Understanding and Using English Grammar

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(1)CHAPTER 15. Nguyễn Minh Giang 1656110037 Trần Thị Như Huỳnh 1656110057 Nguyễn Thục Quân 1656110093.

(2) Mini game Choose the correct answer : 1. She go to the market ............... buy something. a. for b. in order to c. in order that b. in order to 2. Mary is a good friend. She is willing .......... help me when I have difficulty studying. c a. in b. on c. to c. to 3. He is very .............. drive car. a a. young enough to b. enough young to c. young enough for a. young enough to 4. The box is ........... heavy for Bob to lift. (impossible) b a. so b. too c. very b.too.

(3) 15.1 Infinitive of purpose : in order to. 15.2 Adjectives followed by infinitives. 15.4 Passive and past forms of infinitives and gerunds 15.7 Using verbs of perception. 15.5 Using gerunds or passive infinitives following need 15.8 Using the simple form after let and help. 15.3 Using infinitives with too and enough 15.6 Using a possessive to modify a gerund 15.9 Using causative verbs : make, have, get.

(4) 15.1 Infinitive of Purpose : In Order To _ In order to is used to express purpose or goals. It answers the question “Why?”. In order is not necessary for this meaning, so it ofen is omitted. Eg: He bought some flowers to give to his wife. _ A common expression with infinitives of purpose is IT+ TAKES+TIME/EFFORT+TO INF. Eg: It took Justin over five hours to finish the race. _ (In order) to, not for with a verb is used to express purpose. Eg: Alex turned on the TV to watch his favorite gameshow. For can be used to express purpose, but it is a preposition and is followed by a noun object, For is commonly used with nouns to express individual purpose: Eg: I stopped by at his office for a chat about our marketing strategy.).

(5) _ We sometimes say in order (not) to or we can say so as (not) to Eg: They spoke quietly so as not to wake the children. _ In order and so as can be used before a to-infinitive for emphasis in more formal styles NOTE : In order to = so as to = to + verb : express purpose.

(6) Exercise 2: 3. bread and coffee 4. buy some groceries 5. have my annual checkup 6. a smallpox inoculation 7. stay in good physical shape 8. exercise and recreation 9. buy gas 10. gas.

(7) 15.2 : ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INNFINITIVES Structure With subject Noun/Pron oun. Explainations _ These adjectives are often followed by infinitives in this pattern: S + BE + ADJ + TO INF. Adjectives Afraid Relieved Ashamed Sad Fortunate Willing Glad Happy _ Adjectives used in Eager this pattern usually Lucky describe a person’s feelings, emotion or attitudes. Examples _ My daughter is happy to watch almost anything on TV. _ My son was proud to get an award for his first student films..

(8) With subject “ it”. _ Many adjective/ infinitive combinations follow this pattern: IT+BE+ADJ+TO INF _ These adjectives are often followed by infinitives in this pattern. _ Of + an object often follows adjectives such as nice, good, and polite. Dangerous Irresponsible Difficult Necessary Easy Nice Embarrassing Pleasant Expensive Possible Fun Rude Good Safe Important Simple Impossible Wrong. It’s fun to read the classified ads. It’s important to read the newspaper every day..

(9) Exercise 4: 2. careful to lock my doors 3. ready to go home 4. eager to see my relatives again 5. fortunate to have my family 6. ashamed to ask anyone for a loan 7. determined to succeed 8. hesitant to accept it 9. delighted to accept the invitation 10. shocked to learn that he had actually gotten a job..

(10) 15.3 : Using Infinitives with Too and Enough _ We use too when we want to talk about an extreme. _ The adverb too is often followed by an adjective or adverb and an infinitive. This expression “ TOO + ADJECTIVE/ADVERD + TO INF ’’ often implies a negative results. Eg:She is too young to have a boyfriend. _Too … to can express negative results. _Enough mean sufficient, something that is ‘sufficient enough’ _Enough follows an adjective: ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + TO INF Eg: I am fast enough to swim. _Enough precedes a noun : ENOUGH + NOUN + TO INF Eg: We have enough money to go on vacation. _ In formal English, it may follow a noun : NOUN + ENOUGH +TO INF Eg: We have money enough to go on vacation..

(11) Exercise 7: 3. I don’t want to watch a video. It’s too late to start watching a video 4. I don’t want to take a walk. It’s too cold to take a walk. 5. I don’t understand nuclear physics. Nuclear physics is too difficult to understand. 6. I can’t read Jenny a story. I’m too busy to read Jenny a story. 7. My son can’t stay home alone. My son is too young to stay home alone. 8. I can’t climb the mountain. The mountain is too steep to climb. 10. I can walk with the dogs. I’m very tired, but I’m not too tired to to walk with the dogs. 11. I can carry my suitcase. My suitcase is very heavy, but it’s not too heavy for me to carry. 12. I can talk to you for a few minutes. I’m very busy, but I’m not too busy to talk to you for a few minutes..

(12) 15.4 : PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS Infinitive Gerund Passive to be + past participle being + past participle Eg: I didn’t expect to be invited Eg: I appreciated being to his party. invited to your home. Past to have + past participle having + past perticiple Eg: The rain seems to have Eg: I appreciated having stopped. had the opportunity to meet you. Pastto have been + past participle having been + past passive participle Eg: Nadia is fortunate to have Eg: I appreciate having been given a scholarship. been told the news..

(13) NOTE: _ The event expessed by a past infinitive or past gerund happened before the time of the main verb _ If the main verb is past, the action of the past infinitive or gerund happened before a time in the past Eg: I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king = I met the king in 1995. In 1997, I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king in 1995. _ The past gerund is used to emphasize that the action of the gerund took place before that of the main verb..

(14) Exercise 9: 4. to be invited 5. being understood 6. to be written 7. being hit 8.to be called 9. being elected 10. to have lost 11. being told 12. to be loved........needed.

(15) 15.5 : USING GERUNDS OR PASSIVE INFINITIVES FOLLOWING NEED _ Need can be followed by the active of passive to – infinitive to express active or passive meanings, respectively: Eg: My job requires me to handle many letters from abroad. _ But active gerunds after these verbs express passive meanings: Eg: Your hair needs cutting (It should be cut) These photos require careful handling (They should be handled carefully) _ Usually an infinitive followes need. In certain circumstances, a gerunds may follow need. In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning. Usually the situations involve fixing or improving something. For instance, Eg: I need to borrow some money. The house needs painting. The house needs to be painted..

(16) Exercise 10: 2. to be changed/ changing 3. to be cleaned/ cleaning to clean 4. to be ironed/ ironing 5. to be repaired/ repairing.

(17) 15.6: USING A POSSESSIVE TO MODIFY A GERUND _ In formal English, a possessive adjective is uesd to modify a gerund Eg: Mr.Lee complained about our coming to class late. _ In informal English, the object form of a pronoun is frequently used. Eg: Mr.Lee complained about us coming to class late. _ In very formal English, a possesive noun is uesd to modify a gerund. Eg: Mr.Lee complained about Mary’s coming to class late. _ The possessive form is often not used in informal English Eg: Mr.Lee complained about Mary coming to class late..

(18) Exercise 13: 1. to be aksed 2. drinking 3. washing 4. to relax 5. to answer 6. telling 7. beating 8. not being/ not having been.

(19) 15.7: USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION _ Certain verbs of perception are followed by either the simple form(the infinitive form without to) or the ing form (the present participle) of a verb. Eg: I saw my friend run/running down the street. I heard the rain fall/falling on the roof. _ Sometimes there is a clear difference between using the simple form or the ing form. The use of the ing form gives the idea that an activity is already in progress when it is perceived (The saying/giving was in progress when I first heard/saw) Eg: I saw Mr Read giving something to the boss. I heard Mr Read saying something to the boss. _ There is often little difference in meaning between the two forms but the ing form usually stresses an action in progress. The use of the ing form gives the idea that an activity is already in progress when it is perceived..

(20) Forms Present participle simple. Examples. Meaning. 1. When I walked into the The singing was in apartment, I heard my progress when i first roomate singing in the heard it. shower. I heard the singing 2. I heard a famous opera from begining to end. star sing at the concert last It was not in progress night. when I first heard it. _ Verbs of perception followed by the simple form or the – ing form See watch observe Notice look at hear. listen feel. smell.

(21) Exercise 15: PART II 2. slam 3. snoring 4. playing 5. call 6. walking 7. calling 8. play 9. singing...........laughing 10.land 11.burning 12. touch.

(22) 15.8: USING THE SIMPLE FORM AFTER LET AND HELP Ver b. Explanation. Example. Help _ Help may take the simple form or _I helped him (to) carry the the infinitive of another verb as an packages. object _We helped him (to) enter _ Help: assist smb in doing smt. the pool. _ Help uses : (pro)noun + simple form of a second verb Or : (pro)noun + to infinitive Let _ Let is followed by a noun or a pronoun and the simple form of another verb. It doesn’t take an infinitive. _ Let: permit smt to happen. _ Let uses a (pro)noun+simple form ≠ allow uses a (pro)noun+infinitive. _ I let him borrow my car. _ I let them help me. _ We let him enter the pool. _ We allowed him to enter the pool _ She let her car be washed.

(23) 15.9: USING CAUSATIVE VERBS: MAKE, HAVE, GET _ Make, have, get can be used to express the idea that “X” cause “Y” to do something. When they are used as causative verbs, their meaning are similar but not identical. _ Forms: X makes Y do sth. ( simple form ) Eg: I made my brother carry my book. X has Y do sth. ( simple form ) Eg: I had my brother carry my book. X gets Y to do sth. ( infinitive ) Eg: I got my brother to carry my book..

(24) *** MAKE: _ Make is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. _ Make gives the idea that “X” forces/ requires “Y” to do something. Make + O + verb. Eg: Mrs.Lee made her son clean his room. ( her son had no choice) _Note: When using the verbs force and require, we must use to + verb. Eg: The school requires the students to wear uniforms. “Require” often implies that there is a rule. *** HAVE: _ Have is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. _ Have gives the idea that “X” request “Y” to do something. HAVE + PERSON + VERB (base form) HAVE + THING + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB Eg: I had the plumber repair the leak. I had my house painted..

(25) *** GET: _ Get is followed by an infinitive. _ Get gives the idea that “X” persuades/convinces/encourages “Y” to do something. GET + PERSON + TO + VERB Eg: The student got the teacher to dismiss class early.. ***** Note: _ The past participle is used after have and get to give a passive meaning. In this case, these is usually little or no difference in meaning between have and get. Eg: I had/got my watch repaired..

(26) Exercise 18: 3. write 4. wash 5. to clean 6. cashed 7. to go. Exercise 23:. 1. being allowed 2. Observing......climbing/climb.......reali ze (that) 3. being surprised......planning 4. to have performed 5. to be identified Exercise 19: 6. to pick 7. having met/ meeting.........to be 2. go to bed when they don’t want introduced to. 8. to have been considered/ to be 3. bring us a wine list. considered 4. changed 9. to sleep........thinking 5. write on the chalkboard. 10. to force....to use...to feel....share 6. (to) move into a new.

(27) GAME. • Add appropriate forms of these verbs to the sentences Feel delight fix clean leave Finish plan go do break 1. I was …………………. to hear good news about your scholarship. 2. I don’t like the idea of ………………………. alone. 3. The cleaners want to have …………………….their work in this room before they leave. 4. I was anxious about ………… 5. The car needed……………after the accident. 6. His attempt at ………………the record failed. 7. It’s essential ………………… ahead in my kind of job. 8. They have a machine ……………carpets. 9. She helps me ………………………my homework. 10. He makes me ………………………annoyed..

(28) 1. Delighted 2. Going 3. Finished 4. Leaving 5. …. 6. Breaking 7. To plan 8. To clean 9. …. 10.….. Answer key.

(29) THANKS FOR LISTENING.

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Understanding and Using English Grammar

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