Tài liệu Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.9 ppt

Ii
ice
noun
• ADJ. thick
Is the ice thick enough to walk on?
I
thin
I
black
Motorists have been warned about black ice on the
roads.
• QUANT. block, slab
The spray froze and formed great
blocks of iceon thefront of the ship.
• VERB
+
ICE form
• ICE
+
VERB form
Ice had formed on thepond.
I
crack,
melt
The icewas beginning to melt.
• PREP. on the -
skating on the ice
ice cream
noun
• ADJ. chocolate, strawberry, vanilla, etc.
• QUANT. scoop

I
carton, tub
• VERB
+
ICE CREAM eat, have
• ICE CREAM
+
VERB melt
• ICE CREAM
+
NOUN carton, cone
I
parlour, van
• PHRASES and/with ice-cream
apple pie with icecream
cc>
Special page at
FOOD
icing
noun
• ADJ. fondant, gelatine, royal, sugar paste
I
choc-
olate, lemon, etc.
• VERB
+
ICING roll out
Roll out the icing into a large
square.
I

cover sth with, pipe, smooth, spread, squeeze
Pipe a little green icing around the strawberries.
I
trim off
Trim off excess icing around the base.
I
colour
Colour the
remaining icing red.
• ICING
+
VERB dry
• ICING
+
NOUN sugar
I
bag
icon
noun
1small symbol on a computer screen
• ADJ. folder, network, printer, program, window, etc.
• VERB + ICON click (on), double-click (on), right-
click (on)
Click the 'modems' icon.
I
drag
cc>
Special page at
COMPUTER
2 person considered to be a symboi

• ADJ. national
I
cultural
I
gay, lesbian
I
fashion, pop,
sporting, style
idea
noun
1 plan/suggestion
• ADJ. bright, brilliant, clever, excellent, good, great,
marvellous
I
valuable, worthwhile
I
exciting, inspir-
ational, interesting, stimulating
I
constructive, posi-
tive
I
creative, imaginative, innovative, original
I
wacky
I
big
The latest big idea is to make women more
interested in sport.
I

alternative
Group counselling is
used as an alternative idea to punishment.
I
fresh, new
I
absurd, bad, mistaken, ridiculous
I
crackpot, crazy,
mad, outlandish, wild
I
half-baked
I
ambitious, big,
grand
He joined the company as an office assistant with
big ideas.
I
grandiose
I
basic
The basic idea is that we
all meet up in London.
• VERB
+
IDEA have
Doyou have any ideasfor apresent
for Lara?
I
come up with, dream up, hit on/upon, pro-

duce, think up
I
draw, get
Her ideas are drawn mainly
from Chinese art.
I
contribute, input
I
moot, put for-
ward
I
promote, push (forward), sell
They managed to
push the idea of moving office through the committee.
I
welcome
Most employees welcome the idea of a ban on
smoking.
I
consider, entertain, flirt with, toy with
I'm.
toying with the idea ofpacking in my job.
I
mull over, turn
over
He kept turning the idea of resigning over in his
mind.
I
encourage, generate
Brainstorming is a good

way of generating ideas.
I
stifle
a system of decision-
making that stifles original ideas
I
reject, scoff at, veto
I
test, tryout
I
bounce around, bounce off sb, brain-
storm, discuss, explore, talk about
I met up with a de-
signer to bounce afeto ideas around.
<>
It's useful to have
someone to bounce ideas off
I
exchange, pool, share
I
give sb
What gave you the idea to
go
freelance?
I
apply,
implement, put into action/effect/practice
The idea had
long been mooted but nothing had been done toput it into
practice.

I
transform, translate
How could we translate
the idea into business reality?
I
steal
She accused the com-
pany of stealing her idea.
I
impose
She always tries to im-
pose her own ideas on the rest of the team.
• IDEA + VERB come into sb's head/mind, come to sb,
flash across/into sb's mind/brain, hit sb, occur to sb,
pop into sb's head, strike sb
The ideafor the invention
came to him in the bath.
I
emerge, evolve, form, grow
An
idea began toform in his mind.
I
flow
His ideas flowed
faster than he could express them.
I
come from sb/sth,
date back from/to sth, originate, start, stem from sth
The idea for the Olympics originated with Pierre de
Coubertin.

I
blossom, work (out)
The idea has now blos-
somed into a successful mail-order business.
I
lead
The
idea eventually led to the invention of the telephone.
I
come to nothing
• PREP. - about
I have an idea about how to tackle the
problem. -
for
We were asked to suggest ideasfor improv-
ing efficiency. -
of
She had the idea of advertising on the
Internet.
• PHRASES be open to ideas
I don't know what to do, but
I'm open to ideas.
the germ/glimmering of an idea
The
germ of his idea came
front
watching a bird make a nest.
have other ideas
I wanted to take the week off,but my boss
had other ideas.

it might be an idea
It might be an idea to
leave a note on the doorfor Mark.
2 thought/impression
• ADJ. clear, concrete, precise
I
abstract
I
theoretical
I
basic, rough, vague
He gave me a rough idea of what
was wanted.
I
key, main
The book introduces the key
ideas of sociology.
I
dominant
I
fixed, inflexible
I
pre-
conceived
I
definite, firm, strong
She has very definite
ideas about what kind of ajob she wants.
I
complex, diffi-

cult
I
simplistic
I
conventional
I
traditional
I
radical,
revolutionary
I
contradictory
I
erroneous, false, wrong
I don't want anyone getting the wrong idea about me.
I
funny, strange
I
utopian
I
romantic
People have a ro-
maruic idea of the police force.
I
new-fangled
I
outdated
I
not the faintestlfoggiestlremotestlslightest
(informal)

I haven't got the faintest idea what she meant.
I
artistic,
economic, intellectual, moral, musical, philosophic-
al, political, scientific
I
fascist, feminist, nationalist,
socialist
• VERB
+
IDEA get
They seem to have got the idea that
we will be giving them a lift. o You'll soon get the idea
(=
understand).
I
espouse, have, hold
He holds very differ-
ent ideas tomine about discipline.
I
develop, form, shape
the experiences that shaped her ideas
I
express
I
com-
municate, convey, get across, get over, present, put
across
The book puts across complex ideas in a way any-
one can understand.

I
demonstrate, explain, expound,
illustrate
I
clarify, formalize, formulate, organize,
structure
Give careful thought to.hoio to structure your
ideas in the essay.
I
change, reconsider, reshape, revise
They had to reconsider their ideas in the light of new eui-
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ideal
dence.
I
accept
I
dismiss, reject
I
harbour
I hope he's
not still harbouring ideas about asking me out.
I
be ob-
sessed with
He's obsessed with the idea of getting a motor-
bike.
I
relish
I don't relish the idea of sharing an office

with Tony.
• IDEA
+
VERB
amuse sb, appeal to sb, please sb
The
idea of going to his rescue amused her.
I
catch on, take
hold
Some students started wearing denim, and the idea
caughton.
• PREP.
-about
She's got some funny ideas about how to
motivate staff -
behind
The idea behind the ceremony is to
keep the gods happy to ensure a good crop. -
of
Swimming
in an icy river is not my idea of
fun.
ideal
noun
• ADJ.
high, lofty, noble
Sam was a real leader who had
high moral ideals.
I

unattainable
This is not an unattain-
able ideal.
I
aesthetic, artistic, ethical, moral, political
I
democratic, liberal, revolutionary, socialist
• VERB
+
IDEAL
be committed to, be devoted to, be-
lieve in, cling to, espouse, have, support
They still clung
to the old ideals.
I pursue, strive for I achieve, attain, be
true to, conform to, live up to
Ajournalist should always
live up to the ideals of truth, decency, and justice.
I fall
short of
This agreement falls far short of the ideal.
I
abandon, betray
She was accused of betraying her polit-
ical ideals.
I
embody, reflect
the democratic ideals em-
bodied in the charter
ideal

adj.
• VERBS
be, look, seem, sound I make sth
The hotel's
size makes it idealfor large conferences.
I consider sth
• ADV
absolutely I almost I less than
Language learn-
ing often takes place in a lessthan ideal environment.
• PREP.
for
The houses are absolutely ideal for families
with young children.
identical
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, look, seem I remain
• ADV.
absolutely, completely, exactly
I
not necessar-
ily
Different spreadsheet packages tend to be similar,
though not necessarily identical.
I almost, more or less,
nearly, practically, virtually
The two houses were more or
less identical.
I effectively I apparently I basically, es-

sentially I chemically, formally, genetically
• PREP.
to This knife is identical to the one used in the at-
tack.
with
offspring that are genetically identical with the
parents
identification
noun
1 act of identifying sb/sth
• ADJ.
accurate, correct I positive
• VERB
+
IDENTIFICATION
make
She was unable to
make apositive identification of the suspect.
• IDENTIFICATION
+
NOUN
parade
A witness picked
him out of an identity parade as the robber.
2 proof of identity
• VERB
+
IDENTIFICATION
carry, have
Always carry

some identification.
0
Do you have any identification?
I
ask for, check
Thepolice checked their identification.
• IDENTIFICATION
+
NOUN
card, papers I code, num-
ber
The vehicle's identification number is stamped on the
engine.
• PHRASES
a means of identification
My only means of
identification was my cheque book.
identify
verb
• ADV.
accurately, correctly
The new test will enable us
to identify more accurately patients who are most at risk.
0
Did you identify all thepictures correctly?
I falsely, incor-
rectly, wrongly I positively I clearly, unambiguously,
390
unequivocalty
Wehave not yet clearly identified the source

of thepollution.
I
formally
Someone has toformally iden-
tifY the body.
I
easily, readily
I could identify him easily if
I saw him again.
I tentatively
All three structures dated to
the third century and were tentatively identified as
shrines.
• VERB
+
IDENTIFY
be able/unable to, can
tests that
can identify people at risk of cancer
I
be easy to, be pos-
sible to
I
be difficult to I be necessary to
I
attempt to,
seek to, try to
I
be used to, enable sb to, help to
I

de-
cline to
The newspaper declined to identify the source of
the allegations.
• PHRASES
a means/way of identifying sb/sth
one
means of identifying the disease in its early stages
PHRASAL VERBS
identify with sb
• ADV.
closely, strongly
She identified strongly with the
main character in theplay.
• VERB
+
IDENTIFY WITH SB
can/could
I can't identify
with men like him.
identify sb with sth
• ADV.
closely
The policy is closely identified with the
prime minister himself.
I
clearly
identity
noun
• ADJ.

true
I
assumed, false
He was discovered living
under an assumed identity in South America.
I
mistaken
This is obviously a case of mistaken identity.
I new
I
common, corporate, cultural, national, personal, polit-
ical, racial, sexual
• VERB
+
IDENTITY
create, develop, establish, forge
They are still struggling to establish their identity as apol-
itical party.
0
The company forged its own identity by pro-
ducing specialist vehicles.
I
give sb/sth
Hefelt that hau-
ingajobgave himan identity.
I maintain, preserve
Many
minority groups are struggling to maintain their cultural
identity.
I

lose I change
He changed his identity and
moved abroad on his releasefrom prison.
I assume
She
was given afalse passport and assumed a new identity.
I
disclose, reveal
He refused to reveal the identity of his cli-
ent.
I
discover, find out I guess
It was easy to guess the
identity of the thief
I
conceal, hide, keep secret, protect
Her voice was disguised to conceal her identity.
• IDENTITY
+
NOUN
bracelet, tag I card, documents,
papers I code I parade
The victim picked out her at-
tacker in an identity parade.
I
crisis
The country suffered
from an identity crisisfor years after the civil war.
.• PREP. -
as

Scotland has never lost its identity as a sep-
arate nation.
• PHRASES
proof of identity
The policeofficer asked
hini
for proof of identity.
a search for identity
His search for
his cultural identity took him to where his parents were
born.
a sense of identity
ideology
noun
• ADJ.
dominant I official
I
coherent
The party's pol-
icies were based on prejudice rather than on any coherent
ideology.
I
strong
I
cultural, economic, educational,
political, religious I bourgeois, capitalist, communist,
Marxist, revolutionary, socialist, etc.
• VERB
+
IDEOLOGY

have
The party had a Marxist
ideology.
I
adopt
They distanced themselves from the
upper class and adopted a communist ideology.
I
reject
idiot
noun
• ADJ. blithering, complete, gibbering, prize, right,
silly, stupid
What stupid idiot left their shoes on the stairs?
• VERB
+
IDIOT
be, feel (like), look like
I felt a right
idiot, standing there infront of all thosepeople!
• PHRASES
make an idiot of yourself
He's made a com-
plete idiot of himself over this woman!
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idle
adj.
1 lazy
• VERBS
be I become

• ADV.
very I bone
(informal),
totally
She never lifts a
finger to help. She's bone idle.
I
rather
2no! in use
• VERBS
be, lie, sit, stand
Half their machines are lying
idle.<> Thepumps are standing idle.
I
remain Ileavesth,
make sth
The land was left idle for years.
idol
noun
• ADJ.
film, football, pop, rock, sports, etc. I teen,
teenage
By this time PiU had become a teenage idol.
• VERB
+
IDOL
make (sb)
Teenagers made Dean their
idol.
<>

Thefilm made an idol of her.
ignite
verb
• ADV
spontaneously
The burning foam generates such
heat that other items in the room can ignite spontaneously.
• VERB + IGNITE
fail to
Thegunpowder sometimes fails
to ignite.
ignition
noun
• VERB
+
IGNITION
switch on, turn on
She got into the
car and switched on the ignition.
I
switch off, turn off
• IGNITION + NOUN keyHeturnedtheignitionkey.
• PREP.
in the -
I must have left my key in the ignition.
ignorance
noun
• ADJ.
complete, total
I

remarkable
I
widespread
I
blissful
• VERB + IGNORANCE
betray, show
Itried not to betray
my ignorance.
<>
He showed a remarkable ignorance of the
facts.
I
admit, confess, plead
I had to confess my ignor-
ance. oHe pleaded ignorance of any wrongdoing.
I live in,
remain in
The sisters lived in total ignorance of each other.
I keep sb in
He was kept in ignorance of his true identity.
I
be based on
These attitudes are based on ignorance and
fear.
• PREP.
due to -
mistakes due to ignorance
in -(of)
She re-

mained in blissful ignorance of these events.
through-
Many lives are lost through ignorance.
I - about
There is
still widespread ignorance about this disease.
ignorant
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, feel, seem I remain
The general
public remained totally ignorant of the danger.
I keep sb
We were kept ignorant of thefacts.
• ADV
completely, entirely, pig
(informal),
quite, total-
ly, utterly, very, wholly
Don't ask Paul. He's pig ignorant.
I largely
I
rather
I
blissfully
We went to bed that night
blissfully ignorant of the storm to come.
I grossly, lam-
entably, woefully
• PREP.

about
He was completely ignorant about the
country's political system.
of
We are still woefully ignorant
of the causes of this disease.
ignore
verb
• ADV.
altogether, completely, entirely, quite, totally
I
almost, practically, virtually
I
largely
I
generally
I
just,
simply
The government has simply ignored the problem
altogether.
I consistently I apparently I duly
Her
mother's opinions on how babies should be cared
jcr
were
freely given and duly ignored.
I
easily
The diesel fumes

from Oxford's buses are not easily ignored.
I convenient-
ly
(ironic) The managers have conveniently ignored these
statistics.
I
blatantly
Safety guidelines had been blatantly
ignored.
I
assiduously, carefully, deliberately, deter-
minedly, pointedly, resolutely, steadfastly, studiously
She sat at her desk and studiously ignored me.
I blithely,
391
illness
cheerfully
He blithely ignored her protests and went on
talking as if all were agreed between them.
I
coldly
• VERB + IGNORE
cannot (afford to)
a warning the
prime minister cannot afford to ignore
I
be difficult to, be
hard to, be impossible to
I
tend to

Scientists have tended
to ignore these creatures.
I
try to
I
choose to
The judge
chose to ignore the views of the doctors.
• PHRASES
be widely ignored
Safety standards are
widely ignored in the industry.
ignore sth at your peril
The pernicious effect of this advertising on children is a
problem that we ignore at our peril.
ignore the fact
that
Did you think rd ignore the fact that you were suf-
fering from shock?
sth can be safely ignored
(ironic)
These people occupy such a marginal position in society
that the authorities think they can be safely ignored.
ill
adj.
• VERBS
be, feel, look I become, be taken, fall, get I
make sb
I can't eat bananas. They make me ill.
• ADV.

critically, dangerously, desperately, extremely,
gravely, really, seriously, severely, terribly, very
His
mother is seriously ill in hospital.
I
almost
Robyn was al-
most ill with excitement and outrage.
I
pretty, quite, ra-
ther, slightly
I
genuinely I violently
She was taken vio-
lently ill and had to be put to bed.
I acutely I chronically
chronically ill patients
I fatally, incurably, mortally, ter-
minally
a hospice for the terminally ill
I
mentally, phys-
ically
the problems faced by mentally ill people
illegal
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
become

I
remain
I
declare sth, deem
sth, judge, make sth, pronounce sth, rule sth
Their
cc-
tion was judged illegal by the International Court.
<>
The
sale of these knives should be made illegal.
• ADV
highly
I
absolutely, quite, strictly, totally
I
al-
legedly
I
technically
Prize-fighting remained popular,
though technically illegal, until the 1880s.
illegitimate
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
consider sth, regard sth as
• ADV
absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, wholly

It
is quite illegitimate to argue that the government had no
choice.
illiteracy
noun
• ADJ.
widespread
Illiteracy was widespread at that
time.
• QUANT.
level, rate
• ILLITERACY
+
NOUN
rate
Illiteracy rates have fallen
in recent years.
illiterate
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV.
completely, totally I almost, largely, virtually I
functionally
People judged to be functionally illiterate
lack the basic reading and writing skills required in
everyday life.
I economically, politically
Is it surprising
that young people who are politically illiterate do not
bother to vote?

illness
noun
• ADJ.
fatal, incurable, terminal I debilitating, life-
threatening, major, serious, severe
I
minor
I
lingering,
long, long-standing, long-term, prolonged I brief,
short I final, last I acute, chronic I infectious I pain-
ful I depressive, mental, psychiatric, psychotic
I
psy-
chosomatic
I
physical
I
respiratory
I
childhood
• QUANT.
bout, episode
an acute episode of mental
illness
• VERB + ILLNESS
have, suffer (from)
Badly fed chil-
dren suffer a lot of minor illnesses.
<>

people who suffer
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392
ILLNESSES
You can
have
any illness or disease:
I'm warning you-I've got a bad cold.
Have the kids had chickenpox yet?
Get
can be used with diseases or illnesses that
you often have:
He
gets really bad hay fever every summer.
Suffer from
is used in more formal contexts
and with more serious diseases:
This medicine is
often recommended
for
patients who suffer from arthritis.
You can also:
a heavy cold
Is it serious?
a bit of
a cold, a cough, an infection
mild
depression
a
mild

attack of sth, bout of sth
a
mild
heart attack, infection
a
slight
cold, headache
a
bad/heavy/nasty
cold
a
bad/nasty/severe
attack of sth, bout of sth
a
bad/hacking/racking
cough
a
bad/splitting
headache
a
massive/serious
heart attack, stroke
What's the treatment?
acupuncture
an anaesthetic
a blood transfusion
an injection
a scan
an X-ray
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393
image
from mental illness
I
contract, develop, get
He contract-
ed a serious illness and died a month later.
I diagnose
I
treat
The drug is used to treat a wide range of illnesses.
I
cause
illnesses caused by poverty
I
prevent
a drug that
may behelpful in preventing illnesses such as cancer
I
re-
cover from
I
fight (off)
The immune system enables the
body tofight off illness.
I
feign
She feigned illness so that
she wouldn't have togo to school.

I
nurse sb through
She
nursed herfather through hlsfinal illness.
• ILLNESS + VERB
affect sb
The mystery illness affect-
ed hundreds of people in the city.
• PREP.
after-
He'sjust returned to work after illness.
be-
cause of/due to/through -
earnings lost due to illness
with -
people with serious psychological illnesses
I
- among
a high rate of illness among the workers -
asso-
ciated with
the illnesses associated with HN infection -
in
episodes of illness in children
• PHRASES
the onset of illness
the sudden onset of ill-
ness in aparent
a smoking-/Aids-, etc. related illness
the

most common stress-related illnesses
illogical adj.
• VERBS
be, seem, sound
• ADV.
completely, entirely, quite, totally
I
rather,
slightly
I
apparently
I
strictly
Although strictly illogic-
al, Martin's interpretation of this paradox seems the best.
ill-treatment noun
• VERB
+
ILL· TREATMENT
suffer
• PHRASES
ill-treatment at sb's hands
They suffered ill-
treatment at the hands of the guards.
illuminate verb
1 give light to sth
• ADV.
brightly, clearly I dimly, faintly, softly
The room
was dimly illuminated by the soft glow of his bedside lamp.

I
briefly
I
suddenly
2 make sth clear
• ADV.
greatly, vividly
an incident which vividly illumin-
ated theproblems
uiefaced
• VERB
+
ILLUMINATE
help (to)
The study of the pres-
ent also helps to illuminate thepast.
illuminating
adj.
• VERBS
be, prove I find sth
• ADV.
extremely, highly, most, very
I found his talk
most illuminating.
I
not particularly
I
quite
illumination noun
• ADJ.

bright, good, strong
• QUANT.
level
providing an excellent level of illumin-
ation
• VERB
+
ILLUMINATION
provide
The skylight will
provide good illuminationfrom. above.
• ILLUMINATION
+
VERB
come from sth
Most of the il-
lumination camefrom candles.
• PHRASES
a source of illumination
The only source of
illumination was asingle small window.
illusion noun
• ADJ.
dangerous
To believe you have nothing more to
learn
is
a dangerous illusion.
I
optical, visual

The road
ahead looks wet, but infact this
is
an optical illusion.
• VERB + ILLUSION
be under, entertain, have
They are
under no illusions about the difficulties ahead of them.
I
create, give (sb)
The huge size of the vehicle gives the illu-
sion of safety.
I
foster, maintain, preserve, sustain
They
are trying to maintain the illusion that the company is in
good shape.
I break, destroy, dispel, shatter
Within the
first week at university all my illusions were shattered.
I
shed
Now
is
the time to shed our illusions.
• PREP. -
about/as to
She had no illusions about her at-
tractiveness to men.
• PHRASES

be all an illusion
It turned out that their
happy marriage was all an illusion.
illustrate verb
1 put pictures in sth
• ADV.
heavily, lavishly, richly
I
fUlly
I
attractively,
beautifully, delightfully, handsomely, superbly
• PREP.
with
The new edition is heavily illustrated with
photographs of aircraft.
2 make sth clear using examples/pictures
• ADV.
amply
I
admirably, aptly, neatly, nicely, well
The dire consequences of chronic underfunding are no-
where better illustrated than in the nation's schools.
I per-
fectly
I
merely, simply
His question merely illustrates his
ignorance of the subject.
I

clearly, dramatically, graphic-
ally, strikingly, vividly
I
brutally, starkly, tragically
The
case tragically illustrates the dangers offireworks.
• VERB + ILLUSTRATE
serve to
Two examples serve to
illustrate this point.
I be chosen to, be designed to, be
intended to
• PREP. to a way of illustrating to the chairman thefolly
of his decision
illustration noun
1 picture in a book etc.
• ADJ.
black and white, colour/coloured, full-colour I
beautiful, lively
The clear, lively illustrations are in full
colour.
I
clear
I
book, cover
• ILLUSTRATION
+
VERB
show sth
I

accompany sth
the illustrations accompanying the text
• PREP.
in an/the -
The kite
is
assembled
as
shown in the
illustration.
with an/the - I - by
'The Black Cat' by Alan
Ahlberg, with illustrations by Arthur Robins
2 example
• ADJ.
good, excellent, perfect
I
clear, dramatic,
graphic, striking, vivid
These events are a graphic illus-
tration of the fact that their promises cannot be trusted.
I
simple
Let us take a very simple illustration.
I classic
• VERB
+
ILLUSTRATION serveasChicagoservesasan
illustration of the problems faced by such cities.
I

give
(sb), provide
Explain the policy of detente and provide
some illustrations of how it worked in practice.
I take, use
sth as/for
I will use one recent example
as
an illustration.
• PREP.
as an-
As an illustration of this point,
I'm
going
to tell you a true story.
by way of-
He quoted seueral fam-
ous writers by way of illustration.
image noun
1 impression of sb/sth given to the public
• ADJ.
positive
I
negative
I
upmarket
I
down market
I
tarnished

The party needs to clean up its somewhat tar-
nished image.
I
clean-cut, girl-next-door, wholesome
She was aiming for a wholesome, girl-next-door image.
I
macho I hackneyed
the hackneyed image of thepoor stu-
dent
I
media, public, screen
In real life she looks nothing
like her screen image.
I
brand, corporate
Champagne
houses owe their success to brand image.
• VERB + IMAGE
create
The company needs to create a
new image for itself.
I present, project, promote
a book
which presents positive images of older people
I
aim for,
go for
I
change
I

clean up, enhance, improve, polish,
revive
an effort to improve the organization's public image
I
keep up, live up to
The group has failed to live up to its
macho image.
I
discard, shed
The industry is trying to
shed its negative image.
I tarnish
2 mental picture of sb/sth
• ADJ.
powerful, vivid
I
sudden
She had a sudden
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imagery
mental image of herself in a wedding dress.
I
positive
I
negative
I
distorted
the distorted images in his dreams
I
popular I stereotyped/stereotypical

I
mental
I
liter-
ary, poetic
I
dream
• VERB
+
IMAGE
have
I
conjure up, summon up
Diet-
ing always seems to conjure up images of endless cottage
cheese salads.
0
the ability to summon up images in the
mind
I
build up
I like to build up images of the characters
and setting beforeI start to write.
I
use
I
reinforce
Treat-
ing disabled people like children only reinforces negative
images of disability.

• PREP.
-from
imagesfrom his past
3 copy
• ADJ.
living, spitting
He's the spitting image of his
father!
I
mirror
Charity was a mirror image of her twin.
0
(figurative) The return journey was almost a mirror
image of the outward one
(=
the same things happened in
the reverse order).
4 picture
• ADJ.
disturbing, poignant, powerful, striking
power-
ful and disturbing images of the war
I visual
The visual
image is steadily replacing the written word.
I flickering,
moving
flickering images on a screen
I
still

the use of still
and moving video images
I
colour
I
black-and-white,
monochrome
I
photographic, video
I
screen
Each il-
lustration is displayed as a complete screen image.
I
digit-
al
I
graven
(literary) It was forbidden to worship graven
(=
carved)
images.
I religious I pornographic
• VERB
+
IMAGE
produce
the images produced on laser
printers
I

capture, scan
She longed to capture the image
onfilrn.
I edit I display, show
thepixel information used
to display a digital image
I
store
You can store these im-
ages in a separate computer file.
I
juxtapose
The display
juxtaposed imagesfrom serious and popular art.
• IMAGE
+
VERB showsthheatimagesthatshowwhere
most of the activity in the brain is
• IMAGE
+
NOUN
capture, processing I database
c:>
Special page at
COMPUTER
imagery
noun
• ADJ.
powerful, resonant, telling, vivid
the vivid visual

imagery of dreams
I
slick
the slick imagery of rock star-
dom
I popular
drawing on popular imagery from news-
papers and magazines
I
visual
I
mental
Illustration may
come between the text and the reader's own mental im-
agery.
I
religious, sexual
• VERB
+
IMAGERY
draw on, use
imaginable
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV
barely, hardly, scarcely
To such poor people, the
idea of having a choice offood is barely imaginable.
• PHRASES
the best/worst imaginable

They live in
the worst conditions imaginable.
every imaginable sth
They had every imaginable colour.
0
They had every col-
our imaginable.
the most , imaginable
It was the most
boring film imaginable!
imaginary
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV
completely, purely, wholly
The characters in this
book arepurely imaginary.
imagination
noun
• ADJ.
great
I
active, creative, fertile, vivid
I
fevered,
overactive, overheated
It's just a product of your fevered
imagination!
I
collective, popular, public

a popular
hero who inspired the collective imagination
I
visual
I
was nogood at art-I have a very poor visual imagination.
I historical, literary
It requires a strong effort of historical
394
imagination to understand the Roman attitude to death.
I
human
thepowers of the human imagination
• VERB + IMAGINATION
have
I
show
I
lack
Today's
pop music lacks imagination.
I
require, take
It does not
take great imagination to guess what happened next.
I
use
I haven't got apicture of this soyou'll just have to use
your imagination.
I

capture, captivate, catch, excite,
fire, inspire, seize, stimulate, stir
Victorian writers fired
the popular imagination with their tales of adventure.
I
grip, hold
Dinosaurs caught and have held the imagin-
ation of us all because they seem like dragons.
I
stretch,
tax
I
defy
The scale of the disaster defied imagination
(=
was greater than you could imagine).
I
leave sth to
As
for their reaction, r 11leave that toyour imagination!
• IMAGINATION + VERB
conjure sth up
His imagin-
ation conjured up a vision of the normal family life he had
never had.
I
run away with you, run riot/wild
• PREP.
beyond (your) -
misery that is beyond most

people's imagination
in the/your-
Nobody hates you-it's
all in your imagination!
with/without -
He was totally
without imagination.
• PHRASES
a lack of imagination, a figment/product of
sb's imagination
The figure vanished as silently as if it
had simply been a figment of her imagination.
not by
any/by no stretch of the imagination
Not by any stretch
of the imagination could she becalled beautiful
(=
she was
definitely not beautiful in any way). only your imagin-
ation
Is it only my imagination or have you lost weight?
with a little imagination
With a little imagination you can
create a delicious mealfrom yesterday's leftovers.
imaginative
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
• ADV.
brilliantly, extremely, highly, most, very, won-

derfullya
wonderfully imaginative story
I quite
imagine
verb
1form a picture of sth in your mind
• ADV.
clearly, easily, readily
I could clearly imagine the
scene in the office.
I hardly, scarcely
I could hardly im-
agine living in such a remote and desolate spot.
I
just
She
couldjust imagine her mother's look of horror.
I actually
I
can't actually imagine her
falling
for that trick.
I always
I always imagined him following in his father's footsteps.
I
fondly, naively
I had fondly imagined that riding a mule
would be easy.
• VERB + IMAGINE
can/could (well)

I can well imagine
the atmosphere at home at this moment.
I can/could not
(possibly)
There's more at stake here than you can pos-
sibly imagine.
I try to
I
be difficult to, be hard to, be im-
possible to
It is difficult to imagine Blackpool without its
famous Tower.
I be easy to
• PHRASES
let us imagine
Let us imagine what really
might have happened.
2 see/hear/think sth that is not true/does not exist
• ADV
really, seriously
You don't seriously imagine r11
agree to that?
I almost
I could almost imagine you were
jealous.
I
actually
I
fondly, naively
• VERB

+
IMAGINE
be easy to
• PHRASES
be imagining things
Had I really heard a
noise, or was
Ljust
imagining things?
real or imagined
He
was always keen to avenge insults, real or imagined.
imbalance
noun
• ADJ.
growing
I
regional
I
gender, power, trade I
chemical, hormonal
• VERB
+
IMBALANCE
cause, create
I
correct, re-
dress
Increased recruitment of women engineers will help
correct the gender imbalance in theprofession.

• IMBALANCE + VERB
arise, occur
• PREP. -
between
an imbalance between imports and
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,
.
395
immunity
exports -
in
An imbalance in certain chemicals leads todis-
turbances in the brain's
function,
imitation
noun
1 copy of a thing
• ADJ.
accurate, good, passable
I
cheap, crude, pale,
poor
Accept no cheap imitations of our product!
0
Their
version ofjazz
funk
is apale imitation of the real thing.

2 act of copying sth
• ADJ.
faithful, slavish
I
direct
Children are seen as
learning to write by direct imitation of adult models.
• PREP.
in - of
The poems, some in imitation of Ossian,
are graceful if unremarkable.
3 copy of sb's speech/behaviour
• ADJ.
fair, good, passable
I
poor
• VERB
+
IMITATION
do, give, perform
He does a very
good imitation of George W Bush.
immaculate
adj.
• VERBS
be, look
I
keep sth
• ADV.
absolutely, totally

immaterial
adj.
• VERBS
be, prove, seem
I
become
• ADV.
completely, entirely, quite, wholly
The condition
of the car is quite immaterial as long as it works.
I
almost,
virtually
I
relatively
• PREP.
to
Thesefacts are immaterial to theproblem.
immature
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
• ADV
very
I
rather, relatively
I
emotionally, physical-
ly, politically, sexually
immediacy

noun
• VERB
+
IMMEDIACY
lack
• PHRASES
a lack of immediacy, a loss of immediacy
Television allows viewers to experience an event without
any loss of immediacy.
immediate
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
The effect seems tmmediate.
• ADV.
almost
Thepainkillers brought almost immediate
relief
immerse
verb
1 put sth in liquid
• ADV.
completely, fully, totally
I
partially
• PREP. in The seeds need to be completely immersed in
water.
2 concentrate completely on sth
• ADV.
deeply

Clare and Phil were deeply immersed in
conversation.
I
completely, totally
I
in
For six months I
totally immersed myself in.my work.
immigrant
noun
• ADJ.
illegal
I
foreign
I
Irish, Italian, Jewish, etc.
I
re-
cent
I
would-be
I
first-generation, second-generation
First-generation immigrants may dream of returning
'home'; their children say Britain is their home.
• QUANT.
flood, influx, wave
• VERB + IMMIGRANT
accept, welcome
I

deport, re-
turn
ships laden with would-be immigrants who toerejor-
cibly returned
• IMMIGRANT
+
VERB
arrive, enter sth
immigrants
seeking to enter the country
I
come from sth
I
settle
(sth)
European immigrants settled much ofAustralia.
• IMMIGRANT
+
NOUN
community, family, group,
population
I
worker
I
labour
• PREP.
-from, -to
She was the daughter of Chinese im-
migrants toAmerica.
immigration

noun
1 coming to live in a country
• ADJ.
illegal
I
large-scale, mass
• VERB + IMMIGRATION
control, restrict
laws restrict-
ing immigration into the US
• IMMIGRATION
+
NOUN
control, law, policy, rules
I
authority, officer, official, service
• PREP.
-from
There was a sudden increase in immigra-
tion.from
Eastern Europe.
2 (also
immigration control) at a port/airport
• VERB
+
IMMIGRATION
go/passthrough
Welanded at
Heathrow and went through customs and immigration.
• IMMIGRATION

+
NOUN
checks, formalities, proced-
ures
calls
for
tighter immigration procedures
immobile
adj.
• VERBS
lie, remain, sit, stand
She seemed scarcely to
breathe as she lay immobile.
I
become
I
hold sb, leave
sb
For a moment shock held her immobile.
0
The accident
left him totally immobile.
• ADV.
completely, perfectly, totally, utterly
I
almost,
virtually
I
relatively
immoral

adj.
• VERBS
be, seem, sound
I
condemn sth as, consider
sth, regard sth as, think sth
He condemned the gouern-
ment's action as immoral.
• ADV.
downright, quite, totally, utterly
I
rather, slight-
ly, vaguely
That sounds vaguely immoral.
immortal
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become
• ADV.
almost, virtually
I
effectively
The wild cocoa tree
is effectively immortal. I
potentially
immortality
noun
• ADJ.

personal
Some religions include a doctrine of per-
sonal immortality.
• VERB + IMMORTALITY
achieve
I
confer, give sb
It
was in the power of the gods to confer immortality upon
mortals.
• PHRASES
the immortality of the soul
They believe in
the immortality of the soul.
immune
adj.
1 protected against a disease
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become
I
remain, stay
I
make sb
The vaccination doesn't necessarily make you completely
immune.
• ADV. completely, totally
• PREP.
to

Many people are immune to this disease.
2 not affected by sth
• VERBS
appear, be, prove, seem
I
become
I
remain
• ADV.
completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly
I
by
no means, far from
Children arefar from immune to the
virus of cruelty that is latent in all human beings.
I
al-
most, largely, Virtually
I
relatively
• PREP.
to
She's quite immune to criticism.
immunity
noun
1 protection against disease
• ADJ.
strong
I
acquired, natural

• VERB
+
IMMUNITY
have
The island's inhabitants had
no immunity to the diseases carried by the explorers and
quickly succumbed.
I
lack
I
acquire, build up, develop
Onceyou have had a cold you build up immunity to that
particular virus.
I
stimulate
the use of vaccines to stimu-
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immunize
late immunity
I
boost
I
lower High levels of stress may
lower your immunity to common illnesses.
• IMMUNITY + VERB develop A strong immunity to
reinfection develops after oneyear.
• PREP. - against/to The newcomers lacked immunity
against localstrains of the disease.
2 protection from danger/punishment
• ADJ complete, total

I
effective
I
diplomatic, legal,
parliamentary Several ministers were stripped of parlia-
mentary immunity as a prelude to facing corruption
charges.
I
public interest The newspaper claimed public
interest immunity when threatened with prosecution for
publishing the story
(=
claimed that the public had a right
to know about the story).
• VERB + IMMUNITY enjoy
I
claim, seek
I
confer, give
sb, grant
(sb),
guarantee
(sb),
provide
I
abolish, lift,
strip sb of The Supreme Court lifted the company's im-
munity from criminal prosecution.
I
lose

• PREP. -from Unionsweregrantedimmunityfrompros-
ecutionfor non-violent acts.
immunize
verb
• ADV. routinely
• PREP. against Children have been routinely immunized
against polio since 1958. with They immunized some mice
with a dose of the live vaccine.
impact
noun
1effecVimpression
• ADJ. big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great,
high, huge, important, main, major, massive, powerful,
profound, real, significant, strong, substantial, tremen-
dous a high-impact message aimed at changing high risk
behaviour among drug-users
I
limited, marginal, min-
imal/minimum, negligible
I
full The industrial north of
the country felt the full impact of the recession.
I
max-
imum We'll show you how to dressfor maximum impact at
the all-important audition.
I
overall, total
I
growing, in-

creasing
I
added
I
disproportionate
I
uneven the un-
even impact of the debt crisis on developing countries
I
ag-
gregate, combined, cumulative considering the cumula-
tive impact of a series of damaging events
I
decisive
I
direct The railways made a direct physical impact on the
landscape.
I
immediate, instant
I
initial, short-term
I
lasting, long-term
I
far-reaching, wider It is important
to appreciate the wider impact and implications of this
proposal.
I
future, likely, possible, potential
I

benefi-
cial, favourable, positive I adverse, catastrophic, dam-
aging, devastating, disastrous, heavy, negative, ser-
ious, severe
I
human The severest human impact on the
dolphins has been the loss of habitat. I personal The per-
sonal impact of party leaders has been very important.
I
physical, visual seeking to reduce the visual impact of
toind farms on the landscape
I
cultural, ecological, eco-
nomic, emotional, environmental, financial, health, pol-
itical, psychological, social The environmental impact of
power generation is being assessed.
• VERB + IMPACT achieve, create, exert, have, make
Variations in the interest rate will have an impact on the
whole housing market.
0
You certainly made a big impact
on Carter.
I
feel The initial impact of the reforms will be
felt most keenly in primary schools.
I
analyse, assess,
consider, evaluate, examine, explore, judge, measure,
monitor, study It is difficult to judge the likely impact of
the changes on employment patterns.

I
enhance, in-
crease, maximize
I
alleviate, cushion, lessen,
minimize, reduce, soften We are trying to minimize the
impact ofprice rises on our customers.
I
diminish, lessen,
reduce, weaken Listening to the speech through an inter-
preter lessened its impact somewhat. I lose Whenpeace re-
turned, the hard line message lost much of its impact. I re-
sist, withstand This section explores how mothers resist
396
the impact of poverty on the health of their children.
I
be
concerned about
I
appreciate
I
highlight
I
address
I
predict
I
.reflect Architecturally, these churches reflected
the impact of the Renaissance.
• PREP. under the - of Manufacturing fell sharply under

the impact of the recession.
I -
on/upon to highlight the
impact of technology on working practices
2 act/force of one object hitting another
• ADJ. full
I
initial
• VERB + IMPACT take Thefront coach of the train took
the full impact of the crash.
I
feel
I
absorb A well-
designed sports shoe should absorb the impact on the 28
bones in eachfoot.
I
lessen, soften Air bags are designed
to soften the impact for crash victims.
I
survive, with-
stand The crew of six may have survived the initial im-
pact, but the whole plane went up inflames seconds later.
• IMPACT + VERB occur Impact occurred seconds after
thepilot signalled.for help.
I
knock sb/sth The impact
knocked him off balance.
• IMPACT + NOUN speed
I

crater Small meteorites
have left impact craters all over theplanet's surface.
• PREP. on - Thefront of the car had crumpled on impact.
• PHRASES the moment/point/time of impact
impair
verb
• ADV. dramatically, gravely, greatly, seriously, severe-
Iy, significantly, substantially
I
directly factors which
directly impair memory
• PHRASES badly impaired Her sight is badly impaired.
hearing/mentallylvisually impaired the problems faced
bypeople who are hearing impaired
impartial
adj.
• VERBS be
I
remain Thejudge must remain impartial.
• ADV completely, quite, strictly, totally I fairly, rea-
sonably, relatively
impartiality
noun
• ADJ. complete
I
due The BBC must ensure that due
impartiality ispreserved in its news programmes.
• VERB + IMPARTIALITY guarantee, maintain, pre-
serve
I

compromise, prejudice The newspaper sought to
present a range of opinions without compromising its im-
partiality.
impassable
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
I
remain
I
make sth
I
think sth
The river's broad mudflats were thought completely im-
passable.
• ADV. completely, totally The mud made the roads im-
passable.
I
almost, virtually
impasse
noun
• ADJ. diplomatic, legal, political
• VERB + IMPASSE reach Negotiations seemed to have
reached an impasse.
I
break, end, overcome, resolve
• PHRASES a way out of an impasse The proposal
offered both sides a way out of the diplomatic impasse.
impassive

adj.
• VERBS be, sit, stand
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. completely, quite, totally
I
almost Her expres-
sion was cool, almost impassive.
I
rather
I
usually A
smile transformed her usually impassiueface.
impatience
noun
• ADJ. growing, mounting
I
slight
I
barely concealed/
controlled
• QUANT. hint, note, touch
• VERB
+
IMPATIENCE feel She felt a growing impa-
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397

impinge
tience.
I express, show
He was trying hard not to show
his impatience.
I contain, control, curb, restrain
unable
to contain her impatience
1
conceal, hide
• IMPATIENCE + VERB
grow
• PREP.
with -
He stamped his feet as he waited with bare-
ly concealed impatience for the telephone.
1 -
at He ex-
pressed impatience at the slow rate ofprogress.
-for
his im-
patience
for her to return
-with
impatience with the slow-
ness of change
• PHRASES
a gesture of impatience
He shook his head
in a gesture of impatience.

a sigh of impatience
He bit
back a sigh of impatience.
signs of impatience
The chil-
dren were beginning toshow signs of impatience.
impatient
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, feel, seem, sound
1
become, get,
grow
The children weregrowing impatient.
• ADV.
extremely, really, very
1
increasingly
1
almost
1
a bit, a little, rather, slightly, somewhat, a touch
Hespoke
in a somewhat impatient tone.
1
suddenly
• PREP.
about
She's getting impatient about the delays.
at

Sean was a touch impatient at the time Valerie devoted to
her mother.
for
impatient for change
with
Sometimes he is
very impatient with his wife.
impede
verb
• ADV
greatly, seriously, significantly
The bad weather
seriously impeded our progress.
impediment
noun
• ADJ.
great, major, serious
I
absolute
I
chief, main
1
lawful, legal
There are no legal impediments to their ap-
pealing against the decision.
• VERB
+
IMPEDIMENT
be, constitute, provide
1

re-
move
The agreement isdesigned to remove impediments to
trade between the two countries.
• PREP.
-to
Their boycott of the talks constitutes a serious
impediment topeace negotiations.
impenetrable
adj.
1 impossible to enter/get through
• VERBS
appear, be, look, seem
1
become
1
find sth
Theyfound thejungle virtually impenetrable.
• ADV.
almost, nearly, virtually
2 impossible to understand
• VERBS
be, seem
1
become I remain
1
find sth
• ADV.
almost, virtually
I

somewhat
I find his style
somewhat impenetrable.
1
seemingly
• PREP. to The language of this document would be im-
penetrable to anyone except a specialist.
imperative
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem I become
I
remain
It remains im-
perative that all sides should be involved in the talks.
I
make sth
The collapse of the wall made it imperative
to keep the water out by some other means.
1
consider
sth
We consider it absolutely imperative to start work
immediately.
• ADV
absolutely
imperceptible
adj.
• VERBS
be

• ADV
almost, virtually
His head moved in an almost im-
perceptible nod.
• PREP.
to
The slight change in the taste was impercept-
ible to most people.
imperfect
adj.
• VERBS
be
1
remain
Our understanding of cancer re-
mains imperfect.
• ADV.
highly, very
The system is highly imperfect.
I
ra-
ther, slightly
These goods are slightly imperfect.
imperfection
noun
• ADJ.
moral, physical
• VERB + IMPERFECTION
cover up
I

reveal, show up
• PREP. -
in
Careful inspection in daylight revealed im-
perfections in thepaintwork.
imperialism
noun
• ADJ.
American, British, Roman, Western, etc.
1
cap-
italist, cultural, economic
impersonal
adj.
1 not showing friendly human feelings
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become
1
find sth
[find the atmos-
phere there rather impersonal.
• ADV.
very
I
totally
1
a bit, rather
I

coldly, coolly
His
voicewas coolly impersonal.
I
oddly
2 not referring to any particular person
• VERBS
be
1
keep sth
[think we should keep things en-
tirely impersonal.
• ADV.
absolutely, completely, entirely, totally
impertinence
noun
• ADJ.
gross
[consider his remark agross impertinence.
• VERB
+
IMPERTINENCE
have
She had the impertin-
encetosuggest [needed a holiday.
• PHRASES
the height of impertinence
impertinent
adj.
• VERBS

be, seem
1
get
Don't you get impertinent with
me!
1
find sth
Shefound the question highly impertinent.
• ADV.
highly, very 1slightly, somewhat
impervious
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, seem
1
become
1
remain
• ADV
completely, quite, totally, wholly
He was com-
pletely impervious to criticism.A
almost, largely, virtual-
ly
1
apparently
• PREP.
to
She was impervious to his charms.
impetus

noun
• ADJ.
considerable, great, powerful, strong I main,
major
I
immediate, initial, original
I
fresh, new.
renewed
Each neui rumour added fresh impetus to the
smear campaign.
I
added, extra, further
1
necessary
His disappointment in the World Championships provided
the necessary impetus togive eoerythingfor thisfinal race.
• VERB
+
IMPETUS
add, give sb/sth, provide (sb/sth
with)
The slope added impetus to his speed.
I
gain, gather,
receive
The movement is steadily gaining impetus.
1
lose
With the death of itsfounder; the campaign lost much of its

impetus.
• IMPETUS + VERB
come from sth
Much of the impetus
for change camefrom customers' opinions.
• PREP. -
behind sb/sth
The main impetus behind the
move west was tofind gold and other minerals.
-for
the im-
petus for arms control agreements
-towards
the impetus
towards urban development
impinge
verb
• ADV.
seriously
actions which seriously impinge on
other people's personal freedoms
1
hardly
I
directly,
indirectly
• PREP.
on/upon
measures which directly or indirectly
impinge upon women's lives

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implausible
implausible
adj.
o
VERBS
be, seem, sound
I
consider sth, deem sth
These results might be considered implausible.
o
ADV.
highly
I
quite, totally, wholly
This idea is totally
implausible.
I
increasingly
He gave a series of increas-
ingly implausible excuses.
I
not altogether, not entirely
I
pretty, rather, somewhat
I
inherently
implement
noun
o

ADJ.
agricultural, farm, garden, kitchen, surgical
I
sharp
Make sure that all sharp implements, such as
scythes, have covers.
I
flint, metal, stone, wooden
implement
verb
o
ADV.
fully, properly
Thesepolicies have never beenfully
implemented.
I partially I adequately I actually
The
proposed changes were never actually implemented.
I
widely
These reforms have now been widely implemented
in schools.
I
effectively, successfully
I
quickly
o
VERB
+
IMPLEMENT

agree to, decide to, intend to,
promise to
I
attempt to, seek to, try to
I
fail to
The gov-
ernment failed to implement the plan.
I refuse to I be
forced to, be obliged to
I
be difficult to, be hard to
The
decision will bedifficult to implement.
implementation
noun
o
ADJ.
effective, successful I complete, full I detailed
Detailed implementation of theplans was left to the region-
al offices.
I
strict
I
smooth
We will consult widely to en-
sure smooth implementation.
I
practical
The practical

implementation of the regulations proved difficult.
I
early, immediate
I
gradual
I
policy
o
VERB + IMPLEMENTATION
achieve, ensure, secure
To achieve implementation of the programme is a long,
slow task.
I
monitor, oversee, supervise
The UN is to
supervise the implementation of the peace treaty.
I con-
sider, discuss
o
IMPLEMENTATION
+
NOUN
plan
I
process
The re-
structuring will take place in phases, to simplify the imple-
mentation process.
I.problem
implicate

verb
be implicated in sth
o
ADV.
deeply, heavily, strongly
These groups are very
strongly implicated in the violence.
I
directly
implication
noun
1 possible effectJresult
o
ADJ.
considerable, crucial, enormous, important,
major, massive, strong
I
main
I
deeper, fundamental,
profound I broad, far-reaching, wider
discussing the
broader implications of the medical plan
I full
Now they
realized thefull implications of the new system.
I
direct
I
clear, obvious

I
underlying I general
I
further I pos-
sible, potential
I
future, long-term
I
grave, serious I
disturbing, frightening, ominous, sinister
I
adverse,
damaging, negative
I
interesting
I
radical, revolution-
ary I practical
These results have important practical im-
plications.
I
commercial, constitutional, economic,
educational, environmental, ethical, financial, ideo-
logical, legal, moral, philosophical, political, psycho-
logical, social
the constitutional implications of a royal
divorce
I
cost, health, policy, resource, safety, security,
tax

o
VERB + IMPLICATION
carry, have
The emphasis on
testing leads to greater stress among students and carries
implications of failure.
I grasp, realize, understand I
assess, consider, examine, explore, ponder, study
You
need to consider the legal implications before you publish
anything.
I digest I discuss I explain I accept
a soci-
ety thatfully accepts the implications of disability
I
reject
I
ignore
398
o
IMPLICATION
+
VERB
arise
Several interesting impli-
cations arise from these developments.
I
be involved
Given the resource implications involved, the plan will
have to bescaled down.

o
PREP. -
about
disturbing implications about the com-
pony's
future
-jor
The research has far-reaching implica-
tionsfor medicine as a whole.
2 sth suggested but not said openly
o
ADJ.
clear, obvious
The implication is clear:young
fe-
males do better if they mate with a new male.
I
possible
His remark seemed to have various possible implications. I
unspoken
o
VERB + IMPLICATION
carry, have
I
understand
I
digest
Brian paused for a moment while he digested the
implications of this statement.
I

resent
I resent the impli-
cation that I don't care about myfather.
o
PREP. by - In refusing to believe our story, he is saying
by implication that we are lying.
imply
verb
o
ADV.
clearly, heavily, strongly I simply
I
generally,
normally, usually
I
automatically
I
not necessarily
This does not necessarily imply that children achieve bet-
ter results inprivate schools.
I
in no way
They believe that
submission in no way implies inferiority.
o
VERB
+
IMPLY
seem to
The letter seems to imply that

the minister knew about the business deals.
I
intend to,
mean to
I never meant to imply any criticism.
I
take sth
to
This statement should not betaken to imply that thegov-
ernment is exonerated of all blame.
o
PHRASES
express or implied
the express or implied
terms of the contract
import
noun
o
ADJ.
main, major
I
foreign, overseas I cheap I an-
nual
The value of annual imports rose rapidly.
I
net
the
UK's net imports of food
I
total

I
essential
I
luxury
I
il-
legal I agricultural, car, coal, energy, food, grain, oil,
steel,etc.
• VERB
+
IMPORT
boost, increase
pressure on the gov-
ernment to stimulate thefaltering economy and boost im-
ports
I
curb, cut, reduce, restrict
I
discourage
I
con-
trol
I
block, prevent, stop
I
ban, prohibit
The govern-
ment decided to prohibit the import of toxic waste.
I
fi-

nance
Most of their oil revenues are used tofinance im-
ports of consumer and capital goods.
I replace
The indus-
try aims both to increase exports and replace imports.
o
IMPORT + VERB
grow, increase, rise
I
drop, fall
I
be
valued at sth, total sth
Imports were valued at £516mil-
lion last month.
I
account for sth
Imports of foodstuffs
accountedfor asmall proportion of total imports.
o
IMPORT
+
NOUN
ban, control, restrictions I duty,
tariff
I
price
rising import prices
I

licence
I
quota
A re-
stricted import quota was setfor meat products.
I pene-
tration
greater import penetration of the domestic market
• PREP.
-from
America has cut its oil imports from the
Middle East by
73% into
Special duties were imposed on
imports into the republic.
o
PHRASES
a ban/restriction on imports, the demand
for imports, a fall/rise in imports
~ Note at PER CENT (for more verbs)
import
verb
• ADV directly I illegally, legally
I
specially
• PREP.
from
The store's croissants are imported directly
from France.
into

These dogs are illegally imported into
the country.
to
goods that are imported toBritain
,importance
noun
o
ADJ.
cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial,
enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high,
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immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, over-
whelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, pro-
found, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital
I
first,
greatest, highest, utmost This information is of thefirst
importance.
0
It is of the utmost importance that you ar-
rive on time.
I
growing, increasing
I
declining the de-
clining importance of manufacturing industry
I
lesser,
limited, marginal, minor, secondary
I

direct
I
general I
added
I
immediate
I
continued/continuing, lasting
I
equal
I
relative
I
intrinsic
I
obvious I perceived differ-
ences in the perceived importance of the different subjects
in the curriculum
I
potential
I
public
I
international,
national
I
practical
I
theoretical
I

symbolic the sym-
bolic importance of iron in German culture
I
archaeo-
logical, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecologic-
al, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military,
political, social, strategic
• VERB
+
IMPORTANCE
have Thesefinds have consider-
able archaeological importance.
I
assume, take on
Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time
of national recession. I grow in, increase in, rise in I de-
cline in, diminish in, fall in The overseas markets have
now declined in importance. I attach, give sth, place To
what objectives do you attach most importance?
0
the im-
portance placed on cleanliness
I
accept, acknowledge,
appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see,
understand People wereaware of the importance of uiork-
ing with nature.
I
demonstrate, illustrate, indicate,
point to, reflect, show, suggest Figure 2.2 shows the rela-

tive importance of the different service industries.
I
assert
I
deny
I
confirm
I
draw attention to, emphasize, high-
light, point up, promote, stress, underline The manual
stresses the importance of regular maintenance. I dimin-
ish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplay She was
inclined toplay down the importance of her own role in the
affair. I exaggerate, overestimate I underestimate,
undervalue Don't underestimate the importance of neat
presentation.
I
increase
I
reduce
I
consider, discuss
I
explain
I
cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question No one
can seriously question the political importance of the en-
vironment.
I
forget, ignore, overlook

• IMPORTANCE
+
VERB
arise from sth, lie in sth The
town's importance lies in the richness and quality of its
architecture.
I
depend on sth
• PREP.
of - The railways were of crucial importance
in opening up the American West.
I -
for an area of enor-
mous importance for wildlife -
to
the importance to the
country of a healthy economy
• PHRASES
in order of importance Deal with the issues
in order of importance. a matter of importance
important
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem I become
I
remain I make sth This
is what makes our work so important.
I
believe sth, con-
sider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth

These ideas are considered enormously important.
• ADV.
critically, crucially, enormously, especially, ex-
tremely, hugely, most, particularly, really, terribly, very,
vitally This is most important: you must deliver the letter
to Johnson himself.
I
increasingly
I
doubly
I
fairly,
quite I equally These twofactors are equally important.
I
internationally, regionally an internationally important
sitefor these rare birds I economically, functionally, his-
torically, politically, strategically historically important
buildings
• PREP.
for It's important for you to understand this. to
Spending time with my children is important to me.
0
The
work of the intelligence services was crucially important to
victory in the war.
impose
verb
• ADV.
effectively The terms of the contract were effective-
ly imposed rather than agreed.

I
simply New technology
399
impotent
cannot be used successfully if it is simply imposed on an
unwilling uiorkforce. I centrally a centrally imposed
school curriculum I externally the pressure of luunng to
meet externally imposed targets
I
artificially Motivation
to learn must comefrom the child; it cannot be artificially
imposed.
• VERB
+
IMPOSE
seek to, strive to, try to
• PREP.
on/upon The government has imposed a ban on
the sale of handguns.
imposition
noun
1act of imposing sth
• VERB
+
IMPOSITION
justify several reasons wereput
forward tojustify the imposition of censorship.
I
oppose,
resist

I
resent
• PREP.
<on
resisting the imposition of VAT onfuel
2 unreasonable thing sb expects you to do
• ADJ.
unacceptable, unwelcome
• PREP.
-on
She felt the journey to be an unwelcome im-
position on her time.
impossible
adj.
1 not possible
• VERBS
appear, be, look, prove, seem, sound
I
be-
come
I
remain I make sth, render sth Darkness made it
impossible to continue.
I
believe sth, consider sth, deem
sth, find sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth Ifound
his offer impossible toresist.
• ADV.
absolutely, completely, quite, totally, utterly
I

frankly COoking for forty would be frankly impossible
without my new assistant. I just, simply I'm really sorry.
It's just impossible. I by no means, far from, not al-
together a desirable and far from impossible objective to
achieve
I
almost, more or less, near, nearly, next to,
nigh on, practically, virtually, well-nigh It was well-nigh
impossible for him to convince her that he was right.
I
pretty
I
effectively
I
literally
I
apparently, seemingly
I
theoretically I clearly, obviously I equally Both options
are equally impossible.
I
generally I hitherto, previous-
ly
With the new equipment we will be able to accomplish
hitherto impossible tasks.
I
ultimately
I
economically,
financially, logically, logistically, mathematically, polit-

ically, physically, scientifically, socially, technically
The high cost of childcare made returning to work econom-
ically impossible.
• PREP.
for The situation is quite impossible for us.
0
It's
impossiblefor me to say.
2 bad-tempered; difficult to talk to/deal with
• VERBS
be
I
become
I
find sb Ifind her impossible.
• ADV.
bloody (taboo), really
I
absolutely, completely,
quite, totally You can be absolutely impossible at times!
I
just
impotence
noun
• ADJ.
total I relative I male
I
political, sexual
• PHRASES
a feeling/sense of impotence Violence may

resultfrom a sense of impotence.
impotent
adj.
1without enough power/influence
• VERBS
be, feel, prove
I
remain
I
leave sb, make sb,
render sb Companies are rendered impotent by all the
rules and regulations.
• ADV.
completely, quite, totally
I
virtually
I
politically
• PREP.
against They were virtually impotent against the
power of the large companies.
2 not capable of having sex
• VERBS
be I become I leave sb, make sb The oper-
ation left him impotent.
• ADV.
sexually
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impracticable
impracticable

adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem
I
become
I
make sth, render
sth
The damage it would cause makes the idea utterly im-
practicable.
I
consider sth, find sth
This idea was con-
sidered completely impracticable.
• ADY. highly
I
completely, quite, totally, utterly
impractical adj.
1 not sensible or reasonable
• VERBS be, prove
Such a solution proved impractical.
I
become
I
make sth
The weight of the machine makes lift-
ing it impractical.
I
consider sth, deem sth, find sth, re-
gard sth as
Theyfound his ideas impractical.

• ADY. highly, hopelessly
The long flowing dress was
highly impractical.
I
completely, downright, entirely,
quite, totally, Wholly
I
rather, somewhat
I
fundamen-
tally
afundamentally impractical design
I
obviously
2 not good at everyday jobs
• VERBS be, seem
• ADV. hopelessly
He was hopelessly impractical when it
came toplanning new projects.
imprecise
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
I
become
• ADV. extremely, very
I
fairly, rather, somewhat
I
no-
toriously

'Breach of the peace' is a notoriously imprecise
notion.
• PREP. about
She was rather imprecise about the cost of
the trip.
impress
verb
• ADV. really
His work really impressed me.
• VERB
+
IMPRESS be determined to, be keen to, hope
to, want to
I
attempt to, seek to, try to
I
be designed to
I
fail to
The results failed to impress us.
• PREP. with
She impressed us with both the depth and
range of her knowledge.
• PHRASES an attempt/effort to impress sb, be easily
impressed
I was young and easily impressed.
impressed
adj.
• VERBS be, look, seem, sound
• ADY. deeply, enormously, especially, extremely,

greatly, immensely, mightily, much, overwhelmingly,
particularly, profoundly, really, terribly, tremendously,
very (much)
I
less than, not overly
I was not overly im-
pressed by theproposals.
I
fairly, mildly, quite
I
enough,
sufficiently
The prince was impressed enough to commis-
sion a portrait from the artist.
I
genuinely
I
immediate-
ly, instantly
I
favourably
I
duly, SUitably
He mentioned
a few famous acquaintances, and we were suitably im-
pressed.
I
clearly, obviously
• PREP. by
The manager was favourably impressed by

Jo's work.
with
He was very impressed with her house.
impression
noun
1 idea/feeling/opinion about sth
• ADJ. distinct, firm, strong
I
main, overriding, over-
whelming
I
convincing
I
clear, vivid
I
fleeting, vague
I
accurate
I
distorted, erroneous, false, mistaken, mis-
leading, spurious, wrong
I
good
The village gives a
good impression of what a medieval city would have
looked like.
I
favourable
I
negative

I
opposite
I
early,
first, immediate, initial
First impressions can be mislead-
ing.
I
final
I
general, overall
I
general, widespread
There is a widespread impression that schooling needs to
be improved.
I
public
I
personal, subjective
• VERB
+
IMPRESSION form, gain, get, have, obtain,
receive
I got the distinct impression that you disliked her.
I
convey, create, give (sb), leave sb with, provide (sb
400
wtih)
The book leaves you with a distorted impression of
politics.

I
maintain
She was trying to maintain the im-
pression that she was in control.
I
confirm
I
heighten,
reinforce, strengthen
I
avoid
It was difficult to avoid the
impression that he was assisting themfor selfish reasons.
I
correct
I must correct a false impression that I gave you
just now.
I
record
She recorded her impressions of the city
in her diary.
• IMPRESSION
+
VERB
countWhenitcomestofindinga
partner first impressions do count.
• PREP. under a/the -
I was under the impression that
you weren't coming until tomorrow.
I -

about
I had the
wrong impression about him. -
as to
mistaken impres-
sions as to the strength of the market
2 effect that an experience/person has on sb/sth
• ADJ. considerable, deep, powerful, profound, strong,
tremendous
I
superficial
I
abiding, indelible, lasting
I
excellent, favourable, good, great
I
bad, poor,
unfavourable
I
false, misleading, wrong
I
right
If you
want to create the right impression, I suggest you wear a
suit.
I
first, immediate
The new striker failed to make an
immediate impression on the team.
• VERB

+
IMPRESSION create, leave, make
• PREP. -on/upon
The day's events left a lasting impres-
sion on them.
3 drawing
• ADJ. artist's
• VERB
+
IMPRESSION issue
The police have issued an
artist's impression of the attacker.
4 amusing copy of sb
• ADJ. good, reasonable
• VERB
+
IMPRESSION do
He does some very good im-
pressions ofpop stars.
5 mark left on an object
• VERB
+
IMPRESSION bear
The sealing wax bore the
impression of a sailing ship.
impressionable
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
• ADY. highly, very
He is in a highly impressionable state.

impressive
adj.
• VERBS be, look, seem
I
become
I
remain
I
make
sth
The fact that he is
so
young makes his achievements
even more impressive.
I
find sth
• ADY. decidedly, enormously, extremely, highly,
hugely, immensely, mightily, most, particularly, really,
tremendously, truly, very
The new building looks most
impressive.
I
far from, hardly, not unduly
He was far
from impressive in his semifinal against Federer.
I
fairly,
pretty, quite, rather
I
undeniably, undoubtedly

I
suit-
ably
A large portico provides a suitably impressive en-
trance to the chapel.
I
equally, similarly
The scenery to the
north of the lake is equally impressive.
I
consistently
I
technically, Visually
The film is technically impressive,
but lacks real excitement.
imprint
noun
• ADJ. indelible, permanent
I
unmistakable
• VERB
+
IMPRINT bear
The ceramics bore the imprint
of Luca della Robbia.
I
leave, make
Glaciation has left a
permanent imprint on the landscape.
<)

(figurative) The
sinister atmosphere of theplace left an indelible imprint on
my memory.
• PREP. - on/upon
imprison
verb
• ADV. virtually
Herfear virtually imprisoned her in her
home.
I
falsely, unlawfully, wrongfully, wrongly
work-
ing on behalf ofpeople who have been wrongly imprisoned
I
briefly, temporarily
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• PREP. for He was imprisoned for debt. in He was im-
prisoned in a local castle.
imprisonment
noun
• ADJ. six months', ten years', etc.
I
life
I
indefinite
I
immediate I false, unlawful, wrongful
• VERB + IMPRISONMENT be liable to, face The Act
states that anyone committing the offence is liable to im-
prisonment.

0
The coup leaders could face life imprison-
ment.
I
receive, suffer Those who were captured suffered
imprisonment.
I
be released from
I
sentence sb to
• IMPRISONMENT + VERB be suspended for sth The
judge sentenced her to
6
months imprisonment suspended
for 15months.
• PREP. - for imprisonment for illegal possession of
weapons
• PHRASES (carry) a penalty of imprisonment The
offence carries apenalty of 2 years' imprisonment. impris-
onment without trial, a period/sentence/term of impris-
onment, punishable by imprisonment a felony punish-
able by imprisonment
improbable
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, look, seem, sound
I
become
I
make sth These newfacts make the theory improbable.
• ADV. extremely, highly, very, wildly a wildly improb-

able idea
I
completely, quite I not altogether
I
fairly,
rather, slightly I inherently, intrinsically There is noth-
ing inherently improbable in the idea.
improper
adj.
• VERBS be, seem I consider sth, regard sth as, think
sth She thought it quite improper for a woman to ride a
motorbike.
• ADV. highly, most I entirely, quite
impropriety
noun
• ADJ. gross
I
constitutional, financial, procedural
(law), sexual
• VERB
+
IMPROPRIETY commit Several employees
were suspended amid allegations thatfinancial impropri-
eties had been committed.
I
accuse sb of Parliament was
was accused of constitutional impropriety.
• PHRASES a suggestion of impropriety There is nosug-
gestion of impropriety by the minister.
improve

verb
• ADV. considerably, dramatically, greatly, immeasur-
ably, materially, radically, significantly, substantially,
vastly
I
markedly, noticeably
I
marginally, slightly
I
rapidly
I
steadily
• VERB
+
IMPROVE continue to The weather should
continue to improve over the weekend. I strive to, try to
trying to improve their working conditions I help to I be
designed to
• PHRASES aimed at improving sth measures aimed at
improving government efficiency an attempt/effort to im-
prove sth, an incentive to improve sth Workers need to be
given an incentive to improve their performance. much
improved We now offer a much improved service to our
customers.
improvement
noun
• ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge,
marked, massive, material, radical, remarkable, signifi-
cant, substantial, vast I marginal, minor, modest,
slight, small

I
noticeable, obvious, visible I actual,
definite, distinct, genuine, real, tangible I measurable
I
dramatic, rapid, sharp I gradual, incremental, steady
I
constant, continued, continuing, continuous, progres-
sive, sustained
I
long-term
I
short-term
I
temporary
I
401
impulse
further
I
all-round, general, overall
I
important, not-
able
I
much-needed, necessary
I
welcome
I
useful
I

positive
I
recent I immediate I desired, expected I sug-
gested If suggested improvements are not carried out, we
have the right to suspend the insurance cover. I intended I
possible, potential
I
underlying Their policies have re-
sulted in a definite underlying improvement in the econ-
omy.
I
moral
I
economic, educational, environmental,
health, safety, social
I
organizational, productivity,
quality, service, technical, technological
I
agricultural,
land
I
ground, home, housing, rail, road, school The
club will spend £300000on ground improvements.
• VERB + IMPROVEMENT be, constitute, reflect, repre-
sent The country's economic record since 1945 represents
an improvement on the period between the world wars.
I
show Exports have showed some improvement.
I

need,
require
I
carry out, effect, make He made a steady im-
provement and was released within 10days of admission.
I
lead to, produce, provide, result in, yield The drug pro-
duced an improvement in all but one case.
I
achieve,
bring (about), secure steps taken to secure improvement
in pupils' attendance
I
seek
I
call for, demand
I
recom-
mend, suggest
I
encourage, promote
I
announce, re-
port Wholesalers reported an improvement in salesfor the
third quarter.
I
notice, see, witness With this exercise
plan you will notice an enormous improvement in your
stamina.
I

find No improvement urasfourul after the tenth
day of treatment.
• IMPROVEMENT + VERB take place
I
result from sth
• IMPROVEMENT
+
NOUN programme, scheme The
proposed road improvement scheme involves bypassing
several villages. I work The improvement work to houses
will createjobs.
• PREP -
in The new factory brought a huge improve-
ment in working conditions. - on/over/upon These results
are a distinct improvement on last year's.
-to
Several im-
provements were made to the design during its production
run.
• PHRASES an area for/of improvement The new assess-
ment system could pinpoint areasfor improvement within
the company. room/scope for improvement Their aver-
age marks have risen, but there is still room for improve-
ment. signs of improvement The economy is showing
signs of improvement.
improvisation
noun
• ADJ. spontaneous Most of their music was spontan-
eous improvisation. I dramatic, musical
I

jazz I piano
improvise
verb
• ADV. hastily We hastily improvised a screen out of an
old blanket.
• VERB + IMPROVISE have to There isn't much equip-
ment. We'regoing to have to improvise.
impulse
noun
1sudden strong wish
• ADJ. strong I irresistible I first, original My first im-
pulse was to run away. I sudden I basic I instinctual,
natural
I
repressed
I
conflicting, contradictory, con-
trary I aggressive, violent I creative I sexual
• VERB
+
IMPULSE feel, have Shefelt a sudden impulse
to look to her left.
I
be subject to Weare all subject to ag-
gressive impulses. I be driven by
I
check, control, deny,
fight (back/down), resist, restrain, stifle, suppress He
fought down an impulse to scream.
I

give in to, obey,
yield to She gave in to an impulse and took the money.
I
act on Acting on impulse, he picked up the keys and
slipped them into his pocket.
I
buy sth on Some people
will buy a puppy on impulse without any idea of what is
involved.
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inability
• IMPULSE
+
VERB arise
Impulses that are repeatedly
denied can arise in otherforms.
• IMPULSE
+
NOUN buy, purchase
The little black de-
signer dress had been an impulse buy.
I
buying
I
buyer
• PREP. on
(aru-
On an impulse, I went into the shop and
bought a box of chocolates.
I -

towards
basic impulses to-
wards things such asfood and drink
2 movement of energy
• ADJ. electrical, nerve/nervous
• VERB + IMPULSE transmit
Nerve impulses are trans-
mitted tothe brain.
I
convert sth into, transform sth into
Radio waves are converted into electrical impulses.
3 sth that causes sb/sth to do sth
• ADJ. positive
I
political, social
• IMPULSE
+
VERB lead (sb/sth) to sth, prompt (sb/sth
to sth)
the impulse that prompted economic change
• PREP. - behind
the impulse behind a concept -
for
the
impulse for social reform -
toward
the political impulses
towardsjoining a trade union
inability
noun

• ADJ. apparent
I
complete, total
I
chronic
the govern-
ment's chronic inability tojacefacts
I
physical
• VERB
+
INABILITY be/feel frustrated by
She felt in-
creasingly frustrated by her inability to demonstrate her
ideas.
I
overcome
He has to overcome his inability to as-
sert himself
inaccessible
adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem
The mouth of the river proved
inaccessible.
I
become
I
remain
I
make sth, render sth

A high wall made the building inaccessible.
• ADV. very
I
completely, entirely, quite, totally, utterly
I
almost, practically, virtually
I
largely
I
rather
I
ef-
fectively
I
otherwise
• PREP.
by
areas inaccessible by road
to
The hall is in-
accessible to wheelchair users.
inaccuracy
noun
• ADJ. major, material, significant
I
factual, historical
• VERB
+
INACCURACY contain
I

be fraught with, be
full of
Reference works on that country, when available,
arefull of inaccuracies.
I
correct
I am writing to correct
factual inaccuracies contained in your article of June 3rd.
• PREP.
-jn
inaccuracies in reporting
inaccurate
adj.
• VERBS be, prove
I
become
• ADV. extremely, grossly, hopelessly, seriously, ter-
ribly, very, wildly
a wildly inaccurate account of events
I
quite, totally, wholly
I
a bit, rather, slightly, somewhat
These figures are somewhat inaccurate.
I
notoriously
Maps of the region are notoriously inaccurate.
I
historic-
ally

It was good drama, but historically inaccurate.
inactive
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. totally
He had been totally
inactioetor
two weeks.
I
fairly, relatively
I
physically, sexually
I
economical-
ly, politically
inactivity
noun
• ADJ. relative
Her most brilliant work was done during
several months of relative inactivity.
I
economic, polit-
ical
I
enforced
It was good to be home again after the en-

forced inactivity of the hospital bed.
• PHRASES a period of inactivity
The job entailed long
periods of inactivity.
402
inadequacy
noun
• ADJ. total
I
fundamental
I
glaring, obvious
I
per-
sonal
I
s~ual, social
I
theoretical
• VERB
+
INADEQUACY demonstrate, expose, high-
light, point out/to, reveal, show (up)
She rightly points to
the inadequacy of the argument.
0
The test soon revealed
several inadequacies in the equipment.
I
realize, recog-

nize, see
I now see the inadequacy of the explanation.
I
admit to
His advice was to bedefensive and never admit to
any inadequacy.
I
cover up, disguise, hide
They possibly
falsified the results to cover up the inadequacies of their
theory.
I
overcome
Clear legislative reform
is
needed to
overcome the inadequacies of the current situation.
• INADEQUACY + VERB arise from sth, stem from sth
• PREP. - in
inadequacies in educationalfacilities
• PHRASES a feeling/sense of inadequacy
inadequate
adj.
1 not good enough
• VERBS appear, be, look, prove, seem
I
become
I
consider sth, find sth, judge sth, regard sth as, think sth
Theseprecautions have beenjudged inadequate.

• ADV. deeply, grossly, hopelessly, ludicrously, pitl-
fUlly, ridiculously, seriously, very, woefully
His wages
werepitifully inadequatefor the needs of his grouiing fam-
ily.
I
completely, entirely, quite, totally, utterly, wholly
I
increasingly
I
somewhat
I
clearly, manifestly, obvi-
ously, patently, plainly
I
curiously
I
notoriously
• PREP. at
People, despite their intelligence, are curiously
inadequate at communicating with horses.
for
This com-
puter is clearly iruuiequatefor my needs.
2 not able to deal with a situation
• VERBS be, feel, seem
Ifelt dreadfully inadequate.
• ADV. deeply, dreadfully, hopelessly, very
I
quite, tot-

ally, wholly
I
rather
I
generally
I
personally, profes-
sionally, sexually
The staff at the consulate seemed not
only insensitive, but professionally inadequate.
• PREP. to
She was inadequate to the demands that were
made on her.
inadvisable
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
I
become
I
make sth
Her condition
made surgery inadvisable.
I
feel sth, think sth
• ADV. highly
It was thought highly inadvisable for
young women togo there alone.
inappropriate
adj.
• VERBS be, seem

I
become
I
make sth
The size of the
machines makes them inappropriate for domestic use.
I
consider sth, feel sth, judge sth, regard sth as, see sth
as, think sth
It uiasfelt inappropriate by some that such a
serious occasion should include dancing.
• ADV. highly, particularly, slnqularly, very
This treat-
ment was singularly inappropriate in her case.
I
com-
pletely, entirely, quite, totally, utterly, wholly
I
increas-
ingly
I
somewhat
I
clearly
I
embarrassingly, gro-
tesquely
I
culturally
• PREP. for

Your bright red coat would be quite inappro-
priate for afuneral. to The existing library is totally in-
appropriate to our needs.
inattention
noun
• ADJ. momentary
• PREP.
-to
He
uias
dismissedfor inattention tohis duty.
• PHRASES a moment of inattention
One moment of in-
attention when driving could befatal.
inaudible
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
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• ADV.
quite, totally
I
almost, practically, virtually His
voicewas almost inaudible. I largely
• PREP.
to
The sound is inaudible to the human ear.
inaugurate
verb

• ADV.
formally, officially The assembly uxisformally in-
augurated on December 13.
inauguration
noun
• ADJ.
formal
I
presidential
• VERB
+
INAUGURATION
attend
I
mark
a
ceremony to
mark the inauguration of the president's third term in
office
• INAUGURATION
+
VERB
be held, take place
• INAUGURATION
+
NOUN
ceremony
I
speech
incapable

adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, feel, prove, seem
I
become
I
make sb, render sb The wine had made him incapable of
thinking clearly. I adjudge sb, deem sb
• ADV.
absolutely, completely, quite, totally, utterly,
wholly
I
almost
I
largely
I
clearly
I
inherently
I
con-
stitutionally, temperamentally She was constitutionally
incapable of bad temper. I physically He was apparently
physically incapable of louiering his voice. I mentally
This type of arrangement remains valid even ifyou become
mentally incapable.
• PREP.
of Computers are incapable of creative thought.
incapacitate
verb be incapacitated

• ADV.
severely I totally By this time my father was tot-
ally incapacitated by his illness.
I
temporarily
I
mental-
ly, physically
incarnation
noun
• ADJ.
current, latest, modern, new, present (figura-
tive) In its new incarnation, the car has
a
more rounded
body shape. I last I earlier, previous I future
• PREP.
-as
her previous incarnation
as
a Norse explorer
incense
noun
• ADJ.
fragrant
• VERB
+
INCENSE
burn
• INCENSE

+
NOUN
stick I burner
• PHRASES
a scent/smell of incense
incentive
noun
• ADJ.
big, considerable, great, massive
I
powerful,
strong
I
adequate, sufficient
I
main, major I added,
additional, extra, more I less I real I direct The most
direct financial incentive to prevent rubbish is to charge
people by the amount of rubbish they put out.
I
important
I
positive
I
special
I
commercial, economic, financial,
fiscal, monetary I cash
I
price, tax

I
sales I work
I
government
• VERB
+
INCENTIVE
act as, be He argues that thefree
supply of skilled labour will actas an tncentiuefor employ-
ees
to be more diligent.
I
have She had the added incentive
of being within reach of the world record.
I
need
I
give
(sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with)
I
create
The government has created tax incentives to encourage
investment.
I
increase
I
reduce
I
undermine High tax-
ation rates have undermined work incentives. I remove

• INCENTIVE
+
NOUN
programme, scheme, system
The company operates
a
share incentive scheme for its
workers.
I
payment
• PREP.
-to
an incentive to investment
• PHRASES
have every incentive The absence of pen-
alties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms
have every incentive to engage in price-fixing. a lack of in-
403
incident
centive Low levels of profitability mean there is
a
lack of
incentive to undertake new investment.
incest
noun
• ADJ.
brother-sister, father-daughter, etc.
• VERB
+
INCEST

criminalize, forbid, prohibit taboos
forbidding incest
• INCEST
+
NOUN
survivor, victim
I
taboo
• PREP -
between incest between brother and sister
q
Note at CRIME (for more verbs)
inch
noun
q
Note at MEASURE
incidence
noun
• ADJ.
great, high There is
a
greater incidence of cancer
in the families of radiation workers.
I
low
I
in-
creased/increasing, rising
I
actual

I
overall
I
annual
I
recorded the highest recorded incidence of air pollution
• VERB
+
INCIDENCE
have, show The country had the
lowest incidence of Aids cases proportional to its popula-
tion.
0
The medical histories of our patients show
a
high
incidence of past diseases.
I
increase, raise I reduce
I
find They found an increased incidence of childhood
leukaemia in some areas.
I
measure
I
compare Wecom-
pared the incidence of coronary heart disease and total
mortality.
I
analyse, consider, investigate

I
explain
The lack of vitamins may explain the higher incidence of
heart disease.
• INCIDENCE
+
VERB
increase I decrease, fall
• INCIDENCE
+
NOUN
rateanincidencerateof40r5per
10000of the population
• PREP. -
among The report analyses the incidence of
cancer among people aged 0-24 in The study noted an in-
creased incidence of heart disease in women.
• PHRASES
a decrease/an increase/a variation in the
incidence of sth
incident
noun
• ADJ.
major, serious I little, minor, small, trivial I fur-
ther After nearly falling twice, she managed to make it to
the top of the cliff without further incident.
I
whole He
came to regret the whole incident. I actual, real/real-life
The story

is
based on an actual incident.
I
alleged I re-
ported
I
recorded
I
latest, recent
I
past
I
bad, horrif-
ic, horrifying, nasty, terrible, ugly, unpleasant,
unsavoury some of the worst incidents of urban violence
I
violent
I
fatal, tragic
I
dramatic
I
controversial
I
fam-
ous
I
regrettable, unfortunate
I
embarrassing

I
bizarre,
curious, mysterious, strange, unusual
I
amusing
I
un-
related, separate The police said that two men had been
arrested after the match in unrelated incidents. I isolated
It isfeared that the attack may not have been an isolated in-
cident.
I
scattered scattered incidents of violence across
the country
I
domestic
I
international
I
border Talks
between the neighbouring countries were called offfolloui-
ing
a
border incident. I racial I diplomatic An error in
the translation nearly caused
a
diplomatic incident. Iter.
rorist
I
nuclear

I
bomb/bombing, shooting, stabbing
I
pollution I off-the-ball (sport) She received a serious jaw
injury in an off-the-ball incident.
• VERB
+
INCIDENT
cause, provoke
I
be responsible
for The group is believed to have been responsible for sev-
eral terrorist incidents. I be involved in The hot-headed
tennis star became involved in an incident with the um-
pire.
I
deal with, handle The incident was extremely well
handled.
I
avoid, prevent
I
regret
I
see, witness
I
re-
call, remember He recalled
a
similar incident
14

months
earlier.
I
forget
I
describe, recount She described the in-
cident
as
outrageous.
0
They all laughed
as
he recounted
the amusing incident.
I
discuss, talk about
I
play down
the government's desire toplay down the incident I report
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incidental
The pedestrian who had nearly been run over reported the
incident to the police.
I
investigate
I
be hurt in, be in-
jured in, be killed in
I
pass (off) without, proceed with-

out, take place without
The demonstration passed with-
out incident.
• INCIDENT
+
VERB happen, occur, take place
I
arise
(from/out of sth)
incidents arising out of an industrial
dispute
I
involve sb/sth
a minor incident involving apet-
roltanker
I
cause sth, lead to sth, spark sth (off)
The in-
cident sparked off a riot which lasted three days.
• INCIDENT
+
NOUN room
An incident room was set up
at apolice station near the site of the crash.
• PREP. following an/the-
He was asked to leave the club
following an incident at a training camp.
in an/the-
Three
soldiers were wounded in the incident.

over an/the -
She
was never disciplined over the incident.
without -
The pa-
trol had covered 200miles without incident.
incidental
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
I
consider sth, declare sth,
deem sth
Thefact that the concert made a profit was con-
sidered incidental.
• ADV. completely, entirely, purely
Any resemblance of a
character in this book to a living person ispurely inciden-
tal.
I
merely
Information skills are not merely incidental
to the curriculum but central to it.
I
almost
I
seemingly
• PREP. to
It's just a risk incidentalto thejob.

incision
noun
• ADJ. deep
I
small, tiny
I
abdominal, etc.
I
surgical
• VERB
+
INCISION make
The surgeon made a small in-
cision in the patient's cornea.
incite
verb
• ADV. deliberately
• PREP. to
deliberately inciting the crowd to violence
inclination
noun
• ADJ. strong
I
slight
I did not feel the slightest inclin-
ation to hurry.
I
true
I
natural, own, personal

The king's
own inclination was always towards a pro-French policy.
I
homosexual, sexual
I
artistic, political
• VERB
+
INCLINATION feel, have
I
show
I
lack
I
curb
Hopes of advancement in the company may curb any in-
clination to deviate from the requirements of superiors.
I
follow
In matters of dress shefollouied her personal inclin-
ations rather than fashion.
• ,PREP.
by -
He is a teacher by occupation but a philoso-
pher by inclination.
I -
for
an inclination for war -
to-
wards

She has no inclination towards mysticism.
• PHRASES the time nor/or the inclination
Ihaveneither
the time nor the inclination toplay stupid games!
incline
verb
1
bend forward
• ADV. slightly
Luke inclined his head slightly in
acknowledgement.
I
graciously, politely
z lean/stope
• ADV. gently, steeply
• PREP. towards
The land inclined gently towards the
shore.
inclined
adj.
1 wanting to do sth
• VERBS be, feel, seem
I only write when Lfeel inclined
to.
<)
There's timefor a swim if you feel so inclined.
• ADV. strongly, very
I
rather
I'm rather inclined to wait

afew days before deciding.
I
favourably
• PREP. towards
Advertising aims to make people aware
of a product andfauourably inclined towards it.
404
2 tending/likely to do sth
• VERBS appear, be, seem
I
become, grow
• ADV. strongly, very
I
increasingly
I
a bit, half, a little,
rather, slightly
I'm half inclined to believe you.
o
She's ra-
ther inclined to become impatient.
I
naturally
I
criminal-
ly, liberally, mystically, romantically, suicidally
The club
was a notorious hang-out for the criminally inclined.
• PREP. to
(formaly people who are naturally inclined to

melancholy
• PHRASES that way inclined
(informal) What's that?
The 'Model Railway Journal'? I didn't know you were that
way inclined
(=
interested in model railways).
3 having a natural ability for sth
• VERBS appear, be, seem
• ADV. academically, artistically, musically
children
who are academically inclined
inclusion
noun
• ADJ. possible
We welcome readers' letters for possible
inclusion on this page.
• VERB
+
INCLUSION be worthy of, justify, merit, war-
rant
Some words are too infrequent to be worthy of inclu-
sion in the dictionary.
I
be eligible for, be suitable for,
qualify for
All work by current students is eligible for in-
clusion in thejournal.
I
be unsuitable for

I
be available
for
I
consider sth for, welcome sth for
I
welcome, ac-
cept
The rebels refused to accept the inclusion of represen-
tatives of the existing regime in the negotiations.
I
pre-
vent
They tried toprevent the inclusion of any wording in
the statement that wouid cause offence.
• PREP. for-
an articlefor inclusion in the newsletter
• PHRASES criteria for inclusion
There are strict criteria
for inclusion in the competition.
inclusive
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV. fUlly
afully inclusive price
• PREP. of
The charge is inclusive offood.
• PHRASES all inclusive
Theprice isall inclusive.
income

noun
• ADJ. above-average, high, large
I
sufficient
I
aver-
age
Average incomes are rising more slowly.
I
below-
average, low, meagre, small
I
rising
I
additional
They
hope that the lottery will provide additional income for
charities.
I
total
I
future
I
permanent, secure
I
regu-
lar, steady
I
annual, monthly, weekly
I

national
I
per
capita
the average per capita income
I
personal, private
He has a largeprivate income on top of what he earns as a
teacher.
I
family, household
I
gross, pre-tax
I
taxable
I
after-tax, net, post-tax
I
disposable
I
real
I
earned
I
unearned
I
money
the money incomes of individuals
I
retirement

I
capital, fee, foreign, investment
• VERB
+
INCOME have
I
receive
She received an in-
come
jor
life as a result of herfather's will.
I
earn, gener-
ate, provide (sb with)
Financial assets have the advan-
tage of earning income.
o
The return on your investment
can provide you with regular income.
I
boost, increase,
supplement
ways of boosting your retirement income
o
She supplements her income by doing an evening job.
I
re-
duce
I
exceed

For 2001,expenditure exceeded income by
£10000.
I
depend on
IliveonAlargenumberoffamilies
in the area are living on below-average incomes.
I
redis-
tribute
They aim toredistribute incomefrom the rich to the
poor.
I
treat sth as
Interest is treated as income for tax
purposes.
• INCOME
+
VERB arise (from sth), come from sth, de-
rive from sth
If aperson's income arises in the UKit
is
sub-
ject to UK income tax.
<)
A lot of our income comes from
bank interest.
I
grow, increase, rise
I
drop, fall

I
ex-
ceed sth
• INCOME
+
NOUN bracket, group, level
Elderly people
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often belong to a low tncome group.
I
distribution, redis-
tribution
I
incomes policy There are internal disputes
over theparty's incomes policy.
I
supportA single mother
of three, she relies on income support.
I
statement a com-
pany's income statement
I
tax
• PREP.
on an - Many families on a low income are de-
pendent on state support.
I
-from
incomefrom tourism
• PHRASES

the distribution/redistribution of income, a
drop in income, income and expenditure Every company
must keep control of its income and expenditure. income
per capita/head Real income per head of population was
ata low point fiue years ago. a source of income
c:>
NoteatPER CENT (for more verbs)
c:>
Special page at BUSINESS
incompatibility
noun
• ADJ.
basic
I
inherent
I
mutual the mutual incompati-
bility of socialist and capitalist economic systems
• VERB
+
INCOMPATIBILITY
demonstrate The disas-
trous merger demonstrated the incompatibility of the two
companies.
• PREP. -
between Incompatibility between systems has
been a major problem for video users. -with Critics of the
new machine point to its incompatibility with other prod-
ucts on the market.
• PHRASES

grounds of incompatibility A divorce was
sought and granted on grounds of incompatibility.
incompatible
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, prove, seem
I
become
I
consider
sth, see sth as
• ADV.
completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly
I
in-
creasingly
I
by no means, not entirely, not necessarily
Scepticism and trust are not necessarily incompatible.
I
largely
I
somewhat
I
apparently, seemingly I poten-
tially
I
simply
I
basically, fundamentally

I
clearly
I
mutually The two systems are mutually incompatible.
• PREP.
with This behaviour is completely incompatible
with his role as a teacher.
incompetence
noun
• ADJ.
gross, monumental
I
sheer
I
alleged
I
econom-
ic, professional, technical
I
government, managerial,
police
• VERB
+
INCOMPETENCE
display He displayed his in-
competence by turning in a report that toasfull of errors.
I
tolerate I will not tolerate your incompetence any longer!
I
accuse sb/sth of, allege

I
be dismissed for
• PREP. -
atlin incompetence in writing - on the part of
Several officers had alleged incompetence on thepart of the
general.
incompetent
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be
I
adjudge sb/sth, consider sb/sth
I know my boss considers me incompetent.
• ADV.
grossly, hopelessly, singularly a grossly incom-
petent piece of reporting
I
completely, totally, utterly I
managerially, socially, technically
I
mentally
• PREP.
at
He is utterly incompetent at his job.
incomplete
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
remain Her collection remained incom-

plete.
I
leave sth The building was left incomplete.
• ADV.
seriously, very, woefully Any view of
Shostakovich is seriously incomplete without knowledge
of these recordings.
I
somewhat
I
inevitably, necessar-
ily Webegin with a brief and necessarily incomplete review
of UKstatistics.
I
unfortunately
405
inconvenience
incomprehensible
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
remain
I
find sth She found his
cc-
cent virtually incomprehensible.
• ADV.
completely, quite, totally, utterly
I

almost, near-
ly, virtually
I
largely
I
pretty
• PREP.
to Latin verse remained completely incomprehen-
sible to me.
inconceivable adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, seem
I
become
I
find sth She
found the idea quite inconceivable.
• ADV.
quite, totally, utterly, wholly
I
almost, practical-
ly, virtually
• PREP.
to
The thought of leaving her family was incon-
ceivable to her.
inconclusive
adj.
• VERBS
be, prove

I
remain
• ADV.
largely
I
fairly, rather, somewhat
I
apparently
I
ultimately
I
curiously the curiously inconclusioe finisn
to the symphony
incongruous
adj.
• VERBS
be, look, seem
I
find sth
• ADV.
entirely, utterly
I
doubly
I
a little, rather, some-
what Ifound the scene somewhat incongruous.
inconsistency
noun
• ADJ.
serious

I
glaring
I
apparent
I
internal
Research-
ers have found that internal inconsistencies in hospital
case notes are common.
I
logical
• VERB
+
INCONSISTENCY
contain
I
be filled with The
script is filled with logical inconsistencies.
I
lead to, re-
sult in The lack of a clear set of competition rules resulted
in inconsistency in the awarding of prizes.
I
find, see,
spot The program hasfound an inconsistency in the data-
basefiles.
o
She was quick to spot the inconsistencies be-
tween his two reports.
I

point out, reveal Commentators
have pointed out the inconsistencies in the government' sfi-
nancial policy.
I
remove, resolve The amendment will re-
move the inconsistency between the two laws.
• INCONSISTENCY
+
VERB
emerge
I
creep in, creep
into sth Inconsistencies began tocreep into his testimony.
• PREP. -
in inconsistencies in the evidence
inconsistent
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, seem
• ADV.
highly, very
I
quite, totally, wholly
I
not neces-
sarily
I
rather, somewhat
I
apparently

I
clearly, plain-
ly
I
internally, logically Her argument is internally in-
consistent.
I
mutually The two accounts are mutually
inconsistent.
• PREP.
in The company is inconsistent in the way it dis-
ciplines staff with His statement was inconsistent with
other accounts of the events.
incontinence
noun
• ADJ.
faecal, urinary
I
stress
• VERB
+
INCONTINENCE
suffer from
• INCONTINENCE
+
NOUN
pad
inconvenience
noun
• ADJ.

considerable, great, serious
I
minor I public
The rail strike is likely to cause considerable public incon-
venience.
I
administrative
• VERB
+
INCONVENIENCE
have, suffer I avoid I chose
a different route to avoid the inconvenience of going
through the town centre.
I
cause (sb), put sb to I don't
want to put you to any inconvenience.
I
minimize, save
(sb)
You could hauefetched mefrotri the airport and saved
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inconvenience
me the inconvenience of having to take the bus!
I
apolo-
gize for, regret
This shop is closed todayfor staff training.
Weregret any inconvenience caused.
• INCONVENIENCE + VERB
arise from sth

inconveni-
encearising from errors in the timetable
• PREP.
-ro
Every effort will be made to minimize incon-
venience to customers while work is inprogress.
• PHRASES
with a minimum of inconvenience
The club
management will try to ensure that the building work is
carried out with the minimum of inconvenience toguests.
inconvenience
verb
• ADV
greatly
The general public has been greatly incon-
venienced by this strike.
inconvenient
adj,
• VERBS
be, prove
I
become
I
find sth
• ADV.
extremely, highly, most, terribly, very
She called
at a most inconvenient time.
I

a bit, rather, somewhat
I
politically
Further environmental legislation could bepol-
itically inconuenient for thegovernment.
• PREP.
for
Would this afternoon be inconuenient for you?
to
This is a time of the evening that is inconvenient to
many viewers.
incorporate
verb
• ADV.
fully
I
largely
I
clearly
I
expressly
These condi-
tions must be expressly incorporated into the contract of
employment.
I
properly
I
gradually
I
quickly

I
eventu-
ally, finally
I
easily, readily
These neuijeatures can easily
be incorporated.
I
neatly
I
effectively
I
satisfactorily,
successfully
I
necessarily
I
forcibly
the countries
which Stalin forcibly incorporated into the Soviet empire
• PREP.
as
In 1940 the area was incorporated as part of
the city of London.
in
The data is now incorporated in the
totalfigures.
into
Wecan incorporate this information into
our report.

within
Results are incorporated within person-
alized medical records.
incorrect
adj.
• VERBS
be, prove
I
consider sth
• ADV
quite, totally
I
clearly, obviously
I
simply
That
statement is simply incorrect.
I
factually, grammatically,
politically, technically
afactually incorrect statement
increase
noun
• ADJ.
big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, expo-
nential, huge, large, major, marked, massive, signifi-
cant, substantial, vast
I
moderate, modest, small
I

ap-
parent
I
rapid, sharp
I
gradual, steady
I
fivefold, ten-
fold, etc.
I
10%, etc.
I
net, overall
I
across-the-board
The pay rise represented an across-the-board increase of
between 9% for the highest paid and 32% for the lowest
paid worker.
I
annual, monthly, etc.
I
dividend, fare,
pay, price, rent, salary, tax, temperature, wage
• VERB
+
INCREASE
experience, see, show
Many
parts of the country have experienced an increase in un-
employment. o This year saw an increase in the number of

job applicants.
o
Profits show a steady increase.
I
enjoy
The country is enjoying the biggest increase in business
confidence for years.
I
achieve
We achieved a small in-
crease in profits of
£3257.
I
bring (about), cause, lead to,
result in
Intensiuefarming has brought about an increase
in outbreaks of food poisoning.
<)
The war resulted in a
massive increase in government spending.
I
reflect, rep-
resent
I
entail, involve, mean
The measures to improve
the health service will involve an increase in government
spending.
I
announce, report

The company reported a
9.5%·increase in third quarter losses.
• INCREASE
+
VERB
occur
• PREP.
on the -
Burglaries in the area are on the in-
406
crease.
I-
in
There has been an increase in demand for
two-bedroomjlats. -
on/over
Thefigures show a sharp in-
crease on last year's turnover. - to a dividend increase to
ll.4pence
• PHRASES
a rate of increase
increase
verb
• ADV
considerably, dramatically, enormously, great-
· Iy; significantly, substantially
I
slightly
I
gradually

I
rapidly, sharply, steeply
I
steadily
I
twofold, threefold,
etc.
Sales increased almostfourfold in this period.
• VERB + INCREASE
be expected to, be likely to
De-
mand is expected to increase over the next decade.
• PREP. by The budget has increased by more than a third
in the last year.
from, in
to increase in amount/ num-
ber/price/size
to
Last month the reward was increased
from £20000to£40000.
with
Disability increases with age.
incredible
adj.
1 impossible to believe
• VERBS
be, seem, sound
I
find sth
I find this quite

incredible!
• ADV.
really, truly
I
absolutely, quite
I
just, simply
I
almost
• PREP.
to
It seems incredible to me that wedidn't think of
this before.
2 extremely good/extremely large
• VERBS
be, look, smell, taste
I
find sth
• ADV
really, truly
I
absolutely, quite
I
just, simply
I
pretty
You'repretty incredible, Belinda.
indebted
adj.
1feeling grateful to sb

• VERBS
be, feel
I
remain
• ADV
deeply, greatly, much, profoundly
• PREP.
to
I am deeply indebted to all the doctors and
nurses who treated me.
2 owing money to sb
• VERBS
be
I
remain
• ADV.
heavily, highly; severely
The company is heavily
indebted.
o
highly indebted countries
• PREP.
to
indebted to the bank
indecency
noun
• ADJ.
gross
I
public

• PHRASES
an act of indecency
cc>
Note at CRIME (for verbs)
indecent
adj.
1 involving naked people, sex, etc.
• VERBS
be
I
class sth as, consider sth, regard sth as,
think sth
photographs that are classed as indecent
• ADV.
grossly, positively
That skirt of hers ispositively
indecent.
2 not morally right
• VERBS
be, seem
• ADV
positively
The rush to get hold of their father's
money seemed positively indecent.
I
almost
She started a
new relationship with almost indecent haste.
indefensible
adj,

• VERBS
be
I
find sth
Ifind such behaviour indefensible.
• ADV.
totally
I
morally, politically
It would be morally
indefensible for her to desert herfather now.
independence
noun
• ADJ.
considerable, great
I
complete, full, total I
relative
The council's relative independence of the govern-
ment means it can negotiate its own agreements.
I nomin-
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al
I
genuine, real, true
I
de facto
Aquitaine's defacto in-
deperuiencefrom the king of France
I continued/continu-

ing, growing
I
hard-won
I
local, national
I
academic,
economic, editorial, financial, judicial, personal, polit-
ical, professional
• QUi\NT.
degree, measure
• VERB + INDEPENDENCE
have
Young people have
more independence these days.
I'
lack
I
enjoy, value
I
value my independence too much to get married.
I dis-
play, show
She displayed independence of judgement in
choosing a career quite differentfrom that of herparents.
I
assert
Edward III tried to assert his independence of the
regime at court.
I

achieve, gain, win
Mexico achieved in-
dependencefrom Spain in
1821.
I
bring (about)
the need to
bring independence to the country
o
a colonial crisis which
brought about independence
I
declare, proclaim I en-
sure, maintain, preserve, retain, sustain
The army is
committed to ensuring the independence of the country.
I
give up, lose
She doesn't want to lose her hard-won inde-
pendence.
I regain, restore
I
encourage, promote
Par-
ents should encourage independence in their children.
I
undermine
Economic aid tends to undermine the national
independence of third world countries.
I

seek
I
call for,
demand
I
vote for
I
give sb/sth, grant sb/sth
I
recog-
nize
They have agreed to recognize the breakaway repub-
lic's independence.
• INDEPENDENCE
+
VERB
come
Independence came to
the British colonial territories in Africa in the late fifties
and early sixties.
• INDEPENDENCE
+
NOUN
day
I
celebrations
I
movement I struggle
• PREP
at -

Namibia became afull member of the UN at
independence.
I -from
independence from Spain
-of
the
church's independence of the state
o
independence of mind
• PHRASES
a declaration of independence, a lack of in-
dependence, the loss of independence, a sign/symbol
of independence
The car became a symbol of independ-
ence.
the struggle for independence, a war of independ-
ence
theAmerican War of Independence
independent
adj.
1 not needing other people
• VERBS
be, feel, seem I become I remain I make sb
Travelling in Asia has made her a lotmore independent.
• ADV
fiercely, sturdily, very
Many disabled people are
fiercely independent.
I
completely

I
fairly, pretty, quite
I
economically, financially
• PREP. of By the age of eighteen he was completely inde-
pendent of his parents.
Znot influenced or controlled by anyone else
• VERBS
be
I
become I remain I make sth I declare
sth
In
1961
the country was declared independent.
• ADY.
completely, entirely, fully, genuinely, quite, tot-
ally, truly, wholly
I
almost, fairly, largely, virtually
I
in-
creasingly
I
effectively, essentially
The country has
pursued an effectively independent line on military issues.
I nominally, supposedly I newly
newly independent
countries

I politically
• PREP.
from
The country
becametuuv
iruiependent from.
France in 1960.
of
an organization that is independent of
the government
indestructible
adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem
• ADV.
completely
I
almost, virtually
Their shells are so
hard they are virtually indestructible.
I
seemingly
index
noun
1 list of names/topics in a book
• ADJ.
comprehensive, complete
I
detailed
I
general

I alphabetical
• VERB
+
INDEX
appear in, be in
Although the book
407
indication
was devoted to cancer, the word 'cancer' did not even ap-
pear in the index.
I
consult, look (sth up) in
Why don't
you look up her name in the index?
I
compile
• INDEX + VERB
give sth, list sth
The index only gives
the main towns.
• PREP.
in a/the-
Is there any reference to
it
in the index?
I
-to
It's a general index to the whole work.
Zordered record of books/files
• ADJ.

subject, title I card
I
computer, computerized
• VERB
+
INDEX
have, keep
Wekeep a card index of all
the titles on the shelves.
I
compile, create
I
consult, look
(sth up) in, search
Look up 'The WasteLand' in the index.
<)
Search the index tofind the address of the data file.
• INDEX + NOUN
card
• PREP.
in a/the -
cards in a card index
3 system showing the level of sth; measure of sth
• ADJ.
good, reliable, sensitive
I
high I low
I
weight-
ed I official

I
general
a general index calculated from
death and population information
I
world
The world
indexfell S.I %.
I
cost-of-living, market, retail price
I
fu-
tures, share, stock
I
Dow Jones, FT-SE 100, etc.
• VERB
+
INDEX
have
Those who lived in the inner cities
had a high index of deprivation.
I
use (sth as)
The test re-
sults were used as an index of language proficiency.
I
compile, construct, create I calculate, compute
The
index was calculated with a computer.
I

publish
The re-
tail price index ispublished monthly.
I
drag, drive, push,
take
A wave of frenzied buying pushed the index up 136.2
points.
• INDEX + VERB
measure sth
an index designed to
measure monthly changes in the volume of industrial pro-
duction
I be based on sth
an index based on incidents
causing a loss of production
I be linked to sth
The in-
crease in our standard rates will be linked to the retail
price index.
I
cover sth
an index covering some
1
700com-
panies
I
open
I
close, end

The hundred shares index
closed down
15
points.
• PREP.
in an/the -
dividends on shares in the index
on
an/the -
people dealing in options on the FT-SE 100index
• PHRASES
a drop/fall in an index
a 28.2point drop in the
FT-SE 100index
changes in an index, an increase in an
index, as measured by an index
Inflation, as measured
by the retail price index, is expected todrop.
e:)
Note at PER CENT (for more verbs)
indicate
verb
• ADY.
clearly
I
not necessarily
Expense does not neces-
sarily indicate worth.
• VERB + INDICATE
appear to, seem to

These facts
would seem to indicate that the family was wealthy.
I
be
used to
Symbols are used to indicate the facilities avail-
able at each hotel.
• PREP. to These figures indicate to me that the company
is in serious trouble.
indication
noun
• ADJ.
firm, good, great, strong
I
accurate, reliable,
true I clear, definite, sure I important I useful, valu-
able
I
sufficient
I
approximate, broad, fair, general,
reasonable, rough I simple I positive I initial, prelim-
inary
I
outward, visual, visible
Rising interest rates were
an outward indication of the change in government atti-
tude to economic controls.
o
Some car alarms have no vis-

ual indication that they are in operation.
• VERB + INDICATION
be, constitute, serve as
The
popularity of thegovernment building project served as an
indication ofpublic support.
I
haveAgovernmentspokes-
person said they had no indication who was responsible
for the attack.
I
give (sb), provide (sb with)
His early suc-
cessesgave some indication of his ability.
I get, receive
I
find, see
The researchers say they canfind no indication
that television has harmful physical effects on children. I
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indicative
regard sth as, see sth as, take sth as
The comments made
by management may betaken as an indication of how they
felt about their workers.
• INDICATION + VERB show sth, suggest sth
Indica-
tions show that at least 2000 more businesses will go bank-
rupt before the end of theyear.
• PREP. amid -s of

Amid indications of growing disorder
in the capital, the president is to make a speech on televi-
sion tonight.
I -
as to
Hegave us no indication as to what
was the matter. -
to
This is an indication to drivers who
break the law that they will bepunished
• PHRASES (all) the indications are that
All the indi-
cations are that she will make a full recovery.
there is
every indication that
There's every indication that the
operation has been a success.
indicative
adj.
• VERBS be
I
consider sth, interpret sth as, regard sth
as, see sth as, take sth as
The rise in unemployment is
seen as indicative of a new economic recession.
• ADV clearly
I
(not) necessarily
Recurrent dreams are
not necessarily indicative ofpsychological problems.

• PREP. of
indicator
noun
1sign showing what sth is like
• ADJ. good, reliable, sure
I
poor, unreliable
Level of
education is actually quite a poor indicator of ability to
run a business well.
I
sensitive
I
crude, partial, rough
I
simple
I
key, leading, main, major
I
important, signifi-
cant
I
useful, valuable
I
economic, financial, perform-
ance, social, socio-economic
performance indicators
such as language and numeracy skills
• VERB + INDICATOR be, serve as
These warts can

serve as an indicator of other infections.
I
provide (sb
with)
I
regard sth as, see sth as, take sth as
Goldprices
are often seen as an indicator of inflation.
I
use (sth as)
I
develop
It is still difficult to develop indicators for many
concepts used in social science.
• INDICATOR + VERB show sth, suggest sth
Economic
indicators suggest that a recovery is on the way.
• PREP. -fer
an indicator for thepresence of minerals
indictment
noun
1sign that sth is bad/wrong
• ADJ. powerful
I
damning, scathing, terrible
Her
speech was a scathing indictment of the government's re-
cord on crime.
I
sad

2 accusing sb of a crime
• ADJ. criminal
I
fresh
• VERB
+
INDICTMENT issue, bring
A New York jury
brought criminal indictments against the founder of the
organization.
I
be charged on, be convicted on, be tried
on
I
plead (not) guilty to
• INDICTMENT + VERB charge (sb/sth with sth)
an in-
dictment charging theft
• PREP. in a/the-
Two men werenamed in the indictment.
on -
a trial on indictment
I -
against
They issued an in-
dictment against them. -
for
She was convicted on an in-
dictmerufor conspiracy.
indifference

noun
• ADJ. complete, supreme, total
I
a certain
I
growing
I
studied
I
apparent, feigned, pretended, seeming
I
bland, casual
I
callous, cold, cool, cruel
I
public
• VERB
+
INDIFFERENCE feel
I
express, show
She
showed total indifference to his fate.
I
affect, assume,
feign, pretend
Hefeigned indifference to criticism of his
work.
I
regard sb/sth with

The more recent members of
staff regard the change in corporate culture with a certain
indifference.
I
treat sb/sth with
I
be met with
Con-
408
stable's landscapes met with indifference when they were
first exhibited.
I
be resigned to
The president is resigned
topublic indifference to his latest initiative.
• PREP. with an -
Ellis spoke with a casual indifference
that he did not feel.
I -
to/towards
his indifference to-
wards art
• PHRASES an attitude of indifference
She adopted an
attitude of supreme indifference.
a matter of indifference
It's a matter of indifference to me whether he goes or not.
indifferent
adj.
1 not interested

• VERBS appear, be, feel, seem, sound
He appeared in-
different to her suffering.
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. completely, quite, totally
I
almost
Pat sounded
almost indifferent.
I
largely
I
apparently
I
coldly
• PREP. about
Most staff were indiffferent about the
plans.
to
He was coldly indifferent to other people.
2 of low quality
• VERBS be
• ADV. very
Weenjoyed the day, in spite of very indifferent
weather.
I
rather

a rather indifferent performance
• PHRASES good, bad and indifferent
The festival has
the usual mix offilms-good, bad and indifferent.
indigenous
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV. truly
examples of truly indigenous music
• PREP. to
The tree is indigenous to China.
indigestion
noun
• ADJ. serious, severe
I
acute, chronic
I
slight
• VERB
+
INDIGESTION get, have, suffer from
I
give
sb
Rich food always gives me indigestion.
• INDIGESTION + NOUN tablet
q
Special page atILLNESS
indignant
adj.

• VERBS be, feel, look, seem, sound
I
become, grow,
wax
She waxes righteously indignant if anyone tries to
contradict her.
I
make sb
• ADV. extremely, fiercely, highly, very
'Hedeserves to be
thrashed,' she protested, fiercely indignant.
I
almost,
mildly, quite, rather
I
justly, righteously
• PREP. about/over
She became rather indignant over
suggestions that she had lied.
at
They werequite indignant
at his remarks.
indignation
noun
• ADJ. considerable, great, high
His response was one of
high indignation.
I
widespread
I

public
I
moral, right-
eous
I
mock
• VERB
+
INDIGNATION be filled with, be full of, feel
They werefull of righteous indignation at the thought of
being cheated.
I
express, show
I
blush/burn/flush with,
quiver/shudder/tremble with
His plump
faceflushed
with
indignation.
0
Bertha's voicequivered with indignation.
I
arouse, cause, provoke
• INDIGNATION + VERB grow, rise
Indignation grew as
more nightclubs opened.
0
She could feel her indignation
rising.

• PREP. in -
She turned to him in indignation.
with -
He
refused it with some indignation.
I -
about/at/over
The
government expressed its indignation over the way the in-
cident had been handled. -
against
public indignation
against the government
indiscretion
noun
• ADJ. serious
I
minor, slight, small
I
personal
I
pol-
itical
I
youthful
I
dietary, sexual
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• VERB
+

INDISCRETION commit
He had committed a
minor sexual indiscretion.
I
regret
I instantly regretted
my indiscretion and asked her to keep the news to herself
I
report
He had never forgiven her for reporting his indis-
cretion tnfront
oj
hisfriends.
indispensable
adj.
• VERBS be, prove
I
become
I
make sb/sth
He had
soon made himself indispensable.
I
consider sb/sth
• ADV absolutely
I
almost, virtually
• PREP. for
Written sources are considered virtually indis-
pensable for today's history teaching.

in
These drugs are
almost indispensable in the fight against the disease.
to
skills which turned out to be indispensable toher career
individual
noun
• ADJ. outstanding, talented
I
key
I
powerful
I
creative
I
average, ordinary
Their research shows that the average
individual watches around three and a half hours of tele-
vision per day.
I
private
He was carrying out hisfunctions
as a trustee in the course of his business, rather than as a
private individual.
I
single
I
particular, certain
The mo-
tives influencing aparticular individual may changefrom

time to time.
I
autonomous, independent
His philosophy
isabout becoming aware of oneself as an autonomous indi-
vidual.
I
isolated
Society does not consist of isolated indi-
viduals, butpeople in a network of relations hips.
I
unique
She saw the artist as a unique individual, possessing a
heightened awareness of reality.
I
like-minded
a group of
like-minded individuals
I
named
The book recommends
that you sign' Yours sincerely' If you are sending the letter
to a named individual.
I
qualified
We welcome applica-
tions from suitably qualified individuals.
I
human
We

know that all human individuals are unique.
• VERB
+
INDIVIDUAL treat sb as
The teacher should
treat eachpupil as an individual.
• INDIVIDUAL
+
VERB vary
Although individuals vary
widely, the bones of the averagefemale skeleton are small-
er and lighter than the male.
• INDIVIDUAL
+
NOUN level
His writings are concerned
with religious phenomena at the individual level.
• PHRASES any/no/one individual
No single individual
had done
so
much
jor
the development of the motor vehicle.
concern for the individual, the freedom of the individ-
ual
the issue of the freedom of the individual versus the
intervention of the state
a group of individuals
She had

taken a group of individuals and made them into a superb
team.
the individual concerned
It's up to the individual
concerned to contact the police.
the needs of the individ-
ual
Each course has to be tailored to the needs of the indi-
vidual.
respect for the individual, vary from individual
to individual
Eating habits are bound to vary from indi-
vidual to individual.
individuality
noun
• ADJ. human
• VERB
+
INDIVIDUALITY have
Each song has its own
individuality.
I
express, reflect, show
clothes that reflect
your individuality
I
give sth
The small items of hand-
crafted furniture give individuality to the room.
I

recog-
nize
This book will help you recognize your individuality.
I
retain
I
lose
• PHRASES a feeling/sense of individuality, the sup-
pression of individuality
Becoming part of a team should
not mean the suppression of indiuiduality.
inducement
noun
• ADJ. big, massive, powerful, strong
I
sufficient
I
extra, further
I
positive
I
cash, financial
• VERB
+
INDUCEMENT offer (sb/sth as), provide
(sb/sth as)
The higher payments were offered as an in-
ducement.
I
receive

409
industry
• PREP. -for
The reduced tax is a major inducement for
first-time buyers.
-to
an inducement to crime and violence
o
inducements toemployees
indulge
verb
• VERB
+
INDULGE be able to, be free to, can
• PREP. in
She uxisfree to indulge in a little romantic day-
dreaming.
with
For a special treat indulge yourself with
one of these luxury flavours of icecream.
indulgence
noun
1 having whatever you want
• ADJ. excessive
I
personal, self-
guilty of self-
indulgence
I
sexual

• PREP. - in
She allowed herself only a feui moments' in-
dulgence in self-pity.
• PHRASES a life of indulgence
2 sth you allow yourself
• ADJ. expensive, private, small
• VERB
+
INDULGENCE allow yourself
As a relief from
work she allowed herself afeui small indulgences.
3 acceptance of change to the normal way of doing sth
• VERB
+
INDULGENCE ask, beg, request
He begged
the audience's indulgence to read some passages from his
latest book.
I
grant
(law),
show (sb)
He attacked the in-
dulgence shown toreligious dissenters.
industrial action
noun
• ADJ. continuing
I
unlawful
• VERB

+
INDUSTRIAL ACTION take
I
threaten
I
call
for
I
vote for
I
start
I
step up
The union is considering
stepping up its industrial action.
I
suspend
I
stop
I
take part in, be/become involved in
His research indi-
cates an increase in the number of women involved in in-
dustrial action.
I
support
• PREP. - against
The union ts threatening industrial ac-
tion against the company. -
by

industrial action by rail-
way workers -
in support of
industrial action in support
of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment -
over
to
take industrial action over pay
industrialist
noun
• ADJ. leading, prominent, top
I
local
I
wealthy
industry
noun
• ADJ. thriving
I
important, key, major
I
(fastest) grow-
ing
I
declining
I
modern
I
traditional
I

cottage
Weav-
ing and knitting are traditional cottage industries.
I
do-
mestic, international, local, national
I
private, privat-
ized
I
government-owned, nationalized, state-run
I
heavy
I
light
I
strategic
strategic industries such as the
extraction of oil and natural gas
I
manufacturing, ser-
vice
the shift away from manufacturing to service indus-
try
I
labour-intensive
I
high-tech/high-technology
I
building, construction

I
engineering
I
shipbuilding
I
chemical, coal, electricity, energy, gas, mining, nuclear,
oil, petrochemical
I
agricultural, fishing, food, timber
I
pharmaceutical
I
automobile, automotive, car, motor
I
computer, electronics
I
textiles
I
advertising
I
insur-
ance
I
entertainment, film, music/record
I
catering,
hospitality, hotel, leisure, tourist
• VERB
+
INDUSTRY assist, develop, encourage, help,

stimulate
The government decided to encourage indus-
tries based on biotechnology.
0
government measures to
stimulate new industry
I
run down
Running down the nu-
clear industry will result in heavy job losses.
I
damage
They claim that a commercial port would damage the local
tourist industry.
I
cripple, destroy, ruin
I
nationalize
I
privatize
I
regulate
I
protect
trade barriers erected to
protect domestic industry
I
subsidize
The state's timber
industry is heavily subsidized.

I
interfere in/with
The
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inedible
government has interfered in industry, with disastrous re-
sults, by attempting to alter economic trends.
I
be in-
volved in/with
More than 140000 people are directly in-
volved in the industry.
I
enter, go into
students training
to enter the catering industry
(>
She decided to leave teach-
ing and go into industry.
• INDUSTRY
+
VERB develop, grow up, spring up
In
the favourable economic environment, new light indus-
tries are constantly springing up.
I
boom, expand, grow
The tourist industry is still expanding rapidly.
I
decline,

shrink
I
close down, disappear
When the railway disap-
peared, other industries associated with it closed down.
I
compete
I
produce sth
• INDUSTRY
+
NOUN leader
I
standard
They hope that
the disk drive will becomean industry standard.
• PREP. in/within -
In the computer industry, change
comes about very rapidly.
• PHRASES a captain of industry, commerce and in-
dustry
The banks lend money to commerce and industry.
regulation of (an) industry
proposals for regulation of
the water industry
the revival of (an) industry
the revival
of the British film industry
a sector of industry, trade
and industry

the Department of Trade and Industry
inedible
adj.
• VERBS be, look
I
become
I
make sth
These chem-
icals make thefruit inedible.
• ADV. totally
Thefood was totally inedible.
I
almost
ineffective
adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem
These policies have proved in-
effective.
I
become
I
make sth, render sth
The contract
was rendered ineffective by this careless wording.
• ADV. highly, singularly, very
I
completely, entirely,
totally, wholly
I

largely
I
pretty, rather, relatively,
somewhat
I
apparently
I
politically
• PREP.
against
These weapons are totally ineffective
against tanks.
in
chemicals that are very ineffective in kill-
ingweeds
inefficiency
noun
• ADJ. gross
I
inherent
I
bureaucratic, economic,
managerial
• VERB
+
INEFFICIENCY cause, create, lead to, make
for
Conflict between management and workers makes for
inefficiency in the workplace.
I

minimize, reduce
I
over-
come, root out
Weneed to root out inefficiencies in thepro-
duction process.
• INEFFICIENCY
+
VERB arise
This type of inefficiency
arises because workers and management are ill-equipped.
inefficient
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
I
become
• ADV. extremely, grossly, highly, hopelessly, terribly,
very I quite, rather, relatively, somewhat I generally I
potentially
I
inherently
I
notoriously
I
economically
an economically inefficient system
ineligible
adj.
• VERBS be
I

become
I
make sb/sth
I
consider sb/sth,
declare sb/sth, deem sb/sth
The country had been de-
clared ineligible for World Bank lending.
• PREP. for
The new rules have made thousands more
people ineligible for legal aid.
inept
adj.
• VERBS be, prove , become
• ADV. very
I
quite
I
rather
I
politically, socially
It
would be politically inept to cut these training pro-
grammes now.
• PREP. at
He was rather inept at word games.
410
inequality
noun
• ADJ. considerable, great, marked, substantial

In-
equalities of income would lead to even greater inequal-
ities in access to health care.
I
real
I
growing, in-
creased/increasing
I
global, regional
I
class, econom-
ic, educational, gender, income, pay, racial, sex/sexual,
social, socio-economic, structural
• VERB
+
INEQUALITY cause, create, lead to
The intro-
duction of school fees would create inequality between
schools.
I
maintain, perpetuate
Many sociologists have
regarded education
as
central in perpetuating inequality.
I
reinforce
Sex inequality in pay reinforces class
inequality.

I
increase
I
reduce
I
remove
They can build
a more harmonious society once inequality and exploit-
ation are removed. I
rectify, redress
The country has had
some success in redressing racial inequalities.
• INEQUALITY
+
VERB exist
inequalities that exist in
wealth and income
I
arise from sth, be based on sth
in-
equalities based on racism and social class
I
persist, re-
main
Even in the age of compulsory school, inequalities
have remained.
I
increase
I
decline

• PREP. - between
economic inequality between men and
women -
in
gender inequality in education
• PHRASES inequalities of opportunity/power/wealth,
a pattern of inequality
inert
adj.
• VERBS be, lie, remain
I
become
• ADV. completely
She lay completely inert on her bed.
I
relatively
I
chemically
chemically inert radioactive
waste
inertia
noun
• ADJ. sheer
I
bureaucratic, institutional, organiza-
tional, political
• VERB
+
INERTIA lapse into
She lapsed into inertia

and lay there as if asleep.
I
overcome
The forces for
change in the government are not sufficient to overcome
bureaucratic inertia.
• PREP. out of -
He stayed where he was, not because he
really wanted to, but out of inertia.
through -
Projects
toerefrequentiy abandoned through sheer inertia.
• PHRASES a state of inertia
inevitability
noun
• ADJ. terrible, tragic
I
a certain
I
historical
• VERB
+
INEVITABILITY have
I
accept
She was
learning to accept the inevitability of death.
• PREP. - about
The tragedy had a certain inevitability
about

it.
• PHRASES a feeling/sense of ineVitability
inevitable
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, look, seem
I
become
I
make sth
The scandal made her resignation inevitable.
I
regard
sth as, se.esth as
They came toseedefeat as inevitable.
• ADV. absolutely, quite
I
almost, virtually
I
apparent-
ly, seemingly
I
probably
I
historically, politically
• PHRASES bow to the inevitable
She bowed to the inevit-
able
(=
accepted a situation in which she had no choice)
and resigned.

inexhaustible
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
Her energy seemed inexhaustible.
• ADV. virtually
I
apparently, seemingly
inexpensive
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV. very
I
comparatively, fairly, quite, reasonably,
relatively
Paper is relatively inexpensive here.
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inexperience
noun
• ADJ
relative
I
youthful
I
political
• VERB
+
INEXPERIENCE
reveal, show
She showed her
inexperience by asking lotsof trivial questions.

I
be down
to
The team's defensive errors were down to
(=
a result of
their)
inexperience.
I
put sth down to
He put his mis-
takes down to
(=
believed they were caused by his)
inexperience.
• INEXPERIENCE
+
VERB
showHerinexperienceinpol-
itics did not show as she debated with the other candidates.
• PREP.
because of/from/through-
They made mistakes
through inexperience.
I -
in
inexperience in teaching
inexperienced
adj.
• VERBS

be, feel, seem
• ADV.
hopelessly, very
I
totally
He was unqualified.
and totally inexperienced.
I
relatively
She was still a
relatively inexperienced pilot.
I
politically, sexually
• PREP.
in
She was inexperienced in teaching art.
with
men who are inexperienced with children
• PHRASES
young and inexperienced
inexplicable
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
remain
I
find sth
• ADv.
completely, quite, totally

Their actions are com-
pletely inexplicable.
I
apparently
I
otherwise
This the-
ory makes sense of an otherwise inexplicable phenomenon.
infancy
noun
• ADJ.
early
The vaccination
is
given in early infancy.
• VERB
+
INFANCY
survive (beyond)
Their first child
did not survive infancy.
I
die in
She died in infancy.
• PREP.
during/in -
Deaths during infancy have fallen
dramatically in the last hundred years.
0
(figurative) The

new company is still in its infancy.
from -
from infancy to
late childhood
since (sb's) -
Since her infancy she has
been a healthy baby.
throughout (sb's)-
He was ill many
times throughout his infancy.
infant
noun
• ADJ.
young
He is studying hearing in very young in-
fants.
I
newborn I unborn
I
stillborn
I
pre-term, pre-
mature
jaundice in premature infants
I
full-term
I
healthy.norrnal Ilowbirthweight I
humanabookonin-
tellectual development in the human infant

I
female,
male
I
screaming, sleeping
Marjorie looked down at the
sleeping infant in her arms.
• INFANT
+
NOUN
death, mortality
countries with high
infant mortality
I
child, daughter, son
• PHRASES
sudden infant death syndrome
infected
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
become, get
• ADV.
badly, heavily I chronically
• PREP.
with
patients who are infected with this virus
infection
noun

• ADJ.
heavy, nasty, serious, severe
I
mild, minor,
moderate I acute I chronic I recurrent I further I pri-
mary, secondary
If the primary infection
is
not treated
further outbreaks may occur.
I
new
Over 90% of all new
infections occur in the developing worid.
I
rare
I
bacter-
ial, fungal, viral
I
chest, ear, etc.
I
respiratory, urinary,
etc.
I
herpes, HIV, etc.
• VERB
+
INFECTION
have, suffer (from)

He's suffering
from an acute infection of the lower respiratory tract.
I
be
at risk from/of. be prone/susceptible/vulnerable to
Goats appear to be more susceptible to the infection than
sheep.
I be exposed to
Vaccination is essential to protect
people exposed to hepatitis B infection.
I acquire, catch,
411
inferiority
contract, develop, get
She's always getting chest infec-
tions.
I
pass (on), spread, transmit
The infection
is
passed on through the horse feed.
I
carry
Almost all the
sheep on the farm carried the infection.
I guard against,
protect sb/sth from
to protect the body from infection
I
avoid, prevent

I
combat, fight
The virus affects the
body's immune system so that it cannot fight infection.
I
fight off, kill
Normally, white blood cellsfight off and kill
infections.
I
recover from
I
leave/make sb susceptible
to, leave/make sb vulnerable to I die from/of
I
diag-
nose (sb with)
I
treat (sb for)
• INFECTION
+
VERB
develop, occur
an infection that
occurs in swans
I
spread
They want toprevent the infec-
tion spreading to other parts of the body.
I
cause sth, re-

sult in sth
Heavy lung infections may result inpneumonia.
• PREP.
in-
In acute infections of the urinary tract thepa-
tient may suffer severe pain.
I -
by
infection of people by
the virus
-ifrom
infectionfrom sewage water
-through
in-
fection through unsafe sex
-with
infection with bacteria
• PHRASES
a cause of infection, the onset of infection
The drug must be taken from the onset of the infection. re-
sistance to infection
Taking vitamin
C
builds up your re-
·sistance to infection.
a risk of infection, a site of infection
(medical) The urethra was the primary site of infection
a
source of infection
Weare trying to trace the source of in-

fection.
the spread of infection
q
Special page at ILLNESS
infectious
adj.
• VERBS
be, remain
• ADv.
highly, very
I
potentially
infer
verb
• ADV.
reasonably
• VERB
+
INFER
can/could
I
be possible to I be diffi-
cult to, be hard to
It
is
difficult to infer anythingfrom such
scanty evidence.
I be reasonable to I be wrong to
• PREP.
from

From this study we can reasonably infer
that this behaviour is inherited.
inference
noun
• ADJ.
fair,logical, reasonable I obvious
• VERB
+
INFERENCE
draw, make
• INFERENCE
+
VERB
be based on sth
inferences based
on their answers toa number of set questions
• PREP. -
about
In the absence of detailed documentary
evidence, we can only make inferences about Minoan reli-
gion. -
from
The value of data depends on our skill in
drawing inferencesfrom. it.
inferior
noun
• ADJ.
intellectual, social
• VERB
+

INFERIOR
consider sb
She considered every-
one her intellectual inferior.
inferior
adj.
• VERBS
be, feel, seem
Her obvious popularity made me
feel inferior.
I consider sb/sth, regard sb/sth as, see
sb/sth as
Women are often regarded as inferior.
• ADv.
decidedly, distinctly, greatly, markedly, signifi-
cantly, vastly, very
I
slightly, somewhat
I
demon-
strably I instrinsically I intellectually, morally, social-
ly, technically
• PREP.
in
These later paintings are slightly inferior in
value.
to
His later work was vastly inferior to his early
work.
inferiority

noun
• ADJ.
moral, racial, social
the myth of racial inferiority
I
numerical
The inoading torce, conscious of their numer-
ical inferiority at sea, decided on an airborne attack.
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infertility
• VERB + INFERIORITY accept
• iNFERIORITY + NOUN complex He had an inferiority
complex about his looks.
• PREP.
-to
She accepted her inferiority to her rivals.
• PHRASES a feeling/sense of inferiority, a position of
inferiority, a sign of inferiority Using a false accent over
the phone is a sign of inferiority.
infertility
noun
• ADJ. female, male
• VERB
+
INFERTILITY cause, lead to
I
treat
• iNFERTILITY
+
NOUN clinic, treatment

infested
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
• ADV. badly, heavily The building was heavily infested
with cockroaches.
• PREP. with
infiltration
noun
• ADJ. large-scale
I
communist, right-wing, etc.
• VERB
+
INFILTRATION reduce
I
prevent
• PREP. - by The police tried to prevent infiltration by
drug traffickers. - into the infiltration of rain into the soil
infinite
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
• ADV. almost, practically, virtually an almost infinite
variety of colours
I
apparently
I

potentially
infinitive
noun
• ADJ. bare Modal verbs generally take the bare infini-
tive.
I
perfect You use 'have' toform the perfect infinitive
of a uerb.
I
passive
I
split
The use of the split infinitive is
now generally acceptable.
• VERB
+
INFINITIVE form
I
take
I
split
infinity
noun
1 endless space/time
• VERB + INFINITY extend into/to, stretch into/to The-
oretically, a line can extend into infinity.
• PREP. at - Parallel lines meet at infinity. into - In this
weather the cliff face was afoggy drop into infinity.
2 number larger than any other
• VERB

+
INFiNITY approach,tendto/towardsAsxap-
proaches infinity y approaches zero.
• PREP.
at -
The usual convention is to choose the refer-
encepoint at infinity.
infirm
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
• ADV mentally, physically
infirmity
noun
• ADJ. mental, physical
I
increasing
• PHRASES age and infirmity (literary) those incapable
of supporting themselves by reason of age and infirmity
inflamed
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become, get
• ADV highly, severely, very Her joints are severely in-
flamed.
I
further
I

acutely
I
chronically
inflammable
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV. highly, very Thesegases are highly inflammable.
412
inflammation
noun
• ADJ. painful, severe
I
mild
I
acute, chronic
I
colonic, intestinal, etc.
• VERB
+
iNFLAMMATION reduce Steroids often help
reduce the inflammation and itching in the skin.
• PREP.
-of
inflammation of the stomach
• PHRASES signs of inflammation
inflate
verb
• ADV fully
I
partially

• PREP. with The balloon was kept fully inflated with
hydrogen.
inflated
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV greatly, grossly, hugely, vastly
I
artificially,
falsely The prices of meals are often artificially inflated.
inflation
noun
• ADJ. high
I
low, moderate
I
zero
I
galloping, ra-
ging, rampant, rising, runaway, soaring, spiralling, un-
controllable
I
double-digit
(=
10
per cent or more)
I
consumer-price, price, wage
I
domestic
• VERB + INFLATION cause

I
fuel, push up, raise
I
beat, bring down/under control, check, combat, con-
trol, curb, cut, fight, get down/under control, keep
down, keep in check, keep under control, reduce pol-
icies to beat inflation
0
It is vital that inflation is kept in
check.
I
keep pace with Wages are not keeping pace with
inflation.
• INFLATION + VERB be up
I
be down Inflation is
down to its lowest level in three years. I exceed sth, reach
sth Inflation reached a monthly rate of
5
%.
I
average sth,
be at sth, run at sth, stand at sth Inflation is running at
4%.
I
edge up, go up, increase, rise
I
fall, go down,
slow Inflation has slowed to
7%.

I erode sth savings
eroded by inflation
• INFLATION
+
NOUN figures, rate an inflation rate of
2
%
I
forecast, target
• PHRASES the battle/fight against inflation, a drop/fall
in inflation, an increase/a rise in inflation an increase in
inflation to 3.5% a rate of inflation
inflexible
adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem The rules seemed arbitrary
and inflexible.
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. highly, very
I
completely, totally The seven-year
period
is
not totally inflexible.
I
rather, relatively, some-
what She's a good teacher, but she can be rather inflexible.
inflict

verb
• ADV. deliberately When someone deliberately inflicts
damage, it is a matter for the police.
I
maliciously, negli-
gently (both law) He was charged with maliciously inflict-
ing grievous bodily harm.
• PREP. on/upon They inflicted a humiliating defeat on
their rivals.
influence
noun
1 effect sb/sth has; power to control sb/sth
• ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, significant
I growing I chief, dominant, major, overwhelming I
powerful, profound, strong He had a profound influence
on modern poets.
I
important
I
crucial, decisive
I
undue (law) The court found that the bank exerted undue
influence over Mrs Black in getting her to sign the contract.
I
beneficial, positive
I
adverse, corrupting, destruc-
tive, disruptive, evil, negative
I
stabilizing, steadying

I
calming, restraining
I
civilizing
I
direct
I
pervasive,
wide
I
external, outside The religious community wished
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to be independent of outside influence.
I
foreign
I
cul-
tural, economic, genetic, political
• VERB
+
INFLUENCE have I give sb Her wealth gave
her influence over affairs of state. I exercise, exert, use,
wield Can you use your influence with the director to get
me apart in thefilm?
0
Drug cartels wielded enormous in-
fluence in the city.
I
extend The unions have been able to
extend their influence over all industries.

I
be under The
court was told that he was under the influence of alcohol
when he committed the offence.
I
come/fall under She
came under the influence of Sartre at this period.
I
be in-
dependent of I show Spanish architecture shows Moor-
ish influence.
I
attribute sth to Much of his writing can be
attributed to the influence of Freud.
• INFLUENCE + VERB extend Their influence extended
asfar as China.
• PREP. under the - The town grew under the influence of
colonialism.
I
-from
There was no influencefrorn outside.
- in She has a certain amount of influence in the way
things are organized. - on/upon They were a major influ-
ence upon the development of the sport. - over I have abso-
lutely no influence over him. - with Queen Isabella was
urged to use her influence with the French monarch.
• PHRASES a sphere of influenceRome'ssphereofinflu-
ence extended across Europe, North Africa and the Middle
East. bring your influence to bear on sb/sth The king
tried to bring his influence to bear on

(=
tried to influence)
theparliament.
under the
influence (of alcohol/drink)He
was arrested for driving under the influence.
2 sb/sth that affects the way sb behaves/thinks
• ADJ.
big, considerable, great, significant
I
domin-
ant, major, overwhelming I powerful, profound, strong
I
important I early Who wereyour early influences
(=
in-
fluences at the start of your career)?
I
formative The
massive intellect of his mother had been ajormatioe influ-
ence from his earliest years.
I
diverse He is a writer of
Indian descent and draws upon diverse cultural influ-
ences.
I
outside Parents often seek to shelter their children
from outside influences
I
good

I
adverse, bad, corrupt-
ing, destructive, disruptive, harmful, negative
I
stabilizing, steadying
I
calming, restraining I civilizing
I environmental, genetic I artistic, cultural, musical
• VERB
+
INFLUENCE be, represent The legacy of An-
cient Rome represented the overwhelming influence on Ro-
manesque architecture. I have The band had many influ-
ences. I be exposed to a study of children exposed to dif-
ferent cultural influences I draw from/on/upon
• INFLUENCE + VERB be at work There were a number
of influences at work in Gaudi's architecture.
• PREP. - on She's by far the biggest influence on my
writing.
influence
verb
• ADV.
considerably, deeply, enormously, greatly,
heavily, powerfully, profoundly, strongly This book in-
fluenced her profoundly.
I
increasingly
I
largely, main-
ly, primarily

I
partly, slightly I directly, indirectly Pres-
sure from industry bosses has directly influenced govern-
mentpolicy. I clearly, obviously, undoubtedly I active-
ly
I
critically, crucially, decisively, significantly
I
inev-
itably
I
positively actions that positively influence health
I
adversely
I
unduly Try to be aware of external factors
which may unduly influence your judgement.
• VERB + INFLUENCE seem to I attempt to, seek to,
try to seeking to influence university appointments
• PREP. in Her parents tried to influence her in her choice
of university.
• PHRASES be easily/readily influenced He was naive
and easily influenced by hisfriends.
influential
adj.
• VERBS be, prove I become
413
information
• ADV. deeply, enormously, especially, extraordinarily,
extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, particularly, real-

ly, very This was a highly influential work.
0
As a writer
she was hugely influential.
I
increasingly
I
fairly, quite
I
widely
I
politically
• PREP. in The group was influential in setting up the new
schools.
influenza
noun
• Q.UANT. attack, bout
• VERB
+
INFLUENZA have, suffer from
I
catch,
contract
• INFLUENZA
+
NOUN epidemic
I
virus
q
Special page at

ILLNESS
influx
noun
• ADJ.
great, huge, large, massive, vast
I
small I new
I
sudden
I
continuing
I
steady I daily the daily influx
of sightseers to the city
• VERB
+
INFLUX have,receiveThehotelhasreceiveda
large influx of guests.
I
prevent The country sealed its
borders toprevent the influx of illegal immigrants.
I
cope
with They didn't know how they were going to cope with
the sudden influx of refugees.
• PREP. - into/to a massive influx offoreign tourists into
London
inform
verb
• ADV.

merely, simply I am not advising you. I am merely
informing you of the situation.
I
regularly
I
immediately
I officially
I
personally I kindly, politely Next time you
decide to take some action, kindly inform me. I bluntly 'I
won't do it!' she informed him bluntly. I coldly, coolly
• VERB + INFORM be pleased to I regret to I regret to
inform you that you have been unsuccessful in your appli-
cation.
I
be required to The clinic is required to inform
thepatient about possible alternative treatments.
• PREP. about efforts to inform young people about the
dangers of drugs
of
Wewill immediately inform you of any
changes to the programme.
informal
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. extremely, highly, very I fairly, quite, rather,

relatively Our meetings are relatively informal. I purely
These meetings should remain purely informal, with no
obligation on either side.
I
cheerfully, delightfully
information
noun
• ADJ.
accurate, correct, precise
I
false It is alleged
that he gave false information to the tax authorities.
I
relevant, useful, valuable I useless I available Further
information is available on request.
I
missing
I
fresh,
new
I
latest, up-to-date the latest information on lung
conditions
I
additional, extra, further
I
general general
information about the company as a whole
I
basic basic

information like date of birth, doctor's name and phone
number I background I detailed I factual I classified,
confidential, secret I price-sensitive There are legal
constraints on the use of price-sensitive information.
I
bibliographic, economic, educational, financial, social,
technological, etc.
• Q.UANT. item, piece an interesting piece of information
I bit, fragment, nugget, scrap, snippet She let slip afeui
nuggets of information about herself. I mine, wealth This
book is a mine of information on the Romans.
• VERB
+
INFORMATION contain I have Do you have
the information I need?
I
retain, store James is able to re-
tain an enormous amount of factual information in his
head.
0
database systems that process and store informa-
tion
I
need, require
I
ask for, request
I
look for, seek
I
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