Tài liệu Teach Yourself PL/SQL in 21 Days- P15 doc

submitting jobs (simple
SUBMIT procedure),
513
SYSDATE function
default output, 176
table creation (MyTable),
457
tables (message queue),
594
TO_DATE function, 164
TO_DATE function errors,
164
TO_DATE function with-
ing PL/SQL code, 165
trigger example, 295
truncating
SYSDATE to nearest
quarter, 178
time from SYSDATE,
177
user_errors view, 196
varrays
adding data to, 283
declaring, 282
viewing executing jobs,
519
viewing job information,
525
viewing your own jobs,
519
WHILE loop as part of a

function, 137
WHILE loop function exe-
cution, 138
WHILE loop that does
execute, 135
WHILE loop that never
executes, 135
writing blocks, 15
LN function, 158
loading Java classes,
563-565
loadjava command, 563
LOBs (large object
datatypes), 402
appending to one another,
417, 425-427
assigning locator to, 419
BFILE, 402
accessing external files,
404-405
functions, 406
limitations, 405
see also external files
BLOB, 402
assigning locator to,
419
CLOB, 402
adding data to tables,
423-424
comparing, 417-418

copying, 418, 424-425
erasing, 419, 429
extracting from, 422,
427-428
functions
APPEND, 416-417,
425-427
BFILENAME, 406-407
COMPARE, 406-408,
416-418
COPY, 416, 418,
424-425
EMPTY_BLOB, 416,
419
EMPTY_CLOB, 416,
419
ERASE, 416, 419, 429
FILECLOSE, 406, 408
FILECLOSEALL, 406,
408
FILEEXISTS, 406,
408-409
FILEGETNAME, 406,
409
FILEISOPEN, 406,
409-410
FILEOPEN, 410
GETLENGTH, 406,
410, 416, 420
INSTR, 406, 410-411,

416, 420, 427-428
READ, 406, 411, 416,
421
SUBSTR, 406, 412,
422, 427-428
TRIM, 416, 422,
428-429
WRITE, 416, 422,
425-427
locators, 416
matching patterns in, 420,
427-428
NCLOB, 402
reading into buffers, 421
returning length, 420
trimming, 422, 428-429
writing to, 422, 425-427
locators, 416
returning, 160
LOCK TABLE statement,
233
syntax, 233
locking, 443-444, 449
DBMS LOCK package,
446-448
ALLOCATE_UNIQUE
function, 446
CONVERT function,
447-448
RELEASE function,

448-449
REQUEST function,
446-447
SLEEP function, 449
dictionaries, 449
distributed, 449
explicit, 445
internal, 449
locking 677
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monitoring locks, 449
rows, 445
tables, 443-444
exclusive mode, 444
row exclusive mode,
444
row share mode, 444
share lock mode, 444
share row exclusive
mode, 444
LOG function, 158
logarithms, returning, 158
logic errors, 378-379
nonterminating loops, 380
order of operations, 379
logical operators, 76-78
AND, 77
nulls, 89
syntax, 77

NOT, 76-77
nulls, 89
syntax, 76
OR, 77-78
expressions using, 78
nulls, 89
syntax, 77
login_denied exception, 208
logs, maintaining with trig-
gers, 304-306
LONG datatype, 46
syntax, 46
LONG RAW datatype, 47
syntax, 47
LOOP loops, 144, 146
example, 144
EXIT statements with, 144
syntax, 143
loops, 121
CURSOR FOR, 254
debugging, 136
FOR, 121-122, 146
common errors, 124
EXIT statement, 140
listing, 121
nesting, 121
guidelines, 147
incrementing through,
123-124
listing, 123

infinite, 144, 380
jumping into (GOTO), 130
labels, 142-143
changing execution
order, 143
listing, 142
syntax, 142
LOOP, 144, 146
example, 144
EXIT statements with,
144
syntax, 143
nesting, 148
order of execution, 125
REPEAT UNTIL,
144-146
example, 145
simulating, 145
reversing, 122-123
listing, 122
selecting, 146
spacing, 148
style tips, 148-149
FOR loop confusing
style, 148
FOR loop suggested
style, 148
terminating, 121, 138
WHILE, 134-135,
137-138, 146

examples, 134-135,
137-138
EXIT statement, 139
EXIT WHEN state-
ment, 140
in functions, 137-138
stepping through, 136
syntax, 134
LOWER function, 157
LPAD function, 157
LTRIM function, 157
LUB function, 160
M
MAP method, 366
MAX function, 160
messages
AQ (Advanced Queuing),
587
delay, 587
expiration, 587
repository, 588
queuing, 591
defining payload types,
591-592
placing messages in,
598-604
queue tables, creating,
592-595
queues, creating,
595-597

retrieving messages
from, 604-608
starting/stopping,
597-598
methods, 336
accessor, 342
constructor, 341
referencing, 347
index-by tables, 271-274
MAP, 366
mutator, 342
ORDER, 364-366
publishing, calling Java
from PL/SQL, 571-573
SELF parameter, 361-362
listing, 362
specifying, 362
678 locking
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SSThresh
calling from PL/SQL,
567-568
calling from
SQL*Plus, 566-567
publishing, 565-566
MIN function, 160
minus sign (-)
negation operator, 65, 67
subtraction operator, 65

MLSLABEL datatype
defining output variables,
462
VARIABLE_VALUE pro-
cedure, 469
MOD function, 158
MODE statement, 103
IN, 103
IN OUT, 103
OUT, 103
monitoring locks, 449
MONTHS_BETWEEN
function, 159, 182
syntax, 182
MSLABEL datatype
(syntax), 48
mutating tables (triggers),
320-323, 326-328
workaround example,
323-324
mutator methods, 342
mypi function listing, 107
N
naming
cursors, 247
functions, 101
pipes, 545
stored functions, 106
variables, 35
mixed case, 397

preceding with v_ or
p_, 397
NCLOB datatype (National
Character Large Object),
402
nested blocks, 15
nested tables, 274
declaring, 275
entries
adding to, 275-278
removing, 279-281
extending, 277-278
initializing, 276-277
nesting
blocks, 54
listing, 54-55
FOR loops, 121
listing, 122
functions, 55-56
IF statements, 115-117
listing, 116
syntax, 115
vs IF ELSIF state-
ment, 119
loops, 148
order of execution, 125
objects, 350
dot notation, 356-357
visibility, 358
procedures, 55-56

networks, performance
(SQL limitations), 8
NEW_LINE procedure, 497
NEW_TIME function, 159,
183-184
syntax, 183
NEXTVAL pseudocolumns,
241
NEXT_DATE procedure,
521
NEXT_DAY function, 159,
179-181
syntax, 179
NEXT_ITEM_TYPE func-
tion, 545
NLS parameters (jobs), 515
NLSSORT function, 157
NLS_CHARSET_ID func-
tion, 160
NLS_CHARSET_NAME
function, 160
NLS_INITCAP function,
157
NLS_LOWER function, 157
NLS_UPPER function, 157
non-query statements, 454,
456-460
binding variables, 455
closing cursor, 456
DBMS_SQL pkg and, 454

executing statements, 456
opening cursor, 454
parsing, 454-455
NOT operator, 76-77
nulls, 89
syntax, 76
Notepad, cutting and past-
ing blocks from, 18
not_logged_on exception,
208
no_data_found exception,
208, 232
NULL statement (uses), 110
nulls
AND operator, 89
checking for, 90
IF statement, 90
in expressions, 86-89, 91
listing, 88
specifying alternate
values, 91
three-valued logic, 87
treating as specific val-
ues, 91
nulls 679
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NOT operator, 89
OR operator, 89
NUMBER datatype, 38

defining output variables,
461
syntax, 39-40
VARIABLE_VALUE
procedure, 468
NUMBER datatype:
subtypes, 40-41
number functions, 158
ABS, 158
ACOS, 158
ASIN, 158
ATAN, 158
ATAN2, 158
CEIL, 158
COS, 158
COSH, 158
EXP, 158
FLOOR, 158
LN, 158
LOG, 158
MOD, 158
POWER, 158
ROUND, 158
SIGN, 158
SIN, 158
SINH, 158
SQRT, 158
TAN, 158
TANH, 158
TRUNC, 158

numbers
absolute values, returning,
158
arc cosines, returning, 158
arc sines, returning, 158
arc tangents, returning,
158
converting to strings,
174-175
converting strings to, 159,
168-173
format masks, 169-170
NLS parameters, 170
converting to strings, 159
cosines, returning, 158
determining negative/
positive/zero, 158
dividing (returning
remainders), 158
exponentiation, 158
factorials, 150
FACTORIAL function,
150
hyperbolic cosines, return-
ing, 158
hyperbolic sines, return-
ing, 158
hyperbolic tangents,
returning, 158
logarithms, 158

raising to powers, 158
rounding, 158
sines, returning, 158
square roots, 158
tangents, returning, 158
truncating, 158
NVL function, 91, 160
O
object identifiers, 349, 358
Object Navigator
(Procedure Builder), 24
object tables, 337, 349,
351-356
creating, 350
deleting objects from,
356
inserting objects,
351-352
retrieving/updating
data, 352-356
versus column storage,
368
object types, 337
defining, 337, 339-343
accessor methods, 342
constructor methods,
341
mutator methods, 342
syntax, 340-341
methods, 368

see also classes
object views, 337
object-oriented program-
ming, see OOP
objects, 336
comparing, 363-366
MAP method, 366
ORDER method,
364-366
deleting from object
tables, 356
instantiating, 336, 343-345
methods (SELF parame-
ter), 361-362
nesting, 350
dot notation, 356-357
visibility, 358
Oracle limitations, 367
overloading functions, 363
package (private versus
public), 205
referencing, 358-359, 361
DREF operator, 359,
361
object identifiers, 358
REF operator, 359, 361
retrieving
from columns, 347-349
from object tables,
352-353

storing
as columns, 345-347
object tables, 349,
351-356
updating
from columns, 347-349
from object tables,
352-356
680 nulls
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OOP (object-oriented pro-
gramming), 335-336
advantages, 336
attributes, 336
classes, 336
encapsulation, 334-335
benefits, 368
inheritance, 335
methods, 336
SELF parameter,
361-362
objects, 336
Oracle limitations, 367
overloading, 363
polymorphism, 335-336
OPEN command, 249
OPEN FOR statement,
258-259
opening cursors, 248-249

OPEN command, 249
opening files, 494
OPEN_CURSOR function,
454
operands, 64
operators, 64-73, 75-79
arithmetic, 65-67
addition (+), 65
division (/), 65
exponentiation (**),
65-66
identity (+), 65, 67
multiplication (*), 65
negation (-), 65, 67
subtraction (-), 65
binary, 65
comparison, 68-70, 72-74
BETWEEN, 68, 72
dates, 82-83
equality (=), 68
IN, 68, 72-73
inequality (!), 68
inequality (=), 68
IS NULL, 68, 74, 90
less than (<), 68
less than/equal to (<=),
68
LIKE, 68, 70-71
strings, 79-81
DREF, 359, 361

listing, 360
logical, 76-78
AND, 77
NOT, 76-77
OR, 77-78
order of execution (logic
errors), 379
precedence, 84-85
parentheses, 85
REF, 359, 361
listing, 359
relational (sample expres-
sions), 69
string, 78-79
concatenation (||),
78-79
LIKE, 78
unary, 65
VALUE, 354
OR operator, 77-78
expressions using, 78
nulls, 89
syntax, 77
Oracle
databases (obtaining for
exercises), 12
Developer 2000
(Procedure Builder),
24-28
Web site, 12

Oracle Enterprise Server
(SQLPlus Worksheet), 11
Oracle Technology Network,
see OTN
ORDER method, 364-366
order of operations (logic
errors), 379
others exception, 208
OTN (Oracle Technology
Network), 12
OUT arguments, calling
Java from PL/SQL,
575-578
output variables
dbms output.put line()
procedure, 17
defining, 461-463
CHAR datatype, 462
DATE datatype, 462
MLSLABEL datatype,
462
NUMBER datatype,
461
RAW datatype, 462
ROWID datatype, 462
VARCHAR2 datatype,
462
overloaded functions, 178
overloading, 363
advantages, 199-200

body, 199, 201-202
creating, 202-203
cursors, 256-257
return clause, 257
DBMS LOCK, 446-448
ALLOCATE_UNIQUE
function, 446
CONVERT function,
447-448
RELEASE function,
448-449
REQUEST function,
446-447
SLEEP function, 449
DBMS OUTPUT, 25, 484
disabling, 485
enabling, 484-485
reading from, 487-490
writing to, 486-487
DBMS_ALERT, 532
see also alerts
DBMS_JOB, 510
overloading 681
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DBMS_LOB
external LOB func-
tions, 406
internal LOB func-
tions, 416

DBMS_OUTPUT, 491
debugging with, 383,
385
exceptions raised by,
491
DBMS_PIPE, 543-546
functions, 545, 555
procedures, 545,
553-555
DBMS_SQL
anon blocks, 467, 469
error handling func-
tions, 471
non-query statements,
454, 456-460
queries, 460-461,
463-467
DEBUG, 385-387
creating components,
386-387
DEBUG.ERASE pro-
cedure, 388
DEBUG.OUT proce-
dure, 387
declaring, 240-241
dependency, 206
guidelines, 200
invoking, 203
objects, private versus
public, 205

packages, 199, 201-206
procedures, 197
recompiling, 204-205
specification, 199-200
variable declarations,
240
state, 205
subprograms, 199
calling, 203-204
TEXT IO, 25
UTL_FILE, 491, 496-497
clearing buffer, 500
P
PACK_MESSAGE proce-
dure, 545-547
PACK_MESSAGE_RAW
procedure, 553-554
PACK_MESSAGE_ROWID
procedure, 554
parameters
assigning values, 105
CREATE PROCEDURE
command, 191
cursors
declaring, 248
initializing, 248
passing to, 247
scope, 256
defining, 102-103
referencing tables, 103

syntax, 103
dropping queue tables,
609
enqueuing messages,
602-604
event triggers, defining,
312
granting revoking queue
access, 609
job definitions, 516
message queues, creating,
596-597
modes, 103
IN, 103
IN OUT, 103
OUT, 103
NLS (jobs), 515
Passing to functions, 111
procedures, 195
parameter definitions,
195
SELF, 361-362
listing, 362
specifying, 362
triggers, 298-299,
312-313, 318-319
condition, 299, 313,
318
correlation names,
299-300, 318

declarations, 299, 313,
318
instead-of, 318
pl/sql code, 299, 313,
318
table name, 299, 318
verb list, 298, 318
parentheses ( ), operator
precedence, 85
PARSE procedure, 454
parsing statements, 454-455
queries, 461
payload, AQ (Advanced
Queuing), 587
payload types, defining
(message queuing),
591-592
percent sign (%) (wildcard
character), 70
performance, network (SQL
limitations), 8
pipes
clearing message buffer,
554
creating, 546, 550-551
moving messages to
buffer, 548
multiple sessions, 544
naming, 545
operation of, 544

private, 544
public, 543
682 overloading
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RAW data
PACK_MESSAGE_
RAW procedure,
553-554
UNPACK_
MESSAGE_RAW
procedure, 554
readers, 543
reading data from,
551-553
removing, 549-550, 553
removing all data from,
555
retrieving message from
buffer, 548-549
rowids
decoding, 554
sending, 554
sending data to, 547
size, 545
versus alerts, 555-557
writers, 543
PL/SQL, 10
block structure, 13
compiling and execut-

ing blocks, 15-17
syntax, 14-15
blocks, alternatives to
retyping, 18-20
calling from Java (SQLJ),
578-579
calling procedures and
functions, 580, 582
executing blocks,
578-579
calling Java from, 569
datatype compatibility,
574-575
Employee class,
569-570
methods, publishing,
571-573
OUT and IN OUT
arguments, 575-578
calling methods
(SSThresh), 567-568
output (dbms output.put
line() procedure), 17
processing benefits, 9
platform independence
(PL/SQL benefits), 9
Platinum Technology Inc.
Web site, 11
PLS_INTEGER datatype,
43

syntax, 44
plus sign (+)
addition operator, 65
identity operator, 65, 67
pointers (cursors), 246
pointers, see locators
polling (alerts), setting time
interval, 536
polymorphism, 335-336
portability (PL/SQL bene-
fits), 9
POWER function, 158
powers, raising numbers to,
158
precedence, operators,
84-85
parentheses, 85
predefined exceptions
invalid_cursor, 232
no_data_found, 232
too_many_rows, 232
value_error, 232
when_others, 232
predefined Oracle errors,
207-209
cursor_already_open, 208
dup_val_on_index, 208
invalid_cursor, 208
invalid_number, 208
login_denied, 208

not_logged_on, 208
no_data_found, 208
others, 208
program_error, 208
storage_error, 208
timeout_on_resource, 208
too_many_rows, 208
transaction_backed_out,
208
value_error, 208
zero_divide, 208
private objects (packages),
205
private pipes, 544
creating, 546, 550-551
privileges, database (exer-
cise completion require-
ments), 12
Procedural Language/
Structured Query
Language, see PL/SQL
procedural languages, 10
procedure blocks, 51
syntax, 52-53
Procedure Builder (Oracle
Developer 2000), 24-28
database connections,
27-28
PL/SQL interpreter, 25-26
SS THRESH function,

creating, 26
starting, 24
procedures, 190, 192-195,
197, 199
AQ (Advanced Queueing),
608
dropping queue tables,
609
dropping queues, 608
queue access,
granting/revoking,
609-610
BROKEN, 522
procedures 683
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CHANGE, 520
CLOSE_CURSOR, 456
COLUMN_VALUE, 463
creating, 190, 192
debugging information,
193
declarative part, 190
defining, 52-53
listing, 53
dependencies, discovering,
192
exception-handling part,
190
executable part, 190

FCLOSE, exceptions
raised by, 494
FCLOSEALL, exceptions
raised by, 494
FCLOSE_ALL, 494
FFLUSH, 500
exceptions raised by,
498
INTERVAL, 521
nesting, 55-56
NEW_LINE, 497
NEXT_DATE, 521
overloading, 197
PACK_MESSAGE,
545-547
PACK_MESSAGE_RAW,
553-554
PACK_MESSAGE_
ROWID, 554
parameters (definitions),
195
PARSE, 454
PURGE, 545, 555
PUT, 497
exceptions raised by,
498
PUTF, 498
exceptions raised by,
498
PUT_LINE, 498

exceptions raised by,
498
re-creating, 194
listing, 194
recursive, 197, 199
terminating conditions,
198
REGISTER, 534
REMOVE, 535
REMOVEALL, 536
replacing, 194
RESET_BUFFER, 545,
554
RETURN statement, 192
RUN, 514-515
SET_DEFAULTS, 536
SIGNAL, 533
stored, 190
creating, 191
dropping, 197
invoking, 194, 199
listing information, 195
recompiling, 193-194
SUBMIT, 512, 514
parameters, 512
swapn (listing), 57-58
UNPACK_MESSAGE,
545, 548-549
UNPACK_MESSAGE_
RAW, 554

UNPACK_MESSAGE_
ROWID, 554
uses, 190
VARIABLE_VALUE
CHAR datatype, 468
DATE datatype, 468
MLSLABEL datatype,
469
NUMBER datatype,
468
RAW datatype, 468
ROWID datatype, 469
VARCHAR2 datatype,
468
versus functions, 190
WAITANY, 535
WAITONE, 534
WHAT, 521
processing (PL/SQL bene-
fits), 9
producers, 586
AQ (Advanced Queuing),
587
program code, see listings
program_error exception,
208
propagate exceptions, 214
propagation, AQ (Advanced
Queuing), 587-588
pseudocolumns, 241

CURRVAL and
NEXTVAL, 241
ROWID, 242
ROWNUM, 242
public objects (packages),
205
public pipes, 543
creating, 550-551
publishing
methods, calling Java from
PL/SQL, 571-573
SSThresh method, creat-
ing Java procedures,
565-566
PURGE procedure, 545, 555
PUT command, 193
PUT procedure, 497
exceptions raised by, 498
PUTF procedure, 498
exceptions raised by, 498
PUT_LINE command, 193
listing, 193
PUT_LINE procedure, 498
exceptions raised by, 498
684 procedures
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Q
queries, 460-461, 463-467
binding variables, 461

closing cursor, 466
counting rows returned,
160
defining output variables,
461-463
CHAR datatype, 462
DATE datatype, 462
RAW datatype, 462
ROWID datatype, 462
executing (SQL*Plus), 10
executing statements, 463
fetching rows, 463
parsing statements, 461
reading results into vari-
ables, 463-465
SELECT statement exam-
ple, 466-467
Quest Software Web site, 11
queuing
AQ (Advanced Queuing),
585-586, 608
agents, 587
consumers, 587
control data, 587
deferred messaging0,
587
delay, 587
dequeue, 587
disconnected messag-
ing, 587

dropping queue tables,
609
dropping queues, 608
enqueue, 587
granting/revoking
access, 609-610
message repository,
588
messages, 587
expiration, 587
payload, 587
producers, 587
propagation, 587-588
sample scenario, 590
server configuration,
588-589
transaction support,
588
transparency, 588
message queuing, 591
defining payload types,
591-592
queue tables, creating,
592-595
queues, creating,
595-597
placing messages in
queues, 598, 602
parameters, 602-604
record types, 599-602

retrieving messages from
queues, 604, 606
dequeuing change mes-
sages, 606-608
record types, 604-606
starting/stopping queues,
597-598
R
raising exceptions, 214
RAW datatype, 46
defining output variables,
462
syntax, 47
VARIABLE_VALUE pro-
cedure, 468
RAWTOHEX function, 159
READ function (LOBs),
416, 421
BFILE, 406, 411
read-only transactions, 438
read-write transactions, 438
readers (pipes), 543
reading from DBMS OUT-
PUT package (syntax),
487-490
RECEIVE_MESSAGE
function, 545, 548
recompiling
packages, 204-205
stored procedures,

193-194
record variables
%rowtype attribute, 236
cursor-based, 239
declaring, 234-235
table-based, 236
records
attributes (%TYPE),
235-236
dequeuing messages, 604
DEQUEUE_OPTIONS
_T, 605-606
enqueing messages,
599-602
AQ$_AGENT, 601
AQ$_RECIPIENT_
LIST_T, 602
ENQUEUE_OPTIONS
_T, 600
referencing fields (dot
notation), 237
recursive functions, 149
FACTORIAL, 150
testing, 151
uses, 152
recursive procedures, 197,
199
terminating conditions,
198
REF cursor type (declaring

in packages), 260
REF operator, 359, 361
listing, 359
REF operator 685
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referencing
objects, 358-359, 361
DREF operator, 359,
361
object identifiers, 358
REF operator, 359, 361
values (index-by
tables), 268-269
REGISTER procedure, 534
relational operators (sample
expressions), 69
RELEASE function (DBMS
LOCK package), 448-449
remainders (division),
returning, 158
REMOVE procedure, 535
REMOVEALL procedure,
536
REMOVE_PIPE function,
545, 549-550
removing
classes (SSConstants),
568-569
data (varrays), 283-284

jobs, 520
pipes, 549-550, 553
REPEAT UNTIL loops,
144-146
example, 145
simulating, 145
REPLACE function, 157
Repositories, message (AQ),
588
REQUEST function (DBMS
LOCK package), 446-447
requirements (completing
exercises), 12
RESET_BUFFER proce-
dure, 545, 554
retrieving objects
from columns, 347-349
from object tables,
352-353
return data types, 105
RETURN statement, 101,
192
return values, function, dis-
playing, 23
retyping blocks (alterna-
tives), 18-20
REVERSE keyword (loops),
122-123
revoking access queues
(AQ), 609-610

ROLLBACK command, 441
ROLLBACK statements,
234
rolling back transactions,
438, 441
ROLLBACK command,
441
savepoints, 441-442
ROUND function, 158-159,
184-185
format masks, 177
syntax, 184-185
rounding numbers, 158
ROW ID, converting to
string, 159
row-level triggers, 296
ROWID datatype
defining output variables,
462
syntax, 47-48
VARIABLE_VALUE pro-
cedure, 469
ROWID pseudocolumns,
242
ROWIDTOCHAR function,
159
ROWNUM pseudocolumns,
242
rows
counting number returned,

160
fetching into buffer, 463
inserting, 226-229
employee table exam-
ple, 227, 229
locking, 445
RPAD function, 157
RTRIM function, 157
RUN procedure, 514-515
S
SAVEPOINT statements,
234
savepoints, 441-442
saving address objects in
tables, 346
scalar variables, 34
scientific notation, 174
scope, 58
cursors, 262
exceptions, 214
listing, 58-59
SELECT FUNCTION com-
mand, 161
SELECT statement, 223,
229-230
examples, 229-230
exceptions, 232
syntax, 229, 233
SELF parameter, 361-362
listing, 362

specifying, 362
SEND_MESSAGE function,
545, 547
Server Manager, 11
servers
configuring for AQ
(Advanced Queuing),
588-589
PL/SQL processing bene-
fits, 9
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
statement, 108
686 referencing
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SET TRANSACTION com-
mand, 439
SET TRANSACTION state-
ments, 234
SET_DEFAULTS proce-
dure, 536
SHUTDOWN trigger (list-
ing), 315
SIGN function, 158
SIGNAL procedure, 533
SIN function, 158
sines, returning, 158
hyperbolic, 158
inverse, 158
SINH function, 158

slash (/), 65
SLEEP function (DBMS
LOCK package), 449
SNP parameters, 511
software (exercise comple-
tion requirements), 12
SOUNDEX function, 157
SQL, 9
limitations, 8
SQL*Plus
@ command, 18-19
calling methods
(SSThresh), 566-567
EDIT command, 19-20
interactivity, 10
entering statements, 10
executing queries, 10
Server Manager, 11
SQL-Navigator (Quest
Software), 11
SQL-Programmer (Sylvain
Faust Inc.), 11
SQL-Station (Platinum
Technology Inc.), 11
SQLCODE function, 160,
211-212
SQLERRM function, 160,
211-212
SQLJ, calling PL/SQL from
Java, 578-579

calling procedures and
functions, 580, 582
executing blocks, 578-579
SQLPlus Worksheet, 11, 28
executing blocks, 28-29
SQRT function, 158
square roots, 158
squareme function listing,
110
SS CONSTANTS class, cre-
ating Java procedures,
562-563
SS THRESH function
creating (Procedure
Builder), 26
listing, 20
with an error, 21
SSConstants class, removing
from databases, 568-569
SSThresh function, 563
listing, 100
SSThresh method
calling from PL/SQL,
567-568
calling from SQL*Plus,
566-567
publishing, 565-566
starting
Procedure Builder (Oracle
Developer 2000), 24

queues, 597-598
starting transactions,
438-439
SET TRANSACTION
command, 439
STARTUP triggers (listing),
315
statement labels, 128
accessing, 128
format, 128
statement-level triggers, 296
statements
BEGIN, 101
bulk-binding, 284
BULK COLLECT key-
word, 285-286
FORALL keyword,
286-288
COMMIT, 440
CREATE FUNCTION, 26
CREATE TABLE, 224
DELETE, 223
syntax, 231
DML (LOCK TABLE),
233
END, 101
EXCEPTION, 101, 106
executing, 456
for queries, 463
EXIT, 138-142

changing loop execution
order, 143
with FOR loop, 140
with WHILE loop, 139
within functions, 141
EXIT WHEN, 138-142
syntax, 138
with WHILE loop, 140
FETCH (INTO clause),
259
GOTO, 128-129, 131-132,
134
disadvantages, 133-134
example, 133
scoping rules, 129,
131, 133
syntax, 128
IF, 112-113
common errors, 120
formatting, 119-120
jumping into (GOTO),
131
jumping within
(GOTO), 131-133
statements 687
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listing, 112
nesting, 115-117
syntax, 112

IF ELSIF, 117-118
listing, 118
syntax, 117
versus nested IF, 119
IF THEN ELSE,
113-114
listing, 114
syntax, 113
INSERT, 223, 226-229
employee table exam-
ple, 227, 229
syntax, 226
MODE, 103
IN, 103
IN OUT, 103
OUT, 103
NULL, 110
uses, 110
OPEN FOR, 258-259
parsing, 454-455
queries, 461
RETURN, 101, 192
SELECT, 223, 229-230
examples, 229-230
exceptions, 232
syntax, 229, 233
SET SERVEROUTPUT
ON, 108
SQL, entering in
SQL*Plus, 10

executing queries, 10
terminators (block syntax),
14
transaction control, 234
UPDATE, 223
object tables, 355
syntax, 231
see also loops
STDDEV function, 160
stepping through loops,
incrementing, 123-124
listing, 123
stopping queues, 597-598
storage_error exception, 208
stored functions
creating, 106-108
syntax, 106
naming, 106
squareme (listing), 110
stored procedures, 190
dropping, 197
invoking, 194, 199
listing information, 195
recompiling, 193-194
storing objects
as columns, 345-347
retrieving/updating,
347-349
object tables, 349,
351-356

creating, 350
inserting objects,
351-352
string expressions, 86
string operators, 78-79
concatenation (||), 78-79
listing, 78
LIKE, 78
strings
capitalizing, 157
initial letters, 156-157
comparing, 79-81
case sensitivity, 81
character sets, 79
datatypes, 79-81
listing, 81
concatenating (CONCAT
function), 156
converting
dates to, 166-168
hex to raw, 159
multibyte to single-
byte, 159
numbers to, 159,
174-175
raw to hex, 159
single-byte to multi-
byte, 159
to dates, 159, 161-166
to labels, 159

to numbers, 159,
168-173
padding, 157
phonetic representations,
157
replacing, 157
returning as lowercase,
157
returning length, 157
returning location of
INSTR function, 156
INSTRB function, 157
returning portions of, 157
sorting characters, 157
trimming, 157
strong cursor variables, 258
Structured Query
Language, see SQL
SUBMIT procedure, 512,
514
parameters, 512
subprograms (packages),
calling, 199, 203-204
SUBSTR function (LOBs),
157, 422, 427-428
BFILE, 406, 412
SUBSTRB function, 157
subtypes, 35
datatypes
BINARY INTEGER,

41-43
CHAR, 38
NUMBER, 40-41
VARCHAR2, 36
SUM function, 160
support
Java, 559-561
calling from PL/SQL,
569-578
688 statements
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calling PL/SQL
(SQLJ), 578-580, 582
procedures, creating,
561-569
swapn function (listing),
57-58
Sylvain Faust Inc. Web site,
11
syntax
blocks
anonymous, 49-51
function, 51-52
trigger, 54
BOOLEAN datatype, 45
CHAR datatype, 36-37
Commands (ALTER
TRIGGER), 311
datatypes

BINARY INTEGER,
41
NUMBER, 39-40
VARCHAR2, 35-36
DATE datatype, 44-45
DBMS OUTPUT package,
485
disabling, 485
enabling, 485
reading from buffer,
487-490
writing to buffer,
486-487
functions, declaring,
101-102
LOCK TABLE statement,
233
LONG datatype, 46
LONG RAW datatype, 47
message queues
creating, 596-597
starting/stopping,
597-598
MSLABEL datatype, 48
PLS_INTEGER datatype,
44
program blocks, 14-15
nesting, 15
RAW datatype, 47
ROWID datatype, 48

triggers, 298-300
instead-of, 318
UROWID datatype, 48
syntax errors, 372, 375-377
correcting (example),
375-376
SYSDATE function, 159,
175-176
date/time origin, 186
default output, 176
formatting output, 176
T
tables
adding data to (CLOB
data), 423-424
adding records to, 458-460
creating, 223-224, 456,
458
CREATE TABLE com-
mand, 224
DUAL, 161
index-by, 266
declaring, 266-267
deleting entries, 270-
271
inserting entries into,
267-268
methods, 271-274
referencing values,
268-269

updating entries, 270
inserting rows, 226-229
employee table exam-
ple, 227, 229
locking, 443-444
exclusive mode, 444
row exclusive mode,
444
row share mode, 444
share lock mode, 444
share row exclusive
mode, 444
message queuing, creating,
592-595
mutating (triggers),
320-323, 326-328
nested, 274
adding entries to,
275-278
declaring, 275
extending, 277-278
initializing, 276-277
removing entries,
279-281
object, 337
queue, dropping, 609
TAN function, 158
tangents, returning, 158
hyperbolic, 158
inverse, 158

TANH function, 158
terminating conditions
(recursive procedures),
198
terminators, statement
(block syntax), 14
TEXT IO package, 25
three-valued logic, 87
time zones
NEW_TIME function,
159, 183-184
table of, 183
timeout_on_resource excep-
tion, 208
TOAD (Tool for Oracle
Application Developers),
11
TOAD 689
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too_many_rows exception,
208, 232
TO_CHAR function, 94,
159
dates, 166-168
syntax, 167
numbers, 174-175
scientific notation, 174
syntax, 174
TO_DATE function, 94, 159,

161-166
default format masks, 165
errors, 164
format masks, 162-163
limitations, 162
listing, 164
syntax, 161
within PL/SQL code, 165
TO_LABEL function, 159
TO_MULTI_BYTE func-
tion, 159
TO_NUMBER function, 94,
159, 168-173
format masks, 169-170
errors, 172-173
listing, 170
NLS parameters, 170
syntax, 169
TO_SINGLE_BYTE func-
tion, 159
transaction control state-
ments, 234
transactions, 438
committing, 438, 440
COMMIT statement,
440
explicit commits, 440
implicit commits, 440
two-phase commits,
441-442

ending, 439-440
read-only, 438
read-write, 438
rolling back, 438, 441
ROLLBACK com-
mand, 441
savepoints, 441-442
starting, 438-439
SET TRANSACTION
command, 439
support (AQ), 588
transaction_backed_out
exception, 208
TRANSLATE function, 157
Transparency (AQ), 588
triggers, 294-297, 299-300,
313, 318-319
after, 296
before, 296
blocks, 53
syntax for creating, 54
creating (security exam-
ple), 538-539
data integrity (maintain-
ing), 300-304
listing, 302
defining, 299-300, 313,
319
delete, 296
enabling/disabling,

310-311
event, 311-312
defining, 312-314
writing, 314-317
example, 295-296
execution order, 297
firing (events), 294
guidelines, 298
historical logs, 304-306
insert, 296
instead-of, 318
syntax, 318
writing, 319
limitations, 320-324,
326-328
DDL statements, 320
mutating tables,
320-323, 326-328
listing, 308
parameters, 298-299,
312-313, 318-319
condition, 299, 313,
318
correlation names,
299-300, 318
declarations, 299, 313,
318
pl/sql code, 299, 313,
318
table name, 299, 318

verb list, 298, 318
records, predating, 329
row-level, 296
SHUTDOWN (listing),
315
single-row inserts, 329
STARTUP (listing), 315
statement-level, 296
syntax, 298-300
update, 296
viewing code, 309-310
creating command file,
310
TRIM function (LOBs),
416, 422, 429
troubleshooting, see debug-
ging
TRUNC function, 158-159,
176-178
format masks, 177
syntax, 176
truncating
dates, 159, 176-178
format masks, 177
numbers, 158
two-phase commits, 441-442
690 too_many_rows exception
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U

UID function, 160
unary operators, 65
undefined Oracle errors,
209-210
exception_init directive,
209
underscore (_) (wildcard
character), 70
UNIQUE_SESSION_NAME
function, 545, 555
UNPACK_MESSAGE pro-
cedure, 545, 548-549
UNPACK_MESSAGE_RAW
procedure, 554
UNPACK_MESSAGE_
ROWID procedure, 554
UPDATE statement, 223
object tables, 355
syntax, 231
update triggers, 296
data integrity example,
301
updating entries (index-by
tables), 270
updating objects
from columns, 347-349
from object tables,
352-356
UPPER function, 157
UROWID datatype (syntax),

48
USER function, 160
user-defined errors, 210-211
USERENV function, 160
users (returning names of),
160
user_errors view (listing),
196
USER_JOBS view, 517
columns, 518
user_objects view, 196
user_object_size view, 196
user_source view, 196
USER_TRIGGERS view,
309
UTL_FILE package, 491,
496-497
clearing buffer, 500
file input, 496
opening files, 494
testing for open files, 497
writing to files
PUT procedure, 497
PUTF procedure, 498
V
VALUE operator, 354
Values, index-by tables, ref-
erencing, 268-269
value_error exception, 208,
232

VARCHAR2 datatype, 35
defining output variables,
462
subtypes, 36
syntax, 35-36
VARIABLE_VALUE pro-
cedure, 468
vs. CHAR (listing), 38
variable declarations (block
syntax), 14
keywords, 14
variable-sized arrays, 281
adding\removing data,
283-284
declaring, 282-283
variables
binding, 455
queries, 461
BLOB, initializing, 160
CLOB, initializing, 160
cursors, 257-261
as arguments, 260-261
assigning, 260
declaring, 257-258
FETCH statement, 259
OPEN FOR state-
ment, 258-259
return clauses, 258
strong, 258
weak, 258

declaring, 49-50
listing, 50-51
naming, 35
mixed case, 397
preceding with v_ or
p_, 397
output, defining, 461-463
package specifications,
declaring, 240
reading query results into,
463-465
record
%ROWTYPE attribute,
236
cursor-based, 239
declaring, 234-235
table-based, 236
retrieving values (anon
blocks), 468-469
scalar, 34
scope, 58
listing, 58-59
VARIABLE_VALUE proce-
dure
CHAR datatype, 468
DATE datatype, 468
MLSLABEL datatype,
469
NUMBER datatype, 468
RAW datatype, 468

ROWID datatype, 469
VARCHAR2 datatype,
468
VARIABLE_VALUE procedure 691
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VARIANCE function, 160
varrays, 281
adding\removing data,
283-284
declaring, 282-283
viewing
jobs, 517-519
DBA_JOBS view, 517
DBA_JOBS_
RUNNING view, 517
USER_JOBS view, 517
trigger code, 309-310
views
object, 337
USER_TRIGGERS, 309
views (data dictionary),
stored procedures, 195
VSIZE function, 160
W-Z
WAITANY procedure, 535
WAITONE procedure, 534
weak cursor variables, 258
Web sites
Oracle, 12

OTN (Oracle Technology
Network), 12
Platinum Technology Inc.,
11
Quest Software, 11
Sylvain Faust Inc., 11
WHAT procedure, 521
when_others exception, 232
WHILE loop, 134-135,
137-138, 146
examples, 134-135,
137-138
EXIT WHEN statement,
140
syntax, 134
WHILE loops
EXIT statement, 139
in functions, 137-138
stepping through, 136
wildcard characters
percent sign (%), 70
underscore (_), 70
WRITE function (LOBs),
422, 425-427
writers (pipes), 543
writing
blocks, 15-17
event triggers, 314-316
DDL events, 316-317
functions, 20-21

displaying return val-
ues, 23
finding compilation
errors, 21-22
to DBMS OUTPUT pack-
age, 486
syntax, 486-487
triggers, instead-of, 319
zero_divide exception, 208
692 VARIANCE function
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