The pandemic covid 19 in relation to globalization

The Pandemic Covid 19 in relation to Globalization and
Intercultural Communication
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1. INTRODUCTION (100-200 words) (10 pts)

Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication Theory: Current Perspectives, an issue of The International
and Intercultural Communication Annual edited by William Gudykunst. In 1988, Kim and
Gudykunst published a second volume of the annual on current theories, Theories in
Intercultural Communication. Richard Wiseman, a colleague of Gudykunst’s, published a
third issue of the annual, Intercultural Communication Theory, in 1995. Many, but not
all, of the theories in these books sought to find the variables that predicted certain
aspects of intercultural communication, such as conflict outcomes, adjustment, crosscultural relational development, or effectiveness. Many theories are from a similar
perspective, treating communication research as social science and seeking causes and
effects of culture and communication or trying to predict differences between cultural
communication styles.
Even as early as 1987, scholars were beginning to attempt to “de-Westernize”
communication theory. Thus, Daniel Kincaid (1987) edited a book compiling writings of
different authors from different nations on notions such as Chinese rhetoric. New
currents were swirling in the discipline. Ethnography of communication—a study of
specific cultures largely using observation—had been growing out of sociology into
communication during the 1980s, and scholars were clearly seeing the relevance to
culture studies; however, this approach treated culture differently (see chapter 3)—as
more fluid and local, for example, the culture of Grateful Dead fans or of a specific
Chicago motorcycle gang. At the same time, informed by Marxist studies, came a new
approach that looked specifically at power relations in society, such as patriarchy and
racism, or the way some definitions (such as of success, democracy, freedom, or family)
gain power over other ideas. This approach questioned the very content of the
intercultural communication field. Theory books and journals, some claimed, kept a
particular academic view of what “theory” and “culture” were, excluding other views.

Other writers have also challenged Western ideas of theory. Molefi Kete Asante (1980)
promotes an Afrocentric perspective, challenging the ability of Western theory to
describe the realities of African and African-descended peoples. More recently,
Yoshitaka Miike (2007, 2010) argues that Western theories tend to speak in “totalizing”
terms, as if European reality reflects that of all cultures. Western theory “disregards,
downplays, or overshadows certain values and elements that have been historically


embraced in non-Western cultures” (2010, p. 3). Miike (2007) feels that Western
theories often ignore cultural contexts and tend to privilege notions such as individuality
and independence, self enhancement, reason, rights and freedom, and pragmatism and
materialism.
The 1990s became a decade of controversy. For example, previous handbooks of
intercultural communication (e.g., Asante & Gudykunst, 1989; Gudykunst & Mody, 2002)
contained some, but little ethnographic work and almost no critical approaches. But a
2010 handbook (Nakayama & Halualani) focuses exclusively on newer approaches to
culture and intercultural communication that frequently deal with dominant and
subordinate cultures, mistreating or misrepresenting people from other cultures, and
social inequality. If your library has access to The International and Intercultural
Communication Annual, you will see that it is always rich, each issue focusing on a
specific topic (organizations, identity, relationships, etc.), but with a clear shift in the
1990s to also include issues of empowerment and resistance.(Book 2)
There are many different intercultural communication types and theories. The most
important ones are:
- Social science approach: This model focuses on observing the behavior of a person
from a different culture in order to describe it and compare it with other cultures. It also
examines the ways in which individuals adjust their communication with others in
different situations, depending on who they are talking to. For example, we would tell
the same story differently to our best friend than we would to our grandmother.
- Interpretive approach: This theory focuses on accumulating knowledge about a culture

through communication in the form of shared stories based on subjective, individual
experiences. The main focus is on intercultural communication as it is used in particular
speech communities, so ethnography plays a major role here. Because the individual
context is so important for this model, it does not strive to make generalized predictions
based on its findings.
- Dialectical approach: This method examines aspects of intercultural communication in
the form of six dichotomies, namely cultural vs. individual, personal vs. contextual,
differences vs. similarities, static vs. dynamic, history vs. past-present vs. future, and
privilege vs. disadvantage. A dialectical approach helps us think about culture and
intercultural communication in complex ways, so we can avoid categorizing everything in
either-or dichotomies by adopting a broader approach and acknowledging the tensions
that must be negotiated.


- Critical approach: This approach examines cultures according to their differences
compared to the researcher’s own culture and, in particular, how these cultures are
portrayed in the media. The critical approach is complex and multifaceted and therefore
leads to a rich understanding of intercultural communication.
/>Globalization
Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have
built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries. But the
term gained popularity after the Cold War in the early 1990s, as these cooperative
arrangements shaped modern everyday life. This guide uses the term more narrowly to
refer to international trade and some of the investment flows among advanced
economies, mostly focusing on the United States.
The wide-ranging effects of globalization are complex and politically charged. As with
major technological advances, globalization benefits society as a whole, while harming
certain groups. Understanding the relative costs and benefits can pave the way for

alleviating problems while sustaining the wider payoffs.
There are three types of globalization:
- Economic globalization. Here, the focus is on the integration of international financial
markets and the coordination of financial exchange. Free trade agreements, such the
North American Free Trade Agreement and the Trans-Pacific Partnership are examples of
economic globalization. Multinational corporations, which operate in two or more
countries, play a large role in economic globalization.
- Political globalization. This type covers the national policies that bring countries
together politically, economically and culturally. Organizations such as NATO and the UN
are part of the political globalization effort.
- Cultural globalization. This aspect of globalization focuses in a large part on the
technological and societal factors that are causing cultures to converge. These include
increased ease of communication, the pervasiveness of social media and access to faster
and better transportation.

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2. THEORY (250-500 words) (30 pts)


2.1
2.1.1

2.1. Globalization: Def, e.g, cause and effect of G: Why. How to influence: positive
and negative aspects (e.g)
Definition

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world
into a more connected and interdependent place. globalization occurs as a result of
global media flow; however, we also point out that such flows are not always equal for

all parties involved and are, in fact, resisted by many in non-Western cultures, as they
spread ideas and behaviors unequally, with greater flow from cultures with more
powerful market economies and media structures(Book 2). It may be pictured as the
threads of an immense spider web formed over millennia, with the number and reach of
these threads increasing over time. People, money, material goods, ideas, and even
disease and devastation have traveled these silken strands, and have done so in greater
numbers and with greater speed than ever in the present age.
/>
Travelling around the world without barely any restrictions

Because of trade developments and financial exchanges, we often think of globalization
as an economic and financial phenomenon. However, it includes a much wider field than
just flowing of goods, services or capital. Some examples of globalization are:
- Economic globalization: Free trade agreements, such the North American Free Trade
Agreement and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
- Cultural globalization: the trading of commodities such as coffee or avocados. Coffee is
said to be originally from Ethiopia and consumed in the Arabid region. Nonetheless, due


to commercial trades after the 11th century, it is nowadays known as a globally
consumed commodity.
- Technological globalization: Traveling around the world, the televisions in all the
airports are mainly from one of the four or five major television brands. Anywhere in the
world, the phones will be usually made by Samsung, Apple, or another of the major
multinational mobile phone corporations.
- Geographic globalization: made transportation and flying so easy and affordable, apart
from a few countries with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without
barely any restrictions.

2.1.2

Benefits

Globalization enables countries to access less expensive natural resources and lower
cost labor. As a result, they can produce lower cost goods that can be sold globally.
Proponents of globalization argue that it improves the state of the world in many ways,
such as the following:
- Solves economic problems. Globalization moves jobs and capital to places that need
these resources. It gives rich countries access to lower cost resources and labor and
poorer countries access to jobs and the investment funds they need for development.
- Promotes free trade. Globalization puts pressure on nations to reduce tariffs, subsidies
and other barriers to free trade. This consequently promotes economic growth, creates
jobs, makes companies more competitive and lowers prices for consumers.
- Spurs economic development. Theoretically, globalization gives poorer countries access
to foreign capital and technology they would not otherwise have. Foreign investment
can result in an improved standard of living for the citizens of those nations.
- Encourages positive trends in human rights and the environment. Advocates of
globalization point to improved attention to human rights on a global scale and a shared
understanding of the impact of people and production on the environment.
- Promotes shared cultural understanding. Advocates view the increased ability to travel
and experience new cultures as a positive part of globalization that can contribute to
international cooperation and peace.
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Example: Apple moves its production to Vietnam. This decision helps the company
access the lower to lower cost resources and labor and Vietnam accesses to jobs and the
investment funds we need for development. (Example of my own)
2.1.3

Consequences

Many proponents view globalization as way to solve systemic economic problems. But critics
see it as increasing global inequality. Among the critiques of globalization are the following
issues:
- Destabilizes markets. Critics of globalization blame the elimination of trade barriers and the
freer movement of people for undermining national policies and local cultures. Labor markets in
particular are affected when people move across borders in search of higher paying jobs or
companies outsource work and jobs to lower cost labor markets.
- Damages the environment. The transport of goods and people among nations generates
greenhouse gas and all the negative effects it has on the environment. Global travel and trade
also can introduce, sometimes inadvertently, invasive species to foreign ecosystems. Industries
such as fishing and logging tend to go where business is most lucrative or regulations are less
strict, which has resulted in overfishing and deforestation in some parts of the world.
- Lowers living standards. When companies move operations overseas to minimize costs, such
moves can eliminate jobs and increase unemployment in sectors of the home country.
- Facilitates global recessions. Tightly integrated global markets carry a greater risk of global
recessions. The 2007-2009 financial crisis and Great Recession is a good example of how
intertwined global markets are and how financial problems in one country or region can quickly
affect other parts of the world. Globalization reduces the ability of individual nations to
effectively use monetary and fiscal policy to control the national economy.
- Damages cultural identities. Critics of globalization decry the decimation of unique cultural
identities and languages that comes with the international movement of businesses and people.
At the same time, the internet and social media are driving this trend even without the
movement of people and commerce.
- Increases the likelihood of pandemics. Increased travel, critics say, has the potential to
increase the risk of pandemics. The H1N1 (swine flu) outbreak of 2009 and coronavirus in 2020
and 2021 are two examples of serious diseases that spread to multiple nations quickly.
Example: Globalization is a good way to spread the culture and multibly numbers of people
knowing about it. However, the culture or the ideas are sometimes damaged by wrong
information. This circumstance are getting worse since there are many young people using

other unique things from other culture to make fun of. (Example of my own)

2.2 Intercultural communication (IC)


2.2.1 Culture
Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies,
as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these
groups.
Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, which is
shown by the diversity of cultures across societies.
A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress,
language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group.
Accepting only a monoculture in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the
face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change.[2] Thus in military culture,
valor is counted a typical behavior for an individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are
counted as virtues or functional responses in the continuum of conflict. In the practice of religion,
analogous attributes can be identified in a social group.( />
Avoiding cleaning house in New year
Example: Vietnamese people avoid cleaning houses in Lunar new year because they believe that will
wipe out all the luck of new year. This is one of many Vietnamese cultures that have last for over a
thousand year. (Example of my own)

2.2.2 Communication
Communication (from Latin communicare, meaning "to share" or "to be in relation with") is "an apparent
answer to the painful divisions between self and other, private and public, and inner thought and outer
world." As this definition indicates, communication is difficult to define in a consistent manner, because
it is commonly used to refer to a wide range of different behaviors (broadly: "the transfer of
information"), or to limit what can be included in the category of. John Peters argues the difficulty of

defining communication emerges from the fact that communication is both a universal phenomena
(because everyone communicates) and a specific discipline of institutional academic study.
One possible definition of communication is the act of developing meaning among entities or groups
through the use of sufficiently mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic conventions.
Example: - Texing friends throught sell phone
- Talking with family members
- Receiving emails (Example of my own)

2.2.3 Interpersonal communication
Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information between two or more people. It is also an
area of research that seeks to understand how humans use verbal and nonverbal cues to accomplish a
number of personal and relational goals. As we get to know people, we move from seeing them only as
group members to knowing them more and more as individuals. (Book 2)
Interpersonal communication research addresses at least six categories of inquiry: 1) how humans adjust
and adapt their verbal communication and nonverbal communication during face-to-face
communication; 2) how messages are produced; 3) how uncertainty influences behavior and
information-management strategies; 4) deceptive communication; 5) relational dialectics; and 6) social
interactions that are mediated by technology.
( />Example:
- Phone Calls
- Meetings
- Presentations
- Emails and texting (Example of my own)


Meetings

2.2.4 On the meaning of the prefix "inter”
The prefix inter means “between.” The Internet is a linked system of networks that communicate

“between” each other, connecting computers on a global scale. The computers and networks are
interconnected, or linked “between” themselves. Therefore, the prefix “inter” in word “Interpersonal”
means the link between each individual. And when it comes to Interpersonal Communication, we can
understand that is a link within two or more people that communicate between each other.

2.2.5 Def. of IC. IC vs. International communication (INC):Nature and practices
Intercultural communication occurs when large and important cultural differences create dissimilar
interpretations and expectations about how to communicate competently.
International Communication International communication refers to interactions among people from
different nations. Scholars who compare and analyze nations' media usage also use this term. Certainly,
communication among people from different countries is likely to be intercultural communication, but
that is not always true, as illustrated by the example of Anibal and Dele after eight years together in the
United States. As we suggested with the terms interracial and interethnic communication, we prefer to
focus on intercultural communication. (Book 1)

2.2.6 Relation btw G, Civilization, Culture: G brings Civ, changes Cult
Globalization is defined as the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide. Throught the exchange and interaction, it brings Civilization from this culture to
other cultures. Globalization is now progressively blurring characteristics among different civilizations. It
is globalization which selects various characteristics of civilizations, making of them a sort of symbioses,
that are again broken down into various schools and movements. Therefore, the cultures changed as a
result of this interaction.


Example: The individualism came from Western civilization. But in the past few years, more and more
people from Asian countries have known more about it and likely to follow indivualism. For example,
young people in Vietnam nowaday become more independent and they and to be seperated from their
parents. Globalization brings individualism – Western civilization to other countries, and the
individualism changes the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that
emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. That is to say Globalization brings civilization, and follow it

is the changing in culture. (Example of my own)

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3. THE PANDEMIC covid 19. Globalization, IC in relation (50 pts) (500-1000 words)

3.1 What is the Pandemic Covid 19 (PC19)
3.2 What is history
3.3 How does it damage the world
3.4 PC19 and G= global civilization = treatment and prevention, solution to everyday
life/social practice that are damaged/blocked by
3.5 PC19 and ICANC
3.5.1 Influences leading to changes of interpersonal communication in a country and
btw counties: 5K
3.5.2

3.5.2. Different manners to Co19 and the prevention( Mask, isolation),
treatment (manner of doctor, supply to patients) of it. Policies of each countries of
it.

Countries all around the world cope with the pandemic covid 19 differently and it shows
through the prevention, treatment and policies of each country. For instance, the
Vietnamese success in dealing with coronavirus has been recorded by numerous
Western outlets including the BBC, the Telegraph, and the Wall Street Journal. Many
commentators have pointed out that much of this success was possible due to the
authoritarian rule of the Vietnamese Communist Party. According to this perspective,
repression and authoritarianism facilitated an aggressive track-and-trace system and
immediate lockdown orders, which would be difficult to replicate in democratic
countries. ( />While most Asian countries follow all the preventions, such as: wearing masks in public,
cleaning hands often, getting vaccinated, and maintaining a safe distance. On the other

hand, other democratic countries like America, and many European countries have more
difficulties when applying those preventions. Several manners from people trying to
break the rule by not wearing masks and refusing vaccines have caused bad
consequences. For example, anti-mask and anti-vaccine protests aren't a strictly


American phenomenon: Demonstrations have broken out around the world — from
Australia to France and Israel to Bulgaria. More than 100,000 people protested across
France last month against the government's push to get residents vaccinated against the
virus. Thousands of people flocked to the streets of Sydney and other Australian cities
last month to protest lockdown restrictions, bearing signs that called for "freedom" and
"the truth.” And of course, in the U.S., anti-vaccine protesters have shut down
vaccination sites, gathered at state capitols and staked out at Disneyland.
( />Governments around the world have responded differently to this pandemic and
achieved varying results. In Vietnam, the Ministry of Health has officially announced a
message featuring 5K (in Vietnamese) Khau trang (facemask)- (Khu khuan) disinfection(Khoang cach) distance- (Khong tu tap) no gathering – (Khai bao y te) health declaration
to help citizens get used to living safely with the COVID-19 pandemic in ‘new normal’
state. While in China, the Chinese government has shut down its borders to minimize
foreign-imported COVID-19 cases and locks down any locality with COVID-19 cases to
prevent mass spread. Although each country came up with a different pandemic policy,
all of them are having the same purpose, which is ending the Covid-19 pandemic.

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4. CONCLUSION (10 pts) 100 words

Optional question:
What do you think about the subject?
Do you think this subject benefit to the students? Why