Tài liệu Sổ tay Kỹ Thuật Thuỷ Lợi -Phần 2-Tập 1 -Mục B-Chương 2 pdf

!"# ########sổ tay KTTL * Phần 2 - công trình thủy lợi * Tập 1
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Ch"ơng 2
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Đập hỗn hợp đất đá, đập đá đổ, đập đá xây
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Biên soạn: GS. TSKH. Trịnh Trọng Hàn
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2.1. Tổng quát và phân loại
2.1.1. Tổng quát về đập đá đổ
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Bảng 2-1. Thông số của một số đập đá đổ có chiều cao trên 100m
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Tên đập Sông N+ớc
Năm
kết thúc
xây dựng

Chiều
cao,
m
Chiều
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m
Khối l+ợng,

triệu m
3

Dung tích
hồ, km
3

Kura Ulamít Mỹ 1961 157 490 9,6 -
Inphernilo Panzax Mêhicô 1965 148 348 5,5 12,0
Gepat Farinba
áo
1965 153 620 7,1 -
Orovil Fetre Canađa 1967 224 2314 61,0 4,3
Axuan Nil Aicập 1969 110 3600 41,5 15,6
Maika Colombia Canađa 1973 243 - 30,6 24,0
Kêban Ephơrat Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ 1974 207 1095 12,8 1,35
Tarbela Und Pakistăng 1975 136 - 12,2 -
Trarvac Trirtri Liên Xô (cũ) 1977 168 837 17,7 1,42
Nurêch Vash Liên Xô (cũ) 1979 300 730 58,0 10,5
Triquasen Grikhanbe Mêhicô 1979 250 761 15,0 16,8
Hoà Bình Đà Việt Nam 1990 128 640 21,0 9,45
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2.1.2. Phân loại đập đá đổ
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1. Phân loại đập theo vật liệu xây dựng
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Hình 2-1. Loại đập đá đổ có vật chống thấm không phải là đất
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2.2.1. Tæng qu¸t
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2.2.2. Tính chất vật liệu đá
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100
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60
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0
0,001 0,005 0,01 0,02 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 5 7 10mm
(lgd)
%
Hạt
sét
Hạt
bụi
Đất cát
Sỏi - cuội
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Hình 2-3. ĐUờng cong thành phần hạt của đất đá
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B - Đập đất đá !x

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Bảng 2-2. Phân loại đất cát và đất đá
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Hàm l-ợng hạt
Loại đất
Kích th-ớc hạt (mm) Tỉ lệ % theo khối l-ợng đất khô
Đất đá (đất hạt lớn):
- Đá tảng lăn > 200 > 50
- Đá cuội hoặc đá dăm > 10 > 50
- Sỏi (sạn) > 2 > 50
Đất cát:
- Cát sỏi > 2 > 25
- Cát lớn 0,5 > 50
- Cát trung 0,25 > 50
- Cát nhỏ > 0,1
75
- Cát bụi < 0,1 < 75
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Bảng 2-3. CUờng độ kháng nén yêu cầu đối với đá
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C-ờng độ kháng nén (kG/cm

2
)
Chiều cao đập H
đ
(m)

Đập đá đổ t-ờng nghiêng cứng
Đập đá đổ t-ờng nghiêng bằng đất
hoặc t-ờng trọng lực
< 10 30 20
10 - 50 50 30
50 - 100 60 40
> 100 80 60
Ghi chú: Mẫu thí nghiệm là khối đá lập ph4ơng mỗi cạnh 20 cm.
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2.4. Mặt cắt ngang của đập đá đổ
2.4.1. Đỉnh đập
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2.4.2. Mái dốc của đập đá đổ
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B - Đập đất đá wn

Bảng 2-4. Giá trị tham khảo của mái dốc đập đá đổ
Hệ số mái dốc
Loại đập
Th-ợng l-u Hạ l-u
Đập đá đổ 1,2 - 1,3 1,3 - 14
Đập đất đá có lõi giữa 1,5 - 2,0 1,3 - 2,0
Đập sỏi (hoặc đá dăm) - đất có lõi giữa 2,0 - 2,5 2,0 - 2,5
Đập đất - đá có t+ờng nghiêng 2,0 - 3,0 1,3 - 2,0
Đập hỗn hợp sỏi (đá dăm) - đất có t+ờng nghiêng 2,5 - 3,5 2,0 - 3,0
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2.5. Kết cấu chống thấm trong đập đá đổ

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B - Đập đất đá w!

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Bảng 2-5. Bảng so sánh kết cấu tUờng nghiêng bằng bê tông atphan
Kết cấu t-ờng nghiêng
Tên đập, vị
trí và năm
xây dựng
Chiều cao
và chiều dài
theo đỉnh
đập
Chiều dày

t-ờng
nghiêng

Đặc tr-ng
lớp phủ

Bê tông atphan dày 30 cm

Lớp sỏi 30 cm
Đá đổ

Montgomeri,
Mỹ, 1957

h = 34,3 m
l = 608

30,5 cm,
4 lớp

Bê tông atphan
đầm chặt Bitum
8,5%
Bột vôi 10,8%
Cát 48,9%
Đá dăm 40,8%
Tấm bê tông cốt thép
8 á 15 cm
Vữa atphan 1 cm
Bê tông atphan 12 cm
Bê tông xốp và ống thoát
n+ớc
Lớp bê tông lót
Đá đổ

Irid - Emda,

Angieri
1950 á 1954


h = 78,5 cm

l = 378 m



13 cm
Lớp thứ 1 -
1 cm
Lớp thứ 2 -
12 cm

Bê tông atphan
Bitum 9%
Bột đá vôi 12%
Cát 43%
Sỏi 36%
Đá xây vữa
Vữa atphan 5cm
Đá đổ

Điga-đi
Codelano
Itali 1893
h = 19,5 m

5 cm Vữa atphan
Tấm bê tông cốt thép
Vữa atphan 2 cm
Lớp bê tông san mặt
Đá đổ

Karitaia,
Chilê, 1935
h = 38 m 2 cm -nt-
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#
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#
2.6. Đập đá đổ t-ờng trọng lực
#
#
Hình 2-14. Mặt cắt ngang đập đá đổ tUờng trọng lực bê tông SU tử Than (đơn vị: m)
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B - Đập đất đá x!

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