy and I could see he

was expecting visitors.
I
entertain
The front room was
used mainly for entertaining visitors.
I
attract, bring (in)
The festival brings
5
000 visitors to the town every year.
I
interest
The town has much to interest the visitor.
I
deter
The lack of facilities in the town may deter the casual visit-
or.
I
admit
The college only admits visitors in organized
groups.
• VISITOR + VERB come, flock, turn up
Yisitors flocked
to see the show.
• VISITOR
+
NOUN attraction
I
centre
Pick up a free

map of the touinfrotn the visitor centre.
• PREP. -from
Visitorsfrom Ireland will find much that
reminds them of home.
-to
visitors to the museum
visualize
verb
• ADV. easily
• VERB
+
VISUALIZE be able/unable to, can/could
I
could visualize the scene in the office.
I
try to
I
be easy to
I
be difficult to, be hard to
It is difficult to visualize how
the town must have looked years ago.
• PREP. as
I visualized him as a typical businessman.
vital
adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem
I
become
I

remain
I
con-
sider sth, regard sth as, see sth as
• ADV. particularly, really
I
absolutely
I
strategically
the strategically vital industrial zone
• PREP. for
fostering team spirit, which is tiitalfor success
to
These nutrients are absolutely vital to good health.
vitality
noun
• ADJ. enormous, exceptional, great, remarkable,
sheer, tremendous
You have to admire the sheer vitality
of his performance.
I
renewed
I
continuing
I
creative,
cultural, economic
I
inner, mental
• VERB

+
VITALITY burst with
He came back from his
holiday bursting with vitality and good health.
I
restore
• PHRASES full of vitality, a lack of vitality
vitamin
noun
• ADJ. take
The doctor told me to take vitamins regularly.
• VERB
+
VITAMIN contain
Most foods contain vitamin
E.
I
be rich in
Fish is rich in vitamins and minerals.
I
en-
rich sth with, fortify sth with
breakfast cereals enriched
with vitamins
• VITAMIN
+
NOUN drops, injections, pills, supple-
ments, tablets
I
requirements

I
deficiency
Vitamin C
deficiency can ultimately lead to scurvy.
857
voice
vivid
adj.
1 very bright
• VERBS be
• ADV. extraordinarily, extremely, really, very
I
quite,
rather
She uses quite vivid colours.
2 very clear
• VERBS be
I
remain
• ADV. extraordinarily, extremely, very, wonderfully
a
wonderfully vivid imagination I
quite
I
still
vocabulary
noun
• ADJ. extensive, large, rich, wide
English has a rich vo-
cabulary and literature.

<>
Try to develop a wide vocabu-
lary.
I
limited, narrow, poor, restricted, small
I
active,
passive
I
basic, essential, key
I
formal
I
business,
scientific, specialized, technical
• VERB
+
VOCABULARY have
I
acquire, learn
Learn-
ers of languages acquire vocabulary through practice. I
build, develop, enlarge, enrich, expand, extend, in-
crease, widen
This book has been designed to help you ex-
pand your vocabulary.
I
enter
The word 'think tank'
entered the vocabulary

(=
became part of the language) in
the 1960s. I
use
Specialized vocabulary is used in all the
major disciplines.
• VOCABULARY + NOUN item
• PREP. - for/of
the essential vocabulary for tourism
• PHRASES not in sb's vocabulary
The word 'failure'is
not in his vocabulary
(=
for him, failure does not exist).
vocal
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
• ADV. extremely, highly, very
a highly vocal opposition
group
I
increasingly
criticized by a small but increasing-
ly vocal minority
I
quite
• PREP. about
women who are very vocal about men's

failings
vocation
noun
• ADJ. real, true
I
religious
• VERB
+
VOCATION find
She struggled for years to find
her true vocation.
I
have
I
follow, pursue
He is desperate
to pursue his vocation as an artist.
I
miss
She feels that
she missed her vocation by not working with children.
• PREP.
-jor
She seems to have a oocationfor healing.
-r
to
a vocation to the priesthood
• PHRASES a sense of vocation
This is a job that de-
mands a sense of vocation.

vogue
noun
• ADJ. current
I
temporary
• VERB
+
VOGUE enjoy
Cycling enjoyed a vogue at the
end of the nineteenth century.
I
come (back) into
SCooters
have recently come back into vogue.
• VOGUE + NOUN word
• PREP. in -
the type of pop song in vogue at that time
out
of -
Disaster movies are currently out of vogue.
I -
for
the
current ooguefor Japanesefood
voice
noun
1 sounds you make when speaking or singing
• ADJ. beautiful, fine, good, lovely, pleasant, sweet
She
has a beautiful singing voice.

I
big, booming, loud, ring-
ing, sonorous, stentorian
I
light, small, thin, tiny, weak
I
low, soft
I
deep, gravelly, gruff, hoarse, husky
I
fal-
setto, high, high-pitched, shrill, squeaky
I
clear
I
muf-
fled, muted, strangulated
I
harsh, penetrating, sharp
I
nasal
I
cracked, rasping, slurred
I could tell from his
slurred voice that he'd been drinking. I
fruity, melliflu-
ous, rich, silky, smooth, velvet, velvety
I
sing-song
I

gentle, kindly, soothing
I
cheerful, hearty
I
friendly,
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void
warm
I
flat, matter-of-fact, unemotional
I
calm, cool
I
firm, steady
I
urgent
I
authoritative
I
distinctive
1
raised
I
hushed
I
angry
1
strained, tired
I
plaintive

1
funny, silly
1
disembodied
1
inner
An inner voice told
him that what he had done was wrong.
1
singing
1
alto,
baritone, bass, contralto, soprano, tenor, treble
• VERB
+
VOICE hear
I could hear voices in the next
room.
I
raise
She's a teacher who never has to raise her
voiceto discipline the children.
1
drop, lower
She dropped
her voice to a whisper.
0
You're shouting-please lower
your voice.
1

project
Try to project your voice
so
that the
people at the back of the room can hear you.
1
lose
She's
lost her voice and won't be able to sing tonight.
I
find
He
swallowed nervously as he tried tofind his voice.
1
put on
She put on a silly voice as she imitated her boss.
• VOICE
+
VERB go up, rise
His voice rose in angry pro-
test.
1
die away, drop, fade, tail away/off, trail away/off
'So he won't come ' her voice trailed off in disappoint-
ment.
I
be filled/tinged with sth
Her voice teasfilled with
emotion.
I

deepen, harden, soften, thicken
His voicesud-
denly thickened with emotion.
1
echo
Her voice echoed
through the silent house.
I
whisper
'Be quiet!' a voice
whispered in his ear.
I
hiss, purr
I
call (out), cry (out)
'Who is it?' afemale voice called out.
I
scream, shout
She
was dimly aware of voices shouting.
I
boom (out)
I
cut
through sth, pierce sth
His deep voice cut through the sil-
ence.
I
break, crack
His voice broke with emotion.

0
His
voice broke
(=
became a deep, man's voice)
when he was
14.
1
falter, quaver, shake, tremble, waver
Her voice
shook with fear.
I
drone (on)
The flat, unemotional voice
droned on.
• VOICE
+
NOUN recognition
the computer's voice rec-
ognition capability
I
mail (also volcemallj.matlbox, mes-
sage, traffic
I
synthesizer
• PREP. in a/your-
'Get out!' she shouted in a shrill voice.
o
There uiasfury in his voiceas he answered her.
• PHRASES atthe top of your voice

I was shoutingatthe
top of my voice but she couldn't hear me.
a bab-
ble/hum/murmur of voices
They could hear a loud bab-
ble of voices comingfrom the crowded bar.
in good voice
The homefans were in good voice
(=
making a loud noise)
before the match.
0
She was in good voice
(=
singing well)
at the concert tonight.
keep your voice down
Please keep
your voice down
so
as not to wake the children.
keep your
voice level/steady
He managed to keep his voice steady
despite hisfeelings ofpanic.
tone of voice
'Doyou have to
speak to me in that tone of voice?'she said sadly.
2 expression of ideas/opinions
• ADJ. critical, dissenting

Dissenting voices at the news-
paper are very rare.
I
lone
a lone voiceof dissent
I
power-
ful
Powerful voices in the Senate are determined to bring
down the president.Y
distinctive
a writer with a highly
distinctive voice
• VERB
+
VOICE find
Refugees have been unable tofind
a voice in politics.
1
add, lend
Many senior politicians
have lent their voices to the campaign.
1
give
The maga-
zine gave voice to hundreds of oppressedfactory workers. I
listen to
• PREP. - of
to listen to the voiceof conscience
• PHRASES make your voice heard

a society in which in-
dividuals are able to make their voices heard
speak with
one voice
The teachers speak with one voice when they de-
mand an end to the cuts.
void
noun
• ADJ. great, massive
1
aching
I
black
• VERB
+
VOID leave
1
fill
It seemed that nothing could
jill the aching black void left by Rachel'
s
death.
void
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
1
make sth, render sth
an im-

pediment which rendered the marriage void
1
declare sth
858
• PHRASES null and void
The election was declared null
and void.
volatile
adj.
1that can easily change
• VERBS be
I
become
1
remain
• ADV. dangerously, extremely, highly, very
Edwards
was a dangerously volatile character.
I
increasingly
1
fairly, quite, rather, somewhat
I
potentially
apotentially
volatile situation
1
notoriously
I
politically

2 that can easily change into a gas
• VERBS be
1
become
I
remain
• ADV. highly, very
a highly volatile liquid
volcano
noun
• ADJ. active, dormant, extinct
• QUANT. chain
• VOLCANO
+
VERB erupt
An active volcano may erupt
at any time.
volley
noun
1of stones, bullets, etc.
• VERB
+
VOLLEY fire, unleash
Thepolicejired a volley
of bullets over the heads of the crowd.
• PREP. -of
2 in sport
• ADJ. backhand, cross-court, forehand (in tennis)
I
left-foot, right-foot (in football)

I
stunning, superb
Wil-
liams took the set with a stunning backhand volley down
the line.
I
30-yard, etc.
• VERB
+
VOLLEY hit
She hit aforehand volley into the
net.
1
crack/crashllash home, strike, unleash (all in foot-
ball)
Cole lashed home a20-yard volley.
• PREP. on the -
Figo met the ball on the volley and
scored.
voltage
noun
• ADJ. high, low
1
constant
I
changing, varying
1
mains, supply
Most house lighting runs at thefull mains
voltage of 240volts.

I
input, output
• VERB
+
VOLTAGE increase, step up, turn up
I
de-
crease, step down, turn down
I
produce
I
apply
A volt-
age is then applied across the cell electrodes.
• PREP. at a-
The motor operates at low voltages.
volume
noun
1 amount of space
• ADJ. total
the total volume of the containers
• PREP. by -
They sell screws and nails by volume.
in - 2
litres in volume
2 quantity of sth
• ADJ. sheer
The sheer volume offiction.produced isstag-
gering.
I

considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high,
huge, large, substantial, vast
1
small
• VERB
+
VOLUME increase
I
decrease, reduce
I
double/growllincrease/rise in
Sales have doubled in vol-
ume.
I
decrease/fall in
• VOLUME
+
VERB double, increase, rise
Sales volume
has doubled since
1999.
I
decrease, fall
3 strength of sound that sth makes
• ADJ. high
I
full, maximum
I
low
• VERB

+
VOLUME increase, turn up
I
decrease, turn
down
I
grow/increase/rise in
I
decrease/fall in
• VOLUME
+
NOUN control
the volume control on the
television
• PREP. at
-Thecarstereowasonatfullvolume.
4 book
• ADJ. bound, leather-bound
a library full of bound vol-
umes
I
companion
a companion volume to the one on Af-
rican wildlife
I
rare
Only a specialist shop would have
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this rare volume.
I

bulky, massive, substantial, thick,
weighty
I
compact, slim
I
glossy
a forty-page, glossy
volume about the company's products
I dusty I old I
single
I
separate
• QUANT.
series
• VERB
+
VOLUME
publish
• PREP.
in a/the -
Her poems are now available in a single
volume.
I -
of
a volume of short stories -
on
a volume on
ancient history
• PHRASES
run to five, several, etc. volumes

The encyc-
lopedia is a huge work, running to 20 volumes.
voluntary
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
remain
• ADV.
completely, entirely, purely
The organization is
run on a purely voluntary basis.
I
largely
volunteer
noun
1 sb who offers to do sth
• ADJ.
unpaid
The office is staffed by unpaid volunteers.
I
full-time, part-time
I
committed, dedicated, enthusiast-
ic, willing
I
qualified, trained
I
potential, prospective,
would-be

I
conservation, Red Cross
• QUANT.
army, band, group, network, team
An army of
volunteers cooked meals for the children.
• VERB
+
VOLUNTEER
appeal for, ask for, call for, look
for
The charity is appealing for volunteers to take elderly
patients to and from hospital.
I
find, get, recruit
We can't
get any volunteers to help in the gardens.
I provide
The
local community provided volunteers to repair the road.
I
encourage
I
need, want
I
work as
• VOLUNTEER
+
VERB
come forward

Hundreds of vol-
unteers have come forward to offer their help.
I
man sth,
staff sth
I
carry sth out
I
provide support, support sb
The support our volunteers provide cannot be measured in
purely practical terms.
• VOLUNTEER
+
NOUN
staff, worker
I
carer, driver,
helper
• PREP.
-for
He worked as a volunteer for Oxfam.
2 in the armed forces
• ADJ.
army, civilian
• VERB
+
VOLUNTEER
recruit
I
serve as

• VOLUNTEER
+
NOUN
army, militia, unit
volunteer
verb
• ADV.
kindly
Barbara Forrest has kindly volunteered to
lead a guided walk to Bolton Abbey.
• PREP.
as
We volunteered as witnesses.
for
I volunteered
for service in the Air Force.
vomit
verb
• ADV.
violently
I
promptly
Corbett leaned against the
wall and promptly vomited.
I
up
He vomited up all that he
had eaten.for lunch.
• VERB
+

VOMIT
want to
The smell made me want to
vomit.
I
make sb
They gave her salty water to make her
vomit.
• PHRASES
nausea and vomiting
The symptoms include
headaches, nausea and vomiting.
vomiting and diarrhoea
vote
noun
1 choice/decision made by voting
• ADJ.
majority
I
huge, massive, overwhelming, re-
sounding
an overwhelming vote in faoour of autonomy
I
unanimous
I
close, knife-edge, narrow
I
two-thirds,
two-to-one, etc.
I

democratic, direct, free
Members of
Parliament will have a free vote on this bill.
I
transfer-
able
The single transferable vote system operates.
I
fair
I
secret
I
popular
The law was ratified by popular vote.
I
casting, decisive
I
crucial
I
affirmative, favourable,
yes
I
adverse, negative, no
I
dissenting
I
protest
He
859
voucher

lost the election because of the protest vote.
I
tactical
I
floating, swing
I
absent, expatriate, postal, proxy
I
in-
valid, valid
I
congressional, parliamentary
I
individual
I
block
The union wants the system of block votes to con-
tinue.
I
historic
• VERB
+
VOTE
have,putsthtothe,takeWeshouldput
the resolution to the vote.
0
Let's take a vote on the issue.
I
have
The chairperson always has the casting vote.

I
cast,
record
(formal) You can cast your vote at the local polling
station.
0
50% of the eligible voters recorded their vote.
I
gain, get, obtain, poll, receive, secure, win
Our candi-
date polled only 10
%
of the vote.
I
swingfactors that could
swing the vote against the president
I
count
Votes are still
being counted.
• VOTE
+
VERB
go to sb/sth
My vote willgo to the party
that addresses crime.
I
fall
The party's vote fell by
6%.

I
increase, rise
I
double, treble, etc.
• PREP. by-
The bill was passed by a single vote.
o
Mem-
bers are elected by direct vote.
I
-against,
-r
for
a cote for
the government-in
favour (of sth), -on
a vote on the new
law
• PHRASES
a vote of confidence/no confidence
The
government received a massive vote of confidence front the
electorate.
a vote of thanks
A special vote of thanks went
to the organizer, Tim Woodhouse.
q
Special page at
MEETING
3 the vote legal right to vote in elections

• VERB
+
VOTE
have
How many years is it since women
have had the vote?
I
give sb
vote
verb
• ADV.
overwhelmingly
I
unanimously
The committee
voted unanimously to accept the plans. I
narrowly
The
Senate voted narrowly to continue funding the scheme.
I
formally
The proposals were formally voted upon.
I
tac-
tically
I
down, in, out
The proposal was voted down.
• VERB
+

VOTE
be eligible to, be entitled to
young
people who are eligible to ootefor thejirst time
I
intend to
• PREP.
against
They voted overwhelmingly against the
proposal.
for
They all voted for the new tax.
in
She re-
turned home in order to vote in the elections.
in favour of
The committee voted in
taoour
of the plan.
into
the govern-
ment that has just been voted into power
off
She was voted
off the committee.
on/upon
Parliament is to vote on to-
bacco advertising tomorrow.
onto, out of
He was voted out

of office.
(by)
to They voted
15
to
2
to accept the offer.
with
Her party voted with the government.
• PHRASES
the right to vote
Everyone over
18
has the
right to vote.
a round of voting
She was elected on the sec-
ond round of voting.
vote Conservative, Labour, Repub-
lican, etc., vote no/yes
They voted yes to the agreement.
voter
noun
• ADJ.
eligible, registered
Only a quarter of registered
voters actually voted in the election.
I
proxy
I

overseas
I
floating, uncommitted, undecided, wavering
I
first-
time, new
I
potential
I
ordinary
the feelings of ordinary
voters
I
Conservative, Labour, etc.
• VERB
+
VOTER
woo
attempts to woo undecided voters
I
persuade
I
convince
I
urge, warn
I
influence
• VOTER
+
VERB

choose sb, favour sb, pick sb, prefer
sb In this election, voters chose candidates who promised
economic security.
I
participate in sth, turn out
More
than two million voters participated in the election.
I
cast
their vote
I
support sth, vote yes (to sth)
I
reject sth,
vote no (to sth)
I
change/ switch allegiance
• VOTER
+
NOUN
turnout
Voter turnout was very low.
I
registration
I
disillusionment
I
intimidation
The Op-
position alleged voter intimidation by the army.

voucher
noun
• ADJ.
credit
I
discount, money-off
I
gift, sales, shop-
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vow
ping
I
luncheon travel accommodation, hotel
fuel, petrol
• VERB + VOUCHER give sb, issue (sb with) The com-
pany issues travel vouchers to all managers.
I
get, re-
ceive I got a credit voucherfor £30.
I
redeem, spend, use
• VOUCHER
+
VERB entitle sb to sth a voucher entitling
you to a half-price meal
I
be worth sth a voucher worth
£100
I
be redeemable a 50p money-off voucher redeem-

able against anyfuture purchase of theproduct
• PREP.
-for o
ooucher
for
children's glasses
VOW noun
• ADJ. formal, solemn
I
marriage, wedding
I
monas-
tic, religious I final She left the convent before taking her
final vows.
• VERB + vow make, take He made a vow to avenge his
father's death. I keep She kept her vow of silence until she
died.
I
break Nothing will persuade me to break this vow.
I
exchange The couple exchanged vows at the altar.
I
renew
• PREP.
-of
a vow ofpoverty
VOW verb
• ADY. quietly, silently He silently vowed vengeance on
them all.
• PREP. to She vowed to herself that she would not show

any emotion.
• PHRASES vow neverto do sth I vowed never todrink
so
much again.
vowel
noun
• ADJ. long, short I open I neutral This neutral vowel
is known as 'schwa'.
I
weak
I
broad, flat
I
final
I
ac-
cented, stressed
I
unaccented, unstressed
• VERB
+
VOWEL begin with, contain, end in/with
• VOWEL
+
NOUN sound I system
voyage
noun
• ADJ. epic, great, long
I
arduous, hazardous, night-

mare
I
outward
I
homeward, return
I
maiden
I
ocean,
sea
I
transatlantic, round-the-world
860
• VERB + VOYAGE embark on, go on, make, set out on,
undertake
• PREP. during althe- Lady
Franklin
kept ajournal dur-
ing the voyage. on a/the - There were mainly scientists on
the voyage.
I -
from, - to The Titanic sank inApril 1912 on
its maiden uoyagefrom Southampton to New York.
• PHRASES a voyage of discovery (often figurative)
Going to college can be a voyage of discovery.
vulnerability
noun
• ADJ. extreme, great I economic, financial the eco-
nomic vulnerability of unskilled workers
I

genetic evi-
dence of a genetic vulnerability to cancer
I
naked, raw the
naked vulnerability in his eyes
• VERB
+
VULNERABILITY demonstrate, expose,
highlight, show (up) The earthquake highlighted the
vulnerability of elevated highways.
I
decrease, reduce
I
increase I exploit, take advantage of The gang had
taken advantage of the immigrants' vulnerability.
• PREP. - to the extreme vulnerability of old people to
crime
vulnerable
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, feel, look, seem Youmust try not to
appear vulnerable. I become
I
remain
I
leave sb/sth,
make sb/sth The virus attacks the immune system, leav-
ing your body vulnerable to infections.
• ADY. acutely, especially, extremely, highly, intensely,
particularly, very
I

completely, totally, utterly I in-
creasingly I quite, rather She is very sensitive and rather
vulnerable. I potentially I peculiarly, uniquely Hippos
are uniquely vulnerable to drought.
I
oddly, strangely He
smiled, making her suddenly feel oddly vulnerable.
I
somehow
I
economically, militarily, politically The
company is in an economically vulnerable position.
o
PREP.
to
These offices are highly vulnerable to terrorist
attack.
vulture
noun
o
VULTURE
+
VERB circle, hover, soar, wheel Vultures
circled overhead as the lionsfed.
I
gather, wait
I
swoop
I
scavenge (sth)

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