TIỂU LUẬN GIAO THOA văn hóa

HẢI PHÒNG UNIVERSITY
FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT

ASIGNMENT ON CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

A STUDY ON THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND
LOAN WORDS TO EXPRESS FORMALITY IN
VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH

Students : Do Thi Hoang Anh
Pham Thi Kim Ha
Nguyen Anh Thu
Nguyen Thi Binh
Class : Teacher Training English – Japanese Class_ K18

HẢI PHÒNG, 2020


TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC HẢI PHỊNG
KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

TIỂU LUẬN MƠN HỌC
GIAO THOA VĂN HÓA

A STUDY ON THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND
LOAN WORDS TO EXPRESS FORMALITY IN
VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH

Nhóm sinh viên: Đỗ Thị Hoàng Anh
Phạm Thị Kim Hà
Nguyễn Anh Thư

Nguyễn Thị Bình
Lớp: Đại học Sư phạm Anh – Nhật_ K18

HẢI PHỊNG – NĂM 2020.


TABLE OF CONTENT

PART I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1
1. Aim of the study.................................................................................................... 1
2. Method of the study.............................................................................................. 1
3. Signification of the study. .................................................................................... 1
PART II: DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ............................................... 2
1.1. CULTURE AND LANGUAGE ........................................................................... 2

1.1.1. Culture................................................................................................. 2
1.1.2. Language ............................................................................................. 3
1.1.3. The link between language and communication ............................. 4
1.2. COMMUNICATION AND CROSS-COMMUNICATION ............................. 5

1.2.1. Definition of communication ............................................................. 5
1.2.2. Definition of cross-culture communication ..................................... 6
1.3. VERBAL COMMUNICATION. ......................................................................... 7

1.3.1. Definition of verbal communication. ................................................ 7
1.3.2. Features of verbal communication. .................................................. 8
1.3.2.1. Subjectivity and objectivity. .......................................................... 8
1.3.2.2 Formality and informality............................................................. 8
1.3.2.2.1. Definitions of formality and informality. ............................... 8

1.3.2.2.2. Features of formality and informality .................................. 10
CHAPTER II: THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS .......... 12
2.1. DAILY CONVERSATION. ............................................................................... 12
2.2. BUSINESS CONVERSATION. ........................................................................ 12
2.3. PUBLIC CONVERSATION.............................................................................. 12

CHAPTER III: THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS IN
ENGLISH ................................................................................................................ 14


3.1 DAILY CONVERSATION ................................................................................. 14
3.2. BUSINESS CONVERSATION. ........................................................................ 14
3.3. PUBLIC CONVERSATION.............................................................................. 15

CHAPTER IV: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE
OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE. ....... 16
4.1. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN
IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE. ....................................................................... 16
4.2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN
IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE. ....................................................................... 17
4.3 CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS. ......................................................................... 17

PART III: CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 18
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 19


PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. Aim of the study.
This research aims to study the using of stock words and loan words to express
formality in Vietnamese and English.

In brief, the study would seek to answer the following questions:
- What are the major similarities and differences in using stock words and loan words to
express formality in English and Vietnamese?
- What are the factors that affect the choice of stock words and loan words in two cultures?
2. Method of the study.
This research is based on both theoretical discussion. The theoretical background
was selected with reference to many sources such as books, articles, and websites.
3. Signification of the study.
The study is hoped to be a useful source for both pedagogical and research purpose.
Specifically, equipped by the outcomes of the study, language teachers and learners may
find the subject matter no longer complicated but motivating uses of stock words and loan
words to express formality in English so that English learners can understand deeply stock
words and loan words and can be confident in using these words successfully.

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PART II: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1. CULTURE AND LANGUAGE
1.1.1. Culture
According to Moore (1985:4), Culture is “The whole of the knowledge, ideas and
habits of society that are transmitted from one generation to the next.”
Culture, as stated by Fay “is a complex set of shared beliefs, values, and concepts which
enables a group to make sense of its life and which provides it with directions for how to
live” (Holliday, A et al. (2004:60)).
In relation to language, Culture is emphasized as “the total set of beliefs, attitudes,
customs, behaviors, social habits… of the member of a particular society” (in Richards et

al. (1985:94)).
According to Cambridge English Dictionary Online, culture is, "the way of life,
especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular
time."
In Nguyen Quang’s opinion (1998:3), culture is “a share background (for example,
national, ethnic, religious) resulting from a common language and communication style,
custom, beliefs, attitudes, and values. Culture in this text does not refer to art, music,
literature, food, clothing styles, and so on. It refers to the informal and often hidden patterns
of human interactions, expressions, and viewpoints that people in one culture share. The
hidden nature of culture has been compared to an iceberg, most of which is hidden
underwater! Like the iceberg most of the influence of culture on an individual cannot be
seen. The part of culture that is exposed is not always that which creates cross-cultural
difficulties; the hidden aspects of culture have significant effects on behavior and on
interactions with others.”

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Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (1952:47) also pointed out that "Culture
consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by
symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their
embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically
derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on
the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other as conditioning elements
of further action."
UNESCO firmly held on to a definition of culture, originally set out in the 1982
Mexico Declaration on Cultural Policies: “In its widest sense, culture may now be said to
be the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features
that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only the arts and letters, but also
modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and

beliefs” (UNESCO, 2001:148).
1.1.2. Language
Language is described as “the human faculty that enables us to exchange
meaningful messages without fellow man being by means of discourse and texts, which are
structured according to the rules and convention of the particular language that we share
with them” by Jackson and Stockwell (1996:2).
Another linguist, Widdowson (1996: 4) states that language is so uniquely human,
and it distinguishes us so clearly from other animals. He also claims that what is particularly
striking about language is the way it is fashioned as systems of signs to meet the elaborate
cultural and communal needs of human societies.
"A language is distinctively human", in Delahunty and Garvey’s words (1994: 15).
Language is not only our main link with the outside world, it is also a marker that
distinguishes us from the other animal creatures we share the world with.
According to Crystal (1992: 212), language is "the systematic, conventional use of
sounds, or written symbols human society for communication and self- expression.”

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1.1.3. The link between language and communication
Culture, in relation to language, is emphasized by Richards et al. (1985: 94) as “the
total of beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviors, social habits... of the member of a particular
society by Levine and Adellman (1993) as "a shared background, eg: national, ethic,
religions, resulting from a common language and communication style, customs, beliefs,
attitudes and values”; and is evaluated and clarified by Nguyen Quang in “Intercultural
Communication” (1998:3)
Goodenough (1975) in Wardhaugh (1986: 217) describes "a society's culture
consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner
acceptable to its members."
Basing on such perspectives, we should be fully aware of the link between culture

and communication. Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that
in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the
participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could
communicate with each other because they had a common language and they lived in the
same time and place. Culture includes the "subjective" elements- elements such as "values,
attitudes, beliefs, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a
society. We can see that all the subjective cultural beliefs and values you hold influence
your interpretation of the world and interactions in it.
The relationship of language and culture can be obviously derived because language
functions as the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives. As
Federico Fellini claims “A different language is a different view of life” (in Samovar, L.A
and Porte, R.E 1991:164). “A different language is an aspect of its culture. The relation of
language to culture is that of part to whole" has been acknowledged by Good enough
(1957) (in Hudson. 1980: 83), Kramsch (1998:3) identifies this correlation by three aspects
of language and culture as follow: (1) language expresses cultural realty; (2) language
embodies cultural reality; (3) language symbolizes cultural reality.

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Language usage and style reflect the personality of a culture in much the same way
they reflect the personality of an individual. Such relationship between language and
culture is further emphasized because there is no doubt, however, that there is a correlation
between the form and content of a language and the beliefs, values, and needs present in
the culture of its speakers. From recognizing this relationship, it is noted that language and
culture are inseparable, language and culture have the power to maintain national or cultural
identity.
The link between language and culture is evident because language is the primary
means of instructing members of a society in culturally acceptable practices and behaviors
for social interaction, in the appropriate relationships to the physical environment. The

sharing of a common or similar worldview and system of values that only results in a shared
ability for verbal communication but also possible other forms of culturally determined
ways of communication. Nguyen Quang highly appreciates this correlation between
language and culture: "There is an obvious correlation cultural factors, language, and
communicative competence, which require an appropriate consider. People are aware that
one cannot master a language without understanding of its cultural background, and that
a strong impinge on any communicative behavior, either verbal or non-verbal
communication.” (Nguyen Quang 2002:10)
1.2. COMMUNICATION AND CROSS-COMMUNICATION
1.2.1. Definition of communication
According to Nguyen Quang’s word, “Communication is the process of sharing
meaning through verbal and nonverbal behavior” (Nguyen Quang, 1998:3).
Communication is “a symbolic process in which people create shares meaning” (Lustig,
1996:29).
“Comunication, then, is vital to our lives. To live is to communicate”. (Hybels,
1992:5) Hybels says that “Communication is any process in which people share

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information, ideas, and feelings. That process involves not only the spoken and written
word, but also body language, personal mannerism and style” (Hybels, 1992:5)
Communication is defined as “the exchange of ideas, information, etc. between two or more
person” (Richards et al., 1992:64)
To our observation, communication can take place in many different ways. General
speaking, two categories of communication can be identified. The first is verbal
communication; that is communication using language and speech to share or exchange
information. The second is nonverbal communication; that is communication without use
of language but depending rather on other channels such as body language, eye contact,
physical appearance, attitude distance and physical contact. In our daily situations, we

apply different ways, either verbal or non-verbal communication, however, in many cases
both, to different partners.
Certainly, each human language is a system for communication. If communication
is to be successful, the people involved need to share the same referential meaning of the
words they are using. To communicate effectively the speakers share the linguistic
knowledge, interaction skills and cultural knowledge. Samovar, L.A and Porte, R.E (1991:
12) hold that human communication is the process through which symbols are transmitted
for the purpose of eliciting a response. The importance of communication on human
behavior is dramatically underscored by Keating when e writes "Communication is
powerful: It brings companions to our side or scatters our rivals, reassures or alerts children,
and forges consensus or battle lines between us" (cited in Samovar, L.A and Porter, R.E.
1991: 12). What she is mentioning is that communication- your ability to share r beliefs,
values, and feelings- is the basis of all human contact.
1.2.2. Definition of cross-culture communication
Cross-culture communication can be understood in a simple way: “Cross
communication (also frequently referred to as interculture communication, which is also
used in a different sense, thought) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing

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cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and
how they endeavor to communicate across cultures”.
(en.wikipeadia.com)
According to Nguyen Quang (1998:3): “Communication (verbal and nonverbal)
between people from different cultures; communication that is influenced and culture
values, attitudes and behavior: the different of culture on people’ reactions and response
to each other”.
“Cross-culture communication can be stated as “an awareness that specific culture
and/or social and/or linguistic and/or economic and/or historical and/or gender-based

differences matters in cross-cultural interaction, demonstrated through appropriately
shaping one’s discourse with individual of different backgrounds from one’s own”.
(www.global-workforce.globalization.org).
1.3. VERBAL COMMUNICATION.
1.3.1. Definition of verbal communication.
Verbal communication means “sharing things by mean of words”
(www.importantindia.com)
“Verbal communication is the spoken or written conveyance of a message. Human
language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the
grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manioulate” (en.wikipedia.org).
Verbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message.
It serves as a vehicle for expressing desires, ideas and concepts and is vital to the processes
of learning and teaching.
Verbal communication is divided into two ways: Oral communication and Written
communication.
Oral Communication is the process of expressing information or ideas by word of
mouth. This can be done by face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation,
video, radio, television and voice over internet. Written Communication is a type of

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interaction that makes use of the written word. A written message may be printed or hand
written. In written communication, messages can be transmitted via email, letter, report,
memo etc. Written communication is influenced by the vocabulary, grammar, writing style,
precision and clarity of the language.
1.3.2. Features of verbal communication.
1.3.2.1. Subjectivity and objectivity.
Each nation, in general, has its own typical perception on the ego, society and nature, on
the interrelationship of subject and object... It is generally accepted that there are two main

ways of perception, the first one prefers the ego being the only subject in the Universe
known as Subjectivity and the other regards the ego as an object among others known as
Objectivity in which Vietnamese culture tends to be more subjectivity colored while
Angclicist’s cultures tend to be more objectivity colored. This is cleared in the use of
prepositions of locations, addressing forms and addressing relationships, the
provisionalism, the infixes for doers of actions and the use of lexico – modal markers.
1.3.2.2 Formality and informality.
1.3.2.2.1. Definitions of formality and informality.
A look at some recent literature in sociolinguistics, the ethnography of speaking,
and related fields (e.g., Gumperz and Hymes 1972; Bauman and Sherzer 1974; Sanches
and Blount 1975; Fishman 1968; Bloch 1975; Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1976; papers in
Language in Society; Working Papers in Sociolinguistics) suggests three principal senses
of formality, which are potentially confused with each other. These different senses have
to do with whether the formality concerns properties of a communicative code, properties
of the social setting in which a code is used, or properties of the analyst’s description.
For instance, many authors use formality in the sense of an increased structuring and
predictability of discourse. Here, formality is an aspect of code, such that the discourse is
subject to extra rules or some greater elaboration of rules. In this vein, for example,
Bricker (1974:388) and Gossen (1974:412), both writing on the Maya, and Fox (1974:73)

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who writes on the Rotinese, all describe “formal speech” as marked by special structuring- notably redundancy, and syntactic or semantic parallelism. Others have emphasized the predictability of structured discourse; they have argued that a “formal style”
reduces the variability and spontaneity of speech (see Joos 1959 and Wolfson 1976). For
example, Rubin’s (1968) paper on bilingualism in Paraguay discusses formality in terms
of limitations on the kinds of behaviors that are acceptable and on the amount of
allowable variation (conceived as deviation from a norm).
Other authors use formality/informality as a way of describing the characteristics
of a social situation, not necessarily the kind of code used in that situation. The

relevant characteristics of the situation may have something to do with a prevailing
affective tone, so that a formal situation requires a display of seriousness, politeness, and
respect. For instance, Fischer (1972), describing ways of speaking among Trukese and
Ponapeans, discusses the use of ‘‘respect vocabulary” and “formal etiquette” as displays of
politeness marking a formal situation. In Fishman’s (1972:51) discussion of “lecture like
or formal situations” formality seems to be understood as the opposite of levity and
intimacy. Ervin-Tripp (1972:235), too, relates formality to politeness and “the seriousness
of such situations.” Not all authors agree on just what formality means about a
situation, however. Rubin (1968) lists formality as a situational variable separate from
“degree of intimacy” and “degree of seriousness.” For Labov (1972: 113), formality of
situational context is what makes a speaker pay increased attention to his or her speech.
Finally, many authors use formal to refer to a technical mode of description, in
which the analyst’s statement of the rules governing discourse is maximally explicit.
Although most linguists apply this sense of formality (as “explicitness”) only to the
statements made by an outside observer, some anthropologists also apply it to a people’s
own analysis of their social order. When Murphy (1971:159), for instance, speaks of “the
formal, conscious models of society held by its members,” he refers to those conceptions
of society and behavior that infornnants can present in explicit verbal statements. For other
an- thropologists the explicit statements need not be verbal: see Leach’s (1965: 15-16)

9


discussion of nonverbal ritual as a way in which social structure, or a people’s ideas about
social structure, are made explicit and “formally recognized”.
1.3.2.2.2. Features of formality and informality
According to Bui Tuan Anh in “Cross-cultural communication”, the features of
formality and informality are divided into 3 aspects: The length of utterances, the use
lexico – modal markers, the use of stock words and loan words.
Vietnamese cultural contact with the Chinese goes back more than two thousand

years. One thousand years of Chinese domination followed by another thousand years of
tribute-state status and continued cultural contact with the powerful neighbors to the north.
As Chinese is the chief source of loan words in Vietnamese, it is necessary to explain
in more detail the historical sociolinguistic relationship between Chinese and Vietnamese.
Over a quarter of the database in this study consists of words of Chinese origin. However,
an even larger percentage of words have entered Vietnamese via written transmission, 70%
or higher of the Vietnamese lexicon is Chinese in origin. A majority of Chinese vocabulary
entered Chinese without the presence of a large bilingual community, so it can be assumed
that Sino-Vietnamese borrowing occurred largely via written language. The two primary
eras of borrowing via spoken contact include the Han Dynasty and the modern era, both of
which are periods in which large Chinese communities resided in major cities in Vietnam,
though neither era was a time when most of the Chinese loan words entered Vietnamese.
In Vietnamese, the words of Vietnamese origin are more informal than that of Chinese one
are more formal.
The English vocabulary is not consistent. It consists of two classes - indigenous and
borrowed repositories. In terms of numbers, loan word repositories are significantly larger
than indigenous repositories. In fact, stock words make up only 30% of the total number of
words in English vocabulary. However, British people tend to use stock words more when
speaking. In addition, the stock words have a wider range of lexical and grammatical

10


values, they are highly polymorphic and effective in forming phrases and formulating
sentences.
In many cases, a loan word, is practically indistinguishable from an indigenous word
without careful etymology analysis. The amount of lexical words borrowed and their role
are determined by the historical development of the people who speak that language. The
most effective way to borrow is to borrow directly from another language as a result of
contact with other countries. For example: "geisha" from Japanese, "shanghai" from

Chinese, “aodai” from Vietnamese...
There are many different approaches to loan classification. The borrowed word can be
classified according to the nature of the borrowed word. In English, the words of AngloSaxon origin are more informal than that of French one are more formal.

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CHAPTER II: THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS
IN VIETNAMESE
2.1. DAILY CONVERSATION.
A: Cậu thần tượng ai nhất trong chương trình ca nhạc tối qua?
B: Chà, mình có rất nhiều thần tượng nhưng mình dành sự ái mộ nhất cho nam ca sĩ AP
A: Ồ,ca sĩ AP sao? Cậu thích anh ấy ở điểm gì?
B: Anh ấy có giọng hát rất tốt và kĩ năng trình diễn tuyệt vời. Cịn cậu thì sao?
A: Tớ thì thích ca sĩ Hồng Hải. Anh ấy được mệnh danh là hoàng tử của Vpop và đặc
biệt sở hữu chất giọng rất khỏe.
2.2. BUSINESS CONVERSATION.
B: Xin lỗi, cho tơi hỏi ơng có phải là kĩ sư A không?
A: Phải, là tôi. Xin hỏi anh là…
B: Tôi là A từ công ty xuất nhập KBS. Rất hân hạnh được đón tiếp ơng! Hoan nghênh
ơng đến và làm việc ở cơng ty chúng tơi.
Nếu có u cầu hay mong muốn gì, ơng cứ bảo tơi, xin đừng khách sáo.
A: Cảm ơn sự tiếp đãi nhiệt tình của anh
B: Chắc ông cũng mệt rồi đúng không?
A: Tôi cũng hơi mệt.
B: Vậy chúng ta về khách sạn để ngài nghỉ ngơi trước, 6h tối tơi sẽ đến đón ơng đi dùng
bữa.
2.3. PUBLIC CONVERSATION.
At the airport

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A: Chào quý khách, anh định bay đến đâu nhỉ?
B: Tơi đến thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
A: Cho phép tơi xem hộ chiếu của anh nhé.
B: Được chứ.
A: Anh có gửi hành lý không?
B: Chỉ 1 túi này thôi
A: Anh để giúp hành lý lên bàn cân nhé.
A: Đây là thẻ lên máy bay của anh. Chuyến bay của anh sẽ khởi hành lúc 03:20. Ghế của
anh là ghế 26 E.
B: Cảm ơn.

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CHAPTER III: THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS IN
ENGLISH
3.1 DAILY CONVERSATION
A: Welcome to Royal Restaurant.
B: Can I get you something to drink?
A: Yes, please. What can you recommend?
B: The Malbec is excellent, a red wine from France.
A: That sounds good to me. I'll have that one.
B: And are you ready to order your food?
A: Yes.
A: Will you be having a starter?
B: Yes, please .I'd like the chicken soup.
B: What would you like for the main course ?.

A: I'll have the grilled beef steak, medium rare, please.
B: And for dessert?
A: A cheese baguette, please.
B: Very good .I will bring your order over right away.
3.2. BUSINESS CONVERSATION.
A: We have enjoyed working with you.
B: Thank you. It's been a lot of fun.
A: We would like you to join our team.
B: Are you offering me a job?
A: Yes, We would like you to join our company.
B: This would be a great business opportunity for me.
A: My secretary will email you the job description and our salary offer.

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B: When do you need an answer?
A: We would like an answer by the end of the week.
B:Ok. I will think about it carefully and let you know by Friday.
3.3. PUBLIC CONVERSATION.
A: Hello, sir! How can I help you?
B: I want to book a ticket for a flight to Da Nang City for the first of June.
A: Give me a second, please.
B: Ok I can wait.
A: Flight No 981 leaves at 5.40 PM on June 1st. Is that OK with you?
B: That’s great
A: Do you want economy class or first class ticket?
B: I choose economy class ticket.
A: Do you have any other questions?
B: When do I have to check in before the flight?

A: You have to be there an hour before the departure time. Here is your ticket. Remember
the flight number is AA 981, leaving from gate 8.
B: Thank you
A: Thank you. Have a wonderful trip.

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CHAPTER IV: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF
STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE.

4.1. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN
ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE.
Loan words tend to find formal language in academic journals, official documents
or formal speeches and notices where it brings an extra degree of seriousness to the subject.
As a general rule, it is not appropriate for everyday situations.
Here are some examples of loan words with their equivalents in stock words – notice
that the formal words are often longer than the standard terms. It can be tempting to use
formal vocabulary in the hope that it will add more weight to what we are saying, or just
sound generally more impressive or sophisticated. We should generally try to resist this
temptation. Using loan words in everyday situations can make your writing sound pompous
or pretentious. We may also make what you've written sound unintentionally funny, as
some writers deliberately choose formal vocabulary to create a comic effect.
Take a look at these versions of the same sentence:

✗ Passengers were stranded without comestibles and beverages for hours.
✓ Passengers were stranded without food and drink for hours.
✗ Con chào mẫu hậu ạ. Con mới đi học về.
✓Con chào mẹ ạ. Con mới đi học về.
The use of the formal terms comestibles and beverages in the first version is

distracting: the words get in the way of what the sentence is actually saying. The stock
words in the second sentence have much more impact.
The abuse of using Sino-Vietnamese words mẫu hậu in the first version makes
words unnatural and incompatible with communication situations. The word mẹ in the
second sentence makes sentence more smoothly.

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So we do not always use borrowed words to express the meaning of a sentence. The
choice of using borrowed words depends on the circumstances and subjects of
communication. If you overuse the loan word, it will cause confusion for the listener and
reduce the efficiency of communication. Sometimes the use of stock words is better for
communication because they are popular and informal.
4.2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN
ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE.
In Vietnamese, the use of loan words will often be found in special days such as wedding
party, longevity wishing ceremony, funeral, death anniversary... It is different than English.
They will tend to use informal words rather than formal words on these occasions.
Take a look at these examples:
In Viet Nam:
Chúc hai bạn trăm năm hạnh phúc sớm sinh quý tử.
In England:
Happy wedding.
4.3 CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS.
As mentioned above, English and Vietnamese have some similarities as well as
differences in the use of the word stocks and loan words to express formality in
communication. In order to understand and be able to use securities and loan terms, students
should have access to as much authentic material as possible such as movies, books, and
newspapers... Additionally, socio-cultural factors must be considered when students decide

to use words.

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PART III: CONCLUSION

Thus, borrowed words and root words play a very important role in the language
system. depending on each situation, they have different expressions. Therefore, it
requires users to have knowledge when using words, avoiding word abuse and misuse of
circumstances. This not only affects the logic of the sentence but also makes it difficult
for the listener to understand.
From the findings of the study on using stock words and loan words, we can see the
similarities and differences in Vietnamese and British cultures. Therefore, people are able
to raise their culture awareness; it is extremely necessary for understanding languages and
features of two cultures. People who learn two languages or have had experiences of living
in two countries, Vietnam and England, can avoid cultural shocks as well as. As a result,
they have more effective communication because the use of these words can significantly
contribute to make the very first good impression between people in a communication.

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REFERENCES
1. Nguyen Quang. (1998). Cross-cultural Communication. CFL - Vietnam National
University - Hanoi.
2. Nguyen Quang (1999) Intercultural Communication. Vietnam National University Hanoi, College of Foreign languages.
3. Nguyen Quang (2008). Nonverbal communication across cultures. NXB Khoa học xã
hội.
4. Blum-Kulka, S. (1987). Indirectness and politeness in requests: Same or Different?.

Journal of Pragmatics, ii, 131-14-6.
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Calques. Periodical states ofenglish vocabulary-Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry
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( />SOURCES_OF_LOANS_CALQUES_PERIODICAL_STATES_OF_ENGLISH_VOCA
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外来词
( />B0%C6%A1_n_trong_Ti%C3%AA_ng_Vi%C3%AA_t_%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%
E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%8D)

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10. Peter Trudgill, Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th Penguin,
(2000).
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Language, April 2018.

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