Mệnh đề quan hệ tính từ _ Adjective adjectival clause

CHAPTER X
ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL
CLAUSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE


I. ADJECTIVE
1. Defintion
 The adjective is a part of speech expressing quality,
quantity, size, clour, characteristics
 The main fuction of an adjective is as an attribute, a
predicative or complement.
 Eg:
 She is a clever girl
 The sky is clear and blue
 My cake has sixteen candles
 He is tall


2. Classification of adjective
 On the ground of their meaning and grammatical
characteristics, adjectives can be classified as:
1, The demonstrative adjectives: used to demonstrate things,
objects, people and phenomena
Eg: This chair is broken
That car is expensive
These clothes are wet
2. The interrogative adjective used to form question to
distinguish things, people, object
Eg: What books are you reading?
What’s your answer?

3. The possessive adjectives: express the possession
Eg: That is my chair
I borrowed her cat
4. The quantitative adjectives: denote the quanlity
Eg: He has many cherries
I ate some roasted chicken
 On the ground of their complexity of form and structure, adjectives
can be classified as:
1. The short adjectives: have just one or two syllables
Eg: short, long, cold, blue, smart, happy, ect......
2. The long adjectives:
Eg: interesting, comfortable, expensive, beautiful, careful, ect...
3. The special adjectives: have their own form
Eg: good – better – best
, many/much – more – the most
bad – worse - wost


3. Adjective formation
1. The derived adjectives: formed by adding affixes
 The prefixes can be added to adjectives: “dis-, h-,
im-, ir-, un-, anti-, ect...
Eg: unclean, illegal, impossible, inactive...
 The suffixes can be added to noun: “-full, -less, -ly, y, -en, -el, -ic, ect...
Eg: careful, careless, windy, friendly, historical, ect...
 The suffixes can be added to verbs: “-able, -ible, -ive,
-ing, -en,...
Eg: boring, drinkable, supportive, broken, interested,
ect....

2. The compound adjectives
1. N+adj

Eg: tax free, waterproof, trouble free, world
famous

2. N+ past participle

Eg: middle-age, child-wanted, home-made

3. Adj+ Adj

Eg: big-blue, fat-free, dark blue, light-brown

4. Adj+N

Eg: long-distance, last-minute, cross-eye

5. Adj+N+ed

Eg: narrow-minded, high-spirited, warm
hearted

6. Adj+ present
participle

Eg: good-looking, long-lasting, slow-moving

7. Adj+ past participle

Eg: new-built, old-fashioned, short-haired

8. Adv+present
participle

Eg: never-ending, forward-thinking, far-seeing,
hard-wearing

9. N+ present participle

Eg: time-saving, record-breaking, timeconsuming

10. Adv+ past participle

Eg: Well- behaved, well-educated, well done


 The negative form of the above structure
Not so......Adj.....As
Eg: He is not as smart as his brother.
She is not as beautiful as her older sister.
2. The comparative degree of adjective: used to express the
differences or the dissimilarity
There are 2 different kinds

2.1: The short adjects: Adding –er to the positive form of the
adjective.
Short adj+ er+ than

Eg: My essay is longer than yours.
She is smarter than me


3. The superlative degree of adjectives: used to express
what thing or person has the most of a particular quality
within a group or of its kind
3.1: The short adjectives:

(THE) short adj + est

Eg: The biggest table in the room.
She is the smartest girl in the class
3.2: The long adjectives:

(THE) most/least + long
adj

Eg: This is the most beautiful dress I have ever
seen.
She is the least worried about the game.


5. Adjective functions
 Are mainly used with 2 functions
1. As attribute: used to come before nouns in the NP
Eg: a nice girl, an old house
a rich businessman
2. As complement: used after the link verbs or the ‘be’
Eg: She is nice.

He looked upset
NOTE:
 Adjectives beginning with “A” such as: ( afraid, afloat, alive,
asleep,ect,) are used predicately
 Many adjective are used like nouns
Eg: a native, two natives
The rich, the poor, the young


6. The order of adjectives in the
sentences

Quality

size

Age

Shape

colour

materi
al

origin

partici
ple

Eg: A lovely large antique round black Spanish wooden mixing
bowl 


II.ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
1. DEFINTION
 An adjective clause is a dependent clause that
contains a subject and verb
 As an adjective, modifies a noun or pronoun
 An adjective clause begin with words such
as that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which,
and why.


2. Classification of adjective
clause
 There are 7 types of adjective clause
1. Who

People (subject)

Eg: She is the teacher who helped
me with my math problems.

2. Whom

People (object)

Eg: My sister is the people to whom
I am closest.

3. Whose

People/things
(possessive)

Eg: I have a friend whose daughter
lives in China

4. Which

Things

Eg: Pizza, which most people love,
is not very healthy.

5. That

People/thing

Eg: The books that were borrowed
from class must be returned.

6. Where

Place (adj)

Eg: This is the park where we can
walk the dogs.

7. when

Time (adv)

Eg: Monday is the day when I have
my doctor’s appointment.


2. Based on function of adjective clauses
There are 2 types:
a, Definite clause
Eg: The used car which my dad bought last week broke down
yesterday.
The man who is standing there is a teacher
b. Infinite clause
Eg:The used car, which my dad bought last week, broke down
yesterday.
The man, who is standing there, is a teacher


III. REDUCED ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
1. Defintion
 The reduced adjective clause becomes a phrase, which
does not have a subject.
 A phrase does not have a subject and a verb.
2. Classification of reduced adjective clause?
There are 5 types of reduced adjective clause:

1. Active voice

Eg: The girl who attends my school lives at the end
of the street. 
The girl attending my school lives at the end of the
street.
Eg: The dog that is lying on the floor won't get up. 
The dog lying on the floor won't get up.

2. Passive voice

Eg: The boy who was pleased by his grades went out
with his friends to celebrate. 
The boy, pleased by his grades, went out with his
friends to celebrate.
Eg: I like ice-cream that is made in Japan
 I like ice-cream made in Japan

3. S + to be +
adj

Eg:The house, which was beautiful, was sold
 The beautiful house was sold

4. S + to be + N

Eg: Her name, which is Emmy, contains easy sounds
to pronounce
 Her name, Emmy, contains easy sounds to
pronounce

5. S + to be +
prepositional
phrase

Eg: Did you see the book that is on the table?
 Did you see the book on the table?


IV. OMISSION OF THE RELATIVE
PRONOUN
 Can be omitted the relative pronoun from the adjective clause
when it is the object
 When the relative pronoun is the subject of the adj clause, it
cannot be omitted
 The relative pronoun ( which, that, who, whom) can be ommited
 The relative pronoun ( whose, where, whereby) cannot be
ommited
 Eg: I will talk to a consultant whom I met at the party.
I will talk to a consultant I met at the party.
The train which she was about to take was late.
 The train she was about to take was late


V. PREPOSITIONS THAT COME
BEFORE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
 There are two ways:
1. Formal:  the preposition at the BEGINNING of
the adjective clause
Eg: The address to which you sent the package

was wrong!
2. Informal: the preposition at the END of the
adjective clause
Eg: The address which you sent the
package to was wrong!


VI. “THAT”, “WHICH”, “WHO” IN
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. “That” is not allowed to use in the follows
 After prepositions
Eg: Derek is the sibling to whom I am closest.
 In indefinite adj clause
Eg: Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very
nutritious.
My brother, who claimed to have a limp, sprinted after
the bus. 


2. “That” is compulsory
 After combined subjects
Eg: The old man and his dog that walk in the park
 After superlative:
Eg: This is the most beautiful house that Jack stays at
This is the most hard question that I face in the competition
 After words: all, very, only
Eg: You are the only person that can help us.
 After words: first, last
Eg: She is the first girl that I fall in love

 After words: much, little, some, any, no
Eg: Much of work I did for you that you have never attented.
 In the structure “ It+be+that...”
Eg: It was the first time that I hear of it
 After interrogative pronouns
Eg: Who is she that you miss