Ielts Vocab

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(1)GIÁO DỤC. literate and well-informed electorate : thành phần cử tri có học và có trình độ văn hóa cao manifest functions : những chức năng có chủ định menial jobs : công việc lao động chân tay peers : các bạn cùng trang lứa prerequisite : điều kiện bắt buộc self-fulfilling prophecy : lời tiên tri tự ứng ( tự mình phán ra và cũng tự mình làm cho ứng nghiệm ). self-supporting : tự lập sex education program : chương trình giáo dục về sinh hoạt giới tính social upward mobility : tiến lên trên nấc thang xã hội socialization process : tiến trình xã hội hóa staying in line : xếp hàng ngay ngắn teenage pregnancies : trẻ vị thành niên có thai the framers of the Constitution : những người soạn thảo hiến pháp (Mỹ) the function of schooling : chức năng giáo dục to affect : ảnh hưởng đến to alienate students of lower-class and minority homes : khiến học sinh thuộc gia đình lao động và thiểu số khó có thể thích nghi được to alter the course of social problems : thay đổi chiều hướng của các vấn đề xã hội to be legally bound : bị ràng buộc về mặt pháp lý to confer : cấp cho to impede : cản trở, ngăn cản to little avail : chẳng thành công bao nhiêu to perform academically : học tập to reinforce : củng cố thêm to sharpen : làm cho nghiêm trọng thêm to work to the advantage of all students : hoạt động có lợi cho tất cả học sinh accrediting agencies : những cơ quan có trách nhiệm cấp bằng archaic procedures : những quy trình cổ xưa deterring factor : nhân tố gây cản trở, làm nhụt chí doctoral education : giáo dục ở cấp tiến sĩ facilitator : người điều khiển cuộc thảo luận feverish activity : hoạt động như điên cuồng field beings : các "trường sinh thể" ( sinh thể không thể tồn tại độc lập mà phải cộng sinh với toàn bộ môi trường xung quanh để có thể phát triển ) identity formation : sự hình thành bản sắc riêng low admission standards : tiêu chuẩn nhận vào học quá thấp low-caliber people : những người kém khả năng mechanistic physics : vật lý cơ học cổ điển ( của Newton ) pedagogy : phương pháp sư phạm prestige universities : các đại học có uy tín ( nổi tiếng ) ramifying influence : ảnh hưởng tràn lan reform is afoot : đang có cải cách, đang có sự thay đổi salvation : sự cứu rỗi self-deception : việc tự lừa gạt, hoang tưởng standardized intelligence test : trắc nghiệm chuẩn về trí thông minh.

(2) tenure process : tiến trình vào biên chế theologian : nhà thần học to mitigate the enthusiasm : giảm bớt nhiệt tình to tabulate : xếp thành cột, bảng undergraduate degree : bằng đại học workload : khối lượng công việc NHỮNG KHÁI NIỆM ( CONCEPTS ) a plethora of sources: vô số các nguồn tư liệu academic qualifications: bằng cấp academic record: thành tích khoa học array of archived documents: một dãy các tư liệu lưu trữ Asia-related expertise: chuyên môn thuộc lãnh vực Châu Á Học cheating: gian lận (trong kỳ thi) college faculty: các giảng viên (ban giảng huấn) đại học curriculum construction: cấu tạo chương trình custom courses: các giảng trình được thành lập theo yêu cầu (= tailored courses) educational psychology: tâm lí giáo dục entrance exam: thi tuyển sinh vào đại học flagships: những trường danh tiếng ( Harvard, Yale...) guidance and counseling: hướng dẫn và tư vấn immense potential: tiềm năng vĩ đại in an embryonic stage: trong giai đoạn phôi thai interdisciplinary subjects: những môn liên ngành lesson plan: giáo án mental hygiene: vệ sinh tinh thần minority-serving institutions: các trường đại học phục vụ cho dân tộc thiểu số multiple subjects: chuyên môn đa ngành pedagogic theory: lý luận sư phạm pre-college cram school: trường luyện thi đại học pressure-cooker school system: hệ thống trường "nồi áp suất" (ép học viên học nhồi nhét tối đa) retention: việc bảo lưu kết quả học tập rote learning: học vẹt school administration: quản lí giáo dục screening the psychologically and emotionally unfit:sàng lọc ra những người có tâm lí và tình trạng cảm xúc không thích hợp state certification requirements: các yêu cầu về chứng chỉ ( sư phạm) của tiểu bang tailoring executive programs to the needs of individual corporations: thiết kế các chương trình đào tạo lãnh đạo tùy theo nhu cầu của mỗi doanh nghiệp to have access to the full complement of opportunities:được hưởng đầy đủ các cơ hội transcripts: học bạ undergraduate-level teaching: dạy ở trình độ đại học university-based organization: tổ chức nằm trong đại học upgrading teacher education: nâng cấp việc đào tạo giáo viên virtual museums: các thư viện "ảo" virtual worlds: những thế giới gần như là thật visual and auditory aids: các trợ cụ thính thị.

(3) vocational guidance: hướng nghiệp would-be teachers: các giáo viên tương lai DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. With Washington vowing to reinvent goverment, the state of Minnesota recently sent personnel administrators to the University of Minnesota's Carlson School of Management for a weeklong lesson in streamlining operations that included a course on conflict resolution. Custom programs accounted for one third of business school executive-development revenues in 1993, according to a survey done for the latest edition of Bricker's International Directory. 2. This is the new face of executive education. In a field once dominated by flagships such as the Harvard Business School's Advanced Management Program, which brings senior professionals from various firms to campus for 10 weeks, the action has shifted to condensed courses that target a specific problem in one organization. "There's just a tremendous urgency on the part of companies to face up to issues quickly," explains Jean Hauser, head of the Center for Custom Programs at the University of Carolina's Kenan-Flagler Business School, the first universitybased organization devoted exclusively to tailored courses. 3. For millions of young Asians education has become a sophisticated form of torture. Although Japan's pressure-cooker school system gets more international attention, the same formula applies to all of Asia's centers of prosperity. From early elementary school on, test scores reign supreme. Parents, teachers and administrators regard class ranking as a measure of their own status and drive the students ever harder to ourperform each other in rote learning. 4. In Germany, those who can, teach. They are paid handsomely-enough to support a middleclass family comfortably. And many teachers attain the coveted rank of civil servant, which gives them job tenure and fringe benefits such as low-interest mortgages and freedom from paying social-security taxes. The price of such prestige is rigorous teacher training, which is still another reason that some of the best and brightest German students are attracted to the field. Would-be teachers in Germany are required to thoroughly learn two academic subjects before they embark on pedagogic theory. Mastering multiple subjects enables German teachers to teach interdisciplinary programs. 5. To take, for illustrative purposes, just one subject among many in graduate Education, one might consider the course work commonly offered in "Guidance", an administrative specially that has come into its own in recent years through the help of the Federal goverment and the federal controversy over American education. Everyone agrees that public school students need some guidance, sometimes curricular, sometimes emotional or disciplinary, sometimes in occupational matters or questions of college admissions. We now have a field with the redundant name of "Guidance counseling" in which one can earn both a master's and a doctor's degree. But nobody knows what either degree should stand for, since nobody knows what guidance counseling is, can be, or ought to be; there is as yet no accepted "theory" of guidance counseling. 6. To the educationist, "upgrading" teacher education will continue to consist of shuffling and reshuffling the same old blocks of time in the college training programs, examining and reexamining curricula, appointing study commissions, tinkering now and then with state certification requirements, and "rethinking" admission and retention practices. 7. As for the other qualifications, apart from the academic record that future teachers ought to have, educationists make much of the importance of emotional stability and social adjustment, and much of the importance of screening out of teacher-training program the psychologically and emotionally unfit. It is very doubtful if this screening can be done by any kind of admissions apparatus, except for catching the obvious misfits, and it is possible that a number of potentially excellent teachers are eliminated from the programs because of the obtuse judgments of those who profess to be screening out incompetents. 8. The Asian Studies Development Program is a quite successful project that focuses upon improving undergraduate-level teaching about Asia. ASDP is particularly useful for college faculty who are not Asia specialists and would like to develop Asia-related expertise. Most of the.

(4) schools involved in ASDP do not have the resources to hire full-time Asianists, and instead turn to the most innovative of their existing faculty and ask them to develop their knowledge and capacity to teach about Asia. 9. From the beginning, ASDP has been committed to working with minority-serving institutions to insure that national minorities have access to the full complement of opportunities which Asia offers on America's horizon. To this end, we have developed close ties with a number of historically black colleges and universities. Our project is neither to provide experts with additional education, nor to produce overnight Asianists. Rather, we are committed to the notion that the very best faculty are experts in their own disciplines, are excited at the possibilities of extending their own knowledge of Asia and sharing this in their class. 10. The use of technology in the social studies classroom, while still in a relatively embryonic stage, nonetheless has immense potential to revolutionize the way in which instruction is delivered and the manner in which students learn. We have opportunities to bring virtual worlds into our classrooms which were nonexistent a decade ago, to connect with different parts of the globe almost instantaneously, and to avail ourselves of a plethora of sources previously inaccessible to us, including virtual museums, and endless array of archived documents, a wealth of foreign news sources, and an astounding number of resources about any topic imaginable NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ GIÁO DỤC I ( EDUCATIONAL ISSUES ) a widespread assumption : 1 giả định phổ biến asset: tài sản at the expense of education: lơ là việc giáo dục compulsory mass education: giáo dục phổ thông cưỡng bách credentialed professionals: những chuyên gia có bằng cấp credentials: chứng chỉ / bằng cấp critical abilities: năng lực phê phán, hiểu bết sâu sắc cultural heritage: di sản văn hóa cure-all: thuốc trị bá bênh dilemma: vấn đề nan giải drug education program: chương trình giáo dục về ma túy eight-grade diploma: bằng lớp tám equally attainable: có cơ hội đạt đến 1 cách bình đẳng extremely bureaucratized structure: cơ cấu cực kỳ quan liêu factors: các nhân tố functionalist perspective: quan điểm thuộc trường phái chức năng high school diploma: bằng tốt nghiệp trung học impact: ảnh hưởng in touch with: bám sát hơn, phù hợp hơn với latent functions: những chức năng không chủ định literate and well-informed electorate : thành phần cử tri có học và có trình độ văn hóa cao manifest functions : những chức năng có chủ định menial jobs : công việc lao động chân tay peers : các bạn cùng trang lứa prerequisite : điều kiện bắt buộc self-fulfilling prophecy : lời tiên tri tự ứng ( tự mình phán ra và cũng tự mình làm cho ứng nghiệm ) self-supporting : tự lập sex education program : chương trình giáo dục về sinh hoạt giới tính social upward mobility : tiến lên trên nấc thang xã hội socialization process : tiến trình xã hội hóa.

(5) staying in line : xếp hàng ngay ngắn teenage pregnancies : trẻ vị thành niên có thai the framers of the Constitution : những người soạn thảo hiến pháp (Mỹ) the function of schooling : chức năng giáo dục to affect : ảnh hưởng đến to alienate students of lower-class and minority homes : khiến học sinh thuộc gia đình lao động và thiểu số khó có thể thích nghi được to alter the course of social problems : thay đổi chiều hướng của các vấn đề xã hội to be legally bound : bị ràng buộc về mặt pháp lý to confer : cấp cho to impede : cản trở, ngăn cản to little avail : chẳng thành công bao nhiêu to perform academically : học tập to reinforce : củng cố thêm to sharpen : làm cho nghiêm trọng thêm to work to the advantage of all students : hoạt động có lợi cho tất cả học sinh DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. Compulsory mass education was not instituted until the latter half of the 19th century, when large waves of immigrants began pouring into American cities. Many of them spoke no English and could neither read nor write. It was necessary to "Americanize" them so as to make them fit to become citizens of the nation. A certain degree of education, at first represented by an eightgrade diploma and later by a high school diploma, became a prerequisite for all but the most menial jobs. In this period, the function of schooling was to provide the means for each person to become self-supporting. 2. The traditional view of American education is that, as a society, the United States has been deeply committed to the principle of educating all. The framers of the Constitution were convinced that democracy required a literate and well-informed electorate. The economic policies of capitalism reinforced the ideals of democracy because they required that all persons have the opportunity to compete equally in the marketplace. Thus, a widespread assumption developed that the value of education is an asset to the entire society, not to the individual alone. As a result, education in the United States is supported by taxation on everyone, and all parents are legally bound to have their children schooled at least until the age of 16. 3. In the functionalist perspective, education does certain things for society. Clearly, some of education's functions are manifest (that is, intended), and some are latent (that is, unintended). Among the most important manifest functions is that of supplementing the socialization precoess begun in the family. Schools help preserve the cultural heritage of the nation. They also point out the values, beliefs, norms, and attitudes of the society, thus reinforcing values students acquire from family socialization. 4. Conflict theorists point out that schools reinforce the stratification system of the society both by legitimizing it and by preparing students for different statuses. Schools teach the values of achievement and competition as techniques for upward social mobility; the assumption here is that those who are in high-status positions won out through competition and achievement, and therefore merit their positions. Schools also sort students into different categories, in theory according to ability and talent, so that each may fulfill his or her potential as a productive and creative person. The unintended effect of this selection process is that middle- and upper-class students are assigned to academic, college preparatory courses, whereas lower-class and minority students are frequently assigned to general and vocational study programs. 5. One trait especially characteristic of American education is the fact that people consider it to be a first and necessary step toward economic and therefore social upward mobility. That is one reason why many American schools tend to stress training, in the sense of transmitting skills and.

(6) information that can be used in the performance of a job, at the expense of education, in the sense of developing creative and critical abilities. 6. Because of the strong belief that one must be educated in order to be a good American citizen, education is frequently viewed as a cure-all for all manner of social problems. If there are too many traffic deaths, the schools institute driving education programs; if alcohol and drugs are abused in the society, the schools provide for drug education programs; if there are too many unwanted teenage pregnancies, the schools attempt to solve the problem by establishing sex education programs. While the intentions are noble, there is little proof that such programs significantly alter the course of social problems. 7. The dilemma that American schools face is that entrance to the professions and many other kinds of high-paying jobs require the credentials schools confer on the individual who successfully complete a course of study. On the other hand the course of study is not equally attainable by all students. First, there are differences in intellectual abilities among people, which of course affect the outcome of their educational careers. But perhaps of greater impact are factors related to social class and race that tend to impede the progress of some students. 8. Schools seem unable to work to the advantage of all students for a variety of reasons. One reason is the extremely bureaucratized structure of American schools, which tends to alienate students from lower-class and minority homes. The stress on order and regularity, on silence and lesson plans and staying in line, is further sharpened by the attitude of teachers, who manage to communicate to lower-class students that they will not perform academically as well as their peers from higher social classes. This self-fulfilling prophecy usually comes true. 9. With the exception of Asian Americans and Jews. many of whom have taken full advantage of the upward mobility made possible by becoming credentialed professionals, most current minorities have not been well served by American schools. Educators and the goverment have made a variety of attempts to find an educational system more in touch with the needs of minorities, but so far to little avail. 10. With the dramatic increases in enrollment, institutions of highter learning have become more specialized and differentiated. The largest schools have acquired the name of multiversities because of their size (they usually consist of a number of campuses dispersed through a state) and because of the many functions they perform, not only for the community but often for the nation. The finest medical and research centers are parts of such multiversities. Additionally, there has been a mushrooming of community colleges,generally funded locally by cities or countries and aided by state and federal funds. These offer a two-year degree at minimal tuition rates in a vocational area. accrediting agencies: những cơ quan có trách nhiệm cấp bằng archaic procedures: những quy trình cổ xưa deterring factor: nhân tố gây cản trở, làm nhụt chí doctoral education: giáo dục ở cấp tiến sĩ facilitator: người điều khiển cuộc thảo luận feverish activity: hoạt động như điên cuồng field beings: các "trường sinh thể" (sinh thể không thể tồn tại độc lập mà phải cộng sinh với toàn bộ môi trường xung quanh để có thể phát triển) identity formation: sự hình thành bản sắc riêng low admission standards: tiêu chuẩn nhận vào học quá thấp low-caliber people: những người kém khả năng mechanistic physics: vật lý cơ học cổ điển (của Newton) pedagogy: phương pháp sư phạm prestige universities: các đại học có uy tín (nổi tiếng) ramifying influence: ảnh hưởng tràn lan reform is afoot: đang có cải cách, đang có sự thay đổi.

(7) salvation: sự cứu rỗi self-deception: việc tự lừa gạt, hoang tưởng standardized intelligence test: trắc nghiệm chuẩn về trí thông minh tenure process: tiến trình vào biên chế theologian: nhà thần học to mitigate the enthusiasm: giảm bớt nhiệt tình to tabulate: xếp thành cột, bảng undergraduate degree: bằng đại học workload: khối lượng công việc DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. Reform is afoot in doctoral education. The last decade has been marked with national commissions, conferences, and news reports focusing on problems in doctoral education. There are now several national, institutional, and disciplinary level initiatives aimed at changing doctoral education. These include projects from the Pew Charitable Trusts (Preparing Future Faculty program; Re-envisioning the PhD), the Woodrow Wilson Foundation (The Responsive PhD), and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (The Carnegie Initiative on the Doctorate), as well as those from disciplinary societies and government agencies. 2. History students (again, mirroring their counterparts in other disciplines) also see aspects of the faculty career that give them pause. These are the tenure process, the job market, being geographically constrained, and the high workload of the faculty. In other words, the conditions of work mitigate the enthusiasm students have for academic life. Notably, salaries are not an issue for history students: they are least likely of students in any field to rank salaries as a deterring factor. 3. The Harvard case method of instruction is an eminently suitable pedagogy for discussing controversial issues in the political geography and geopolitics of Asia. A case is a narrative that provides the reader with a basic introduction to the controversy: the who, what, when, and where. But the case does not include a detailed analysis of the problem. Nor will the case suggest recommended course of action aimed at resolving the case. The analysis and courses of action then become the responsibility of the facilitator and discussion participants as they engage the problem and work toward a resolution. 4. Studying development levels and processes is an imoprtant aspect of learning about Asia. The asian continent contains countries that span an incredibly large range of developmental levels. Often, it is the habit of students and instructors to group countries into three categories developed (the most advanced), least developed (the least advanced), and newly industrializing countries, which previously belonged in the latter category, but are making a transition to the former. This practice presupposes that countries can be arranged in a strict hierarchy by developmental level, and that development occurs in a linear manner from one to the next. 5. Since to be educated is to be self-reflective, and this is to be oriented in the world, twentiethcentury relativity theory has great educational significance, because it conceives us as in the world, as field beings. It is not a flight into abstractions which abandons concrete reality, although it is true that many still think of "concrete reality" in terms of 17th century mechanistic physics. 6. It is no accident that Nietzsche's observation that scholars deceive themselves was made at the very time the modern university was taking shape both in Europe and the United Staes - the last decade of the 19th century. For all secular institutions pulled away from the archaic background of experience and divided themselves into bureaus in order to perform exhaustively the tasks they had set for themselves. In the university the bureaus are specialized fields of research which become so caught up in themselves that they forget the questions that define the existence of educational institutions. Who am I? What can I know? What shall I become? The feverish.

(8) activity of specialized research pulls away from the background, conceals archaic procedures of identity formation, and abets self-deception. 7. The origins and early growth of higher learning in the United States are part and parcel of its religious life. The learned class was composed almost exclusively of theologians. With the fewest exceptions only these men were equipped to teach on the higher level, and only these founded and directed the colleges. Teaching and fouding were considered to be God's work, for, particularly in a dominantly Protestant set of groups, salvation depended upon the ability to read and understand God's word, the Bible. 8. Ironically, it is often easier to be admitted to graduate study in Education than to undergraduate programs in the same institution. A bachelor's degree that might be twenty years old or more from a third-rate institution is often adequate for admission, especially to those degree programs that are wholly under the control of the Education division. Teachers College, for example, has always accepted virtually anybody who presented an undergrduate degree, as have other graduate schools of Education, including those attached to the prestige universities. 9. Whatever reasons there may have been historically for taking low-caliber people in the programs for classroom teachers, there has never been and assuredly is not now any reason for taking them in the graduate programs. The ramifying influence of low admission standards in graduate Education is plain: The masters and doctors turned out become administrators who hire teachers, construct curricula, and set standards at public schools; they also staff professional associations and accrediting agencies and become professors of Education. 10. Another major study was reported in 1954 which surveyed the distribution of talent in all fileds of higher education. The study tabulated scores on standardized intelligence tests for a sample of 10,000 college graduates from 41 institutions and 4,500 graduate students from between 41 and 50 liberal arts colleges and universities. The Education student, regardless of the point in his career at which he is examined, consistently close to the bottom.. CHÍNH TRỊ Acting Chairman: quyền Chủ tịch Alternate commissioner: Ủy viên dự khuyết Attorney-General: Bộ trưởng Tư pháp (Mỹ) Central Party Commissioner: Ủy viên Trung ương Đảng Chairman of National Assembly: Chủ tịch Quốc hội (Việt Nam) Chief of Office: Trưởng phòng Commander-in-Chief of the Military: Tổng tư lệnh quân đội Deputy Head of Office: Phó phòng General Secretary of the Party: Tổng Bí thư Đảng Minister of Education and Training: Bộ trưởng Giáo dục và Đào tạo Minister of Justice: Bộ trưởng Tư pháp Misnister of Public Health: Bộ trưởng Y tế Minister of Transport: Bộ trưởng Giao thông Vận tải Municipal People's Commitee: Ủy ban Nhân dân Thành Phố National Assembly member: Đại biểu Quốc hội (VN) President: Tổng thống Representative: dân biểu Secretary of Defense: Bộ trưởng Quốc phòng (Mỹ) Secretary of State: Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao (Mỹ) Secretary-General of the United Nations: Tổng thư ký Liên hiệp quốc Senator: Thượng nghị sĩ The Speaker: Chủ tịch Hạ viện (Mỹ).

(9) UN High Commissioner: Cao ủy Liên hiệp quốc Undersecretary: Thứ trưởng Vice-President: Phó tổng thống Dịch những câu sau đây sang Việt ngữ: 1. Representative Jack Kemp, a New York Republican, is an influential advocate of conservative budgetary reforms. His plan to reduce taxes, written with Senator William Roth, helped pave the way for congressional approval of President Reagan's 1981 tax-reduction proposal. 2. Presidents often use commercial public relations techniques to win support for their policy initiatives. President Bush, for example, used the heroic backdrop of the Iwo Jima Memorial which celebrates U.S Marines raising a flag on the pacific island during World War II - to gain public approval for a constitutional amendment banning flag burning. 3. The White House staff consists of the key aides the president sees daily - the chief of staff, congressional liaison people, press secretary, national security advisor, and a few other administrative and political assistants. 4. Members of Congress are responsive to the people, if the people make it clear what they want. In response to popular demands Congress established a program in 1988 to shield the elderly against the catastrophic costs associated with acute illness. In 1989, in response to complaints about higher Medicare premiums, Congress abolished most of what it had created the previous year. 5. On some issues, members of the parties stick together like a marching band. They are most cohesive when Congress is electing its official leaders. A vote for the Speaker of the House is a straight party-line vote, with every Democrat on one side and every Republican on the other. 6. The office of the presidency emerged from the Constitutional Convention only after much discussion. At that time, there existed no models on which to pattern the presidency. Most contemporary governments were unacceptable to the recently independent Americans. The old Greek and Roman republics offered models of multiple leadership in commitee like organizations. But these, too, were feared by the representatives as tending to paralyze action. 7. Appointed to the Supreme Court in 1993 by President Bill Clinton and confirmed by a 96-3 vote in the Senate, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the second female, sixth Jewish, and 10th member of the Court. When announcing her nomination, Clinton called her "the Thurgood Marshall of the women's movement," and "neither liberal nor conservative" but instead a moderate and well-respected jurist who would be "a force for consensus building" on the Court. 8. The first African-American to sit on the Supreme Court, Thurgood Marshall was nominated to the high bench by President Lyndon B.Johnson in 1967. His appointment symbolized the politics of the times. A Democratic president and a Democratic Congress recently pursued through the first major civil rights legislation in more than a century, striking down barriers and expanding opportunities for minorities and women. Marshall's career stands as a larger-than-life metaphor for that controversial period in American politics. 9. Christian fundamentalists have exercised increasing influence on Republican party politics. Although they supported George Bush in 1992 and Bob Dole in 1996, they forced the party to take very conservative positions in its platform, especially on social issues such as abortion, school prayer, and homosexuality. In 1993 the Christian right had a new political opponent in Bill Clinton, who was hostile to much of their political agenda and whose secular and pragmatic views were antithetical to many of their beliefs. 10. Legislators are relatively easy to lobby. They are open and accessible: as elected representatives they have to be sensitive to outside pressures, particularly when those pressures come from their constituencies. Lobbyists can also provide things that legislators need and want as they carry out their legislative responsibilities: information about how legislation will affect their constituents, political support for the legislation, and financial backing in the next election..

(10) For these reasons lobbyists are generally welcomed or at least tolerated in the hall of legislatures and in law-makers' offices.. CHÍNH TRỊ - CƠ CẤU (STRUCTURES) Agency: cơ quan American Bar Association: Luật sư Đoàn Hoa Kỳ Bicameral legislature: chế độ lập pháp lưỡng viện Bureau: cục, vụ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): Cơ quan Tình báo Trung ương Committee on Crime Prevention and Control: Ủy ban Phòng chống Tội phạm Committee: ủy ban Council of Ministers: Hội đồng Bộ trưởng Council: hội đồng Department of Land and Housing: Phòng Nhà đất Department of Rural Development: Ban Phát triển Nông thôn Department of Treasury: Bộ Ngân khố (Mỹ) Department of Urban Development: Ban Phát triển Đô thị Department: phòng, ban Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA): Cơ quan Phòng chống Ma túy Education Service: Sở Giáo dục Environmental Protection Agency: Cơ quan Bảo vệ Môi trường Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Cục Điều tra liên bang Federal bureaucracy: hệ thống hành chính liên bang Federal Reserve System: Kho Dự trữ Liên bang Food and Drag Administration (FDA): Cơ quan Kiểm định Thực phẩm và Dược phẩm Food and Nutrition Service: Sở Thực phẩm và Dinh dưỡng General Postal Service: Tổng cục Bưu điện House of Representatives: Hạ viện (Viện Dân Biểu) Mỹ Ministry of the Interior: Bộ Nội vụ ( bây giờ chuyển thành Bộ Công An = Ministry of Public Security) Ministry: bộ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): Cơ quan Quản trị Ngành Hàng không và Không gian. National Assembly: Quốc hội (Việt Nam) Office of Budget Planning and Evaluation: Phòng Qui hoạch Ngân sách và Định giá Office of Personnel Management: Phòng Tổ chức Cán bộ People's Committee: Ủy ban Nhân dân Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association (PMA): Hiệp hội Bào chế Dược phẩm (tổ chức vận động hành lang chính cho các công ty dược phẩm) Police Headquarters: Tổng nha Cảnh sát Public Security Headquarters: Sở Công an (VN) Securities and Exchange Commission: Ủy ban Kiểm tra Thị trường Chứng khoán Separation of powers: sự phân quyền Small Business Administration: Cơ quan Quản trị Ngành Tiểu thương The Executive: Hành pháp The Judicial: Tư pháp The Legislative: Lập pháp The Senate: Thượng Viện ( Viện Thượng Nghị Sĩ).

(11) The Supreme Court: Tối cao Pháp viện ( trong hệ thống Hoa Kỳ, The Supreme Court là cơ quan cao nhất của ngành tư pháp). Dịch những câu sau đây sang Việt ngữ: 1. The separation of powers is embodied in the Constitution's grant of legislative power to Congress, executive and other powers to the president, and judicial power to the Supreme Court and other federal courts. 2. Congress, the president, and the judiciary share various powers as well, so that they check and balance each other both directly and indirectly. 3. In the spring of 1973 the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities of 1972, chaired by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina, began its investigation before a national television audience. Nixon's former counsel, John Dean, became the star witness, revealing much of the president's involvement in the cover-up. 4. The First Continental Congress met in 1774 to pass resolutions denouncing the English Parliament and Crown. In 1776 the Second Continental Congress drafted a resolution - the Declaration of Independence - that proclaimed the American colonies to be free and independent states. 5. Central to the Constitution is the idea of popular sovereignty, which holds that government is based on the consent of the people and is accountable to the people for its actions. From this notion follows the idea of limited government, the restriction of government authority to express powers, which are powers specified and delegated to the national government by the Constitution. 6. Since 1962 the Food and Drug Administration has had the power to order drugs shown to be ineffective or dangerous removed from the market. When profits are high, the drug industry has an obvious motive for attempting to prevent such bans. To keep its profitable products on the market, the major drug companies generally have their own lobbying staffs, and each contributes to its major lobbying association - the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association. 7. Parties are not mentioned in the Constitution and did not exist prior to its adoption and the presidency of George Washington. They came into being largely to support or oppose this first administration's policies: the assumption by national government of the Revolutionary War debt, the taxation of imported goods to protect domestic industry, and the establishment of a national bank to regulate currency. Washington's supporters included commercial interests -merchants, manufactures, bankers, creditors, and speculators - whereas farmers, laborers, debtors, and other less advantaged members of society opposed him. Those who saw their interests adversely affected by Washington's policies turned to Thomas Jefferson, who had resigned from his cabinet position to lead the royal opposition. 8. The political groupings that emerged during this period also differed in their foreign policy orientations. Those who backed the administration, the so-called Federalists, tended to be more pro-British, they supported the treaty that Ambassador John Jay had negotiated to end the official state of hostilities between Britain and its former colonies. Jefferson's supporters, known as Democratic Republicans or simply Republicans, opposed it. Although the Jay Treated was ratified by the Senate, it engendered a partisan debate and vote, the first party vote in Congress. 9. Our nation's capital has become a hub of interest group activities. On any given day it is possible to observe pressure groups in action in many forums. In the morning you could attend congressional hearings in which you are sure to see interest groups testifying for and against proposed legislation. At the Supreme Court you might stop to watch a public interest lawyer arguing for stricter enforcement of environmental regulations. Take a break for lunch at a nice Washington restaurant and you may well see a lobbyist entertaining a member of Congress. 10. The rallying call for groups demanding more equality has been civil rights, which are policies that extended basic rights to groups historically subject to discrimination. The civil rights umbrella has helped protect many groups from discrimination. The first and only place in which the idea of equality appears in the Constitution is in the Fourteenth Amendment, one of the three.

(12) amendments passed after the Civil War ( The Thirteenth abolishes slavery, and the Fifteenth amendment extends the right to vote to blacks- black males over twenty-one, that is). The amendment forbids the state from denying to anyone "equal protection of the law" CHÍNH TRỊ - NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ CHÍNH TRỊ ( POLITICAL ISSUES ) amending the Constitution: tu chính hiến pháp antitrust legislation: việc ban hành luật chống độc quyền balance of power: sự cân bằng quyền lực consumer protection laws: luật bảo vệ người tiêu thụ decentralization: việc giảm quyền lực của trung ương, phân tán quyền lực cho tiểu bang Democratic coalition: liên minh Dân chủ devolution of power: việc chuyển giao quyền lực disarmament: việc giải trừ quân bị Electoral College: cử tri đoàn tuyển chọn (electors that are equal in number to the total number of senators and representatives from a state) fundraising capability: khả năng gây qũy imbalances of power: mất cân bằng quyền lực industrial pollution: ô nhiễm công nghiệp labor movement: phong trào bảo vệ người lao động lobbying: vận động hành lang military-industrial complex: tổ hợp công nghiệp quân sự national nominating convention: đại hội đề cử ứng viên tổng thống nuclear arms freeze: đình chỉ sản xuất vũ khí hạt nhân participatory democracy: chế độ dân chủ tham chính (quần chúng được tham gia rộng rãi vào các quyết định của nhà nước liên quan các vấn đề chính sách) party platform: diễn đàn chính trị của đảng political environment: môi trường chính trị polls: những cuộc thăm dò dư luận presidential campaign: chiến dịch vận động tranh cử tổng thống presidential election: bầu cử tổng thống presidential nominee: người được đề cử ứng viên tổng thống promotion of enterprise: tăng cường hoạt động kinh doanh protection of private property: bảo vệ quyền tư hữu ratification: sự chuẩn y Republican Electorate: cử tri đoàn thuộc đảng Cộng Hòa the arms race: chạy đua vũ trang the cover-up of a political scandal: việc che đậy 1 vụ tai tiếng về chính trị the opposition party: đảng đối lập universal suffrage: phổ thông đầu phiếu. DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. Since its formation the Roundtable has primarily been involved in lobbying against fullemployment legislation, minimum-wage increases, antitrust legislation, consumer protection laws, and controls on toxic elements and industrial pollution. 2. A relatively new lobbying strategy involves interest groups combining to form coalitions or associations to achieve a particular goal. A coalition might be formed to try to prevent a piece of legislation from being enacted or to try to get a new law passed..

(13) 3. Electoral politics are the foundation upon which a democratic political system rests. They frame policy debate, determine legislative and top executive officials, and influence the decisions these officials make as well as the initial agenda they pursue. 4. Republican Christine Todd Whitman was elected the 50th governor of New Jersey on November 2, 1993. Her victory over governor James J.Florio was noteworthy in two respects: first, she became the first candidate to defeat an incumbent New Jersey governor in a general election, and second, she became the first female governor in the history of the state. 5. On January 24,1994, Whitman emerged into the national spotlight when she delivered the nationally televised Republican response to President Bill Clinton's State of the Union address. Traditionally, the opposition party's response to the State of the Union message had been delivered by party leaders in Congress. Whitman was chosen because the Republican party wanted to stress the devolution of power from Washington to the states. 6. Presidential candidates who received the most popular votes were defeated in the Electoral College in 1876 and 1888. And it could happen again. The election of 1876 was marred by illegal voting and ballot fraud, especially in many of the southern states. 7. The successful conversion of a partisan agenda into legislative enactments and executive actions is an important measure of responsible party government, that is, holding the party accountable for its platform and the promises made by its candidates for national offices. 8. For more than thirty years Ralph Nader has spearheaded efforts to make consumer products and work environment safer, government more responsible to citizens, and citizens more involved in goverment. In 1996 he entered the electoral arena as a protest candidate, when the Green party nominated him for president. 9. In the mid 1990s, as the Clinton administration campaigned to reduce smoking by teenagers, the tobacco industry mounted a major advertising effort to assure the public that it, too, wanted to discourage young people from using its products. The industry's role in trying to head off restrictive laws on smoking has come under heavy criticism in recent years as an example of the disproportionate influence exerted on public policy by certain interest groups. 10. Although tolerance of others' differences is a basic democratic principle, many Americans find it difficult to accept speech and behavior that conflicts sharply with their own values or those of the majority. Among actions that can still arouse strong passions are interracial dating, public nudity or cross-dressing, and disrespect for patriotic or religious symbols such as the flag or the cross. VĂN HÓA XÃ HỘI ( CULTURE AND SOCIETY). THIẾT CHẾ VĂN HÓA XÃ HỘI ( CULTURAL AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ) acculturation: hiện tượng tiếp thu văn hóa anomie: hiện tượng phi chuẩn ( = normlessness) behavior pattern: khuôn mẫu hành vi caste society: xã hội phân chia đẳng cấp (theo kiểu Ấn Độ) class consciousness: ý thức giai cấp class lines: ranh giới phân chia giai cấp criminology: tội phạm học cultural transmission: chuyển giao văn hóa (còn gọi là differential association) deviance: hành vi lệch lạc (phi chuẩn) new identity: bản ngã xã hội mới open society: xã hội khai phóng, dân chủ productive citizens: những công dân hữu ích cho xã hội resocialization: việc tái xã hội hóa (giống như cải tạo = re-education) reverse socialization: xã hội hóa ngược chiều social integration: hội nhập xã hội social mobility: tính cơ động xã hội (con người dễ chuyển từ giai cấp này sang giai cấp cao hơn) social norms: chuẩn mực xã hội social status: địa vị xã hội.

(14) subcultural groups: các nhóm văn hóa ngoại biên the peer group: nhóm cùng tuổi total institution: thiết chế cách ly (nơi biệt giam hay biệt cư nhằm mục đích tái xã hội hóa) DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. Modern industrial societies such as the United States most nearly approximate the model of an open society. Open societies have these characteristics in common: (1) classes exist but are not institionalized as in the caste and estate systems; (2) class lines are unclear, so people do not display excessive class consciousness, but inequality stemming from class divisions is apparent; (3) status is usually achieved, but there is evidence to indicate that status tends to be ascribed to the lowest and the highest classes; (4) social mobility is possible and occurs frequently. 2. In urban, industrial societies, the younger generation often transmits knowledge and skills to the older generation - a turnaround from what took place in the older, traditional, agricultural societies. In the United States, for example, this is often the case in immigrant families, in which the children who were born here understand and feel more at ease in American culture and often find themselves explaining the way things are done to their parents and grandparents. This phenomenon is called "reverse socialization". 3. Of increasing importance in American society where school-age children spend more time with their friends than they do with their parents, is the peer group. Socialization within the peer group takes place informally and unintentionally, that is more effectively. 4. Deviance refers to behavior or traits that conflict with significant social norms and expectations and are judged negatively by a large number of people. Deviance is relative to time and place, to who commits the deviant act, and even to who does the defining. Deviance also performs some useful function in society; it strengthens nondeviants' faith in the value of conforming to heralds positive social change. On the other hand, large-scale social norms; it contributes to social stability; and it often deviance is damaging to the social order, and when it goes unpunished, it tends to demoralize those who conform to social norms. 5. Criminologists Cloward and Ohlin (1960) also use anomie theory to suggest that gangs supply their members with a respectable status that they cannot obtain through socially approved means. The researchers classify juvenile gangs into three subcultural groups: the criminal, interested in material benefits; the conflict, involved in territorial squabbles; and the realist, using alcohol and drugs to bind its members together. In all three types, the members feel that they are achieving success in spite of what others in the society think of them. 6. Prisons and long-term hospitals, as well as all branches of the military service, convents and monasteries, prisoner-of-war or refugee camps, and similar places, are called total institutions. In total institutions, individuals live in groups that are cut off from the rest of society for a period of time, residing and working in a controlled, rigidly structured environment. Total institutions attempt to resocialize their inmates to give them totally new identities and behavior patterns; former criminals are expected to become productive citizens, drug addicts are expected to become drug free, and converts to a cult are expected to develop blind loyalty for their new religion. 7. The countercultural upsurge of the period 1960-70 was a wholly ambiguous revolt against Protestantism. It was a revolt against a caricature of the Protestant ethic, institutionalized in the routines of a bureaucratized society. The impulses of the revolt led, indeed, to a new appreciation of the Protestant dimension in American culture. Conscience was opposed to convention: Thoreau's protest at the Mexican War was discovered by those who rejected the intervention in Vietnam. Inwardness was opposed to submission to a harsh superego. Limits were set against grandiosity. 8. Carol Gilligan argues that women do feel, and above all, act and think in a different voice, one which reflects their capacity to take the standpoint of the other. For years male philosophers have been ruminating about communication and its preconditions. Gilligan has shown how role-related these are. In a society rent by conflict, it is reassuring that slightly more than half the population may be qualified to exercise a decent minimum of sociability..

(15) 9. Today's lawyers wander in an increasingly impersonal, bureaucratized legal world, where neither honesty-based nor loyalty-based systems seem to be operating very well. The families, communities, neighborhoods, and schools that once served as seedbeds and anchors for personal and professional virtues are themselves in considerable disarray. Clients, whether corporate or individual, are in the grip of the same maladies. New recruits to today's profession often have no solid base of old world or any other culture to fall back on, and no coherent professional culture to embrace. 10. Ghetto rioting, the rise of black militancy, and resentment over Great Society social legislation combined to produce a backlash among many whites. Commitment to bringing black Americans into full equality declined. In the wake of the riots, many whites fled the nation's cities. The Census Bureau estimated that 900,000 whites moved each year from central cities to the suburbs between 1965 and 1970. The 1968 Republican candidate Richard Nixon promised to eliminate "wasteful" antipoverty programs and to name conservatives to the Supreme Court. In an effort to curb Great Society social programs, Nixon did away with the Model Cities program and the Office of Economic Opportunity. The administration urged Congress not to extend the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and to end a fair housing enforcement program. VĂN HÓA XÃ HỘI NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ VỀ VĂN HÓA XÃ HỘI ( SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES ) aggravated assault: tấn công gây thương tích antisocial behavior: hành vi đi ngược lại chuẩn mực hay đạo lý xã hội appropriation of state funds: lấy tiền nhà nước dùng vào việc tư battering: đánh đập phụ nữ child abuse: ngược đãi trẻ em ( không nên dịch sai thành "lạm dụng tình dục trẻ em" vì phạm vi ngược đãi rất rộng, không phải chỉ có chuyện "tình dục" community development block grant: trợ cấp trọn gói (của liên bang) về phát triển cộng đồng (trong phạm vi tiểu bang) copyright infringement: vi phạm tác quyền criminal offenses: vi phạm hình sự electrical blackout: mất điện đột ngột embezzlement: biển thủ công quỹ energy shortage: thiếu hụt năng lượng environment and energy policy: chính sách môi trường và năng lượng environmental protection: bảo vệ môi trường equal access to educational opportunities: bình đẳng trong giáo dục family violence: bạo lực trong gia đình (= domestic violence) government-issued vouchers: tem phiếu do chính phủ phát hành (để trợ giá cho người nghèo khi mướn nhà juvenile delinquency: tệ nạn thiếu niên phạm pháp mugging: trấn lột oil spills: dầu loang trên biển paternalism: tính độc tài gia trưởng patriarchy: chế độ gia trưởng, hệ thống gia trưởng pregnancy-selling: mãi thai (đẻ giùm, cho thuê tử cung) public housing projects: các dự án xây dựng nhà ở cho nhân dân racially mixed community: cộng đồng có cả người da trắng và người da màu recidivism: sự tái phạm reconstituted family: gia đình tái giá (cả cha lẫn mẹ đều kết hôn lần hai, bao gồm luôn "con anh", "con em", và "con chúng ta". Còn gọi là blended family) sexism: thói trọng nam khinh nữ.

(16) toxic chemical leaks: rò rỉ hóa chất độc hại unemployment insurance: bảo hiểm thất nghiệp white-collar crime: tội ác cao cấp DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. It is probable that incidents of family violence are not limited to the present. Whenever a number of persons live under one roof, the scene is set for disagreements and, under some conditions, for the flare-up of violence. The statistics on family violence are not discouraging; domestic violence is the leading cause of death among women according to the Surgeon General. About 1.8 million women are battered every year making battering the largest single cause of injury to women nationally, occurring more often than auto accidents, muggings, and rapes combined. 2. Blended families have been described as representing the wave of the future, especially if the high divorce rate continues. Such families have their own sets of problems. Relationships are multiplied under the circumstances of several remarriages-one has several sets of siblings, grandparents, and other relatives. Occasions for jealousy and rivalry are similarly increased. Because women tend to get custody of children, a remarried man will often have children who do not live with him, while he lives with children who are not biologically his. 3. The sexist ideology is a system of beliefs that justifies the inequality that governs the way the two sexes are treated in society. It is so pervasive that many women believe it as fervently as men do. The most pernicious aspect of the ideology is not simply the belief that different natures of the two sexes result in different kinds of behavior. Rather, it is that "different" has acquired the value superior/ inferior and specially that men are superior and women inferior. 4. White-collar crimes refer to criminal acts committed by respectable persons, often of high status, in the performance of their occupational jobs. The acts include false advertising, copyright infringement, swindling, stock manipulation, price fixing, tax evasion, embezzlement, forgery, and fraud. Such crimes are tolerated more often than others because they seldom involve violence and they tend not to be committed by seasoned criminals. However, in sheer numbers of dollars, white-collar crime costs the society three times more per year than the four other major categories of property crimes. 5. Neither the fact nor the length of imprisonment seems to deter crime (although arrest seems to deter it: A recent study has shown that arrested offenders are less likely to commit a crime at a future date than offenders who are released without being arrested (Smith and Gartin 1989). In fact, prisons are termed "crime schools", where inmates learn how to be better criminals. Rates of recidivism- the repetition of criminal offenses- show that approximately 74 percent of those released from prison will be rearrested within three years. 6. Local governments may use federal funds in the form of community development block grants for urban renewal, public housing, street paving, lighting, industrial parks, and related activities. 7. Since the 1950s and 1960s the major policy concern of the federal government in the educational arena has been to ensure equal access to educational opportunities. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was designed to distribute federal aid to school districts on the basis of the proportion of low-income children in those districts. In 1979 Congress created the Department of Education, and in 1981 it approved the block grant known as the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act, which merged a number of small education programs into a single program. 8. Public concern with environmental and energy issues is of recent origin. For most of the nation's history, Americans have thought of their natural resources as almost inexhaustible free goods. But dramatic events of recent decades - including severe energy shortages, electrical blackouts, nuclear plant disasters, oil spills, toxic chemical leaks, and significant increases in environmentally related diseases and deaths - have directed the public's attention to environmental and energy issues..

(17) 9. At one point in the 1996 presidential campaign, Republican Bob Dole called public housing in the United States "one of the last bastions of socialism in the world". Declaring that the federal government is "the landlord of misery," Dole recommended that the Department of Housing and Urban Development be eliminated and that public housing projects be replaced by a system of government- issued vouchers that poor people could use to help rent housing in the private market. 10. A HUD voucher program enabled this Illinois woman and her children to move from a public housing project to a larger privately owned apartment in a racially mixed community. But such programs aroused intense opposition from whites who fear an influx of poor inner-city residents into their neighborhoods. In fact, opposition to housing deconcentration was not limited to whites. Some African Americans began to question the value of integration as he main objective of public housing for blacks. For these people, breaking up black neighborhoods threatens to dilute black political viability, black culture, and black economic strength. arms sales: buôn bán vũ khí captivity: sự giam giữ dissemination of indecent texts and images: phổ biến hình ảnh và tài liệu "không đứng đắn" diversion of funds: lạm dụng công quỹ (dùng vào một mục tiêu khác) domestic social policy: chính sách xã hội trong nước equal time rule: quy định thời gian bằng nhau exposure: sự phô bày fairness doctrine: lý thuyết công bằng health-care reform: cải cách chăm sóc y tế high public visibility: tính nổi cộm ai cũng thấy hostage: con tin interest groups: các nhóm phục vụ cho các quyền lợi riêng tư politically loaded information: các thông tin mang đầy tính chính trị politics of social welfare: những vấn đề chính trị trong phúc lợi xã hội polling public opinion: thăm dò dư luận quần chúng private funding: tài trợ của tư nhân reform package: cải cách trọn gói sexually explicit images: những hình ảnh khiêu dâm trắng trợn the right of rebuttal: quyền phản bác to monitor activities: theo dõi đôn đốc các hoạt động to oversee compliance: kiểm tra các mưu toan đồng lõa universal health care insurance: ai cũng được bảo hiểm y tế. DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. It is obvious why politicians attempt to control the news. It is less clear why journalitsts report so much policially loaded news. If the American news media were state controlled or noncompetitive, it would be easy to excuse reporters for passing along, without comment, the political messages in news events. The emphasis given to official views is less excusable when the American news media are proclaimed to be free agents operating in a political system that values free speech. How can we reconcile the official bias of the news with the common assumptions that the media re objective, independent, professional, and even adversarial in their relations with news sources? 2. When George Gallup first began polling, he used a slide rule to calculate the proportion of the public that had responded in a certain way. Then it took about ten days to conduct a survey and analyze its results -a far cry form the daily polling and instant analyses that are possible today. Fifty years of polling millions of Americans taught George Gallup three lessons, he said: (1) the.

(18) collective judgment of the American people is sound; (2) the public will make great sacrifices for the national good in times of crisis; (3) the will of the people sooner or later becomes law. 3. The fairness doctrine required that discussions of important public issues be aired and that conflicting sides of an issue be presented. Under this rule, when the president gave a political address on radio and television, a representative of the party out of power was permitted to give a response, usually for the same amount of time. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) suspended the use of the fairness doctrine in the late 1980s. 4. The equal time rule requires any broadcaster that allows a candidate for public office to appear on the station, or that carries advertising for that candidate, to provide other candidates for the same office with similar opportunities. Prior to 1983 this rule applied to all candidates, including those of minor parties. The FCC subsequently allowed radio and television stations some flexibility in staging debates and determining which candidates to invite to them. 5. The right of rebuttal was establishing by the Supreme Court in the landmark case of Red Lion Broadcasting Co.v.FCC (1969). In this case of liberal author whose book about conservative senator Barry Goldwater was criticized by a conservative preacher asked for equal and free time to reply to his critic. The Court agreed, ruling that individuals or groups whose honesty, integrity, or character has been attacked during a broadcast, or a candidate whose opponent has been endorsed by a station, has a right of rebuttal. 6. The virtual explosion in use of the Internet in recent years, and particularly its accessibility to children, have raised concerns about the availability of sexually explicit images and texts from private home pages and consumer on-line services. In 1996, Congress reacted to these concerns by tacking on a provision to the omnibus telecommunications bill that was enacted in that year. This part of the legislation, known as the Communications Decency Act, banned the dissemination of "indecent" material on the Internet and established penalties of prison terms and large fines for violators. 7. The exposure of the White HOuse connection to the Watergate burglary during the Nixon administration, the reporting of atrocities during the Vietnam War, the nightly television news program on the captivity of American diplomats held hostage in Iran, the revelation of arms sales to Iran, and, later, the diversion of funds to rebels fighting the Marxist government in Nicaragua all helped focus public attention on major problems, forced government officials to react to these problems, and set off a series of decisions and actions that ultimately affected government, public policy, and the political environment. 8. The criterion of making sure that all citizens have an equal voice and vote in the electoral process has generated a decades-long debate over campaign finance, and specifically over whether the American tradition of unrestricted private funding of political campaigns undercuts the basic principles of a democratic electoral process. Congress debated these issues, and in 1971 and again in 1974 it enacted legislation to limit campaign spending and provide government support for presidential nomination and election campaigns. The Federal Election Campaign Act required public disclosure of all contributions and expenditures above a certain amount and created Federal Election Commission to monitor activities and oversee compliance. 9. Much of the policy formation and agenda setting in the welfare arena takes place directly on the floor of Congress or in its various committees. Indeed, Congress probably is a more significant actor in welfare policy than in almost any other area of domestic social policy. Its significance stems from the high public visibility of welfare issues, the sophisticated organization and legislative skills of interest groups in the welfare arena, and the large amount of money appropriated to welfare programs each year. 10. President Bill Clinton made health cares - both its soaring cost and the increasing number of people without insurance for it - a primary issue of his 1992 election campaign and a central issue of his domestic policy. Soon after the election he appointed a task force, headed by his wife, Hilary Rodham Clinton, to prepare proposals. In September 1993 the president presented a reform package to Congress that was the most dramatic new venture in social policy since the New Deal. It called for guaranteed universal health care insurance. Costs were to be shared by.

(19) businesses and employees, poor individuals and smalls businesses would be subsidized by the federal government. Y TẾ ( PUBLIC HEALTH ) NHỮNG THUẬT NGỮ Y HỌC PHỔ THÔNG ( COMMON MEDICAL TERMS ) a history of high blood pressure: bệnh sử cao huyết áp abortion: phá thai acne: mụn trứng cá AIDS: bệnh si đa alcohol consumption: mức độ tiêu thụ rượu alcoholism: bệnh nghiện rượu allergy: dị ứng an injection of local anaesthetic: chích gây tê anal intercourse: giao hợp qua đường hậu môn analgesics: thuốc giảm đau anemia: bệnh thiếu máu angina pectoris: đau thắt ngực antenatal clinic: bệnh viện tiền sản antibiotic ointment: thuốc mỡ bôi có chất kháng sinh antidepressant: thuốc chống trầm cảm appendectomy: giải phẫu cắt bỏ ruột thừa appendix: ruột thừa arthritis: viêm thấp khớp asthenopia: mỏi mắt, mắt yếu asthma: bệnh hen suyễn astigmatism: bệnh loạn thị atheroschlerosis: xơ vữa động mạch auscultation: thính chẩn back pain: đau lưng blood sample: mẫu máu blood test: xét nghiệm máu brain tumor: khối u trong não bronchitis: viêm phế quản bronchoscopy: soi phế quản cardiac failure: suy tim cardiovascular accidents: tai biến tim mạch CAT (computer-assisted tomography) scanning: phương pháp chụp cắt bằng điện toán cerebral tumor: khối u não cerebrovascular accident (CVA): tai biến mạch máu não chemical peel: lột da mặt bằng hóa chất cholelithiasis: chứng sỏi mật chromosome: nhiễm sắc thể chronic sinusitis: viêm xoang mãn tính cirrhosis of the liver: xơ gan clinical syndrome: hội chứng lâm sàng collagen injection: bơm cô la gien.

(20) collapse: đột quỵ (xỉu) condom: bao cao su tránh thai congenital heart disease: bệnh tim bẩm sinh constipation: táo bón contaminated: bị nhiễm bệnh contraception: ngừa thai contraceptive: thuốc ngừa thai coronary artery: động mạch vành cosmetic surgery: giải phẫu thẩm mỹ dental procedures: các trị liệu nha khoa depression: chứng trầm cảm dermabrasion: mài da (làm da láng) diabetes: tiểu đường diagnosis: chẩn đoán diarrhoea: tiêu chảy dilatation and curettage: nong và nạo thai diuretic: thuốc lợi tiểu drug-resistant strains: những giống (muỗi) kháng thuốc dyslexia: chứng khó đọc ejaculation: sự xuất tinh, phóng tinh encephalitis: viêm não encephalomalacia: chứng nhũn não enteritis: viêm ruột epidemiology: miễn dịch học estimation of blood pressure: đo huyết áp facelift: giải phẫu thẩm mỹ mặt (= facial plastic surgery) failing sight: suy giảm thị lực fetus: bào thai foetal heart: tim thai gastric ulcer: loét bao tử gastroenteritis: viêm ruột dạ dày gene theraphy: liệu pháp gien general condition: tổng trạng genetic manipulation (= genetic engineering ) chuyển hóa gien gingivitis: viêm nướu răng gonoccocal urethritis: viêm niệu đạo do lậu gonorrhoea: lậu gum: nướu răng haemorrhoids: bệnh trĩ hay fever: viêm mũi dị ứng heavy periods: rong kinh (= menorrhagia) hepatitic impairment: suy gan hepatitis B virus: viêm gan siêu vi B hepatitis: viêm gan high-dose chemotherapy: xạ trị liều cao HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus): vi khuẩn kháng nhiễm nơi người homosexual males: đàn ông đồng tính.

(21) hypodermic needles: kim tiêm hysteroptosis (= metroptosis) sa tử cung infection: nhiễm trùng inflammation: viêm influenza: cúm intramuscular injection: chích thịt intrauterine device (IUD) vòng tránh thai intravenous administration: chích tĩnh mạch kidney stones: sỏi thận leukaemia: ung thư máu limb amputation: cưa cụt các chi liver cancer: ung thư gan lymphocytic leukaemia: ung thư máu lim-phô bào malaria: sốt rét maternal ward: khu hộ sản meningitis: viêm màng não menopause: mãn kinh menorrhalgia: thống kinh (= đau bụng khi hành kinh) menstrual cycle: chu kì kinh nguyệt microbiology: vi sinh học migraine: nhức đầu 1 bên miscarriage: sẩy thai myocardial infarction: nhồi máu cơ tim myopia = near-sightedness: bệnh cận thị obesity: chứng béo phì obstetrician: bác sĩ sản khoa opportunistic infections: nhiễm trùng ngẫu nhiên otitis media: viêm tai giữa otitis: viêm tai overweight: quá cân, quá mập pathology: bệnh lý học penicillin-allergic patient: bệnh nhân dị ứng penixilin petroleum jelly: cao dầu (bôi bảo vệ da) physical therapy: vật lý trị liệu physiology: sinh lý học placebo: giả dược plaque: nha chu platelets: tiểu cầu trong máu premature delivery: sinh thiếu tháng (đẻ non) premenstrual syndrome (PMS): hội chứng tiền kinh nguyệt presbyopia: viễn thị (mắt của người già prolapsed intervertebral disc: thoát vị đĩa đệm prostatitis: viêm tiền liệt tuyến psychotherapy: tâm lý trị liệu renal failure: thận suy rheumatism: phong thấp rhinitis: viêm mũi.

(22) rickets: chứng suy dinh dưỡng scarring: để sẹo lại septicaemia: nhiễm trùng máu sexually transmitted diseases: bệnh lây theo đường sinh dục side-effects: hiệu ứng phụ sinusitis: viêm xoang skin yellowing: vàng da stem cells: tế bào gốc sterilization: triệt sản, vô sinh superinfection: bội nhiễm symptoms: triệu chứng syndrome: hội chứng syphilis: giang mai the immune system: hệ miễn dịch to do an ultrasonograph: làm siêu âm tonsillitis: viêm a mi đan tonsils: a mi đan toxin: độc tố treatment: điều trị tubal ligation: thắt ống dẫn trứng tuberculosis: ho lao umbilical cord: cuống rún underweight: giảm cân, sụt cân uninalysis: xét nghiệm nước tiểu urethra: niệu đạo vaccine therapy: liệu pháp vắc xin vaginal intercourse: giao hợp qua đường âm đạo varicose veins: tĩnh mạch dãn vasectomy: cắt bỏ ống dẫn tinh (tinh quản) venereal diseases: bệnh hoa liễu viral fever: sốt nhiễm siêu vi vomitting: nôn mửa wart: mụn cóc whooping cough: ho gà wrinkles and lines: những vết nhăn DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. Beginning in 1981, the news media began to mention a report from the federal Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta about a rare, inexplicable type of pneumonia that affected five men in Los Angeles. Then, 26 men in New York were diagnosed with a form of cancer that had been virtually nonexistent in the United States. The common denominator was that all the affected persons were homosexual males. This was the first encounter epidemiologists had with the AIDS virus in the United States. 2. AIDS stands for acquired immune deviciency syndrome. It is believed to be caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. This virus attacks the vital cells of the body's immune system, so that the affected person becomes vulnerable to a range of rare cancers, and a variety of opportunistic infections (such as pneumonia, chronic diarrhea, meningitis, and so on). The HIV is.

(23) transmitted through the sharing of contaminated hypodermic needles, through anal and vaginal intercourse, and from HIV-infected pregnant women who pass it on to their unborn fetuses. 3. Medical researchers are discovering that stress has a negative influence on the immune and cardiovascular systems. Hostility and negativity also affect blood pressure which, if repeated regularly over several years, can lead to a heart disease. Not only did the same monkeys in stressful situations develop blockages in their arteries at twice the rate of their more peaceful peers, but among men and women who had suffered from heart attacks, those who could count on two or more sources of emotional support were twice as likely to survive longer than those with no support. 4. So far, Paulette shows no outward signs of the acute lymphocytic leukemia that she has battled for more than two years. If all goes well, her tiny sister may help her survive to enjoy a healthy sibling rivalry. When Mariajose was born, doctors at Jackson Memerial Hospital in Miami drained three ounces of blood from her umbilical cord and froze it in liquid nitrogen. In a few weeks, those blood cells will be injected into Paulette; doctors hope that they will revive her immune system, damaged by high-dose chemotherapy. Umbilical cords are ordinarily discarded at birth. But researchers now know that they are a rich source of stem cells, which produce platelets and red and white blood cells, even when transplanted into ailing patients. 5. Lasers are the newest cosmetic kids on the block - newer than face-lifts, dermabrasion (smoothing with a sandpaper like wheel), collagen injections and the several types of chemical peels. Using short bursts of invisible, high-energy light, these lasers annihilate wrinkles and lines, brown "age spots" and under-eye circles. But most professional medical organizations urge caution. According to Dr. Daniel Man of Boca Raton, Fla., chemical peels give the skin a smoother, more uniform texture than laser peels do. If patients are careless during recovery, scarring could result. They must keep the skin moist with antibiotic ointment for the first few days and then with petroleum jelly plied five times a day. 6. For millions of women with premenstrual syndrome, the tension and irritability can be so overwhelming that it interferes with family and work. But many remedies offered by doctors diet, exercise, hormones - have produced hit-or-miss results. Now a Canadian study confirms what researchers have hinted at in recent years: the antidepressant Prozac can reduce symptoms in the 3 to 8 percent of women who experience the most severe cases of PMS. Women who took Prozac showed four to six times more improvement than those who took a placebo. 7. They are called dyslexic - a diagnosis some educators say is just an excuse for poor performance. But there is increasing evidence that dyslexia is real and based on biology. In August, a Boston team found that dyslexia may result from abnormalities of a brain region affecting hearing. Analyzing DNA samples from 50 pairs of twins and 358 other members of families with serious reading problems, the scientists focused on a region of chromosome No.6. There they found characteristic genetic patterns in the subjects who were known to suffer from dyslexia. Within the next several years, they expect to isolate the specific gene or genes involved in the disorder. Dyslexia could then be diagnosed with a simple blood test, and young children could then be given a remedial reading help before the stigma of failure hobbles them. 8. Gum disease is caused by plaque bacteria, originating in hard-to-reach areas between teeth and below the gumline - places toothbrushes can't reach, no matter how well you brush. Plaque bacteria forms in colonies, releasing toxins that make gums red, swollen, tender and prone to bleeding. If not treated, gingivitis can lead to periodontitis, a more advanced stage of gum disease that can lead to tooth loss. 9. Malaria, once thought to be under control, is on the rise as drug-resistant strains proliferate and takes an inordinate toll on young people, both in East Africa and in southern Asia. Not long ago, the world seemed poised for victory in its age-long struggle against malaria. Armed with new drugs and potent pesticides, the WHO declared in 1955 that the disease would soon be eradicated. Malaria parasites now infect an estimated 270 million people every year, killing up to 2 million. Heath officials fear the situation could soon take a major turn for the worse. At the same time, the disease is growing ever more resistant to once curative drugs. The WHO estimates.

(24) that in heavily infected areas up to 80 percent of first-time mothers are anemic and 40 percent of their babies are born dangerously underweight. 10. Using genetic manipulation to outwit deadly disease is a scientific dream that so far has not come true. But two reports last week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences may bring back the excitement to gene therapy, with promising developments in the treatment of cancer and AIDS. In one experiment, scientists combined genetic engineering and standard vaccine therapy to destroy, apparently permanently, a pernicious type of brain tumor in rats. Another gene-therapy experiment offered an intriguing new approach to the treatment of AIDS. abortion clinic: dưỡng đường chuyên nạo thai autopsy: giải phẫn tử thi benign tumor: bướu lành cataract: mắt hạt cườm (đục thủy tinh thể) cell disintegration: sự phân hủy tế bào charlatan: lang băm communicable diseases: bệnh truyền nhiễm congenial defects: khuyết tật bẩm sinh crackpot: thằng khùng, mát dây deactivating: làm vô hiệu hóa egg misappropriation: ăn cắp trứng embryo switching: tráo phôi thai epileptic seizure: cơn co giật động kinh exploratory surgery: giải phẫu thủ công (dùng dao "khui" ra xem) fiberoptics: kỹ thuật sợi quang học frigidity: bệnh lãnh cảm gamete intrafallopian transfer: kỹ thuật cấy hợp tử (hỗn hợp trứng và tinh trùng) vào ống dẫn trứng genetic engineering: "chuyển hố" gien genetic healing: điều trị gien, liệu pháp gien ( = gene therapy) genetic manipulation: "chuyển hố" gien genetically engineered cells: tế bào đã được "tái tạo" gien goitre: bướu cổ head lice: chí heart valve dysfunction: suy van tim bẩm sinh homeopathy: phương pháp chữa bệnh bằng cách cho uống thuốc (với liều thấp) sẽ tạo ra các triệu chứng giống như người đang mắc bệnh immune systems: hệ miễn dịch immunologist: nhà miễn dịch học impotence: bất lực (liệt dương) in vitro fertilization: thụ thai trong ống nghiệm infertility: bệnh hiếm muộn infirmity: sự tàn tật intensive-care unit: phòng săn sóc đặc biệt ketogenic diet: phương pháp chữa bệnh động kinh bằng cách kiêng ăn và ăn thật nhiều thức ăn béo lab culture: nuôi cấy trong phòng thí nghiệm life expectancy: tuổi thọ malignant tumor: bướu ác tính multiple birth: sinh đôi trở lên.

(25) pediatric neurologist: bác sĩ thần kinh nhi khoa prematurity: sinh thiếu tháng (đẻ non) pro-choice people: những người ủng hộ việc phá thai pro-life people: những người chống việc phá thai prolific: mắn đẻ (đẻ nhiều) right-to-die activism: vận động cho quyền được chết robust health: sức khỏe tráng kiện rotting teeth: răng sún senescene: tình trạng lão hóa senility: bệnh lẩm cẩm của người già skin lesions: da lở lói sperm: tinh trùng stunning ethics lapses: những vi phạm đạo đức trắng trợn taking medication: dùng thuốc teeth-gnashing = teeth-grinding = bruxism: bệnh nghiến răng trong lúc ngủ terminal care: chăm sóc trong thời kì cuối cùng (sắp chết) the ovaries: buồng trứng to be off drug: không còn dùng thuốc nữa to be seizure-free: không còn bị động kinh nữa tumor: bướu veterinarian: bác sĩ thú y DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. Hazel Welch was 92, severely disabled and living in a Connecticut nursing home when a perforated stomach ulcer landed her in the emergency room at Yale-New haven Hospital. The physician on call, Dr. Sherwin Nuland, proposed emergency surgery to repair her exploded digestive tract. 2. Under $28 million grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, researchers recently monitored the care given to some 9,000 critically ill patients, at five major medical centers. Their findings, published in last week's journal of the American Medical Association, suggest that despite two decades of right-to-die activism, vast numbers of Americans continue to die in intensive-care units, alone and in pain, after days or weeks of futile treatment - even if they have living wills. 3. The larger problem, most analysts agree, is that American medicine lacks any conception of death as a part of life. Insurance policies rarely cover hospice or home care, so dying patients end up in hospitals, surrounded by nurses who talk of miracles and doctors who are hell-bent on performing them. 4. While practicing in Lake Placid, N.Y., last week, Grinkov became dizzy and lay down on the ice. He never regained consciousness. The autopsy revealed that Grinkov had severe blockage of major coronary arteries and had suffered a heart attack sometime in the 24 hours before his death. There was zero evidence of drug use; though Grinkov suffered from both back pain and hypertension, he apparently took no medication. 5. Judy McClosky, 33, is a mild-mannered Boston-based office manager with one bad habit: she grinds her teeth at night. She grinds all the harder when she is under stress, and that seems almost constant now, what with worries about her mortgage, construction that has extended her hourlong commute. The tension has done a number on her teeth. In the last six months, she has cracked four molars and spent $2,000 getting them fixed. Now, before she goes to bed each night, she puts on a dental device called "a nightguard,", which keeps her from grinding her teeth to dust. 6. To infertile couples who have tried every treatment available, conceiving triplets or quadruplets can feel like hitting the jackpot. These days, though, a baby-makes-more-than-three.

(26) outcome is not so rare: 25 to 30 percent of pregnancies achieved by fertility treatments- including in vitro fertilization (IVF) - now result in multiple births. And while parents may be thrilled at the prospect of their instant families, they also face seious risks. Any multiple birth dramatically increases the incidence of life-threatening and costly prematurity, low birth weight and congenial defects that may not be treatable. 7. Turning back the clock has long been the domain of crackpots and charlatans. Take one look at the claims that enthusiats are making for melatonin, a hormone sold as a supplement in healthfood stores, and you'll quickly sense that nothing much has changed. "Senescene, the downward spiral that we have come to associate with aging, does not have to occur," Drs. Walter Pierpaoli and William Regelson declare in their forthcoming book, "The Melatonin Miracle." "Melatonin can stop the spiral." Strip away the bombast, and it turns out these guys are on to something interesting. Like most animals, we produce melatonin abundantly throughout early life. But the levels in our blood drop slightly before puberty and decline steadily into old age. When Pierpaoli, an Italian immunologist, restores youthful levels of the hormone in mice, they outlive their life expectancies by nearly a third. Recent studies suggest that supplementing the hormone may bolster our immune systems, keep our cells from disintegrating, slow the growth of tumors and cataracts, and ward off heart disease. 8. Physicians routinely peek into the human body with techniques that are less invasive and traumatic, and now veterinarians are doing the same with our pets. Whether a pet has a knee problem, a tumor or a heart valve dysfunciton, exploratory surgeries are no longer necessary to identify the problem. Fiberoptics and ultrasound technologies provide the means for safe, quick diagnoses and allow pet owners to decide if, when and at what cost they wish to treat their pets. 9. It is widely assumed that ideals of beauty vary from era to era and from culture to culture. But a harvest of new research is confounding that idea. Studies have established that people everywhere - regardless of race, class or age - share a sense of what is attractive. We may consciously admire Kate Moss's legs or Arnold's biceps, but we are also viscerally attuned to small variations in the size and symmetry of facial bones and the placement of weight on the body. What, then, is beauty made of? What are the innate rules we follow in sizing each other up? We are obviously wired to find robust health a prettier sight than infirmity. As far as anyone knows, there is not a village on earth where skin lesions, head lice and rotting teeth count as beauty aids. But the rules get subtler than that. Like scorpion flies, we love symmetry. 10. Using genetic manipulation to outwit deadly diseases is a scientific dream that so far has not come true. But two reports last week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences may bring back the excitement to gene therapy, with pormising developments in the treatment of cancer and AIDS. In one experiment, scientists from the University of California, Los Angeles, combined genetic engineering and standard vaccine therapy to destroy a pernicious type of brain tumor in rats. Led by a molecular biologest Habob Fakhrai, the researchers took cells from a lab culture of a cancer called 9L gliosarcoma. They introduced them into the brains of a healthy rats, where the malignant cells multiplied. Then Fakhrai's team genetically altered some of the other cultured cancer celles by blocking a gene that makes a protein called TGF-beta. In this cancer, and in some human cancers, TGF-beta plays a nasty trick on the immune system by deactiviating T-cells, which kill invaders. Shielded from the attack by the immune system, the cancer spreads with impunity. But when the researchers placed the altered tumor cells in the rats' brains, not only were the genetically engineered tumor celles destroyed by the immune system, so were all the untreated cancer cells. 11. Dr. Ricardo Asch has spent a decade at the pinnacle of his profession. The 47-year-old fertility specialist shot to fame in the mid '80s for pioneering a technique called GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer), which can help infertile couples conceive. After investigating the clinic for more than a year, UC Irvine officials shut it down this month and filed a lawsuit accusing Asch and two partners of stunning ethics lapses. According to the university's legal complaint, the doctors prescribed an unapproved fertility drug, performed research on patients without their consent and, in effect, stole eggs or embryos from some of their patients to create pregnancies in others. The story centered on a woman who checked into the clinic in 1991 to try the GIFT.

(27) procedure, which involves harvesting fertile eggs from the overies, mixing them with sperm and placing them in the fallopian tubes in hopes of sparking a pregnancy. The woman said Asch had told her he extracted seven eggs, reinserted four with her husband's sperm and fertilized the remainning three in test tubes so they could be frozen for future use. In fact, Asch harvested 14 eggs from the woman, reinserted four - and had three others fertilized and implanted in another patient two days later. The woman who produced the eggs did not conceive under Asch's care, but the unanamed recipient of her three eggs bore a son roughly nine months later. 12. One morning in March 1993, film producer Jim Abrahams was pushing his 1-year-old son, Charlie, in the swing at their Santa Monica, Calif., home when the boy's head dropped suddenly and his right arm jerked skyward. Within weeks the child was suffering epileptic seizures and his parents were desperately scarching for help. They tried drugs like phenyl barbital and Dilantin. They tried homeopathy, faith healing, and brain surgery. But the seizures continued. Eight months and $100,000 later, Abrahams heard about the "ketogenic diet," a therapy based on fasting and extremely high-fat meals. The leading proponent is Dr. John Freeman, a pediatric neurologist at the John Hopkins Mediacal Institutions, so the Abrahams headed for Baltimore over Thanksgiving to try it. By Christmas, the child was off drugs and seizure-free. Nearly two years later, he still is. 13. Communicable diseases do not depend on actions people take or do not take; rather, they are acquired by chance. If a person, by whatever means, happens to encounter a certain bacterium or virus, there is a high risk of that person becoming ill. Communicable diseases include the infectious childhood diseases such as smallpox and measles, as well as other acute diseases, including influenza or the simple cold. Even though some of these diseases still plague us, the diseases prevalent today are the so-called chronic diseases, of which the main killers are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Paradoxically, some of the same conditions that lengthened life expectancies and eradicated some acute communicable diseases are also responsible for bringing about the chronic diseases. acupuncture points: huyệt acupuncture and cauterization: châm cứu alcoholic preparations: thuốc rượu antelope's horn: sừng linh dương bear's gall: mật gấu ( = hùng đảm ) bloodspitting: thổ huyết borneol: băng phiến camphor: chương não catechu: hài nhi trà ( tên khoa học: acacia katechu ) Chinese pharmaceutics: Trung dược học circulation of qi and blood: lưu thông khí huyết clinical practice: thực tiễn lâm sàng cold soaking: ngâm thường ( = lãnh tẩm ) depleted kidneys: thận hư nhược dizziness: chóng mặt ( = não chuyển ) dragon's blood: huyết kiệt ( tên khoa học: daemonorops draco B1 ) "earlier dependence" = tiên thiên ( tất cả các yếu tố góp phần hình thành sự sống khoảng giữa khi thụ thai và sinh ra đời. Nói chung, theo quan điểm Đông y thận là nguyền gốc chính của tiên thiên ) edema: phù thũng emaciation: ốm yếu ( = cơ nhục tiêu sấu ) emotional stimulus: kích động fertility: mắn con ( = chủng tử ) fire qi: hỏa khí.

(28) gentle fire: lửa riu riu ( văn hỏa ) heart-enclosing network: tâm bào lạc heating: cứu (đốt lá thuốc) hegu hole: huyệt Hợp Cốc hot soaking: ngâm nóng (nhiệt tẩm) impaired vision: mắt hoa, không thấy gì (mục vô sở kiến) insomnia: mất ngủ involuntary seminal efflux: hoạt tinh (tự nhiên tinh chảy ra không thể tự kiềm chế) Jing Qi: kinh khí ( viết tắt của "kinh lạc tạng phủ chi khí" = khí luân lưu trong kinh lạc và tạng phủ ). "later dependence" = hậu thiên (phương tiện duy trì sự sống sau khi sinh ra đời) lumbago: đau thắt lưng (yêu thống) maceration liquids: nước ngâm, dầm thuốc (tẩm xuất dịch) medicinal wines: rượu thuốc monthly period: kinh nguyệt musk: xạ hương needling: châm kim network activation: kích thích kinh mạch (hoạt lạc) nourishment: dinh dưỡng olibanum: nhũ hương pain in the lower leg: tê bắp chân (kính toan) palpitation: run rẩy pathoconditions: tình trạng bệnh lý pathogenic evil: bệnh tà powder preparations: thuốc bột ( pulverized preparations: tán tễ) premature ejaculation: xuất tinh sớm (tảo tiết) prescription: toa thuốc qi: khí rhinoceros horn: sừng tê giác shock: choáng sinew relaxation: giãn gân cốt (thư cân) sleepiness: buồn ngủ (tư ngọa) sluggishness: lừ đừ, uể oải (giải đãi) stagnation: đình trệ stomach ailments: đau bao tử storing the spirit: chứa thần (tàng thần) swollen gums: sưng nướu the five depots and six palaces: lục phủ ngũ tạng * ngũ tạng: tâm (heart), can (liver), tì (spleen), phế (lungs) thận (kidneys) * lục phủ: túi mật (gallbladder), bàng quang (bladder), đại trường = ruột già (large intestines), tiểu trường = ruột non (small intestines), tam tiêu (the triple burner) the gate of life: mệnh môn the leg sanli hole: huyệt Túc Tam Lý the ruler: người chủ tể theory of Jing Luo: học thuyết kinh lạc (the doctrine of the conduits and vessels; kinh lạc = kinh mạch = veins and arteries) toad venom: thiềm tô.

(29) vigor: cường tráng viscera: nội tạng wild talk: nói năng lung tung DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. The theory of Jing Luo is the fundamental principle of Chinese medicine. It declares that Jing Luo not only has great significance in the physical function of the human body, but also serves as an important guide for diagnosis and treatment. Hence, the Jing Luo theory governs physiology, pathology, diagnosis, therapy and so on. Whether one is a medical or surgical practitioner, and especially if one is an acupuncture practitioner, one must grasp the theory of Jing Luo in order to achieve effective treatments in clinical practice. 2. Acupuncture is a direct treatment carried out on the healing points on the channels of Jing and Luo by needling or heating. Nei Jing wrote: "To make the blood vessels function well with a small needle," and "if the illness originates in the blood vessels cure it by acupuncture and cauterization." That is why Japanese doctors used to call ucupuncture and cauterization "Jing Luo therapy." Jing and Luo are channels and pathways between viscera and the body. Wherever the Qi of viscera and Jing Luo fill and gather, there are the places where we call acupuncture and cauterization points. The function of acupunture and cauterization are to stimulate and activate the Jing Qi with pricking and heat, hance reinforcing the motive power for the flow and circulation of blood, and then gaining adjustment of the functions of organs and balance between Yin and Yang. 3. The five depots are the heart, the liver, the spleen, the lung, and the kidneys; the six palaces include the gallbladder, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine, the bladder, and the triple burner. In addition, there is a heart-enclosing network among the five depots; it is an outer protection of the heart. The depots and the palaces together are the inner depots. Their difference is: the five depots store the essential Qi and do not drain; the six palaces transmit and transform things but do not store. 4. In clinical therapy, the conduits and network (vessels) constitute an important foundation too. The well-known needling of hegu hole on the hand can heal swollen gums and toothache; needling of the leg sanli hole can treat stomach ailments. All these effects are stimulated through the conduits and network. In addition, the conduits and network are also related to the writing of prescriptions and the application of drugs. For example, in Chinese pharmaceutics, the major therapeutic functions of drugs are assigned to the twelve conduits; if an illness is observed in a particular conduit, a particular drug is employed accordingly. 5. The heart generates the blood, and it is responsible for storing the spirit. It is the ruler of the vital activities of the human body. If the heart itself has a problem, either because it received an emotional stimulus, or because of an intrusion of a pathogenic evil - it can let pathoconditions appear such as palpitation, shock, and insomnia, or forgetfulness, and irregular joy and laughter, or wild talk and mental confusion. Once the heart has undergone a pathological change, it will not only lose its self-control, it can also influence the activities of other depots and palaces, and let them develop disorder. 6. The liver stores the blood, and it is responsible for plotting and pondering. The nature of the liver is strength; hence it is also called "general". Mental stimuli often influence its normal functions, and bring about pathoconditions such as anger, or a feeling of heaviness in the head. This may go so far that fire qi rises and causes bloodspitting. In addition, the liver represents the "earlier dependence" of women (that means, it has reproductive functinos). Hence a therapy directed at the liver should be emphasized if it is intended to regulate the monthly period or enhance the fertility of females. 7. The spleen governs the blood; it is responsible for transport and transformation. Nourishment is most important for the maintenance of vital strength. The spleen is able to digest liquid and solid food, and to transport the essence of food throughout the entire body. Hence it is called the basis of the "later dependence". When the power of the spleen to transport and to transform is insufficient, this will cause distention after the meals, and hence will lead to emaciation and.

(30) mental fatigue. The spleen is also responsible for transporting and transforming liquids. Pathomanifestations of liquid-stagnation, such as dermal edema and diarrhea, emerge mostly from spleen weakness. 8. The kidneys store the essence; they are responsible for generating strength. The kidneys play a positive part regarding the vigor of man. When the kidneys are depleted, pathoconditions such as dizziness, ringing in the ears, impaired vision, lumbago, pain in the lower leg, slugghishness and sleepiness all emerge. The kidneys represent the "earlier dependence" in males; hence pathoconditions such as failing sexual desires and involuntary seminal efflux, as well as premature ejaculation, are treated through the kidneys. The kidneys have one characteristic different from all the other inner depots, that is, the kidneys have two segments. The left one is the kidney; the right one is the gate of life. The kidney is responsible for the Yin (qi); the gate of life is responsible for the Yang (qi). 9. Alcoholic preparations are maceration liquids obtained by soaking and extracting drugs in alcohol as solvent. Hence they are commonly called "medicinal wines". The production methods are distinguished into the two types of cold soaking and hot soaking. Cold soaking is to steep the drugs in wine; after a certain time the liquid can be consumed. Hot soaking is to heat the drugs and the alcohol in a thoroughly closed jar over gentle fire. Medicinal wines are often employed against stiffness and pain in case of wind dampness. Such therapies make use here of the ability of alcohol to support the circulation of qi and blood, and to strengthen drug effects of sinew relaxation and network (vessel) activation. 10. Powder preparations are pulverized preaparations; the drugs are ground into a fine power. Sticky drugs such as olibanum, myrrh, dragon's blood, and catechu, or drugs with developed volatile nature, such as musk, borneol, and camphor, or relatively expensive drugs such as rhineceros horn, antelope's horn, pearls, bear's gall, and toad venom, are all ground separately. NÔNG NGHIỆP(AGRICULTURE ) THUẬT NGỮ NÔNG NGHIỆP PHỔ THÔNG (COMMON AGRICULTURAL TERMS) acreage: diện tích gieo trồng agrarian society: xã hội nông nghiệp agricultural co-operative: hợp tác xã nông nghiệp alcohol monopoly: độc quyền sản xuất rượu alluvial soils: đất phù sa aluminous land: đất phèn animal husbandry: chăn nuôi anti-poverty program: chương trình xóa đói giảm nghèo appraisal of village landholdings: đánh giá việc sở hữu ruộng đất trong làng area of cultivation: diện tích canh tác bad crops: mất mùa bootleggers: bọn buôn rượu lậu bumper crops: vụ mùa bội thu cereals: ngũ cốc, hoa màu collectivization of land: tập thể hóa ruộng đất communal land: công điền crop rotation: luân canh crops: vụ mùa deeds and titles: văn tự ruộng đất (thời phong kiến) distillery: nhà máy nấu rượu drainage system: hệ thống tiêu thoát nước dredging operation: công tác nạo vét kinh rạch excise tax on alcohol: thuế tiêu thụ rượu extensive farming: quảng canh.

(31) fallow land: đất bỏ hoang farming: canh tác fertilizer: phân bón (hóa học) fish pond: ao nuôi cá floating-rice area: khu vực trồng lúa nổi food self-sufficiency: tự túc lương thực harvesting technique: kỹ thuật thu hoạch harvesting: gặt, thu hoạch industrial crops: cây công nghiệp intensive farming: thâm canh irrigation engineering: công tác thủy lợi land register book: sổ địa bạ (thời phong kiến và thuộc Pháp) land rent: địa tô land taxes: thuế đất land transfer: việc chuyển nhượng đất đai landowner: địa chủ logistical difficulties: những khó khăn trong công tác hậu cần mangrove forest: rừng đước manure: phân xanh motor pump: máy bơm oxen plow: cày bằng trâu bò pig raising: nuôi heo pilot dues: phí hoa tiêu (dẫn tàu vào cảng) plowing machine: máy cày port dues: thuế cảng poultry raising: nuôi gà vịt reclamation of fallow land: khai khẩn, khai hoang rice alcohol: rượu đế rice stalk: thân lúa rice-yield: sản lượng lúa rubber cultivation: trồng cao su rubber plantation: đồn điền cao su saline forest: rừng ngập mặn share cropping: cấy rẽ shipping lane: thủy lộ (tuyến vận tải đường sông, biển) sickle: lưỡi liềm (cắt lúa) slash-and-burn system: làm rẫy staple-food crops: cây lương thực state subsidies: nhà nước bao cấp sterile land: đất cằn cỗi stone roller: cối đá swampland: đầm lầy tenant: tá điền threshing ground: sân đập lúa threshing: đập lúa transfer of ownership: chuyển nhượng quyền sở hữu tributary: sông nhánh, phụ lưu.

(32) village notables: các kì lão trong làng (thành phần lãnh đạo) wet-rice area: khu vực trồng lúa nước DỊCH NHỮNG CÂU SAU ĐÂY SANG VIỆT NGỮ 1. In both Tonkin and Annam at least one-quarter of all agricultural land was communal land, and administered and controlled by the village council and chief, and distributed every three or six years to eligible villagers. Cochinchina, on the other hand, had only small amounts of communal land, as well as less extensive water works. The remaining ricelands were privately owned. The family system was patrilineal, and daughters as well as sons shared actually in the inheritance of land. 2. The area studied was the Mekong River Delta, or that area in South Vietnam served by the Mekong River and its tributaries, which consists of apporximately 45,000 square kilometers of mostly alluvial soils. The Delta region contains slightly more than 25 percent of South Vietnam's land area and about 70 percent of the South Vietnam population. 3. Originally throughout the Delta's upper and lower region, a single harvesting technique was used: Farmers cut the rice stalks in the field at midlevel with a sickle and transported the stalk, with head attached, in ox-driven carts to central gathering points where it was threshed by buffalo or oxen treading around a stake or pulling a stone roller. This technique was employed because it allowed the farmer cultivation 5-10 hectares of land to remove the grain from the fields in the short period necessary to avoid damage from floods or rain or loss from pillaging and haul it immediately to safe, high ground near his house. 4. The primary areas of research into land problems were Bac Lieu and An Xuyen provinces (representative of the lower Delta wet-rice area), and Dinh Tuong Province (representative of the upper Delta wet-rice area), and An Giang Province (representative of the floating-rice area). Not only were these areas representative of the economic conditions of the Delta but they were also typical of the contrasting political-military conditions. 5. Because agriculture means controlling land, labor, and capital, and because politics in any agrarian society means competing for the fruits of the earth, many historians of South Asia have turned their minds toward the politics of agricultural production. But like countless little lights pointing into the darkness of rustic ages past, South Asian agrarian history today is less a unified discipline than a galaxy of individual inquiries. 6. In 1864, the colonial authorities passed the first legislation designed to determine the rate of land tax, and attempted to obtain a more accurate appraisal of village landholdings under cultivation. It was widely recognized that the yearly declarations announced by the village notables, upon which colonial land taxes were calculated, greatly underestimated the amount of land actually under cultivation. The land tax was computed with respect to the particular crops grown and the classification of ownership. 7. Villagers throughout Indochina traditionnally brewed rice alcohol for both family consumption and ceremonial purposes. Under imperial rule, alcohol was freely distilled until a small tax was imposed by the emperor Tu Duc in 1871 as one means of financing the war of resistance against the invading French expeditionary forces. After the colonial conquest, the French authorities imposed an immediate excise tax on alcohol. This tax involved strict monopoly control not only on sales but also on manufacturing. Beginning in 1897, the colonial administration in Tonkin and Annam reserved the monopoly on alcohol distillation for two large French firms. 8. In Cochinchina, one French company was given a virtual monopoly on alcohol manufacturing. The colonial administration devised a number of ways to ensure maximum state revenues, the most significant of which was the forced consumption of alcohol. Each province was required to purchase per month a fixed amount of alcohol proportionate to the registered population. 9. European planters introduced rubber cultivation to Indochina during the first decade of the twentieth century. Their initial success attracted considerable metropolitan investments, particularly between 1915 and 1930. Rubber cultivation spread rapidly from the "gray lands" around Saigon to the richer "red lands" of northern Cochinchina, northeastern Cambodia, and southwestern Annam. The colonial administration established a Special Loan Fund to exlusively.

(33) subsidize the rubber plantations; funds in the form of cash advances were funnelled directly to the European rubber plantations. 10. Despite the port's convenience and strategic location, the large quantity of silt washed downstream by the Red River created continuous logistical difficulties, particularly for heavilyladen ocean-going steamers and freighters. In order to maintain open shipping lanes, difficult dredging operations were regularly required along with the construction of dikes upstream. These difficulties with easy access to Hai Phong resulted in an overall increase in the number of stranded ships which were forced to unload in Ha long Bay. These delays induced higher shipping costs which were added to the already heavy port and pilot dues. 11. Perhaps the most effective institutional lever employed to transfer land ownership into French hands was the colonial land register. With the colonial conquest and subsequent occupation of Indochina, French officials recognized their first task as the discovery of the actual patterns of land use and control. In 1863, the colonial officials ordered that all customary deeds and titles to land in Cochinchina were to be replaced by a French-authorized deeds and titles. Two years later, the colonial administration declared that all land transactions were to be registered in order to provide legal status to land transfers. In 1891 colonial officials were ordered to maintain public records of land registration at the district level and village authorities were merely provided with a copy of the land register book. altitude-specific: rất nhạy cảm với độ cao arid: khô cằn canal irrigation: hệ thống dẫn nước bằng kênh đào cane cultivation: nghề trồng mía cash-crop sector: khu vực trao đổi lúa gạo lấy tiền mặt (các nhà kinh tế học goi đây là hiện tượng "nông phẩm biến thành hàng hóa" = the commodification of agriculture) coercion: sự cưỡng chế coercive labor: lao động cưỡng bách commercialization: thương mại hóa control system: hệ thống giám sát core states: những quốc gia hạt nhân (chủ yếu) cornering: tích trữ crucial role: vai trò thiết yếu displacement: thay thế, chuyển đổi vị trí fauna: quần thể động vật flora: quần thể thực vật indigenous peasantry: giới nông dân bản địa maidenhair fern: cây tóc tiên (dược vật) malleable resource: một tài nguyên rất co dãn, linh động "managing water": "trị thủy" marginal role: vai trò bên lề, không đáng kể marginally: bên lề, không đáng kể mulberry tree: cây dâu Nei Menggu: Nội Mông Cổ normal allottment: phần chia thông thường organic fertilization: bón bằng phân xanh (phân bò) petty individual holdings: những mảnh đất tư điền nhỏ xíu reclamation: khai khẩn đất hoang reservoir: kho chứa nước sharecropping: cấy rẽ shortfall: sụt giảm.

(34) sugar cane: cây mía "teaching water": giáo thủy tillable land: đất canh tác được to channelize: dẫn lưu (dẫn nước chảy theo những kênh nhất định) to dam: làm đập ngăn nước vegetable growing = vegetable cultivation: trồng rau well-endowed rice farmer: nông dân trồng lúa khá giả Xinjiang: Tân Cương.

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