đại học cần thơ
đại học cần thơ đại học cần thơ
đại học cần thơ -
- khoa nông nghiệp
khoa nông nghiệp khoa nông nghiệp
khoa nông nghiệp
giáo trình giảng dạy trực tuyến
QJ7S&ĂQ7K7HO)D[
:HEVLWHKWWSZZZFWXHGXYQNQQHPDLOGPLQK#FWXHGXYQYWDQK#FWXHGXYQ
Kiểm soát vệ sinh thú y
Kiểm soát vệ sinh thú yKiểm soát vệ sinh thú y
Kiểm soát vệ sinh thú y
Các sản phẩm động vật
Các sản phẩm động vậtCác sản phẩm động vật
Các sản phẩm động vật
An toàn thực phẩm
An toàn thực phẩmAn toàn thực phẩm
An toàn thực phẩm
Chơng 8
Những bệnh lý thờng gặp khi khám thịt -
Cách xử lý
Chủ biên: PGs. Ts. Châu Bá Lộc
Lý Thị Liên Khai, MVD, M.Sc.
118
&KQJ
1+mu1*'$1*%j1+/<v7+mls1**g3.+,
.+$v07+r7&$v&+;mt/<v
,0k,/,j148$1*,mu$&$v&'$1*%j1+/<v75j17+r7
*,$68v&9$s%j1+/<v&8t$+$&+/h0%$
&DFEQKR
+DFKVXQJKX\W[XWKX\WKRDLWFRVFWPX1XGRFDF
WKQJWFKFKRFWX\PFQQJQKHFXQJWK\KDFKE[XWKX\W
VXQJKX\WWXKX\WKRDLW
0W
7RDQEKDFKFRKLQWQJVXQJKX\WPDXVPODLNKQJW
NKQJSKXWKXQJ
6X\QKF
+DFKWRPPWPOLQNW[XQJTXDQKKDFKORQJOHRNKLFW
UDWK\FDFQWEDFKKX\WWKRDLKRDWKD\YDRFDFWFKFOLQNW
*LD
+DFKPDXYDQJQKDWGDL0WFWFRQKQJYWWUQJGDLFKD\W
QJRDLYDRWURQJ1KQJYWQ\ODGRFDFWFKFPOLQNWKRDVL
+DFKJDQWURQJWUQJKS
+RDQJDQJ
+DFKWULQGQJPPYDQJQKDWFKXYLKDFKPDXQXHQ
119
*DQ[
+DFK GDL FQJ PDX YDQJFWKDFKWK\WFKFOLQNWPDX
WUQJWURQJFFXKDFK
*DQWKRDLKRDP
+DFKPPWRYDQJQKDWPOLQNW[XQJTXDQKORQJOHR7UQJ
KSQQJFRWKJS[XWKX\W[XQJTXDQKKDFK0WFWFRQKQJ
FKXPYDQJQXVPQKDW[HQOQQKDX
,,3+k},
;XWKX\W
0DXRWLNKLJLDVXFPLEQKKRFJLDLRDQXFXDEQK
FSWQKKD\GRNHSLQ0DXVPRHQGRFDFLP[XWKX\W
WK\WUQEPWSKLDOXiLP[XWKX\WWKQJWSWUXQJWKX\
KRDQKFDFKP1X[XWKX\WGRNHSLQRWLSKLWFKQF
WKWFKSKLWQJ+X\
6XQJKX\W
3KLFRPDXRVPFQJFKFKQEQKWKQJGFWFWSKL
QKLXKX\W
mvKX\W
3KLFQJQJRFWQJDQJNLPWUDWK\PDXPDXRVP
YXQJPDXWKQJQRQJ7KQJWK\WURQJWUQJKSWKXEQKR
KRFEQKSKLFKWWUFNKLJLWPPWGRFKX\QFK[DKXTXD
FXDEQKSKL
.KWKXQJ
120
3KLFQJXFRPDXKQJ[DPFR[XWKX\WFKPQKLXQL
NKLERSQJKHODR[DRFWFRERWNKPDXKQJWUDRUD+X\
3KLFRQFKWUXQ
7KQJWK\KHRWKX\QKWKX\WLP1XQQJWK\WKX\
KRDQK FDFK P 9XQJFRQFFQJQRQJ.KLFWFRQFFKD\UD
+X\
9LPPDQJSKL3OHXULWLV
7X\TXDWUQKYLPWDWK\SKLYLPGQKVQKD\GQK[RDQJ
QJFYLPFXFEKD\YLPWRDQE&RWKWK\EQKWFKQWPXWUQ
SKL[XWKX\WKX\WVXQJKX\W1KQJWUQPWODSKLEDRJL
FXQJWK\QKQJVLPDXWUQJXFGD\FWUQPDQJSKL+X\
ERSKDLOWERFDPDQJGQKWUQ[RDQJQJF
*LXQSKL0HWDVWURQJ\OXVVDOPL
7KQJWK\KHR7UQSKLFRFDFWLXWKX\QLOQPDXWUQJ
GDLFWUDWK\WQJFKXPJLXQSKL
7ULXFKQJ
1KHNKQJUR
1QJKHRJD\PVX\GLQKGQJKRURQKWYDRVDQJVPWL
*LXQSKLWLWFWYDRPDXKHRFRWKEWUXQJF
3KQELWKRGRN\VLQKWUXQJYDEQKWUX\QQKLP
*LXQFDLHWUQJNKTXDQNKLKHRKRWUQJORWTXDUXWWKHR
SKQUDQJRDLJLXQWWUWKDQKXWUXQJFDPQKLPN\VLQKWKDQK
WKFTXDQYDPDFKPDXFXDJLXQW1XJLXQWFKWXWUXQJVQJ
FWXQWURQJWP+HRQSKDLJLXQFRXWUXQJJ\QKLP
7UQJVH[X\QTXDWKDQKUXWWKHRKDFKOPEDPDQJWUHRUXWYDR
121
PDXLQSKLSKEDRQKDQKNKTXDQSKLYDSKDWWULQWKDQKODLWUQJWKDQK
N\VLQKWKX\KRDQKFDFKPWKX\WLP
3KLJDQKRDQKXFKRD
/DKXTXDFXDTXDWUQKYLPSKLPDQWQK3KLFRPDXR
VPWKFKWGDLFKFJLQJQKWKW.KLFWERYDRQFSKLFKP
%QKWFKWKQJWK\WKX\QKWKX\WLP7KGX0\FRSODVPRVLV
+X\
9LPSKLWKX\
7UXERKHRXFR4XDQVDWWK\PWVWLXWKX\SKLFRPDX
WPRQKJDQWKFKWGDLFKF&WSKLERYDRQFSKLQLO
OQJERSQJKHODR[DRPWFWFRPDXRKQJUGFKPDXKQJXF
+X\
9LPSKLPDQWQK
&DFWLXWKX\FXDSKLPDXRQKDW+DLODSKLXE[HSGDL
WKQJWK\WKX\QKWKX\WLP%RSNKQJQJKHJFD+X\
3KLKRDVXQRVVLILFDWLRQ
7KQJWK\WKX\KRDQKFDFKPPDXWUQJXFQLOQPW
SKLFWWK\FQJ
.KDFYLSKLKRD&DEQKWFKODRKRD&DGDQJJLQJDYL
3KLFKDWKFQ
7KQJWK\WUXERYXQJQ\WKWFKWQJPDXVPEPWQDP
QRQJ
9LPSKLFRPX
D3KLQKLPPX
122
0XF
1WPXPPFREDRPRQJQPUDLUDFWUQEPWSKLQKXP
SKLWKD\LNKQJFRQ[SPDWUQQGDLFKFSKQFREQKWFK
1KLXERFPXFKDPXVWPDXYDQJVDQJLNKLDQK[DQK4XDQK
FDFQWYDERFPXFRSKDQQJYLP
0XKRDFDOFLXP
%PWSKLFRQKQJQWPXQKRDKRDFDOFLXP1WPXNK
FQJPDXYDQJ1KLXWUQJKSQWPXOQQJNQK
.2
PDXPXYDQJVDQJKRFDQK[DQK1KQJQWPXWQJWFXQJ[XW
KLQWUQYDFKQJF
E3KLY\PX
7KQJJSNKLFRVO\ODQWURQJTXDWUQKYLPPDQJSKL
KRFYLPSKLKRDLWKJ\QKLPWDRPDQJPXPRQJPDX[DQKOD
F\KRFYDQJQKDWSKXEPWSKL0DQJPXNWGQKYLOSPDQJ
EDRWUQEPWSKLODPFKRQKXPSKLNKQJFRQOLQWXF
,,,*$1
mvKX\W
7UXERKHRQKQGLQQKQKDX5DKLWURQWRDQEJDQR
VPWQJWLXWKX\KRFWRDQEFWWK\PDXUUD
;O\WWKQJFKRGXQJ
9LPJDQVLKX\W
7UQEPWJDQFRQKQJVLPDXWUQJXFFKQJFKWWKFKW
JDQKLFQJ.KDPFRWUQJKSWKX\JDQQD\YLPGQKYLWKX\
JDQNLDKRFYLFKRDQKFDFKP
123
1XYLPFXFEWK\FDFWEDRKXKWWKRDLKRDFDFVLKX\W
[PQKSYDRYXQJR\OXLFDFQKXPJDQFDFWLXWKX\JDQFDQK
RNKQJFRQKQKDJLDFPDWK\PHRPRWRDQEQJGQWDLYXQJ
QD\NFKWKFEWHR1XWFQJKHQOXQJD\J\[JDQWKQJWK\
WUX
*DQ[KRD
&RWKWQJWLXWKX\KRFWRDQEWUQEPWJDQFRQKQJUDQK
JLLURUWNKLQWD\YDRWK\KLFQJPDXWUQJXF&WUDWK\
EQWURQJFRQKQJVLOLQNWWUQJFKD\QJDQJGRFNKQJWKWOD
GRKXTXDFDFPOLQNWEDRTXDQKWQJWLXWKX\ODP\OXLQKX
PJDQ
;XWKX\W
*DQFRYHPPKQEQKWKQJWK\URWLXWKX\PPDXYW
FWUPDX
0X
.FKWKFPXWRQKRSKQEWURQJPWKRFQKLXWLXWKX\
*DQYDQJ
7RDQEJDQFRPDXYDQJURKD\NKQJWX\PF.KLFWWK\
PWFWKLFKFPWFWQJYDQJiOXJ\KRDLW
*DQFRN\VLQKWUXQJ
7UXERFRVDQODJDQ)DVFLRODKHSDWLFD)JLJDQWLFD+RFORDLVDQOD
JDQQKRKQJ'LFURFRFOLXPGHQWULWLFXPQJGQPWQKR
7UX ER KHR$XVDQFKR&\VWLFHUFXV WHQXLFROOLV FXD VDQ 7DQLD
HFKLQRFRFFXVEDPYDREPWFXDJDQODPQJGQPWGD\[WLX
WKX\JDQPHRPR
124
*DQKRDLW
%PWJDQQKDPNKQJWUQiLPKRDLWPDXWUQJ
9LWK7X\PFPDWDFRWKTXDQVDWFFDFGD\WEDRNKQJ
QJX\QYHQKRFDPWKW
1XNKQJWQJVLQKFWKWDLRWFKFOLQNWWKD\YDROD
WLQFKR[JDQKRDLW
97,0
9LPPDQJQJRDLWLP
%DRWLPFRWKGQKODWKDQKODWDQJWQJSKQKRFGQKKWNKR
ERF1XERFFWK\PWQJRDLWLP[X[FRVLPDXWUQJ7X\TXD
WUQKYLPWK\VLWUQJVLRVLHQOXQJD\WEDRFWLPWKRDL
KRD
7LPFRPYDQJ
+XKWQKQWK\WUQKHRQJLWDFKRUQJ
0 OLQ NW NKQJ YDQJ 'R WX PDX OX WLP YDQJ QKLX VF W
FDURWHQH
0OLQNWYDQJPQKDWWQJFKWLPKHREKRDQJDQJ
*DRWUQWLP
7X\KQKWKF0LQKLPQRQ
1
+X\NKLFRPWKDWJDRWL
;XWKX\W
125
&RWKWK\WUQWPQKKRFWUQWLP%UD[HPQLWPPDFFR
[XWKX\WNKQJ1XFRWK\YDQVQVXLEQQJRDLWLPKLVQFQJ
ODL
&WLPEELQPDX
+XTXDFXDEQKOPPORQJPRQJàWLPFRKQKGDFRS
PDX
YDQJKQJR[HQOQQKDX
9,7+h1
1DQJWKXQJWUQWKQ
7K\KLJOQYXQJQKXPPRQJODLNFKWKFNKQJX
*LXQWKQ6WHSKDQXUXVGHQWDWXV
&KX\XKHR&KPYXQJUQWKQWK\FXFVQJFQJQKDYL
.KLFWWK\FRYDLFRQJLXQ+RFFKPWURQJEWKQKRFEL
WKQWK\JLXQFKXLUD1LJLXQLTXDKRFDQJVQJVHJ\KRDLW
[XQJTXDQKPOLQNWSKDWWULQEDRTXDQKFDFSKQFRQODLWQJ
VLQKODKXTXDYLPQJWKQFSKD\PDQWQK+X\ER
7KQGKQK
'REPVLQKGRTXDWUQKYLPWKQFRPVLSKDWWULQYL
NFK WKF OQ FKHQHSQKXPWKQODPFKRQKLXWEDRWKQEW
GQJPOLQNWNHWQJOQQKLXNKLPVLFRWKWODPFKRWKQ
PHRPR
%WGQJ$WURSK\ WKRDLELQ0HWDSODVLD
7KQWHRQKRPPPWDQWQKPDXKLQKDWWUQPWWKQFR
QKQJFKPYWGDLQJRQQJRHR;XQJTXDQKYXQJQ\POLQNW
126
SKDWWULQFKHQHSQKXPWKQ7KQWQJVLQKOQKRDWQJEX
S0DQJEDRWKQUWNKRERF
7ULQGQJ+\SHUWURSK\
0DXVFWKQEQKWKQJQKQJNFKWKFOQKQFQJKL
WURQ&WLWK\YXQJQKXPWKQGDLFKLPJQKWSKQWX\UW
PRQJ&DFQJOQWQJVLQKQKLXQDQJEDRZPDQ+X\
%WWULQ$QDSODVLD
0WTXDWKQFWKD\KRDQWRDQEQJPOLQNWTXDFRQODL
WQJVLQK%LWKQWK\YXQJQKXPFKX\XODFDFWFKFOLQNW
GD\FEWKQWKDQKPWNKL
.HPWULQ+\SRSODVLD
7KQJWK\WUQJKSWKQQPVDLYWU0DQJEDRWKQGD\
EDPFKFYDRQKXPWKQ1XJUDFWUQPWWKQFRPDXVP
QKQJPQKDWRODPVHR
9LPGQKPDQJEDRWKQ
0DQJEDRWKQWQJLGD\ERFFRWKNHRWKHRPWWQKXP
WKQ7UQPWWKQWK\[X[NKQJWUQODQJYXQJYLPGQKWK\
WKQKLVQJ%LWK\QKXPYXQJRGD\WQJVLQK
7KQWKRDLKRDP
7KQOQKQWURQPWFDFJFFDQKPDXWUQJQKDWQYDQJ
FDP0WWKQYQFRQWUQODQJQKQN\FRQKQJPWUQJ7KQ
KLPP%LWK\QKQJWLDVRF[XQJTXDQKQJPDFKKQKYDQK
FXQJ+X\
7KQWKPQKSGDQJEW
127
7KQQKDWPDXFRQKQJPWUQJQJDYDQJQPUDLUDFKRF
WXODLWQJPDQ
7KQFRQKQJPKRDLW
7KQWRPDXVFWKD\LWVXQJKX\WQSKXWKXQJ7UQ
PWWKQFRQKQJPKRDLWWUQJYD[XQJTXDQKEDRJLFXQJFR
VXQJKX\W[XWKX\W+X\
7KQWUQTX\WKWKRDQJDQJ
7KQYQQXKLWKWHR%LWK\YDQJVPYDFRVRFWUQJ
KQJWYXQJQKXPYDRYXQJWX\%WKQYDQJVPGXQFWLX
NKQJFRKHPRELOLUXELQQKQJYQFRKX\WVFWODPYDQJ
7KQVXQJKX\W
0DXRVP0WQJRDLFQJNKLFWPDXDUD1KQN\WUQ
PWWKQFRQKQJGXWXPDXKQKYXQJWURQSKQEWQJL
QJX%LPWFWVXQJKX\W
7KQ[XWKX\W
7KQFRPDXRQKDWQVP'X[XWKX\WOQQKRWSWUXQJ
KRFSKQWDQRHQWX\TXDWUQKEQKELQ
%LWKQWDWK\YXQJWX\KXKW[XWKX\WLPYXQJQKXPYR
FRWKWK\QKQJW+DFKWKQFKFFKQKRDLW
9LPWKQPDQWQK
7UQPWWKQWK\QKQJP[XWKX\WP%LYXQJYR
WX\PDXYDQJ[DP&DFPVLSKDWWULQWQJLQKLXYXQJQKX
PWKQODKXTXDYLPGQKPDQJEDRWKQ+X\
%WKQWFKQFWLX
128
7KQWRYXQJQKXPPRQJFKDQFEQWURQJFRNKLGQK
OXQPDQJEDRWKQ+X\
9,,78<t
4XDQVDWGDYDRWX\FXD[QJVQJ[QJVQ
1XWX\FXDJLDVXFEVX\QKFWQKD\QK[X[RDVHNWKSYL
TXD\WKWVX\QKFPD[O\1XWK\WQJYXQJWX\EY\PDXWX
KX\WFRWKGRWKXEJD\[QJKRFEJLWFQJEF1XFR
WQJYXQJ[XWKX\WVXQJKX\WTXDWUQK[XWKX\WOXFRPDX
YDQJPL[XWKX\WFRPDXR*SWUQJKSQ\SKDLNLPWUD
WRDQEKDFKOPEDYDWKQJ[O\KX\ER
,;0lu
1XWK\PQJKQJODGRFDFPDRTXDQFQJOQFKD\
PDXWKXQQRPW;O\NWKSYLWKQWKW1XPQJKQJFR
QKQJ YXQJ VXQJ KX\W [XW KX\W QJKL EQK WUX\Q QKLP JLW
WURQJ JLDL RDQQRQJVW;O\NWKS1XPQJKQJFRKD\
NKQJ FR FQJ PDR TXDQ GR QXL GQJ TXD QKLX EW NKRDLP
NKRSKDWKLQ0EPGS[XWKX\WVXQJKX\W;O\KX\
0VDFRQKQJERFPX;O\FWERSKQFREQKWFK
0FKD\FRERFXVDQFKRF\VWLFHUFXVWHQXLFROOLV;O\WJER
ERFXVDQQKLXERWRDQE0EWKRDLKRD[XQJTXDQKYXQJWKRDL
KRDYLPQKHXFKLFQJYQKKQK&RWKGRWKQJWFKF
KRF+X\
;1+mu1*%j1+758<j|11+,j~0*,$68v&&2v7+j}/h<6$1*
1*mls,
1KLWWKDQ
129
%R
7KQJFRGXKLXFWUQJNKL[D\UDGFKWUQQJG\JLW
PWWK\
%LQLFXDFDFKDFKOPEDUWURKDFKVQJWR[XQJTXDQK
KDFKWKX\WKXQJPWFWKDFKPDXRWLR[DPKRFYDQJ+X\W
HQO\QK\NKQJQJ
E+HR
%QK WKQJ SKDW VLQK FXF E EQK WFK WKQJ WK\ YXQJ
KRQJUWKLPWK\KHRPFEQKWRDQWKQ/DFKNKQJVQJQKQJ
KDFKOPEDGLKDPVQJWRJSOQ[XWKX\WPDXRJDFK
FRNKLKDFKOPEDFRKRDLW
%QKQKLWWKDQFXFEKHRWKQJJ\EQKKXUXW1K
EQKWFKWK\UXWWKDQKUXWGD\QLPPDFWXKX\W[XWKX\W
.KLSKDWKLQUXWNKDQJKLNLPWUDWRDQEKDFKOPEDNLPWUDYL
WK
iDQKJLDYVLQK
7KWER7KWYDSKXWDQJPDXOQJGDWKLXKX\KRFFKQVX
JLDKDLOSYL
7KWFXDQKQJJLDVXFNKDFEQKLPWUXQJWRDQEWKWYDSKX
WDQJSKDLKX\ERKRFODPQJX\QOLXFKRFQJQJKLS
7KWKHR1XKDFKOPEDGLKDPFREQKWFKVRLNQKWK\YL
WUXQJKX\ERXFRQFDFKDFKOPEDNKDFSKWNQKNKQJFRYL
WUXQJSKDLOXF
%LQSKDSYVLQKLYLORPFREQKQKLWWKDQ
/RDQEDRFKRWRDQEORPELWNKLSKDWKLQFREQKQKLWWKDQ
WURQJOR1QFKXQJGXQJFXFKQQXLQLJLWPSKDLFVDW
130
WUXQJEQJ1D2+QFYL
&QJQKQSKDLLNKDPQJDEQKO\FKRQJL
%QKODR
%QK GR YL NKXQ 0\FREDFWHULXP WXEHUFXORVLV OD PW YLNKXQ
NKDQJWRDQNKDQJFQFRW\SHERFKLPQJL+HRFDPQKLP
W\SH9LNKXQODREQYQJYLQKLWODQKYDPXL
%QKODRWKQJJSERKHRFRQGFXWPFEQK
.LPWUDWUFNKLJLWPFRWKSKDWKLQFREQKWFKODR
SKLKDFKOPED[QJYX
D/DRFRWKLNWK
7KLNX7K\FDFKDWOPWPQKRQKODKDWNPDX[DPKRF
YDQJWKQJWK\SKLSKDWURQJVQ
7KLNWKKDWODROQWEQJKDWXQWUQJFKLPWURQJFR
PXKLORQJOXQJD\FODL
7KLNFKRWFDFKDWODRKRDYL
E/DRFRWK
/DRFXFEFKFRPWESKQFXDSKXWDQJFREQKWFKODRSKL
WKWNKQJQJX\KLP
/DRWRDQWKQ9LWUXQJODRWKHRPDXLNKSFWKQLQDRFREQK
WFKODR[PFKLPKDFKOPEDYXQJRVQJFRPX
FiDQKJLDYVLQK
/DRWRDQWKQFRQYWJ\FRPWKWYDSKXWDQJSKDLKX\ER
131
/DRWRDQWKQQKQJWKXFRQEHRWWKX\ERQLFREQKWFKWKW
SKDLOXF
/DRFXFEKX\SKQFREQKWFKFRQODLOXF
8QJNKWKDQWKDQWK
1LWPPDFYLP7KWFRPXLKLFXDEKEXQJ[QJOQWP
NKLXFDFESWKWXLPQJYDL6WD\YDRNKLXQJKHWLQJODR
[DRQKQQEDRWUXFWNKLXUDQJLFRPXLEKYDWK\JLD
NKLXWKWWKPWPHQ[DPKRFQX[DPFRQKQJQKRFKDKL
[XQJTXDQKNKLXSKXWKXQJ
iDQKJLDYVLQKKX\ERWRDQEWKWYDSKXWDQJ
%QKV\WKDL%UXFHOORVLV
%UXFHOOD PHOLWHQVLV G UW QJX\ KLP FKR QJL FXQJ QK
%UXFHOORVLVKHR
%QKQD\UWNKRWPQJLWDGDYDRKLQWQJHQRQFXDJLDVXF
FDLEQKWFKWUQWKDLFTXDQVLQKGXF&KX\XGDYDRNLPWUDYL
WUXQJ
%RYLPPDRWFXQJVRWQKDX
.KLFRQYWODQKEQKYQKYLQFKDYLNKXQWURQJEXQJWUQJ
KDFKOPEDYXNKS[QJ1RWKDLYLNKXQPLOQHTXDVD
FKWWLWWFTXDQVLQKGXF
+HRYLPPDRNKSVQJYLPWFXQJEXQJWUQJFKQ
VDXWKQJEDLOLW
iDQKJLDYVLQK
7UFNKLJLWFRWULXFKQJURFREQKWFKWKWYDSKXWDQJ
132
SKDLOXFFKQKRFPXLQJD\PLFKR[XWORFTXDQVLQKGXF
SKDLKX\ER
7UFNKLJLWPFRSKDQQJKX\WWKDQKGQJWQKQKQJ
NKQJFRWULXFKQJTXDQVDWWK\FREQKWFKFTXDQVLQKGXF
SKDLKX\WKWYDSKXWDQJFRQFDLHPOXFPLFKR[XWORLYL
FRQWKXFWKWFKR[XWOR
%QKOPPORQJPRQJ
/ORHWFKQFRNKLPRQJEORQJOLEORHWSKXWDQJWFR
EQKWFKWKQJWKWNKQJEELQFKW
%QKWFKPPYXNHFKQPXQQFPXQOORHW[XW
KX\WEDRWLPGDGD\UXW
iDQKJLDYVLQK
7URQJPRLWUQJKSWUFNKLDWKWUDWKWUQJSKDLOXF
FKQSKQQFWKDLWLXFWUFNKLFKD\UDQJRDL
%QKX
%QKO\FKRQJLYDWDRPLQGFKLYLEQKXQJL
EQK WFK QJRDL GD QLP PDF QJWLXKRDKKSEQKWFKOD
QKQJPXQRQXQJPXPXNKRQJWKDQKY\WKQJPXQPRF
EXQJYX
iDQKJLDYVLQK
1XWKWFR[XWKX\WKRDLWNKQJFGXQJWKWKX\ODP
QJX\QOLXFKRFQJQJKLS
1XWKWSKPFKWWWWKWVDXNKLOWGDFKR[XWORiXPRQJ
FRPXQXFWERSKQFREQKWFKSKQFRQODLFKR[XWOR
%QKRQJGX(U\VLSHORVLV
133
%QKGRYLNKXQ(U\VLSHORWKUL[LQVLGLRVDJ\UD%QKRQJGX
O\ODQVDQJQJLKHRJLDFPQJYWFRYX
+HRWKDQJWKQJPFEQKWKFSWQK
&XERKHROQPFEQKWKPDQWQK
+DFKOPEDVQJPWFWKDFK[XWKX\WFRNKLWXKX\WODFK
VQJWXPDXVQJNKSYLPQLWPPDFYDOWLPVQVXLQKES
FDLEQJ7UQGDFRQKQJGX[XWKX\WYXQJWURQKQKTXDO
iDQKJLDYVLQK
7KWYDSKXWDQJSKDLOXFFKQWUFNKLFKR[XWOR
/HSWRVSLURVLV
7UX\QQKLPTXDGDWLXKRDQLPPDFPWFTXDQVLQK
GXF
*DQVQJWRPDXYDQJQXWXLPWVQJQFWLXPDXFDSK
7KWPDXQKDWFRNKLQJDPDXYDQJ
+HRFRQJ\WKLXPDX
+HRQDLJ\V\WKDLN\FXLWXQWUFNKLH
iDQKJLDYVLQK
*LDVXFEQKFSWQKJ\PNKQJFSKHSPWKW
7ULXFKQJKHRQDLVWFDRV\WKDLWLXUDPDXY[XW
KX\WWKQVDPDXKQJJLRWVDFXLFRPDXYDQJ
7KWYDSKXWDQJSKDLKX\ER
134
&QFKX\FDFELQSKDSQJQQJDEQKO\FKRQJL
;, 1+mu1* %j1+ 758<j|1 1+,j~0 *,$ 68v& .+k1* /h<
6$1*1*mls,
'FKWD
D7UXER
;XWKX\WWKKQKLQKJKLPWK\GDVXQWLXWKLWWLPWKQ
1LPPDFPLQJQXFRQWORHW'DPXLNKNKQJFRWKFQQLP
PDFUXWQRQUXWJLDVQJ[XWKX\WQKWODYDOKLPDQKWUDQJ7XL
PWVQJWRJSOQ
E+HR
;XWKX\WLPKQKLQKJKLPGDVXQWLXWKLWWLPWKQODFK
EDQJTXDQJ
%QKWKQJNSKDWYLEQKWXKX\WWUXQJSKRWKQJKDQ
&REQKWFKLQKQKFXDWXKX\WWUXQJPDQJEDRWLPYLP
GQKFRVLKX\W
3KRWKQJKDQ.WWUDQJPDQKWUDQJFR[XWKX\W
iDQKJLDYVLQK
Г7UXER7RDQEWKWYDSKXWDQJPDXOQJGDSKDLKX\
/RPSKDWKLQFRJLDVXFEQKSKDLQKFKJLWPYDGXQJPRL
ELQSKDSWLXFQJQEQKODQUDQJRDL
Г+HR7KWYDSKXWDQJHPOXFWUFNKLFKR[XWOR
3KRWKQJKDQ
135
%QKWFKELXKLQUXWYLPORHW[XWKX\W/DFKVQJWR
GDLQKFDRVXPDX[DQKWKP
+HRQDLPDQJWKDLYLNKXQWKQJKDQWQFQJJ\FKWWKDL
V\WKDL%QKPDQWQKJ\WLXFKD\FKPOQELQKLPVQJSKL
VQJNKS
iDQKJDYVLQK
1XWKWELQLàKX\ODPQJX\QOLXFKRFQJQJKLS
1XEQKWFKQKHNKQJURWKWSKDLOXF
7XKX\WWUXQJ
%QKWFKFWUQJSKLPDQJSKLKDFKOPEDVQJWR
WKX\WKXQJ[XWKX\WNKTXDQFXQJSKLVQJR3KLYLPVQJ
FRNKLYLPGQKYDROQJQJFSKLFRQKLXPDXRHQYDQJ
WUQJ
iDQKJLDYVLQK1KEQKSKRWKQJKDQ
%QKVX\QKHR
/DPWEQKPDQWQKJ\WQWKWOQLYLFKQQXLYKHR
FKPOQ
%QKWFKFKX\XQJKKSWKX\QKWKX\WLPYLPSKL
WKJDQKRDQKXFKRDEQKWFKFRWQKFKWL[QJJLDKDLOD
SKL+DFKOPEDVQJWKX\WKXQJ&DFSKXWDQJNKDFWFREQKWFK
1XFREQKJKHS3KRWKQJKDQWXKX\WWUXQJNKLRQJRDL
EQKWFKWUQFRQFREQKWFKFXDEQKJKHS
;O\3KXWDQJFREQKWFKSKDLKX\
136
&DFSKXWDQJNKDFHPOXF
1XJKHSYLFDFEQKNKDFFQFYDREQKJKHS[O\
%QKXQYDQ
.KQJFREQKWFKFKLXFKX\XGDYDRFKQRDQOP
VDQJTXDYWWKQJYWWLPWKXFYWWKLQOXFNKDPVQJ
;O\
7KWJLDVXFPFEQKQD\JRLODWKFSKPNKQJQJX\KDLYYL
WUXQJYDFWTXDOXFFKQDEWLXGLW
*LDVXFFRWULXFKQJOPVDQJFWERQLFREQKWFKSKQ
FRQODLSKDLOXFFKLQ1XEQKWFKSKDWVLQKQKLXQLWKWPWDQ
WQKWKWYDSKXWDQJODPQJX\QOLXFKRFQJQJKLS
1P$FWLQRP\FRVLV
7UXER%QKWFKWKQJWK\X[QJKDPGLVQJWR[QJ
WUQQ[SFRNKL[QJKDPGLFROGRULQFPXPDXYDQJ
KDFKOPEDGLKDPVQJWRltGDFXFRQWVQJQLOQQKQJ
QWVQJFRQXQJPXYDFROGR
+HR%QKWFKWKQJ[XWKX\WJLLKDQEXQJYX
%QKWKQJWK\EQKWFKFXFEWFREQKWFKWRDQWKQ
;O\
&WERSKQFREQKWFKSKQFRQODLFKR[XWOR
;,,&$v&%j1+.<v6,1+758s1*
$1+mu1*%j1+.<v6,1+758s1*/h<6$1*1*mls,'2g1
7+r7*,$68v&0g{&%j1+
137
%QKJLXQ[RQJLXQEDR7ULFKLQHOODVSLUDOLV
1JLPFEQKQD\GRQWKWWDLFKDFKQFRFKDXWUXQJVDX
YDLJLWK\NKRFKXQQPDWKPDQKFGDQDXEXQJLWDR
1XQKLPQQJQJLEQKWK\DXQKRLQRLNKQJUDWLQJPWF
QJFXQJWK\DXPWSKXWKXQJ
.HQXWUXQJQPWURQJWKWGDL
22
QJDQJ
22
N\VLQK
FKRDQKFDFKPFWKFTXDQFXLQJF1XWK\WKWFRQKQJ
FKVQJRFQJFWUDWK\QKQJKWOQQKQORQJODQKQJKL
7ULFKLQHOOD
.KLNKDPWK\WURQJ
ГODWFWFRXWUXQJWKWOXFPLFKR[XWORYQKLW
4
&7ULFKLQHOODEGLW
ГODWFW!XWUXQJWKWOXFODPQJX\QOLXFKRFQJQJKLS
*DR
.LPWUDJDRFXLFPDKRDQKFDFKPWLP
;O\
L*DRWL
Г1XFKWK\PWYDLKDWJDRFPDWLPKRFFKRDQKFDFKP
PD[HPFDWKQWKWNKQJWK\KDWJDRQDRQDFWERSKQFRQKLP
JDRSKQFRQODLFKR[XWOR
Г*DRFDWKQWKW
1XFP
PWFWFRXWUXQJODPQJX\QOLXFKR
FQJQJKLS
138
1XFP
PWFWFR!XWUXQJKX\
LL*DRNK
1KLPQKLXKX\YWKWGDQJWKWJKWP
1KLW
4
&WKDQJKD\
4
&WXQVHGLWFJDR
%1+mu1*%j1+.<v6,1+758s1*.+k1*/h<6$1*1*mls,
%QK (FKLQRFRFFRVLV +\GDWLGRVLV hX VDQ FKR &\VWLFHUFXV
WHQXLFROOLV
.KDPSKXWDQJWKQJSKDWKLQUD&\VWHQXLFROOLVN\VLQKJDQ
PFKD\
%DRWUXQJN\VWHK\GDWLTXHODPWERFWRQKRNKDFQKDXWUQJWUQJ
YRGD\YDXFFKDPWORDLQFKRFYVFKRFYDQJOWKRFR
OW
;O\7K\EDRWUXQJSKXWDQJFWERSKQFRNHQ
%QK6DUFRVSRULGLRVLV
7K\FWKFTXDQWLPFKRDQKFDFKPGLGDQJQKQJ
LPYWGDLWUQJQKROLWLQKVLFKKHRYDWRQKKDWGDOHRWUX
ER
;O\QKLXKX\ERYJKWP
WHPOXFFKR[XWOR
6DQODJDQ)DVFLRODKHSDWLFD)JLJHQWLFD
1XQKLPWNKQJODPJDQELQLFWKX\QJGQPWJDQ
GXQJF
1XQKLPQKLXWUQJKSJDQ[KRDWFKFQFWERFKFREQKWFKSKQFRQODL
139
OXFFKR[XWOR1X[JDQQQJJDQFQJKX\
*LXQSKL0HWDVWURQJ\ORVLV
.\VLQKNKTXDQQKDQKNKTXDQQJGQNKFXDSKLQKWOD
SKQUDKRDQKFDFKPODPSKLELQLPDXWKDQK[DPWUQJUQ
1XFKQKLPWYXQJEQKWFKQKRFWERSKQFREQKWFK
1XFKN\VLQKOQKX\
;&$v&%j1+7+k1*7+mls1*
$GLSR[DQWKRVH
.KDF/HSWRVSLURVLV'DPQLPPDFPWPLQJYDQJ
1JX\QQKQ
Г7WQJGQPW
Г*DQELQFKQJODP[JDQ
Г'REQKWUX\QQKLPKRFEQKN\VLQKWUXQJODPSKDYKQJ
FX
;O\
Г1XFKFRPYDQJSKXWDQJEQKWKQJFKR[XWOR
Г'DPQLPPDFWFKFGLGDYDQJWKWJLDVXFPSWKWOXF
FKR[XWORQXWKWJLDVXFJ\PODPQJX\QOLXFKRFQJQJKLS
7KWWXPDX
'RFJLLWXKX\WQKLXYDUQJ
'RWUXQJFKRFGRWDFGXQJFXDYLVLQKYWWXKX\WQKR
;O\
140
Г 1X FK WX KX\W QKR QKQJ FDF KDFK OP ED JQ FK WX KX\W
NKQJEELQLERQLFREQKWFKSKQFRQODLFKR[XWOR
Г1XWXKX\WOQKDFKOPEDJQFKWXKX\WE[XWKX\WNLP
WUD WRDQ E WKW YD SKX WDQJFRLXNLQNLPWUDYLWUXQJVDXR
TX\WQKKQKWKF[O\
7KWFRPXL
;O\7RDQEWKWOXFFKQ1XVDXNKLOXFYQFRQPXLSKDLKX\
ODPQJX\QOLXFKRFQJQJKLS
%QKWKLORHW
7X\PFQQJQKHPDTX\WQKKQKWKF[O\
7UQJKSPXQORHWFKLPGLQWFKJLDVXFFWERSKQFR
EQKWFKSKQFRQODLOXFFKQ
7UQJKSFKFRPWYDLPXQORHWQKRFWERSKQFREQKWFK
SKQFRQODLFKR[XWOR
7KWJLDVXFJ\P
7UFNKLJLWPWK\JLDVXFJ\PFQSKDLELWURQJX\Q
QKQWKQJFRORDL
Г*\FRP&RQYWEQKWKQJSKDWWULQWWFKGRWKLXWKF
QODPJ\WKWGXQJF
Г*\FRPGREQKWUX\QQKLPFKX\QVDQJWKPDQWQKNKL
JLWPWK\OQJPWUQWKQWKWWKDFKOPEDVQJWKWYDWKQ
FR GFK NHR YDQJ KX\ ODP QJX\Q OLX FKR FQJ QJKLS
118