Ngữ văn 11 tập 2 nâng cao

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG



B 6 GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO
TRAN OINH SQ (Tong Chu bien)
H 6 N G DAN - N G U Y I N D A N G M A N H - 0 6 NGOC THONG (dong Ciiu bien)
HOANG DUNG - PHAN HUY DUNG - N G U Y I N VAN HEP - HA TH! HOA
CHU VAN SON - LUU DUC TRUNG - PHUNG VAN TUU - NGUYEN THj HONG VAN

NGU VAN
11
NANG

CAO

TAP HAI

(Tdi bdn ldn thd nhdt)

NHA XUAT

BAN GIAO DUC


Ban quy^n thu6c Nha xu^it ban Giao due - B6 Giao due va Dao tao
720 - 2007/CXB/662 - 1571 / GD

Ma s6': NHI 12T8

/v'

LUtJ BIET KHI XUAT Dl/ONG >
()Qidt duang luu biet)
PHAN BOI CHAU
KET QUA CAN OAT

Thdy duac chi ldn cdu nudc, khi phdch anh hiing, tinh thdn
quyi't Hit cua nhdn vdt trd tinh trong bdi tha.
Ndm duac net ddc sdc ve phuang dien nghe thudt cua bdi tha
the hien qua gigng diiu, ldi dung tdvd mqch liin tuang.
TIEU DAN
Phan Boi Chau (1867
1940)
von ten la Phan Van San, biet hieu
Sao Nam, ngadi l^ng Dan Nhilm,
nay thuoc thi tran Nam Dan, huyen
Nam Dan, tinh Nghe An. Ong 1^ mot
trong nhumg ngon cd cCia phong trao
yeu ni/6c va each mang b Viet Nam
trong khoang hai mt/oi ISm n§m dau
the ki XX. Ong noi tieng than dong,
mUdJi ba tuoi do dau huyen, mifdi
s^u tudi do dHu xCr, ba muoi ba tudi
do Giai nguyen trifdng Nghe An.
Dac biet ong luon nung nifu y chi
giai phong d§n t6c, nSm mi/cJi b^y
tudi da vi§'t hjch Bini) Tiy tiiu Bic

(Dep giSc Phap, khoi phuc dat Bac)
d^n d gdc da dau lang de keu goi moi ngudi htfdng Cmg phong trao Can
vi/dng. Phan Boi Chau la ngu'di van dong th^nh lap Duy tan hoi (1904), khdi
xL/dng phong trao Dong du (1905 - 1908), thanh vien cCia Viet Nam Quang
phuc hoi (1912). Nam 1912, dng bj trieu dinh nha Nguyen (dCmg sau la thUc
dan Phap) ket an ti^ hinh vang mat. Nam 1925, thtfc dan Phap bat duoc
ong d ThUdng Hai (Trung Qudc) dmh dem ve nifdc thCi tieu bi mat. Viec bai
lo, Chung ph^i dUa 6ng>a xet xCf cong khai. Trade su da'u tranh manh me
cCia quan chung nhan dan, k i thu danh ph^i xoa an khd sai chung than
cho Phan B6i Chau va dUa ong ve giam long d Ben Ngu, Hue. Ong mKt tai
dify nam 1940.

il) Luu biit: di lai tnidc luc chia tay. )ikdft duang : ra nudc ngoai.


Trong cuoc ddi hoat dong each mang, Phan Boi Chau da sang tac rat
nhieu tac pham thuoc nhieu thd loai khac nhau bang chC? Han, chO Ndm. Tho
van cOa dng luon ndng bong nhiet tinh yeu nu6c, cd anh hudng sau rong trong
quan chung sudt mot phan tu the ki. Phan Bdi Chau da cd nhieu each tan ddi
vdi loai hinh sang tac mang ti'nh chat tuyen truyen, cd dong va dat duoc thanh
cdng Idn. Cac tac pham chfnh : Bai tiiacti vi liuynti ptiCi (1897), Vi§t Nam
vong qudc sd (1905), Hai ngoai iiuyet tfiu (1906), Nguc trung ttiu (1914),
Trung Quang tam st? (1921 -1925), Van te Ptian Cfiau Trinii (1926), Ptian Bdi
Ciiau ni&n biiu (1929), v.v.
Sau khi Duy tan hoi dUdc thanh lap, theo chO truong cua td chijrc nay, nam 1905,
Phan Boi Chau nhan nhiem vu xuat dUOng sang Nhat de dat co sd dao tao cdt
can cho phong trao each mang trong nude. Luu biet lra trong budi chia tay eac ddng chf de len dudng.
*

*

Phien dm
Sinh vi nam tit yS'u hi ki,
Khang hiia can kh6n tu chuydn di.
U" baeh ni6n trung tu hiJu nga,
Khoi thien tai hau eanh v6 thuy.
Giang son tit hi sinh dd nhud',
Hiln thanh lieu nhi6n tung diSc si !
Nguyen true trucmg phong Dong hai khu:,
Thien trung bach lang nh^t ti phi.
Dich nghia
Sinh lam nam nhi phai mong chuyen khac thucmg^^\
Le nao di trcri dSft tu xoay vdn.
Trong khoang tram nam nay phai co ta,
Ngan nam sau le nao chang co ai ?
Non s6ng da che't, s6'ng them nho nhu6'c,
Thanh hiln da vSng, doc cung ngu !
Mu6'n duoi theo con gio lorn qua biln Dong,
Mu6n I6p song bac ciing bay theo.
(1) Y tho nay the hien quan niem v^ "chi lam trai" cua cac nha nho xua.

4


Dich tha:
Ldm trai phdi la d tren ddi,
Hd de cdn khon tu chuyen ddi.
Trong khodng trdm ndm cdn cd td,
Sau ndy mudn thud, hd khdng ai ?

Non sdng dd chit, sdng them nhuc,
Hien thdnh cdn ddu, hgc ciing hoai!
Mudn VU0 be Dong theo cdnh gid,
Mudn trung sdng bac tiin ra khai.
TON QUANG PHIET dich
(Theo Vdn tha Phan Boi Chdu chgn lgc,
NXB Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1967)

Hl/dNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Giai nghia b6n cau diu cua bai tho va lam ro y thiic vl sii menh va hoai bao
cua nhan vat tru tinh - ngucd thanh nien tru6c thoi cuoc.
2. Tim trong hai cau 5 - 6 nhihig tiJf ngiJ thi hien thai d6 quylt liet va tinh cam
dau ddn ciia nha tho trudfc thuc trang dat nu6c. Rieng trong cau 6, nha tho da bay
to thai d6 nhu the' nao d6i vdi nin tu tudng, hoe va'n eu cua nu6c nha ?
3. Hai cau 7 - 8 thi hien mong mu6'n gi cua tac gia ? Dua theo ban dich ngMa, hay
phan tieh ve dep hao hiing cua hinh tuong Mudn lap song bqc cung bay theo.
4. Theo anh (chi), vi sao bai tho co duoc siic I6i cu6'n manh me d6'i vdi thi he
thanh nien yeu nude diu thi ki XX ?

BAI TAP NANG CAO

"Chi lam trai" da duoc nhan vat tri? tinh khang dinh dua tren nhirng co sd nao ?
Neu net tuong d6ng va khac biet trong quan niem vl "chf lam trai" giffa bai tho
Luu Met khi xud't duang cua Phan B6i Chau vdi m6t s6' tac phdm tho thdi trung
dai da duoc hoc.
(1) Hien thdnh : tiic thanh hiln.


TRI T H Q C D O C - HIEU

Thd van tuyen truyen, van dong each mang diu the k! XX
Tho van tuyen truyen, van ddng each mang bat dau xuat hien d Viet Nam vao dau the ki XX va
phat trien thanh ddng Idn vdi ten tudi cOa nhOmg nha nho duy tan nhu Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chau
Trinh, Nguyin ThUOng Hien, Dang Nguyen Can, Huynh Thuc Khang, Ngd Dure Ke, v.v. Ddng tho
van nay nham de'n muc di'ch truyen ba tu tudng yeu nude, each mang cho nhan dan ; keu gpi cai
each xa hdi de tu eudng va gianh tu do, doe lap cho To qudc. Giong dieu chung la hijng hdn, tha
thie't, lam li va chinh dieu dd da tao nen tinh trur tinh dam net ciia cae sang tac. Kinh nghiem nghe
thuat cOa tho ea truyen mieng duoe phat huy manh me. Ldi viet van chu" Han diigc ddi mdi. Nhieu
the loai ed Uu the trong viec chuyen chd noi dung each mang duoc the nghiem,... Tuy cdn bi
rang bupe nhieu bdi y thUe van hoc cCia thdi trung dai nhUng ddng gdp cQa tho van tuyen truyen,
van dong each mang dau the ki XX cho van hoa, van hoe va Ijch si!f Viet Nam la ra't Idn. Luu biet l(hi
xuat duang trudc het la mot bai tho trOrtinh, nhung xet ve kha nang tac ddng va cd vu cda nd, cd the
xep vao loai hinh tho van tuyen truyen, van dong each mang.

HAU TROI
TANDA
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hiiu ducfc y thdc cd nhdn, y thdc nghe si cua Tdn Dd the
hien qua cdu chuyen "hdu Trdi".
• Thdy duac nhitng cdch tdn nghe thudt trong bdi tha
vd quan niem mdi ve nghe vdn cua tdc gid.
TIEU DAN
Tan Da (1889 -1939) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Khac Hieu, ngudi lang Khe
Thupng, huyen Bat Bat, tinh Son Tay (nay la xa Son Da, huyen Ba Vi, tinh
Ha Tay). Lang dng nam ven sdng Da, gan nui Tan Vien. Nha tho da lay ten
nui, ten sdng dd ghep lai thanh but danh eCia minh.
Tan Da thudc ddng ddi khoa bang, tUng theo ddi con dUdng eCf nghiep
nhung thi Huong hai lan deu khdng dd. Ong chuyen sang viet bao, viet van,
lam tho va trd thanh mot trong nhumg ngudi Viet Nam dau tien sinh sdng bang

nghe vidt van, xulft ban. T^n Da
tUng dm mong cai each xa hoi theo
eon dudng hpp phap, dung bao chf
lam phuong tien. Ong sdng phdng
khoang, da deo "tui tho" di khap ba
ki va nem dii nhuc vinh trong cudc
ddi, dSc biet phai chju nhieu lan dan
vdi nghe van, nghe bao. Tuy nhien,
trudc sau Tan Da v i n giU dupe cdt
each nha nho va pham chat trong
sach. Ong mat tai Ha Ndi trong
canh ban han.
Tan Da la ngUdi di tien phong d
nhieu ITnh vUc van hoa, la mdt cay
but tieu bieu eCia van hpc Viet Nam giai doan giao thdi, cd thanh tuu tren
nhieu t h i loai nhung thuc su xua't chung vdi tho. Ong da dat dupe da'u gach
nd'i giOra van hpc truyen thdng va van hpc hien dai, la ngudi "dao ban dan md
dau cho mot cudc hoa nhac tan ki dUOng sap sifa" (Hoai Thanh), "ngudi bao
tin xuan" cho phong trao Tho mdi 1932 - 1945. Tan Da de lai kha nhieu tac
pham. Ve tho, tieu bieu la Khoi tinii con I, II, III (xuat ban lan lupt vao cac
nam 1916, 1918, 1932), Cdn cho/(1921), Tiia Tan Da (1925),... Ve van xudi,
tieu bleu la Giac mong ldn (1928), Giac mong con I, II (1916, 1932), Tan Da
van tap (1932),... Ngoai ra. Tan Da cdn chu giai Truyen Kieu, djch Kinh thi,
tho Dudng, Li&u Trai. chi di va scan mdt sd vd tudng nhU Tay Thi,
Thien Thai,...
Bai tho Hiu Trdi dai, vi vay, chi can tap trung tim hieu doan in ehU to (tU
cau 25 de'n cau 98)**^.

*

1.

*

Dim qua chdng biet co hay khdng,
Chdng phdi hoang hot, khong mo mong.
That hon ! That phdch ! That thdn the !
That dugc len tien - sudng la lung.

(*) 6 phin Van hoc, di ti6n theo doi, ngucd biSn soan thudng danh sd thii tu ddng tho hoac chia
doan cdc van ban.


5.

10.

Nguyen luc canh ba ndm mdt minh,
vdt chdn dudi bdng nggn den xanh.
Ndm budn, ngoi day dun nudc udng,
Udng xong dm nude, ndm ngam vdn.
Chai vdn ngam chdn lai chai trdng
Ra sdn cung bdng di tung tdng
Tren trdi bdng thdy hai co xud'ng
Mieng cudi mum mim cting ndi rdng :
- 'Trdi nghe ha gidi ai ngdm nga,
Tieng ngdm vang cd sdng Ngdn Hd !

15.

Ldm Trdi mat ngu, Trdi duang mdng
Cd hay len dgc, Trdi nghe qua".

20.

Ifdc mdi bdy gid mdi gap tien !
Ngudi tien nghe tieng lai nhu quen !
Vdn chuang ndo cd hay cho ldm
Trdi dd sai ggi thdi phdi len.
Theo hai cd tien len dudng mdy
Vii VM khdng cdnh md nhu bay.
Cda son do ehdi, oai rUc ra
Thien mdn de khuyet nhu Id ddy !

25.

Vdo trdng thdy Trdi, sup xud'ng lay
Trdi sai tiin nd ddt ldi day.
Ghebdnh nhu tuyi't vdn nhu mdy
Truyen cho vdn si ngdi chai ddy.
Chu tiin ngdi quanh dd tinh tuc^^^

30.

Trdi sai pha nudc denhdp gigng.
Truyen cho "vdn sT dgc vdn nghe !"
"Dq bdm lay Trdi con xin dgc".

(1) Thien mon delchuyet: thanh ngft chi chung noi d ciia vua, d day chi chd'n thifin dinh (cita trdi,
nha trdi).
(2) Chu tien : cac vi tien. Tfnh tdc : (ngoi) ngay ngdn, te chinh hoac da ySn chd.

8


35.

40.

45.

50.

Dgc hit vdn vdn sang vdn xudi
Hei vdn thuyet li lai vdn chai
Duang can ddc y dgc da thich
Che trdi nhdp gigng cdng tdt hai.
Vdn ddi hai tdt ran cung mdy !
Trdi nghe, Trdi cdng ldy ldm hay.
Tdm nhu nd dq, Ccr le ludi
Hdng Nga, Chdc Nit chau ddi mdy
Song Thdnh, Tiiu Nggc lang tai ddng
Dgc xong mgt bdi cung vd tay.
- "Bam con khdng ddm man cda Trdi
Nhiing dng vdn con in cd rdi
Hai quyen Khdi tinh vdn thuyi't li
Hai Khd'i tinh con Id vdn chai
ThSn tiln, Gifc mdng vdn tieu thuyi't

Dai guong, Len sau vdn vi ddi
Quyen Dan ba Tau ldi vdn dich
Den quyen Len tam nay la mudi
Nhd Trdi vdn con cdn bdn ducic
Chda bii't con in ra mdy muai ?"

(1) Vdn thuyet li, vdn chai: cac loai van chinh theo each phan chia va quan niem cua Tan Da. Vdn
thuyet li hay vdn vi ddi (vi ddi) la loai van xudi co chiic nang giao huSh, di cap nhung va'n di
nghiem chinh nhu yeu nudc, ciiu ddi. Vdn chai la tho ca - loai van khdng ban true dien den cac
va'n di xa hdi.
(2) Tdm la ten mdt ngdi sao. Day la'y nghia chii' tdm la long (Tan Da chii).
(3) Ca ciing la ten mdt ngdi sao. ChQ ca nguyen la cai met, day la^y nghia chtt la le ludi (Tan Da chii).
(4) Hdng Nga, Chiic Nit: cac nhan vat trong th&i thoai Trung Hoa. Hdng Nga cdn dupc gpi la
Thudng Nga, mdt tien nvt sdng d cung Quang Han tren mat trang. Chiic TVi? ciing la mdt tien nii,
sdng d bd bac sdng Ngan, chi dUpc gap mat chong la Nguu Lang mdi nam mdt Mn vao ngay
mdng bay thang bay am lich (Nguu Lang chan trau d bd nam sdng Ngan).
(5) Song Thdnh, Tiiu Nggc : ten hai vi tien, thi nii cua ba Tay Vuong MSu - mot nhan vat trong
t h ^ thoai Trung Hoa.
(6) Man : lira dd'i.
(7) Khd'i tinh, Khd'i tinh con, Thdn tien, Gidc mdng, Ddi guang, Len sdu, Ddn bd Tdu, Len tdm : ten
nhiing tic phdm ciia Tan Da.


55.

60.

65.

70.

75.

Vdn ddgidu thay, lai ldm ldi
Trdi nghe Trdi cung bdt budn audi!
Chu tien ao udc tranh nhau ddn :
- "Anh gdnh len ddy bdn cha Trdi!"
Trdi lai phi cho : "Vdn that tuyet!
Vdn trdn duac thi'chac cd it!
Nhdi vdn chudt dep nhu sao bdng !
Khi vdn hiing mqnh nhu mdy chuyen !
Em nhu gio thoang, tinh^^'' nhu suang!
Ddm nhu mua sa, lanh nhu tuyi't!
Chdng hay vdn sT ten hg gi ?
Ngudi dphuang ndo, ta chua bie't".
- "Dq bdm lay Trdi con xin thua
Con tin Khdc Hii'u hg Id Nguyin
Qui a A chdu viDia Cdu
Sdng Dd nui Tdn nudc Nam Viet".
Nghe xong Trdi nga ^^^ mdt luc Idu
Sai bao thiin tdo^^^ ldy so xet.
Thiin tao tra so xit vda xong
Di so len trinh Thuang di'trdng
- "Bdm qud cd tin Nguyin Khdc Hii'u
,
Ddy xud'ng ha gidi vi tdi ngdng".
Trdi rang : "Khdng phdi la Trdi ddy,
Trdi dinh sai con mgt viec ndy
Ld viec "thiin luang" cua nhdn loqi,
Cho con xud'ng thudt ciing ddi hay".

(1) Tinh -. trong sang, thanh sach.
(2) Nga: hoi ngd vuc, nira tin nita ngd.
(3) Thien tao : ten gpi chung cua cac bd phan chuyen trach d thien dinh (khdng nen nhSm thien tao
vdi Nam Tao, Bdc Ddu vdn la hai nhan vat dupc Ngpc Hoang giao nhiem vu giO s6 sinh, s6 tir
ghi chep viec sd'ng chet cua nhan loai dudi ha gidi). Trong mdt sd van canh khac, thien tao
dupc xem nhu dong nghia vdi trdi.
(4) Viec "thien luang" : mdt luan thuye't ve cai each xa hdi ciia Tan Da. Ong quan niem "thien
luong" la nhan td co ban thiic ddy su tien bp xa hdi, la su thdng nhdt toan ven cua ba "chdt"
trong con ngudi : luang tri (tri giac trdi cho), luang tdm (tam tinh, bung da trdi cho) va luang
ndng (tai nang trdi cho). Theo dng, ne'u chii y bdi ddp, thuc hanh "thien luomg" thi cd thi cai tao
dupc tinh trang "luan thudng dao ngupc, phong hoa suy ddi" va su tn tre, lac hau cua xa hdi
Viet Nam thdi dd.

10


- "Bdm Trdi, cdnh con thuc ngheo khd
80. Trdn gian thudc ddt cung khdng cd
Nhd Trdi ndm xua hgc it nhieu
Vdn lii'ng cdn mgt bung vdn do.
Gidy ngudi mUc ngudi thue ngudi in
Mudn cda hdng ngudi bdn phudng phd.
85. Vdn chuang ha gidi re nhu beo
Kiem duac ddng ldi thuc rdt khd.
Kiem ducfc thdi it tiiu thdi nhieu
Ldm mdi quanh ndm chdng du tieu.
Lo dn lo mdc hit ngdy thdng
90. Hgc ngdy mdt kem tudi ngdy cao ,
Sdc trong non yiu ngodi chen rdp

Mdt cdy che chdng bdn ndm chieu.
Trdi lai sai con viec ndng qud
Bie't ldm cd duac md ddm theo".
95;

100.

Rdng : "Con khdng ndi Trdi dd bii't
Trdi ddu ngdi cao, Trdi thdu hit
Thdi con cd ve md ldm dn
Long thdng chdngqi chi suang tuyi't!"
Vdng nhdi Trdi day, lay xin ra
Trdi sai Khien Ngicu ddng xe tiin
Xe trdi dd chuc ngodi thien mdn
Chu tien theo ra cung tien biet.
Hai hdng luy bier

(2)

gigt suong red

Trdng xud'ng trdn gian van dam khoi.
105.

''

Thien tien a lai, trich tien xudng
Theo dudng khdng khi ve trdn ai

(3)

(4)

.

(1) Khien Nguu : tiic Nguu Lang.
(2) Luy biet: nudc mdt chia tay.
(3) Thien tiin : tien d tren trdi. Trich tien : tien bi tdi day xud'ng ha gidi.
(4) Trdn ai: nghia den la bui bam, day chi coi trdn, noi ngudi d tren mat ddt.

11


Dim khuya khi thanh sao thua vdng
Trdng td dua ldi ve non Dodi

.

Non Dodi da tdi que trdn gidi,
110.

Trdng len chu tien khdng cdn ai.
Tieng gd xao xdc, tieng ngudi day
Gida sdn cdn ddng rieng ngdm ngiii.
Mdt ndm ba trdm sdu muoi dim,

114.

Sao duac mdi dim len hdu Trdi!
(Theo Tuyen tap Tdn Dd,
NXB Van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1986)

HLfdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Thuat lai chuyen "hSu Trdi" eiia Tan Da trong bai tha va lam ro tai hu ciu cua
tac gia (chu y phan tich each tao tinh hudng, chon chi tilt, dung dd'i thoai, bd tri
cac canh, mieu ta tam li da dang cua nhan vat,...).
2. Oiuyen "hau Trdi" bang tudng tuong da giup nha tho ndi duoc gi vl ban than
ciing quan niem mdi cua dng vl van va nghl van ?
3. Tim cac chi tilt thi hien y thiic ea nhan cua tac gia.
4. Chi ra net each tan cua bai tho d giong dieu va each dung cac yiu td thudc
kh^u ngii.
5. Nhan xet chung vl gia tri tu tudng va nghe thuat eiia bai tho. '
BAI TAP NANG CAO
Cai ma ngudi ta thudng goi la "ngdng" d Tan Da dugc thi hien nhu t h i nao
trong bai the ? Hay neu nhiing diem gan gui va khac biet gifta cai "ngdng"
cua Tan Da vdi cai "ngat ngudng" cua Nguyin Cdng Tni trong Bdi ca
ngdt ngudng.
(1) Dodi -. ten mdt que trong bat quai, chi phuong tay. Non Dodi: niii phia tay ; cung cd thi hiiu
xii Dodi (each gpi dan da \i miin Son Tay - que huong cua tac gia -d\i phfa tay Ha Ndi).
12


TRI T H Q C Dpc - HIEU
Mot so yeii to mdi ve hinh thurc trong tho Viet Nam diu the ki XX
TCf nhOng nam hai muoi ciia the ki XX, tho Viet Nam diing tafde mdt thdi ki phat trien mdi de tien
vao quy dao hien dai. Su ddi mdi trong each nhin, each cam xuc din den nhieu ddi mdi trong hinh
thiirc tho:
- Viec chia mot bai tho (trudc het la tho thdt ngdn) thanh nhieu khd la hien tupng dang chu ^,
mac du trudc day, nhiimg dau hieu cOa su chia khd da th^p thoang xuat hien. Vdi viec chia khd, nha
tho cd dieu kien the hi§n dupe nhieu cung bac cam xiic bien hoa da dang ciia con ngudi ca nhan,
pha di tfnh chat duy If ehat che trong cau true ciia tho cd dien.

- Nhieu hinh tUpng quen thudc eiia tho cd dien da dupe cai bien, lam mdi, ed khi dUpc dat ben
canh cac hinh tupng mupn tU tho ea dan gian ; vi vay, chung trd nen gan gui, dung d|, ft mang ve
cao sang, xa each nhutrude.
- NgUdifu tho da mang dang dap ciia ngii dieu ndi, gan gui, sdng ddng, tao dieu kien thuan Ipi
cho sU giao tiep giiia tac gi^ vdi mdt Idp cdng chiing ddc gia mdi d thanh thj tU san hoa.
- Hinh thufc ke chuyen dijgc nhieu nha tho Ua thich va van dung, khdng chf lam cho tho "di dpc"
ma cdn md dudng cho sU xam nhap eiia chat van xudi vao tho.

THAO TAC LAP LUAN BAC BO
KET QUA CAN OAT

• Ndm duac yeu cdu vd cdch sddung thao tdc lap luan bdc bd
trong vdn nghi ludn.
• Bie't bdc bd mdt y kii'n sai, thii'u chinh xdc ve xd hdi hodc
vdn hoc.
Trong thuc t l ddi sdng, rat nhilu y kiln sai can phai phe phan, bac bd nham dl
cao, khang dinh y kien diing. Do dd, moi ngudi c&i bilt each bac bd.
Cung nhu vay, trong van nghi luan khdng chi cd viec khang dinh y kiln
dung, ma nhilu khi cdn eSn bac bd nhiing y kiln sai, thilu chfnh xac. Mudn y
kie'n bac bo cd siic thuylt phuc, hoe sinh can tim hiiu yeu cau va each sir dung
thao tac lap luan bae bd.
13


1. Yeu cau cua thao tac l$p luan bac bo
Bae bd mot y kiln nao dd khdng gian don la tuyen bd y kiln do sai, ma phai
lap luan dSy du dl chiing minh la nd sai thi mdi thuyet phuc duoc ngudi nghe,
ngudi doc. Mudn bac bd mot y kiln sai, trudc hit hay trich dan y kiln dd mdt each
ddy du, khach quan, trung thuc. Sau dd, ngudi viet phai lam sang td hai phuong
dien : y kiln ay sai d chd nao va vi sao nhu thi la sai. Dl tra ldi cau hdi thii nh^t,

c& doc ki va xem xet y kien a'y d ca ba yiu td : ludn diem, ludn cd va lap ludn.
Phan tieh dl ngudi doc tha'y y kiln dd sai d luan dilm, luan cii hay d each lap luan
rdi tiln hanh bac bp. Dl tra ldi cau hdi thii hai, e& diing li le va din chiing dl
phan tieh. If giai vi sao nhu thi la sai. Chang han, dl chiing minh mdt luan cii sai,
cd thi bac bd bang each chi ra trong luan cii dd, ngudi viet da trich din sai, cd y
cat xen y tii, cau chii cua ngudi khac, hoac trfch din diing nhung phan tfch, giai
thfch lai sai,...
Trong thuc tl, cai dung, cai sai khdng t6n tai tach biet nhau. Trong eac y kiln,
cd y kiln diing, cd y kiln sai; cd y kiln mat nay diing nhung mat kia sai, trudng
hgfp nay diing, trudng hop kia sai. Vi vay, khi van dung thao tac bac bd ein ed sii
can nhac, phan tfch tiing mat, dl tranh tinh trang khang dinh chung chung, tran lan
hay bae bd, phu nhan tSit ca.
Tuy theo tfnh cha't diing sai cua cae y kiln ma van dung lap luan bac bd cho
thfch hop va neu ra kit luan thoa dang. Ndi qua hoac ndi chua tdi la tu biln y kiln
cua minh thanh ddi tuong dl ngudi khac phi phan, bac bd. Bac bd la each lap luan
dl lam sang rd su that va chan If, tu nd cQng phai phii hop vdi chan If. Vi vay, hie
bd phai duoc thuc hien mdt each trung thue, ed miic dd va diing quy each.
2. Cach sur dung thao tac lap luan bac bo
Bac bd mdt y kiln sai, cd thi thue hien bang nhilu each : bae bd luan dilm,
bac bd luan cii, bac bd each lap luan hoac kit hop pa ba each that linh boat.
a) Bdc bd ludn diem tiie la vach ra cai sai cua ban than luan dilm. Cd nhilu
each bac bd luan dilm, nhung thdng thudng vin la hai each sau day.

- Dung thuc tedebdc bd. Chang han, nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu, Nguyin Bdch Khoa
dua ra nhan dinh : "Nd iTruyen Kieu - NBS) chiia chan mdt cha't t^n heo, tiiu ma
(chit tha),... Cai dep eua Truyen Kieu ng^y nay ehi nhiing tam h6n mudn thut ltd
14-


mdi cd thi thudng ngoan duoc". Luan dilm nay ed hai dilm chua thoa dang : a) chSft

tho eua Truyen Kieu tran ngap ("chiia chan") su "tan heo", va b) chi nhung tam hdn
mudn thut lui thi mdi thudng thiic duoc Truyin Kieu. Bac bd y kiln nay, ed thi ehi
ra : a) trong thuc t l tac phim, chit tho chiia chan trong Truyin Kieu khdng phai la
su tan heo, ma la tinh yeu va ndi dau vl phim gia eon ngudi, va b) nhan dinh dd trai
vdi thuc t l ddi sd'ng, bdi nhiing ngudi ed chf tiln thu, khdng chiu thut liii ciing diu
yeu min Truyen Kieu.
- Diing phep suy ludn di lam cho cai sai eua luIn dilhi cln phai bae bd duoc
bdc Id dly dii. Vf du, dl bac bd luan dilm neu tren, cd thi suy luan nhu sau : Neu
luan dilm "ehi nhiing tam hdn mudn thut lui mdi cd thi thudng ngoan duoc" cai
dep eua Truyen Kieu la diing, thi phin ddng ngudi dan Viet Nam, nhung ngudi
bin la khdng mudn thut liii, se quay lung lai vdi Truyin Kieu. Nhung su thuc thi
dau phai vay !
b) Bdc bd ludn cd tiic la vach ra tfnh chat sai lam, gia tao trong li le va din
chitng duge sit dung. Vf du, vao thdi ki trudc Cach mang thang Tam 1945,
Nhit Chi Mai phe binh VQ Trong Phung : doc van Vii Trong Phung, thIy "phin
ul't, khd chiu... vi cam thIy tu tudng hac am, cam hdn, nhd nhen In trong dd". Su
ehi trfch eiia Nhit Chi Mai d day gdm ba luan cii : hac am, cam hdn, nhd nhen va
theo dng, dd toan la thii xlu xa, de tien ca. Nha van Vu Trong Phung bae lai mdt
each ddng dae:
"Hie am, ed ! Vi tdi la ngudi bi quan ; cam hdn, ciing ed, vi tdi cho ring cai xa
hdi nudc nha ma lai khdng dang cam hdn, ma lai cii "vui ve tre trung", trudng gia,
an mac tan thdi, khieu vQ, v.v. nhu eac dng chii truong thi mdt la khdng mudn cai
each gi xa hdi, hai la fch ki mdt each dang si nhuc.
Cdn nhd nhen thi la thi nao ?
Ta thuc cai xa hdi khdn nan, cdng kfch cai xa hoa, dam dang cua bon ngudi ed
nhilu tiln, klu ea nhung su thdng khd cua dan ngheo bi bdc Idt, bi ap chi, bi
cudng biic, mudn cho xa hdi cdng binh hon nfta,... ma bao la nhd nhen, thi ha
de Dd-la^^\ Huy-gd, Man-rd^^\ Ddt-xtdi-ep-xki, M. Godc-ki, lai khdng cung la
nhd nhen ?".
Vu Trong Phung da dap lai diing ba luan eii, chi ra ndi dung tiln bd va cd tfnh

chil'n diu trong thii dd ciia dng dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng duong thdi.
(1) Dd-la (tmile Zola, 1840 - 1902): nhd van Phdp.
(2) Man-rd (Andr6 Makaux, 1901 -1976): nhd van Phdp.

15


c) Bdcbd cdch lap ludn la vach ra su mau thuIn, khdng nhit quan, phi Id gich
trong lap luIn cua ddi phuong, chi ra su ddi thay, dinh trao khai nilm trong qua
trinh lap luan. Vf du : Nam 1924, trong bai diln van ca ngoi Truyen Kiiu trong
nin van hoa din tdc, Pham Quynh da lip luIn nhu sau : "Mdt nudc khdng thi
khdng ed qud'c hoa, Truyin Kieu la qud'c hoa eua ta ; mdt nudc khdng thi khdng
cd qud'c tuy, Truyen Kieu la qud'c tuy eua ta ; mot nudc khdng thi khdng ed qud'c
hdn, Truyen Kieu la qud'c hdn cua ta".
Cach lap luan eua Pham Quynh nham xac dinh gia tri cua Truyen Kieu trong
nin van hoa dan tdc ndi chung la dung, nhung trong dilu kiln Wc biy gid thi each
lap luan nhu vay rd rang cd phin phien diln hoac chua chat che, "thIy cay khdng
thIy riing", cd thi gay nhan thiic mo hd trong du luan, lam nhu Truyen Kieu la tit
ca, ngoai Truyin Kiiu ra khdng cd gi gia tri hon nita. Ngd Diic K l da bac bd each
lap luan a'y nhu sau : "... thi thi tii Gia Long vl trudc, chua cd Truyen Kiiu, thi
nudc ta khdng qud'c hoa, khdng qud'c tuy, khdng qud'c hdn, thi' thi cai van tri vii
edng*^ miy trilu [...] deu la d dau dem din [...]".
CIch bae bd nay lam cho Pham Quynh khdng tri ldi dugc.
CIc cIch bae bd trin day tach ra dl thuylt minh cho di thly, trong thue tl
chiing lien kit vdi nhau. Muc dfeh cua bae bd la bao ve chan If, xac nhan su that.
Nlu xa rdi muc dfeh chan If thi su bae bd trd thanh nguy bien, vd bd va cd hai.
Bac bd la mdt phuang phip khdng thi thilu tren con dudng di tim chan If,
tranh diu cho chan If.
LUYEN TAP

1. Dgc doan dd'i dap sau va cho biet lap luan bac bd dugc van dung theo thao
tac nao ?
Bde-na Sd khi da ndi tilng, ed mdt vu nu dl nghi dng cudi cd ta vdi If do :
"Neu dng va em lly nhau thi eon cua chiing ta se thdng minh nhu dng va xinh
dep nhu em, that la tuyet vdi".
Bde-na Sd hdm hinh bae lai: "Nlu tdi va em lly nhau, ma con cai chiing ta lai
dep nhu tdi va thdng minh nhu em, thi dang sg biet bao !".
(1) Van tri vu cong : su nghiep dung nudc bang phdp luat, giao due va chig^n cdng quan su.
(2) Bdc-na So (Bernard Shaw, 1856 - 1950): nha soan kich Anh.

16


2. Lip luan dl phan bac sai lim trong luan dilm sau (neu dan y) : Cd tien la cd
hanh phuc.
Tham khao tai lieu sau.
Thac-ca-re^ ndi:
"Tiln bae khdng phai la van nang.
Nd cd thi mua duge ehilu giudng, nhung khdng mua dugc gilc ngu.
Nd cd thi mua duge chau nggc, nhung khdng mua dugc sic dep.
Nd ed thi mua dugc gily but, nhung khdng mua dugc y tha.
Nd ed thi mua dugc nha ciia, nhung khdng mua dugc gia dinh.
Nd cd thi mua duge thiic aii, nhung khdng mua dugc su ngon mieng.
Nd cd thi mua dugc trd choi, nhung khdng mua dugc nilm vui.
Nd ed thi mua duge xu ninh, nhung khdng mua duge Idng trung thanh.
Nd ed thi mua dugc cinh hlu, nhung khdng mua dugc tinh ban.
Nd cd thi mua dugc su phuc tiing, nhung khdng mua dugc long kfnh trgng.
Nd cd thi mua duge quyIn thi, nhung khdng mua dugc tri me.
Nd cd thi mua dugc thi xac, nhung khdng mua duge tinh yeu.
Nd cd thi mua dugc vii khf, nhung khdng mua duge hoa binh".

(1) Thdc-ca-ri (William Makepeace Thackeray, 1811 -1865): nhd van Anh.
,2.NV11/2NC-A

17


DOC THO
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu dugc mdt sd dac diem ciia iha.
• Biet cdch doc vdn bdn tha.

I - DAC DIEM CUA THO
Tho la mdt trong nhOng nghe thuat xult hien sdm nhit trong lich sir loai
ngudi, la thi loai tidu bilu cho tinh tuy ciia nghe thult ngdn tut. Dinh nghia vl tho
rit khd, song ta cd thi-tim hiiu van ban tha qua mdt sd dac dilm cd ban sau.
1. Nhin ben ngoai, tha la mdt hinh thiic ciu tao ngdn ngu" dac biet. Nhin
chung, su sip xep cac ddng (cau) tha nhu nhfing dan vi nhip dieu lam nin mdt
hinh thiie ed tfnh tao hinh. Ddng thdi, su hiep vin, phdi xen tilng bing tilng trie,
tilng trim tieiig bdng, each ngit nhip viia thdng nhit vfia bie'n hoa tao nen tfnh
nhac dieu. Hinh thiic Iy lam nen ve dep nhip nhang, trim bdng, luylh lay cda van
ban tho.
2. VI thuc chit, tha la tilng ndi ciia tam hdn. Ldi tha tuy la ldi ndi thim cua
ndi tam sau kfn nhung thudng phii dugc ngam len hay dgc diln cam thi mdi thly
y vi. Ldi tho thudng diing cIc bien phip tu tii nhu In du, so sanh, nhan hoa, trung
diep, cau dao ngugc,... true tilp bilu hien su rung ddng trong tam hdn cua nhan vlt
trfl tinh. Ldi tho tuy bilu hien nhiing cam xiic,, tam su rieng tu nhung lai cd y ngMa
khIi quit vl con ngudi, vl xa hdi, nhan loai, ed gia tri thim mi va gia tri nhan van
sau sic, du lam nin tang chd su thdng cam lin nhau va phit triln ddi sd'ng ndi tim

phong phu ciia eon ngudi.
3. Tho thudng khdng true tilp kl vl su kien, nhung bai tha bao gid cung cd ft
nhit mdt su kien lam nay smh rung ddng thim mi manh liet trong tam hdn nha tho
ma van ban tho la su thi hien cua niem rung ddng Iy. Mdt mie'ng triu dem mdi,
mdt cai banh trdi nudc, mdt tilng ga gay canh khuya cd thi la nhiing su kiln gly
cam xuc cho Hd Xuan Huong. Nhan vat trong tho nhu Duang Khul trong
Khdc Duang Khue, Tiiu Thanh trong Doc Tieu Thanh ki,... cung la su kien ddi vdi
nha tho.
18

2. NV11/2NC-B


Nhan vat trii tinh (cung ggi la chu thi trfi tinh, cdi tdi trfi tinh) la ngudi true
tilp cam nhan va bay td nilm rung ddng trong tho trudc su kien. Sd di ggi la "nhan
vat" bdi nd cung cd ldi ndi, y nghi, hanh ddng nhu eac nhan vat van hgc khac. Tuy
nhiln, dd la cdi tdi thur hai cua nha tha, gin bd mau thit vdi tu tudng, tinh cam cua
nha tha. Do "sd'ng" trong thi gidi sang tao cua nha tho, nhan vat trii tinh dugc tu
do bilu hien, ft bi rang budc nhu tie gia ngoai ddi. Vi vay, khdng nen ddng nhit
nhan vat trfi tinh vdi tic gia.
4. Ngdn ngfi tho chu yiu la ngdn ngfl eua nhan vat trii tinh, la ngdn ngfi hinh
anh, bilu tugng. ^ nghia ma van ban tho mudn bilu dat thudng khdng dugc thdng
bao true tilp, dly du qua ldi tho, ma do tii tho, gigng dieu, hinh anh, bilu tugng
tho ggi len. Chang han, dl ndi cii y mudn tao dung mdt su nghiep sinh ngang vdi
Gia Cat Lugng, Pham Ngii Lao da vilt; "Cdng danh nam tit cdn vuong ng - Ludng
then tai nghe chuyen Vii hlu". Hoac dl ndi cai y dii thdi van da hit ma vin sin
sang chie'n diu. Dang Dung dung hinh anh : "Dudi nguyet mai guam da biy
ehly". Cach ndi va hinh anh nhu thi ggi la td tha. Tii tho la hinh thiic dac biet dl
bilu hiln y tho. Tii tho cd thi la mdt hinh anh tugng trung, la eae quan he dd'i
thoai, tuong phan, song hanh,... eua cle nhan vat, hinh anh,... Tho ed td todn bdi

nhu Tie'n si gidy, Hdu Trdi, ed hinh anh xuyen sud't, cd td tdng cdu, tdng khd nhu
cIc din chiing vita neu. Do dd, ngdn ngfi tho thien v | khoi ggi, gifia cac cau tho cd
nhilu khoang trdng, nhiing chd khdng lien tuc ggi ra nhilu ngMa, ddi hdi ngudi dgc
phai chu ddng lien tudng, tudng Urgng, thi ngMem tM mdi Mlu hit su phong phu cua
y tha d bin trong,...
II - CACH DOC THO
1. Do dugc td chfic dae biet, ngdn tfi ham siic, giau nhac dieu, cho nen van ban
tho cln dugc dgc thanh tilng, cham rai, cd khi ngam nga de hinh anh, nhip dieu,
am hudng cua van ban md ra va dgng lai thanh In tugng trong tam tri.
2. Do y nghia cua van ban tho thudng khdng dugc thdng bio true tiep qua ldi
tha, cho nen ngudi dgc tha phai biet cam nhan, suy doan, phan tfch dl tim din cai
y ngoai ldi. Ciing vdi vile cam nhan dly du su bieu Men cu thi eua ngdn ngfi tho
bang tudng tugng, cam giac, thi nghiem, ngudi dgc phai cam nhan dugc cai y ma
ldi tha khdng true tilp ndi din. Bai tho cd thi khdng cd ehfi "vui" nao ma ngudi
dgc phai cam thly dugc nilm vui, bai tho cd thi khdng cd tfi "budn" nao ma ngudi
dgc phai thly dugc y budn.
19


3. Bilt van dung ngfl canh de Mlu bai tha. Khai thac su kiln trong bai tha dl
bilt dugc bai tha ndi vl dilu gi, ldi tha nay sinh trong tinh hudng nao. Ngfl canh
lich sit, xa hdi kM sing tie bai tho cung gdp phin giai thfch y tha.
4. Khi dgc - Mlu bai tha cd the dgc lin lugt tfing ciu, cap cau hay tiing khd,
tfing doan, tuy theo dac dilm ciia bai tha cu thi, tim y tha nd'i liin cle ciu, khd,
doan thanh mdt cMnh thi.
5. Do y nghia eua bai tha thudng phong phii, nhilu binh diln, mdi lin dgc
thudng clii cam nhan dugc mdt phin. Vi vay, tha hay cln dugc dgc di dgc lai
nhilu lin mdi cam duge eli hay nhilu mat.
LUYEN TAP

1. Xlc dinh "su kidn" trong eae bai tha : Tu tinh (bai II), Chay gidc, Tien si
gidy, Thuang vg, Cdu cd mua thu. Ngfi canh, tinh hudng trong mdi bai tho
giiip cho viec dgc - hiiu bai tha nhu the' nao ?
2. Phan bilt y va tfi tho.
3. Neu Vl du cho thly ldi tha thudng khdng true tilp thdng bao y nghia eua
van ban tho. Tfi dd rut ra bai hgc vl each dgc tha.
4. Su phan biet nhan vat trfi tinh vdi tac gia cd y ngMa gi dd'i vdi vide dgc - Mlu tha ?

NGHIA CUA CAU
KET QUA CAN DAT

• Hieu dugc khdi niem "nghia six viec", "nghia tinh thdi" hai thdnh phdn nghia cua cdu.
• Biet van dung hieu bie't vi nghia cua cdu vdo viec phdn tich
vd tqo lap cdu.

I - NGHIA Sir VIEC VA NGHIA TINH

THAI

Trong ban dich truyen ngin "Vi hdnh" cua Nguyin Ai Qud'c cd cau
(la) Phdi trd nhvcng nghin rudi pha-rdng [...].
20


Nlu vie't lai thanh :
(lb) Chi phdi trd nghin rudi pha-rdng [...].
hay:
(Ic) Phdi trd nhitng nghin rudi pha-rdng [...] ddy.
thi ea ba cau ciing bilu Men mdt su viec duy nhit. Tuy nMen, xet vl thii do hay su
dinh gia eua ngudi ndi, thi ba cau tren rIt khie nhau : gil nghin rudi pho-rang dd'i

vdi ngudi ndi ciu (la), la cao ; trong khi dd'i vdi ngudi ndi cau (lb), la thip ; cdn
ddi vdi ngudi ndi cau (le), thi khdng cM cho gia dd la cao, ma cdn cd y mudn
ngudi dd'i thoai dac biet luu tam din dilu Iy.
Nhu thi, cd thi chia nghia eua cau ra lam hai : thanh phan phan Inh su tinh,
ggi la nghia sU viec, va thanh phin phan Inh thii do, su danh gia eua ngudi ndi dd'i
vdi su viec, hay ddi vdi ngudi dd'i thoai, ggi la nghia tinh thai.
II - M O T S O L O A I N G H I A TINH T H A I QUAN TRONG
Nghia tinh thii rIt phong phii, din mfic khd quy tit ea vao mdt sd loai nhit
dinh. Tuy nhien, mdt cIch khai quit, ed thi ndi din hai trudng hgp sau day.
1. NghTa tinh thai hirdng ve su viec
Day la loai nghia tinh thii thi hien thai dd va su dinh gia cua ngudi ndi dd'i
vdi su vide dugc ndi din trong cau. Trong loai nghia tinh thii hudng vl su viec,
ding chii y la nhiing phan biet sau :
a) NgMa tinh thii chi su viec da xay ra hay chua xay ra
So sinh hai cau sau :
(2) Hdn vdn phdi doa nqt hay Id gidt cudp.
(3) Hdn nhdt mdt hdn gach vd, toan dap ddu.
(NamCao-CA/PAeo)

Ta thly d cau (2), su viec "doa nat", "giat cudp" da xay ra rdi; cdn trong cau (3),
su viec "dap diu" chi mdi la mdt du dinh.
Xet hai cau :
(4) - Ne'u ldm con chdu md quen gia pho', thdi chdc Id con chdu bd't hii'u.
(Phan Bdi Chau - Ngudi nuac ta vdi sic nudc ta)

21


(5) - Thua thdy, gid nhd con khoe khodn^ thi nhd con chd ddm kiu.
(Nguyen Cdng Hoan - Tinh thdn the due)

Nhd cd ni'u, gid, ta Mlu ngudi ndi cho rang cle su vile lidn quan diu cM la
gia thie't, ehfi khdng phai la Mdn thuc ; rieng cau (5) cdn cd them sac thai ao udc.
b) Nghia tinh thai chi kha nang xay ra cua su viec
Trong nhiing cau sau :
(6) [...] chdc chdn mg Du dd chet vd nhitng cdm tudng vi mg chi cdng thdm
thia, ti tdi trong tdm hdn tdii...].
(Nguyen Hong - MgDu)

il) Nhitng ddn chim sao, chim chia vdi, cheo beo, chich choe, chdo mao, tu hit,
vit vit,... hinh nhu da tdn mdt ra bdn phuang trdi mdt tdm vdo vo dinh.
(8) May ra ddi ba noi cd phong trao trdng tre chdn sdng ven triin de...
(Bang Son)

cle tfi ngfi chdc chdn, hinh nhu, may ra diu cM kha nang xay ra cua su viec, tuy c6
thi xip cae tfi ngfi nay theo mdt thang do tfi kha nang cao xud'ng kha nang thIp :
chdc chdn —> hinh nhu -^ may ra.
c) NgMa tinh thii ehi su vide duge nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If
Xet vi du:
(9) [Tdi sdng vdi Cdu Trung Ddi, che't cung vdi Cdu Triing Ddi]. Tdi khdng the
xa Cdu Triing Ddi mot budc.
(Nguyen Huy Tudng - Vu NhuTd)

Ta thly khdng the chi mdt nghia vu, ndi rdng ra, la mdt su vide dugc nhan thfic
nhu la mdt dao If.
Viec phan biet nghia tinh thii cM kha nang xay ra cua su viec vdi nghia tinh
thai chi su vide duge nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If khdng phai bao gid cung dl dang
vi ed trudng hgp tilng Viet dung mdt each bilu thi dl chi ea hai thfi nghia tinh
thii. Chang han hai cau sau, mdt cua Tf ndi vdi cha minh la Trin Van Sfiu va mdt
cua Trin Van Sfiu ndi vdi Tf:

22


(10) - [Theo ldi cha tinh dd thi cha cdn sdng md ciing nhu cha chit]. Phdi gidu
ten gidu hg hoai, con din thdm cung phdi nup lin, khong ddm din chdn chudng.
(11) - Cha tinh phdi ldm nhu vdy mdi xong, con phdi nghe ldi cha md trdvidi.
(H6 Bilu Chdnh - Cha con nghia ndng)

Di xac dinh phdi d hai cau tren chi nghia tinh thii nao, ta cln xet din nhfing
yiu td thudc ngfi canh. Nhd dd, cd the thly phdi d cau (10) bieu thi su tit yeu vl mat
nhan thfic, tiic la nghia tinh thai chi kha nang xay ra cua su viec : Tf dau ddn thly
rang dl cha dugc an toan, khdng trinh dugc viec phai len lut kM din tham cha.
Trong khi dd, d cau (11), phdi chi mdt tit yiu vl mat ngMa vu, tfic la ngMa tinh
thii ehi su viec dugc nhan thfic nhu la mdt dao If : Trin Van Sfiu khuyen eon nen
trd vl nha, ehfi khdng dugc di theo cha.
2. Nghia tinh thai hudng ve ngudi dd'i thoai
Day la loai nghia tinh thii thi hien thii dd, su danh gia cua ngudi ndi dd'i vdi
ngudi dd'i thoai. Trong tilng Viet, nghia tinh thai hudng vl ngudi dd'i thoai
thudng dugc bilu dat nhd cle tfi ngfi tinh thai cud'i cau. Chang han, nlu vilt lai
cau sau day cua ba Kiln ndi vdi ngudi lang dang xiim lai xem Chf Pheo rach mat
an va :
(12a) - Cd cdc dng, cdc bdnda, vi di thdi chic!
i^SimCzo-Chi Pheo)

thanh :
(12b) - Cd cdc dng, cdc bd nita, vi di thdi nhi!
ta thly d ca hai cau (12a) va (12b), bl Kiln diu thuc giue dan lang di v l ; cai khac
bilt la : d cau (12a), bl Kiln cho la hg dang cd y chin ehfi chua chiu di vl ; cdn
d d u (12b), y mudn tranh thu su ddng tinh cua hg vdi mdt sac thai cd phin
thin mat.

Cln luu f cle tfi ngfi tinh thii cud'i cau khdng phai chi thi hidn nghia tinh thai
hudng vl ngudi dd'i thoai. Ching han, trong cau :
(13) Khdn nan... Ong gido ai!...Nd cd bii't gi ddu !
(Nam Cao - Lao Hac)

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