Luận án tiến sỹ Nghiên cứu hạ thấp độ biến động và giới hạn phát hiện vàng và platin trong một số mẫu địa chất bằng phương pháp phân tích quang phổ nguyên tử

BAI HQC Quac GlA THANH PHa HO CHI MINH
TRu'ONGD~I HQC KHOA HQC nJ NHIEN

NGUYEN VAN D1NH

NGHIEN COO HA.THAP DO BIEN DONG vA
GIOI HA.NPHATHIEN VANG vA PLATIN TRONG
MOT SO MAU DIA CHAT BANG PHUONGPHAP
. PHAN TICR QUANGPHO NGUYENTV

CHUYEN NGA~H: QUANG HQC
MA SO: 1.02.18

TOM TAT LU!N AN TIEN sI V!T LV

TP. HOCHiMINH- 2004


Lu~n an nay duQc hoan thanh t;;tiBQ moo V~t 1y Dng dl)ng, Khoa
V~t 1y,Truong D;;tihQcKhoa hQcTt! nhien, D;;tihQcQu6c gia Thanh
ph6 H5 Chi Minh va Trung tam Phan tich Thi nghi~m Lien doan
Ban d5 Dia cha't Mi'en Nam, Cl)CDia cha't va Khoang san Vi~t Nam,
Be:> ai nguyen va Moi truong.
T

Nguoi huang d~n khoa hQc:

1)
2)

PGS.TS Duong Ai Phuong

GS.TS Nguy~n Van De'n

Phan bi~n 1:

GS.TSKH. Vii Xuan Quang

Phan bi~n 2:

PGS.TS. Cli Thanh Long

Phan bi~n 3:

PGS.TS. Tdin Minh Thai

Lu~n an se duQc bao v~ truac He:>i 5ng cha'm 1u~n an Nha nuac hQp
d
t;;tiTruong D;;tihQc Khoa hQc Tt! nhien, D;;ti hQc Qu6c gia Thanh ph6
H5 Chi Minh vao h5i 9 gio 00, ngay 16 thang 10 Dam 2004

Co th~ tlm hi~u Lu~n an t;;tiThu vi~n Khoa hQc T6ng hQp Thanh
ph6 H5 Chi Minh va Thu vi~n Truong D;;tihQc Khoa hQc Tt! nhien,
D;;tihQcQu6c gia Thanh ph6 H5 Chi Minh.


Lufjn an tom tlit
?'A

~

A'

'A,

A?

A'

MO DAU: D~T VAN DE VA MVC TIEU CUA LU~N AN
D~t va'n de
Yang la mQt nguyen t6 qui hie'm co gia tri caD l~i ra't phan
tan trong t1!nhien va ham ht<;1ngrung binh trong vo qua da't l~i ra't
t
tha'p. Nghien cUudia hoa co yell diu phat hi~n dtt<;1c
yang tit nhfi'ng
ham ltt<;1ng nhO. MQt s6 phttdng phap phan tich do sU'd\lng
c1!c
ltt<;1ng ~u phan tich qua nho Den tinh d~i di~n khong caD d~n de'n
m
ke't qua phan tich khOng 6n dinh. MQt s6 phttdng phap co th€ sU'
d\lng ht<;1ng ~u phan tich IOnnhttng giOih~n phat hi~n l~i qua caD.
m
Nhtt v~y co th€ noi va'n d'e cua phan tich yang ttfUtrung la din phai
h~ giam dQba't 6n va giOih~n phat hi~n.
Phan tich h~t kim san qua trinh Dung chay va cureD bOa
m~u tren thie't bi 10graphit cua may quang ph6 ha'p th\l.nguyen tU'
la mQt nghien cUu th1!cnghi~m mdi co th€ dap «ng yell c'au dem
giai h~n phat hi~n yang de'n co ppt [8]. Di'eu nay mang mQt 9 nghiii
th1!cti~n trong vi~c giup cho cac nha dia bOa co them mQtcong C\l
hi~u qua d€ nghien cUunguyen t6 yang trong t1!nhien.
Cung vai Yang, platin cling co ham ltt<;1nga't tha'p va phan

r
tan. No co mQtvai tro quail trQng trong cong nghi~p va vi v~y c'an
phai dtt<;1c
nghien cUu. Co th€ md rQng va'n d'e nghien cUu theo hai
cach: sU'd\lng ky thu~t b6c hdi phan do~n d€ phan tich tie'p platin
tren 10 graphite d giai h~n phat hi~n co ppt; phan tich h~t kim thu
dtt<;1cAng quang ph6 phat x~ nguyen tU'd€ phan tich nhanh mQt
b
lo~t cac nguyen t6 Yang, platin d giai h~n phat hi~n co ppb [26].
Nghien cUu md rQng theo httang nay mang tinh th1!c ti~n do co
hi~u qua kinh te' caD, phan tich nhanh gia thanh re va dap «ng t6t
yell c'au nghien cUudia hoa cac nguyen t6 nay.
M\lc tieu va nQi dung cua lu~n an
Vai cach di;itva'n d'e nhtt tren, trong lu~n an nay chung toi
t~p trung nghien cUu ke't h<;1pdi cac ky thu~t lam giau va ti'en xU'
v
19 m~u d€ Dang caD dQ chinh xac, h~ giam dQ bie'n dQng va giOi
h~n phat hi~n vai d6i ttt<;1nghan tich la yang va platin, C\lth€ la
p
cM thi~n tr1!ctie'p giOih~n phat hi~n de'n co ppt.
1


Lu(in an tom tilt
NQi dung eua lu~n an bao g'Omvi~e nghien CUllanh huang
eua dQh~t vang len cae phuong sai trong phan tich, ly giai dU<;1e
s11
ba't 6n trong cae ke't qua phan tich la do phuong sai la'y mftu quye't
dinh, tITd6 ap dt,mg ky thu~t ke't h<;1p
giii'a phuong phap ha'p thl;1

nguyen tit va nung luy~n de h~ giam dQbie'n dQng (1). Sit dt,mg10
graphit eua may quang ph6 ha'p thl;1nguyen tit de phan tieh tr1!e
tie'p h~t kim-san phftm mh dia eha't du<;1eam giau saD khau nung
l
luy~n mftu. Cae di'eu ki~n bao g'Omvi~e ehuftn bi mftu va cae thong
s6 may dU<;1e sat t6i U'uh6a de xae dinh du<;1eang d co sieu vi
khao
v
lu<;1ng a tang tinh 6n dinh din thie't (2). Khao sat them tinh eha't
v
b6e hdi phan do~n de Phan tich Pt tren clIng mQt day ehuy'en phan
tich tren 10graphit (3). Khao sat qui trinh phan tieh vang va platin
qua hai eong do~n: lam giau b~ng each nung char mh, dung ph6
pMt x~ eua h~t kim de pMt hi~n cae nguyen t6 d gidi h~n 10 ppb
(4). Cu6i eung la ap dl;1ng trinh phan tich nay de phan tich vang
qui
va platin trong mQts6 mftu dia eha't d Vi~t Nam (5)
B6 C\lCciia lu~n an:
Khong ke tai li~u tham khao va phl;1ll;1e,
lu~n an g'Om124
trang 30 hinh va 46 bang vdi 3 ph'an IOn:Ph'an md d'au, Ph'an nQi
dung va Ph'an ke't lu~n. Trong d6 ph'an nQi dung g'Om4 ehuong:
Chuong 1: MQt s6 va'n d'e v'e phan tieh vang va platin, Chuong 2:
Nguyen ly eua phuong pMp, Chuong 3: Th11enghi~m, Chuong 4:
Nh~n xet va ban lu~n.
CHu'ONG 1: MOT SO VAN DE vE PHAN TicH
VANG vA PLA TIN
1.1. NGUYEN TO VANG
1.2. cAc PHUONG pHAP xAc DfNH VANG
Cho de'n nay d Vi~t Nam va tren the' giOi da e6 nhi'eu

phuong pMp phan tich xae dinh ham lU<;1ng
vang trong mftu dia
eha't [13]: phuong phap nung luy~n; phuong phap boa quang ph6
phat x~ h'Oquang; phuong pMp di~n bOa; phuong pMp ehie't - triie
2


Lu~n an tom tilt
quang; phuong phap ha'p th1,1nguyen tli'; phuong nung luy~n-ha'p
th1,1nguyen tli'; phuong phap quang ph5 phat X<;l arn ling plasma
e
ICP; phuong phap kich ho<;ltnotron; phuong phap trich Iy b~ng
xianua, phuong phap xac dinh tren diy, duoi ray.
A

A?

?

'"

?

A

,

1.3. st; KHONG ON DTNH CUA KET QUA PHAN TICH Au
1.3.1. Sl1khong Cn dinh cua ke't qua phan tich Au
C6 mQtnMn xet chung ttt th1!cti~n phan tich xac dinh ham

luQng yang trong nhii'ng nam g'an day la: ke"t qua phan tich ham
luQng yang trong mQt s6 truong hQp khOng 5n dinh. Cling mQtm~u
qu;:ingyang gli'i phan tich nhi'eu noi cho cac ke"tqua khac nhau, ktS
ea cac m~u duQcphan tich d nuoc ngoai.
MQt s6 ke"tqua phan tich l;:ip ham luQng yang duQc trich ttt
lo<;ltm~u phan tich nghien cUu dQ khong 5n dinh 39M/98 ya
40M/98 cua Trung tam Phan tich Thi nghi~m Lien doan Ban db
Dia cha't Mi'en Nam duQccho tren bang 1.1.
Bang 1.1: Ke't qua phan tich lijp ham 1u'(1ng
vang lJmQt 86 miu
vang co xam tanthjtb~ng phu'dng phap ha'p th\1 nguyen hi' [41]
Sit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Tennirn

Ian1
RL-52
136
5B-28
28.79

5E-2
0.14
63.95
5E-8
0.76
9B3-2
5C-14
0.36
HMR-7112 8S
MR-ICl'5512
0.4
MR-488
1.8
MR-71/5
0.2

f

Ham h1;t1gyang&t

Ian2
29.84
12.18
9.30
54.82
0.88
<0.10
0.42
0.12
IS

4.0

Ian3
138
22.85
0.10
18.75
135
0.20
0.72
<0.10
13
43

Ian4
Ian5
20.24 5.68
47.22 16.65
0.65
2.34
122.01 47.65
054
1.79
IS6
454
1.65
354
1.02
056
0.9

2.2
0.2
0.41

Vj%

1m
53
156
62
47
139
88
86
32
117

'v)d:D

rrep%
20
12
30
9
30
30
30
30
30
30

DQ I~ch chugn tuong d6i cua tttng m~u d'eu yuQt ra't xa dQ
I~ch chugn tuong d6i cho phep theo qui dinh xli'19 [4], kitSm ITa
m~u dia cha't va khoang san ra:n cua nganh dia cha't.

3


E

Luqn an tom tilt

1.3.2. Phep philo tich phudng sai
S1!thong 5n dinh cua phep pMn rich v~mg la do ye'u to'
ng~u nhien va ye'u to' h~ th6ng. Phu'dng sai t5ng sol bAng t5ng cua
phu'dng sai Iffy m~u s/ va phu'dng sai qui trlnh philo rich saz, tuiln
rhea lu~t cQng tinh cua phu'dng sai sol = SaZ S/. C'an phiii daub gia
+
du'Qcca 3 phu'dng sai So s/ , Sa Vi~c daub gia c'an d1!avao chulln
z,
z.
th6ng ke Fisher. Phep ANOVA la cong C\1th6ng ke d~ th1!chi~n
nhi~m V\1
nay [19]
1.3.2.1.

Ynghia cua cae phudng sai

Ye'u to' ng~u nhien: la phu'dng sai qui trlnh philo rich hay
phu'dng sai nQibQcac m~u PTN, ky hi~u la Sazhay s/.

Ye'u to' h~ th6ng: trong bai roan philo rich Yang, ye'u to' h~
th6ng la tinh thong d'Ongnhfft cua m~u lam phat sinh tMnh ph'an
phu'dng sai Iffym~u, ky hi~u la s/. Phu'dng sai Iffym~u phat sinh tit
bfft ell ye'u to' M th6ng nao luon luon bi pha trQn voi phu'dng sai
m~u phat sinh tit ye'u to' ng~u omen. Phu'dng sai m~u pha trQn nay
co ten gQirieng la phu'dng sai giii'acac m~u PTN, ky hi~u la s?
1.3.2.2. Mo hlob tht!c nghi~m
1.3.2.3. Cong thuc tinh
Tinh cac phu'dng sai SIZ szz
,
Phu'dng sai Iffym~u du'QcHnh d1!arhea thu~t roan Anova:
Sl

Z

= SzZ + nssZ

Tit do tinh du'Qc phu'dng sai t5ng
Z
Z
Z
So = Sa + Ss
E>~t:
k

n

s~ = ITx7i
j=1i=1

k

n

k n

s~ =(1/n)LcLxjl

s~ =(1/ k1)Q2}jj)
j=li=4

j=1 i=1

s/

Tinh du'Qc cac phu'dng sai:

=(SSI- ssz)/k(n-l)

SIZ =(ssz- ss3)/(k-l)
sol = (SSI-SS3)/(kn-l)

Dung chulln F d~ tinh gia tri FTN = SIZ/SZZa so sanh voi gia
v
tri FLTtea trong bang th6ng ke d~ daub gia s1!sai bi~t giii'a Sl va Sz.

4


Lurl-n an tom tilt

1.4. GIOI H~N PHAT HItN vA Y NGHIA THVC TIEN
1.4.1. Gi8i h~n phat hi~n do thie't bi do
Gioi h~n phat hi~n duQc phan bi~t theo 2 lo~i LoD (XPH)va
LoQ (XBd. D6i voi XPHva XBL,v'e nguyen tik ta co the ap dl:lllg
btt ding thlic Tchbytchev de dv doan xac Stitt tin c~y ling voi
khoang tin c~y cho truoc. Theo tieu chuftn cua kh6i EC :
XPH=XNEN 3crNEN voi xac Stitt P > (1-1/32) = 0.888::::;
+
ling
90%
XBL= XNEN 10crNEN voi xac Stitt P > (1-1/102) = 99%.
+
ling
1.4.2. GiOih~n phat hi~n eua phu'dng phIlp phan tieh
Day la giOih~n phat hi~n nguyen t6thvc te'trong di'eu ki~n
phudng phap dang stt dl,lllg. GiOi h~n phat hi~n nay thay d5i tuy
trQng luQng din ban d'au va the tich dinh mlie. Ph\l I\lC 1 th6ng ke
tom t~t cac phudng phap phan tich yang va giOi h~n phat hi~n cua
cac phudng phap phan tich.
1.4.3. Ynghia thtfe ti~n eua giOih~n phat hi~n eua phu'dng phIlp
phan tich
Khong the nghien CUumQt nguyen to' nao do khi ma ham
luQng cua no luon thtp hdn giOi h~n phat hi~n cua phudng phap
dang stt dl;lllg.GiOi h~n phat hi~n chi r6 phudng phap din phai stt
d\lng de d~t duQCbai toan cua thvc ti~n nghien cUuva san xutt.
1.4.4. Cae giOih~n phat hi~n vimg du'Qesa d\lng
Trong thiim do tlm kie'm khoang san, cac gia tri tit O.lppm
duQc ghi nMn. Trong nghien cUu dia hoa Yang, ham luQng yang
duQc quail tam tit co ppb trd xu6ng. Trong cac d'e an v'e yang Lam

D'Ongdo cong ty Kim Resources, d'e an Honmo do cong ty Pacific
Basin Group d'eu cua Dc thvc hi~n, cho thty hQ quail tam de'n t~n
ham luQng ppt. Cong ty Cherne x cua Canada cling quail tam t~n
ham luQngco 100ppt.
1.5. NGUYEN TO PLATIN
1.5.1. Nguyen to' platin
1.5.2. Cae phu'dng phIlp xae dinh cae nguyen to' platin

5


Lu4n an tom tilt
CHUONG 2: NGUYEN LY CUA PHUONG PHAP
Mftu du'lam giau qua khiiu nung chay, cupen boa. Phan
tich h~t kim thu du'b
tii':kich thich tqtc tie'p h~t kim b~ng 10 graphite d6 dem gidi h~n
phat hi~n xu6ng ? co ppt.
;:(
2.1. NUNG CHAY MAU
2.1.1. Qua trlnh Dung ehay miu
D~c tiOOcua chI kim lo~i khi nong chiiy co kha niing boa
tan cac kim lo~i qui d1idu'sii'd\lng d6 tach vang, b~c va cac kim
10~iqui ra khOi m~u qu~ng. D'ong thC1i oi qua trlnh nay, cac cha't
v
chay co lac d\lng voi m~u qu~ng t~o thanh xi long co d~ng
xMeO.ySiO2.zB2O3.fNa20OOyn6i 1en teen.
2.1.2. Cae philo nng Kay ra trong qua trlnh Dung ehay

Cac phan ung xay ra trong qua trlnh nung chay co th6 phiin
ra cac phan ung voi cha't khii', cha't oxy bOa, cha't chay boa tan, cha't
chay ke't tiia va hoa ph~m bao v~ [14,69]
2.2. CUPEN HOA
Sau khi na'u chay m~u qu~ng, ta thu du'n\l
cae kim lo~i qui. Tach chI b~ng each cupen boa. ChI va cac kim
lo~i khOng qui chuy6n thanh oxyt co suc ciing he m~t nho nen bi
hut tha'm vao chen capen, con vang, b~c, p1atin khong bi oxy bOa
nen co suc ciing b'e m~t ra't IOnse vo troll l~i t~o thanh h~t hco kim 10~iqui gill l~i teen m~t chen capen.
2.3. NGUYEN TV HOA D~N NHIET
2.3.1. D~ng di~n eve than
2.3.2. Chu trlnh tang nhi~t de)
G'om 3 giai do~n: lam khO, tro hoa va nguyen tii'boa.
2.3.3. Cd eh~ hoa hdi va nguyen tii' hoa
Xet cd che' nhi~t dQnghQc,bOa dQnghQCva st! nguyen tii'
hoa trong cac moi tru'C1ngdn gian khac nhau
d
2.3.4. Khao sat biiu do nhi~t
Bi6u d'o nhi~t co lac d\lng: Xac dinh cac thong s6 nhi~t
trong di'eu ki~n cua m6i may. Xac dinh anh hu'dng cua gia tai d6
6


Lu(in an tom tilt
hi~u chinh. Nghien CUllcd che' cua stf nguyen ti'tbOa b~ng cach tlm
h<;fp
cha't khdi phat, bhg cach so sanh bi~u d'Onhi~t d cac di~m d~c
bi~t voi cac di~m nong chay, soi, thang boa. Xac dinh cac h<;fp

cha't
khdi phat va suy ra tinh nang cua cac cha't khdi phat, t6c d9 b6c hdi
va nang lU<;fnghan fa. Hinh 2.2 la bi~u d'Onhi~t g'Om2 giai do'.ln
p
chU ye'u tro bOa va nguyen ti'thoa.[50,lOl,lO2)
A
m

f)i~u ki~n t6i u'u: Nhi~t d9
lam kho lOODC voi thCii
gian 1,5-2s/f..l1.Nhi~t d9

TOA

TMD

tro hoa 8,

= TMD

- lOODC

voi thCiigian 3-7s voi li~u
(5-30f..ll).Nhi~t d9 nguyen
TmA

TmV

TOe

ti't bOa 82

= TOA

+ lOODc

voi thCiigian 3-7s.

mnb 2.2: Biiu do nbi~t
2.4. TINH CHAT BOC Hal PHAN DO~N
Cac cha't d~t vao 16 khoan di~n ctfc do bi nung nong manh
li~t nen b6c hdi bay vao dam may phat sang. Thu ttf b6c hdi cua
cac nguyen t6truoc tien do nhi~t d9 nong cbiiy va nhi~t d9 soi cua
cac h<;fp
cha't chua cac nguyen to' do bay vao khoang phong di~n
quye't dinh. Kh6ng che' vi~c b6c hdi b~ng cach can thi~p vao nhi~t
d9 d~ t'.lOra hi~n tu<;fng
b6c hdi phan do'.ln. Hi~n tu<;fng
b6c hdi
phan do'.ln du<;fc ung ph6 bie'n d~ nang caDd9 nh'.lYphan tich, lam
d
cho vi~c phat hi~n cua m9t nguyen to' nao do trong qu~ng va
khoang v~t du<;fc ~ dang bon.
d
Trong ph'.lm vi cua lu~n an nay, vi~c b6c hdi phan do'.ln
du<;fc
si'tdl;mgcho h'.ltkim baa g'Omcac kim lo'.liAg, Au va cac kim
10'.liqui khac cua nhOmPt. Qua trlnh b6c hdi phan do'.lnchu ye'u do
nhi~t d9 10 va nhi~t nong chay cua cac kim 10'.liquye't dinh. Giai
do'.ln tro hoa la m9t giai do'.lnb6c hdi phan do'.lnd~ lo'.litra nguyen

to' Ag, giai do'.lnke'tie'p du<;fc ~t d nhi~t d9 du caDd~ nguyen ti't
d
7


Lugn an tom tift
bOa Au nhu'ng chu'a du d~ nguyen tii'hoa Pt va giai do~n nguyen tii'
bOa Pt d nhi~t dQcao nha't.
2.5. PHAN TICH BANG PHO PHA.T X~ NGUYEN ru
Miiu du'<;fcu'a vao phan tich d tr~ng thai ra:n phai trai qua
d
cac qua tr1nhphuc t~p: Dongchay, b6c hdi, phan 1ycua cac phan tii'
thanh cac nguyen tii'va kich thich ph6 pMt x~. H~ th6ng cac v~ch
d~c tru'ng xac dinh dinh tinh nguyen t6. Cu'(jngdQphat x~ v~ch va
dQhi~n v~ch xac dinh dinh 1u'<;fng
nguyen t6.
CHUONG 3: ".!'
THVC NGHI£M
A'
?
3.1. THIET BJ, DVNG CV, HOA CHAT SUDVNG
Lo Dung 1uy~n, 10 cupen, h~ may quang ph6 ha'p thl,1
nguyen tii'co trang bi 10graphit, mQt s6 dl,1ngCI,1 nghi~m va hoa
thi
cha't chuyen A'
dung A
A'
A
?
,

A
,
3.2. H~ THAP DQ BIEN DQNG CUA PHEP PHAN TICH Au
3.2.1. Khao sat v'e trQng h.tqng din t6i thi~u
Nghien CUuphan b6 dQ h~t cua vang trong mh sau khi
du'<;fcia cong, tu do t1mm6i tu'dng quaD giua gidi h~n pMt hi~n va
g
1u'<;fng t6i thi~u dem phan tich. Th1!chi~n cac khao sat sau:
din

3.2.1.1.so' h~t trong milu.
sO' h~t co ban kinh R du'<;fc
tinh theo:
trong do: a : t)11~phan b6 theo tung ca'p h~t

N=

a

m

irlR3d
3

%

d : kh6i 1u'<;fngieng cua h~t,
r
m : kh6i 1u'<;fng ho
m

D1!a teen du'(jng cong tich lily
cua phan b6 dQ h~t (h1nh
3.4), ta tinh du'<;fcCI,1th~ sO'

l(Ilo.
100

=

(ill)

=

"'-0
DD
:JJ.O
10.0
0.0
10.

h~t. Md rQng d~ tinh sO' h~t

o.rol I vang co d mQt ham 1u'<;fng
~
nha't dinh.
IDnh 3.4:Dtfdngcong tich lilycoo phan JX) 9 h~t
d
0.1

0.01

8


Luan an tom tilt

3.2.1.2. S6h~t vang co (j mQt ham luqng nha't djnh.
3.2.1.3. S6h~t vang lJcac ham luqng khac nhau-GiOih~n phat hi~n
Tnn du'<;1c tu'ong quaD giii'a gioi hC;ln hat hi~n va lu'<;1ng
m6i
p
can t6i thi~u. K6t qua cho teen bang 3.4.
Bang 3.4 :Luqng can t6i thiiu di d~t duqc giOih~n phat hi~n
tudng tffig
GiOi
pilthi?:n(wn)
10
1
0.1

om
0.005
0.001

150
mesh
1
10
100

1em
-

Tcim1Ditbieud
200mesh 2AO
mesh
1.25
0.7
125
7
125
70
625
350
1250
700

W1gUhg(g)
350mesh 635mesh

-

-

03
3
30
150
300

o.rn
0.8
8
40
80

E>~tha'y du'<;1c tdnh v'e lu'<;1ng mftu t6i thi~u cho mQt
qui
can
fan pMn rich chung toi xin giOi thi~u cong trlnh nghien CUllkhac
cua Dr. Pierre Gy [13] th~ hi~n trong cong thuc du'oiday:
S2

=~ -~
( Ms ML

)

c.D3

Trong do : S: dQl~ch chu~n cho phep d6i voi k6t qua phan
rich, Ms: kh6i h1'<;1ng t6i thi~u cho mQt fan pMn rich, ML:Kh6i
mftu
lu'<;1ng0mftu d~ gia cong d6n co hC;lt
1
pMn rich, D: du'ong nnh cua
hC;lt
mftu IOnnha't, C: M s6 th\fc nghi~m ph\,!thuQcvao dQd'Ongd'eu
cua tMnh ph'an co ich trong qu~ng, thay d6i trong mQt gioi hC;ln
nha't dinh, thay d6i theo ki~u qu~ng tll ra't d'eu d6n d~c bi~t khOng

d'eu va co tri s6 tll 0.05 d6nl.OO.
3.2.1.4. MQt so' ke't qua xii'ly th6ng ke
Mh chu~n MC-I, mftu chu~n MC-II va mh qu~ng 9B3-2
du'<;1c
pMn rich theo mo hlnh th\fc nghi~m ij ph'an 1.3 bAng phu'ong
phap quang ph6 ha'p th\,!nguyen Hl'va tinh cac phu'ong sai. K6t qua
du'<;1c tren bang 3.8.
cho
9


Lu{in an tom tilt
B?
MnI
PIN futl
I.
12
13

1.34
122
124

4

122

2t

494

4.

RmAu

(wn)
132
1.17

1.28

1.18

12:> LX>
122 121
Qffi8
1.15 121

2t

5.05

124 12:> 125
4.% 4
492
4.cJ7 5.10 5.00
5,(» 491 4.
535 4.94 5.():I.

31

12:>

1

4.

(s.J
81

M
1
122

124

"t ve'u t'"

3.8: Phan tich Dhlld

1.18

KfiI$1

Ss
Hntt1g

QCFQ QaD

Qem

122

Q84

Q92

Q<X>

34

1.42
G76
Q88
135

1.38
Qffi

QaD

oms

4.J

0.54

o

12:> 124
Q56 Q58

Q92

titsai &)

Hntt1g
Qffi2 (W)

1.36
Q<X> G74
G76 092
QCID 0275
12:> 1.16
Qff) Q58

Chi ehu: Cae mdu I va 2 La MC-I

ngau nhien trcng

Q(J)2

om!

sai

trng 000 gUn

1OOnh
pint IiiIt sinh
qui

1.38

4t

1.40
Q82
Q82

Qon

1.():I. 1.():I. 1.00

Q%

titsai &)

Hntt1g

4.95
Qms
4.00
4.

3.J

trng000 gem

qui trlnh rrnn 1Xh

1.19
4

1.(}i 1.00

sai

1OOnh
pint IiiIt sinh

ngau nhien trcng

trlnh rrnn 1Xh
sai

trng 000jm

2

1OOnh
Iiim. Ip Jay niw (00
cim.Ii: ) h dID
J\
Ip 00 qui trlnh rrnn 1Xh

Hntt1g

orn 0134

sai

trng000jm 2

1OOnh
Iiim.1p Jay niw (00

xfun 1fu11li> dID
)h

va

Ip 00 qui trlnh rrnn 1Xh

va MC-ll eo kholLtJ(1ng phdn tieh La JOg. Cae mdu 3 La

MC-I eo kholLtJ(1ng phGn tieh La Ig, Cae mdu 4 La 983-2 eo kholLtJ(1ng phdn tieh La 109

3.2.1.5. Phan tich ray
Phu'dng phap philn neh ray du'<;1e d\mg d~ tang 811 dinh
811
6n
eua ke't qua. Trong phu'dng phap nay, co th~ 811dl;mgke't h<;1p y
k
thu~t philn tich Dung luy~n-ha'p th\l nguyen t11d~ h~ them gidi h~n
phat hi~n [ 32,35,36]
Philo tich l~p cae mftu trong bang 3.10 eho tha'y de>l~eh
ehu§:ntu'dng d6i giam ra't dang k~ va n~m trong ph~m vi eho phep.
la
Ban!! 3.9: Ke't QUaDhan tich mot s6 miu theo Dhlldn!!Dh' p ra
Ten

a Q
b
c Vj V;cID
KffiPipm 1i:h
(gt)
Q

niw
5E-2
SID-2

lam
488
71l5

l1tn1 l1tn2 l1tn3 l1tn4 l1m5 (gt) (g)
014 9IJ
010 Cl65 234 66 48
076 00
135 054 1/9 23 53
00
012 <010 102 m> 14 2)
00
15) ill
em
22) 3.1 42
lID 4ID 4.:D lID
041 89 58

10

(gt)

(g)

952
1.<:8 9f7
O:D 971
2fJ1 958
136 9:t2

(gt)

20
11
05
21
17

% Jii:p%
9
18
14
7J
11
7J
10
18
13
7J

Lu9n an tom tilt

3.2.2. Di'eu nhi~t aau d6t
D~ tang tinh 6n dinh cua ke't qua phan rich, ngoai cac va'n
d~ lien quail de'n m§:u,con phai tinh de'n st! 6n dinh trong phep do
tren may. St! ma't 6n dinh cua ph6 ha'p th\l rhea thai gian trong
phuong phap ng<;>n la dang k~ do nhi~t de>cua d'au d6t tang leD.
lii'a
(hlnh 3.6). Ph'an hi~u ung. giam khong tuye'n tlnh cua de>ha'p th\l
rhea nhi~t de>cua d'au d6t co th~ du<;Jc
lo~i bdi d'au d6t du<;Jc
lam
ngue>ib~ng nuoc (hlnh 3.7).Trong tht!c te' nha phan rich co th~ kMc
ph\lc di~u nay bhg cach cha s\!'6n dinh va din b~ng nhi~t cua d'au
d6t. Thai gian c'an thie't cho s\!'din bhg nay la khoang 10 phut d6i
voi ng<;>n khong khi-acetylen va 20 phUtd6i voi ng<;>n NzOlii'a
lii'a
acetylen Tuy nhien phai cha'p nMn s\!'h~ giam khoang 70-80% de>
ha'p th\l t6i l1u
"hI.'" K

AM 110
,""",.01'00

4B

90

393

go

'"

70
60

313
273

50

!(phu')
10

t(p""l)

15

20

25

30

~SP9kh","m.,'"
."-SP ("'_,"m','"
, S""'"m."""'""",,

mnh 3.6: 811thay d6i cua
mnh 3.7: 811thay d6i cua dQ
nhi~t dQ d'au d6t theo th<1igian
ha'p th\l cua Al theo th<1igian
3.2.3. 811d\lng che' dQhi~u chlnh d1fong chuii'n
Che' de>hi~u chinh duang chu~n co m\lc dich kha:c ph\lc st!
khong 6n dinh, thuang la st! h~ giam cua de>
ha'p th\l rhea thai gian.
Sii'd\lng thea che'dQ nay co th~ co du<;Jc e't qua ha'p th\l chinh xac
k
b~ng cach nhan voi mQtM s6 hi~u chu~n tuye'n tinh can cu vao dQ
ha'p th\l da du<;Jc ua dung dich chu~n co Dang de>caDnha't vaa thai
c
di~m hi~u chu~n [88].
3.2.4. Ke't lu~n.
Trang phuong phap phan rich Yang, mQt trang nhii'ng
nguyen nhan gay sai l~ch Ion nha't la da s\!'phan b6 khong dang
nha't cua Yang, d~c bi~t la truang h<;Jp
yang xam tan tho th~ hi~n
11


Luiin an tom tift

qua thtfc nghi~m tinh cac phu'dng sai la'y m§:uva phu'dng sai do qui
trlnh rhea ehuftn Fisher. Vi~e khiie ph\le nhung h<,lnch€ neu tren
tue h<,l iam dQba't 6n co the du'<;1c hi~n thong qua sd dB phan
g
thtfe

rich riiy va tinh roan ham lu'<;1ng
t6ng h<;1phu'tren. Ngoai fa, voi stf
n
sil'd\lng d'au d6t co di'eu nhi~t, thao tae khi h~ d<,lt u'<;1e b~ng
d
can
nhi~t va dung eh€ dQ hi~u ehuftn du'ong ehuftn mQt each dung lue
se lam ~ae k€t qua ehinh xac va 6n dinh hdn.
3.3. MAU PHAN TicH
3.4. CHE TAO ETALON
A'

":;:::

A?

"'-

3.5. DOT MAUDE LO~I CHAT HUU co
Cae m§:u co nhi'eu eha't hfi'u cd c'an phai du'<;1e 6t tru'oe de
d
IO<,li2]. Ngoai ra cac lo<,lim§:u thu'ong co man xam vang, xam d~m
[
den (ehua nhi'eu ehancopyrit, asenopyrit... ) ra't kho ehay du da eho
them dinh siit hay tang eha't oxyhoa. E>i'eunay d§:n den hi~n tu'<;1ng

a

ma't vang nha't Ia nhung ham lu'<;1nghO. Khao sat thtfe nghi~m
n

nhi~t dQd6t cho k€t qua tren dB thi 3.9.
ppm

J

I

Theo khao sat nay, nhi~t

dQ d6t m§:u tru'oe du'<;1e

0.5

ehQn Ia 600°C , nhi~t dQ
du'<;1e ang leu tit tit va
n
dcI

0.5
0
400

500

600

700

800

-"""""""2'"",
--"""\."",'0.3,,m
\.'", ,,'.", ,"'2"",
?

Hinh 3.9: Anh hu'ltng cUa nhi~t dQ d6t VaGham lu'c;h1g thu du'Qc
Au
?

:;:::

3.6. NUNG CHAY MAU
Tuy thuQc vao d~c diem khoang v~t eua m§:uma co eong
thue ph6i li~u khae nhau. Nhi~t dQnung ehay 1100-l200oC
3.7. CUPEN HOA Nl) CHI
3.7.1. Chen capen
Capen du'<;1c
sil'd\lng co thanh ph'an la h6n h<;1p agnesit, xi
m
mang va nu'oe rhea ti l~ 73:15:12. Ta't cii bQt magnesit va xi mang
du'<;1e
trQn d'eu, eho qua ray Imm. Kich thu'oe eua capen: eao
25mm, du'ong kinh 35mm, san 7-8mm. TrQng lu'<;1ng
capen co 60g.
12


Lu(m an tom tiit
T<,\pcha't cua capen trong lo<,\t hf nghi~m nay: Al 0.05%, Si 0.1%,

t
Ca 0.1 %, Fe 3%, V 0.01 %, Mn 0.05%, Ti 0.003%, Co 0.003%, Ni
0.01 %, Cr 3%, Sn 0.0003%, Co, 0.001%, Na 0.1 % la d<,\t ell diu
y
cho philo tich.
Copen boa trong 10 Dung Cinhi~t dQ 850 °c.f)i~m k€t thUc
qua trlnh copen c6 th~ nMn bi€t du<;1chi h<,\t <;1pim t1,f hien loe
k
h k
n
sang va trCil<,\i all h'ong [2]. H<,\t im c6 d<,\ng
m
k
hinh diu va c6 mall
sang r6 r~t. Sii'd"mg h<,\t im nay d~ philn tich vang, platin tr1,fc
k
ti€p
tren 10 graphit theo ky thu~t ha'p th\,l nguyen tii' ho~c philn tich
nhanh b~ng quang ph6 phat x<,\ guyen tii'.
n
3.7.2. TrQng lu'c1ngciia chen capen tru'oc va san khi copen hoa
3.7.3. Cae ngoyen t6kim lo~i trong n\l chi va trong h~t kim
Philn tich quang ph6: chen capen truoc khi cupen (1), n\,l
chi (2), h<,\t im tho du<;1can copen (3). m~u caolin (4).
k
s
S61i~u philn tich cho ta k€t lu~n: H6a cha't dung lam chen
copen hoan toaD thong chli'a cac nguyen t6 vang va kim lo<,\i h6m
n
platin; N\,lchi co chli'a ta't ca cac kim lo(;litrong m~u (Fe, Mn, Co,

Zn...), ph'an xi (Si,Ca,Mg...) da: bi lo(;lifa; Cac kim 10(;li hong qui
t
ho~c c6 sli'cding m~t ngoai nM bi hUt hoan tOaDvao chen copen;
H<,\tkim chi con chli'a da lU<;1ng
b(;lcva cac kim lo(;liqui nhu Au,
nh6m platin va Bi
3.8. KHAO sAT CHUaNG TRINH NHItT
Toan bQ cac khao sat nay baa g'om: khao sat cac thOng s6
cua c1,fcthan va cac nguyen t6 t<,\p
cha't co trong c1,fcthan; khao sat
ph6 cua nguyen t6 n~n va kha Dang trung l~p voi v<,\chph6 philn
tich; khao sat thai gian va nhi~t dQ lam thO; thai gian va nhi~t dQ
tro h6a; thai gian va nhi~t dQnguyen tii'h6a, nhi~t dQb6c hdi philo
do<,\n
3.8.1. Khao sat ctfc than
3.8.2. Khao sat stf trung Hjp v~ch phS
Khe may ha'p th\,lnguyen tii' dU<;1c
sii'd\,lngtrong truang h<;1p
nay la 0.5 urn, Den cac v<,\chtrong khoang 242.8:t 0.3 nm d~u
dU<;1c
xem la trung l~p. C6 vai v<,\ch trong khoang nay, nhu'ng d6
Pt
13


Luan an tom tilt

hdi phan do~n, nhi~t dQ h1cdo khong du d€ Pt gay anh hu'dng. M~t
b~c dong vai fro la n~n t~o ra mQt phong lien t\,lC
chang len v~ch

ph6 phiin tich, vi the' co th€ lo~i trit anh hu'dng nay b~ng cach sii'
d\,lngche' dQ hi~u chinh n~n [87]. Cac nguyen t6 Fe va Mn co th€
gay nhi~m nhi~u cho phep do bdi 2 nguyen t6 nay la ph6 bie'n
trong m5.uqu~ng va loon la t~p cha't trong qtc than va tren nguyen
tilc co v~ch ph6 trung l~p. Khao sat cac nhi~m nhi~u nay du'Qcthlfc
hi~n trong ph'an san
3.8.3. Khao sat giai do~n lam kho
3.8.4. Khao sat giai do~n tro hoa
3.8.4.1. Khao sat nhi~t de}tro hoa
Khao sat nhi~t dQ fro hoa
Abs 0.4
0.35
d€ dam bao khong ma't Au
0.3
0.25
va Pt trong giai do~n nay
0.2
b~ng each do dQ ha'p th\,l
i
0.15
cua vang va Pt. Ke't qua
0.05
MC
0
cho d hinh 3.12.

l

600

700

~O.1

8UO 900
1000
~"h(p,""".A"
',b(pol"",IoP,

1100

1200

1300

mnh 3.12: Thay d6i cua de}ha'p th1}. u, Pt theo nhi~t de}tro hoa
A
3.8.4.2. Khao sat thai gian tro hoa
Khao sat xung quanh nhi~t dQ
Abo 0.4
fro hoa du'QcchQn 965°C voi
0.35
0.3
cac thai gian fro bOa khac nhau
0.25
0.2

~I 0.0

"""""'.

015

b~ng

each

?

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

A?

'"
h
coca Au va p t. Ket qua thlfc
nghi~m cho trong da thi 3.13.

.0
20

do dQ ha'p th\,l n~n
'

. .
trong glal d oan nguyen tit hoa

0~5
100 1(0)

l-+-dOha'Plh~n:ndb~do6n~cuaAu
--II-do ha'p Ih~ Den d b~dc s6n~ cua PI
I

,'

?

mnh 3.13: Ha'p th1}. 'en theo thOi gian
n
Ke't lu~n: Nhi~t dQfro hoa du'QcchQn la 965°C va thai gian
fro hoa la 90s. KhOng th~ giam dQha'p th\,l cua n~n hdn du'Qcnua
14


Lu{in an tom tilt
dit c6 ke6 d~lithai gian tro h6a lau hdn 90s do bCfitrong 6ng graphit
va:n c6 ffi('>t fi~t d('>hdi khong thoclt ra duQc.

f
3.8.5. Khao sat giai do~n nguyen t1i hoa
D<;lngph6 ha'p th\l thuang la d<;lngGauss, thai gian tu'dng
ling vdi d('>ban r('>ngla 0.6s (trong d6 thai gian d<;ltdinh la 't\ = 0.2s
va thai gian khu6ch tan v'e khong la 't2 = O.4s )

Thai gian nguyen tU'h6a du'QC
khao sat xung quanh 3s. K6t
qua cho teen hlnh 3.14, 3.15. Chu'dng trlnh 10 cho tren bang 3.21,
3.22.
0.25
A'"
Abs

0.2

OA
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

O.IS
0.1
O.OS

1100

1300

I

Hlnh 3.14: DQha'p thQ cua Au
theo nhi~t dQnguyen t1i hoa

1500

1700

2100

--d(>h"pth~cuaPt

2300

2500

2700

I

II'mh 3.15: DQha'p thQ cua Pt
theo nhi~t dQ nguyen t1i hoa
EX>

Kli1i

Bang 3.21:
Ch1idn~
trlnh 10
graphit
cho phan
tich Au

5
T

Giai
0Can

1

, llii[

--.
.

.
.

, Heat

I

Kli1i

~-_J

!
EX>

15

Bang 3.22:

EX>

RAMP

3
4
5

1900

2

Ch1idn~
trmh 10
graphit
cho phan
tich Pt


Luqn an tom tat

3.8.6. Khao sat cae ye'u to' gdy nhi~m nhi~u
- B~c la thanh ph'an da h1<;lngiia h~t kim. V~ch trimg l~p
c
quang ph6 Ag 2428.196 Aoco cu'ong di) ra't ye'u Den khong co khii
Dang gay nhiem nhieu. N'en do Ag ~o Den l~i la khong dang k~ bdi
Ie Ag la nguyen to' ngheo v~ch, cae v~ch m~nh va nh~y nha't tach
bi~t hh cae v~ch ha'p th\l ciia Au va Pt. Nhiem nhieu do phOng nay
t~o ra bi lo~i trll'khi sii'd\lng che'di) chinh n'en..
- Anh hu'dng ciia Fe leD phep do Au va Pt du'<;lckhao sat.
Ke't lu~n: Fe lam h~ giam ha'p th\l d~c lac cua Au va Pt, anh hu'dng
h~ giam chi dang k~ khi ham lu'<;lng e co 1% trd 1en.
F
- Anh hu'dng ciia Mn leD phep do Au du'<;lC
khao sat theo
each tu'dng tl!. Ke't lu~n: Mn lam h~ giam ha'p th\l d~c lac ciia Au,
anh hu'dng h~ giam chi dang k~ khi ham lu'<;lng n co 5% trd leD.
M
- Cae t~p cha't trong qtc than sii' d\lng co ham lu'<;lng: l
A
0.01%, Si 0.02%, Ca 0.01%, Mg 0.005%, Fe 0.02%, B 0.01%, Mn
0.005%, Ti 0.001 %, Cu 0.001 %. Cae t~p cha't trong h~t kim co
ham lu'<;lng:Al 0.003%, Si 0.005%, Mg 0.5%, Fe 0.02%, Mn
0.001%, Ti 0.002%, Ni 0.0002%, Cr 0.02%, Sn 0.0003%, Bi 0.2%,
Cu 0.001%, Pb 0.05%. So sanh gia tri ham lu'<;lngiia cae nguyen to'
c
t~p cha't co trong h~t kim va c1!c than sii' d\lng va ham lu'<;lng
t6i
thi~u dii d~ gay nhieu co th~ ke't lu~n: Cae nhiem nhieu trong phep
do teen 10 graphite la khong dang k~. Qua trlnh Dung chiiy va
cupen bOa vll'a co lac d\lng lam giau vll'a co lac d\lng h~n che' cac

nhiem nhieu quang ph6, v~t ly, hoa h<;>c a blob thu'ong ra't kho
m
lo~i trong phu'dng phap~ ha'p th\l nguyen tii'. ~
?,
~~,
~?
A
3.9. KHAO SAT NHIET DQ BOC Hal PHAN DO~N DE PHAN
TICH Pt
Nhi~t Dong chay ciia Au la 1O63OCva cua Pt la 1796°C dii
xa nhau d~ co th~ th1!chi~n b6c hdi phan do~n. Tuy nhien khi vang
Dongchay chuy~n thanh long rBi hdi d~ nguyen tii'bOa, vftn co hi~n
tu'<;lng
keo theo hay Mn vang cac nguyen tii' Pt va cae kim lo~i

16


Lu(m an tom tilt
khac co trong long c1/c than. S1/ ma't cae nguyen tit Pt trong giai
do<;lnnguyen tit bOa vang cang tang khi nhi~t dQ tang. Ke't qua
khao sat cho teen d5 thi 3.19
mob 3.19:811
ma't mat Pt theo nhi~t dQtro hoa fan 2
At.. 0..4
Nhi~t dQnguyen tit hoa Au du caDd~
n~:
kich thich cae nguyen tit Au ha'p thl,1,
0.;)5
~2

nhu'ng cling phai du tha'p d~ khong
0. IS
xay ra hi~n tu'<;lngma't Pt ho~c s1/ ma't
mat la khOng dang k~ (j giai doan san
.
tile giai do<;ln nguyen tit hoa Pt.
Chu'ang trlnh nhi~t xac dinh Au va Pt

0.';,:
0.

1100

1300

1500

1100

1900

2100

~c

,ƠmôtPt lheo nhi~'d~trn he. fan21

1

tr.en dm . h<;lt im cho teen bang 3.29.

k

,

Giai:

~

I 11i:i I LulJM;t1g :

T

i

~

: Kli1i

j

' gian j kbi(Vp)
Heat
} L,,~~... ""?
~.Q,,'~,,
2
800 j 10
1,0
RAMP
j"';""9rO--r
~

"6:ffi-Si'EP

fu
l
'-r

~

Ban~

3.29.

Chu'dn g

E

trinh

~~~-" -:~-~~::r:~~~=~~=::
n:~;
SlW
.

..~. !~=-F--~~=i--"--~:
6
TIm
2'
OUI
?

?

Iill1g

p1~C

A"?'

3.10. KHOANG TUYEN TINH CUA PHEP DO
Khoang tuye'n tinh cua phep do Au la: 0.1-5.0ng. Khoang .
tuye'n tinh cua phep do Pt la: 5-50ng. Hinh 3.20, 3.22 la du'Cfng
chuftn b~c I cua Au va Pt. Cae du'Cfng
chuftn tuye'n tinh du'<;lcinh
t
cae h~ s6 a va b, dQl~ch chuftn du' Sresidue,
dQl~ch chuftn cua cae M
s6h5i qui sea), s(b), va h~ s6 tu'dng quan tuye'n tinh R. [19]
A bs

lAm 0..5
I
0..4

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0

0..3
0..2
0..1

0.

2

-+-Mdng
chuKn tuy.;'n tinh Au
'--MdogchuKox«p,j

4

6

(ng)

20

--+- d"dn, ,hutn "J"n 'Inhp,
-".- Mdn, ,hutn up "

Y =0.0672, +0.0721
0'=0..9891

HInh 3.20: Dtfdng chufut ~c 1 cUa Au

40

60

ng

y=0.011"+0.1412
R' = 0.9953

HInh 3.22: Dtfdng chufut ~c 1 cUaPt

17


Lu!jn an tom tilt
A'

~

A?

,

3.11. PHAN TICH Au va Pt BANG QUANG PRO PHA T X~
L~p chu'dng trlnh tinh loan theo phu'dng phap 3 etalon. DC>
tm cho trong ph\ll\lc 4.
3.13. KET QUA PHAN TICH
3.13.1. Cae ke't qua phan tieh sd bi}
Cac ke't qua phan tich sd be>tr1,I'c

tie'p b~ng quang ph6 phat
X(;l ac h(;lt kim, n\l chI, hoa cha't, cha't li~u capen, mh n'en... dung
c
lam cd siJ d~ khiio sat cac nhi~m nhi~u du'<;1cho trong ph\ll\lc 2.
c
3.13.2. Ke't qua phan tieh biing ha'p th\l nguy~n tit truy'en th6ng
Ke't qua Phan tich b~ng ha'p th\l nguyen ti':t truy'en th6ng
dung lam cd sa d~ d6i chie'u ki~m tea du'<;1C trong ph\ll\lc 3.
cho

3.13.3.Cae ke't qua phan tieh miu ehu'n va cae etalon
Ke't qua phan tich m~u chu§:nva cac etalon du'<;1c trong
cho
bang 3.31.
Bang 3.31: Ke't qua phan tich Au va Pt eua miu ehu'n
va cae etalon
ffiunlu;:ng(wt)
s6thft
. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11

TennfuI
CBl
CB2
CB3
CB4
CB5
CDI
CD2
CD3
CD4
CD5
MCS3
SU-la

Au
Phantich
10
(fJ

450
96)
10
(fJ
80
450
1100
700

Pt
0u.fu1
10
50
100
500
Hill
10
50
100
500
HID
770

Fbantich
20
50
80
(ill
950
15
(fJ
620
1200

0u.fu1
10
50
100
500

lCID
10
50
100
500
1(ill

370

410


3.13.4.Cae ke't qua phan tieh Au va Pt cae miu dia eha't
Ke'tqua phan tich cac m~udia cha'tcho trongbang 3.32.
18


Luan an tom ttit

3.32: Ke't

B"

sbthU' Ten
mau
1
Bl
2
B2

3
B3
4
B4
5
B5
6
B6
7
B7
8
B8
9
B9
10
BI0
11
KIng
1

,,--di

" ,hall tich A
(
Hamht;t1gW)
Au
PI:
5
<100
5

<100
5
<100
<5
<100
<5
<100
<5
<100
5
<100
<5
<100
10
<100
10
<100
680
<100

, Pt"
SOthU'
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

24
25
26

12
13

Ktng2
K1ng3

100
720

<100
<100

LJ
28

14
15

Klng4
KIng1

210
540

<100
<100

'E
30

Tennitu

hit
Hamht;t1g(W)

440
<5
20
30
10
10

PI:
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
4sax>
8ffX)
3IDX)
LJrm
5200:>

LNI (1250311)
LN2 (12'50313)

1200
1800

100
200

rm

850
lrm
620

<100
<100
<100

Ktng6
KIng
7
KIngS
Ktng9
Klngl0
1MIP1 (213/1)

1MIP2(I2BJ)
1MIP3 (2104)

1MIP4
1MIP5

(1253112)

LN4(1253311)
LN5(12536'1)

Au
9ro
770
220

ro

3.13.5. Ke't qua tinh dQkhong dam bao
Cae ke't qua tinh dQkhong dam bao eho trong ph\ll\le 11
3.13.6.Ke't qua phan tich Au, Pt b~ng quang phS pMt x~nguyen tit
Cae ke'tqua phan tieh Au,Pt b'angquangph5 phat x~nguyen tii
eho trongbang 3.34
h6 ohM
Bane 3.34: Ke't QUaohan tich Au. Pt b~
so
Haml
chuan
(nD)
Haml
rtfu1tich
(nD)
thU'
1

Tennitu

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
BI0
1MIP1
1MIP2

Bl

PI:

Pd

Au

50
10

70
-

-

-

-

-

19

PI:

Pd

Au


LutJ-nan tom tat

13

BlANK

-

-

-

14
15
16
17
18
19

CI0
ex>
C4O
C8O

15
30
30
100
180
350
350

10

10
30
50
100
150
300
HID

C2OO
C4OO

SU-la

50
100
200
350
400

10

10

40
80
200
400
410

-

Ghi eM: BLANK: mftu khong qu~ng

10
40
80
200
400
370

40
80
200
400

: khOng phat hi~n duQc

CHUaNG 4: NH!N XET vA BAN LU!N
4.1. GIOI H~N PHAT HItN
GiOih~n phat hi~n (LaD) cua Au la 0.3 ng va cua Pt la 2
fig. GiOi h<;ln
dinh luQng (LOQ) cua Au la 1 ng va cua Pt la 5 fig.
GiOi h~n phat hi~n cac nguyen to' Au, Pt phan tich theo phudng
phap phat X<;l
duQc cho theo tung di'eu ki~n phan tich ql th6. Ke't
qua thlfc nghi~m khi phan tich chu~n, chu

y v<;lchcu6i

cling cho ta

gioi h<;ln
phat hi~n la 1Oppb.
4.2. DO L~P L~I
DQ l~p l<;li ua phudng phap duQc th6 hi~n qua h~ so' bie'n
c
dQng hay dQ l~ch chu~n tudng d6i (RSD). D6i voi phan tich vi
luQng,dQl~ch chu~n tudng d6i cua phudng phap nay la cha'p liMn
duQc va duQc xe'p vao nh6m phan tich dinh luQng lo<;li theo qui
3
dinh cua dia cha't [40]. Bang 4.3 la dQ l~ch chu~n tudng d6i va dQ
l~ch chu~n tudng d6i cho phep
Bam! 4.3: Do tech chuin tu'dn2 dol cua ohu'd
mgp h'
. .
RSD RSDdD
Ham
C1ic}an
c
00(ng)
M'Itu

1
2
3
CXJl(Au) 03 0.4 03
CXJ2(Au) 22 3.0 23
CXJ3
(Au) 5.0 5.4 4.8

CD4(Au) ']] 24 22
CXJ5
(Au) 45 ro 41
23 22
SU-la(Pt)

4

Q.7

2.8
5.4
18
44
18

5
6
1.0 0.6
3.0 29
4.0 4.0
21 29
44 44
16 18

chufu11ltt1g00i dJa tam

20

7

02
28
3.2
46
16

mau

8
03
24
5.2
21
51
15

9

Q.7

4.2
4.6
19

ro
22

10
0.6
3.9

35
25
45
16

%
49
22
18
16
14
16
26

IkP%
30
30
30
30
30
30


Lu{in an tom tat
4.3.SVMAT MATTRONG QUA TRiNHNUNGCHAYVACUPEN
Hi~n tU'<;Ing cac nguyen to' co th~ xay ra CJhai cong
ma't
do<;\n: lung chay mftu va cupen hoa mftu.
f
Nhung lo<;\i ftu chua sulfua, asenopyrit, antimonit l<;\i o

m
c
th~ t<;\o
them mQttU'ongnua la spay va stell, chinh tU'ongnay co kM
Dang gill l<;\i Qt sO'nguyen to' phan tfch nh¥ hdn nhU' Pd, Rh, Ru
m
khitn vi~c gap cac kim lo<;\inay vao nl,l chi thu dU'<;Ic
thong la
100%. D~ kh3:cphl,lcdi'eu nay c::lnbitt trU'oct6ng quat thanh ph::ln
cua mftu va co cong thuc ph6i li~u mftu thfch h<;lp.
Trong qua trlnh cupen hoa co th~ xay ra ma't cac nguyen to'
phan tfch do hi~n tU'<;Ing hdi va oxy bOa ntu nhi~t dQ qua cao
bay
[2]. D~ kh3:c phl,lc hi~n tU'<;Ingay c::ln gill nhi~t dQ cupen hoa
n
thOng cao qua. Trong thai gian cupen pMi gill cho cupen thU'ang
xuyen titp xuc voi khong khi va phai xac dinh chinh xac di~m ktt
thuc qua trlnh nay.
sO' li~u nghien CUllsl! ma't Au, Ag trong giai do<;\ncupen
hoa do nhi~t dQda:dU'<;Ic gilac
teen nhi'eu mftu co th~ dung d~ tham khao.
Vi~c ma't Pt it dU'<;Icac lac gia
c
5
%4.5
nghien CUll.Lu~n an sii'dl,lng mftu
4
3.5
chufin SU-la d~ khao sat sl! ma't

3
25
Pt theo nhi~t dQcupen. Ktt qua sd
1.5
bQ dU'<;Ic hi~n chung trong hinh
th~
I
0.5
I 4.1 voi sU'ma't mat Au va A g .
0
d9C
.
600

700

&XJ

900

HID

1100

~.";'tmilA8""""""dO""",,
,,;', mil Au """"hi"
dO""""
.,,;"mitPt
mnh 4.1: 811ma't mat cua Ag, Au, Pt theo nhi~t dQcupen

Cac etaIon ding chill chung qua trlnh flung chay, cupen
boa, va ha'p x<;\ en vi~c ma't mat cac nguyen to' phan tfch chi lam
D
giam gioi h<;\n
pbat hi~n chu khong anh hU'CJnghi'eu dtn dQ chinh
n
xac cua phU'dngpbap. Nh~n xet nay d'Ongthai la bi~n pbap kh3:c
phl,lc,do la luon phai sii'dl,lngetalon trong phan tfch.
21


'"
LurJn an tom tift
,:>

,

A'?

4.4. KIEM TRA HOA CHAT SU DVNG
4.5. TINH TOA.NLU(1NG CHAT KHU
4.5.1. Yell c'au ciia vieD Dung chay
Tr<,mg lU<;1ng
VieD chi thu du<;1cc6 y nghla ra't quail tn;mg.
Ne'u lU<;1nghi thu du<;1c
c
qua nho thi khong th~ la'y he't Au va cac
kim lo<;liqui d trong m~u, ke't qua phan tich se tha'p. Ne'u VieD chi
thu du<;1c
qua IOn thi se keD dai qua trinh cupen h6a sau nay do d6

d~n de'n lam ma't kim lo<;liqui. Thlfc nghi~m cho ta ke't lu~n: M~u
can 50g thi tr(;mg lU<;1ng hi thu du<;1ctu 28-30g; M~u din 1O0g thi
c
trQng lU<;1nghi thu du<;1c 35-40g.
c
tu
Xua't phat tu yeti diu v'e trQng lu<;1ngchi nhu tren, va'n d'e

d~t ra la phai lam the' nao

M tinh

du<;1clU<;1ngcha't kh11'cho vao m§:u

d~ thu du<;1c
dung trQng lU<;1nghi yeti c'au. Cach tinh nay phl,l thuQc
c
vao ra't nhi'eu thanh ph'an cua m§:u qu~ng va c6 th~ tinh lU<;1ngha't
c
kh11' heo thlfc nghi~m.
t
4.6. NGHIEN COO THEM CONG TA.C PHOI LItU MAU
Vi~c tinh tOaD chinh xac pho'i li~u khi Dung chay la mQt
yeti c'au ra't quail trQng. N6 phl,l thuQC vao nhi'eu ye'u to'. Ngoai mQt
ye'u to' cd ban Ia thanh ph'an khoang v~t cua m§:u n6 con phl,l thuQc
vao cac di'eu ki~n Dung chay nhu: lo<;li10 Dung chay ch<;lyb~ng di~n
hay diesel, to'c dQ cung ca'p nhi~t nhanh hay cMm, h6a phffm to'
hay xa'u...do d6 c'an phai ke't h<;1p
giii'a bang pho'i li~u dii c6 voi kinh
nghi~m thlfc te' khi th11'nghi~m tung d<;1t

m§:u trong nhii'ng di'eu ki~n
Dung cMy khac nhau.

4.7. PHANTicH MAU RAN BANG La GRAPHIT
Trong Itch s11'
phat tri~n phudng phap ha'p thl,l nguyen t11',
phan tich m§:uriin dii du<;1chlfc hi~n. Peter J Whiteside cling dii s11'
t
dl,lngky thu~t phiin tich mh riin tren 10 graphit d~ phan tich Na
trong magnesite d buoc s6ng 330nm, khe OAnm voi thai gian
nguyen t11' la 5s d 2500oC [101]. Ky thu~t phan tich Au va Pt
h6a
trong d'e tai nay cling ke' thua y tudng phiin tich m§:u riin tren 10
graphit. Tu ~6 c6 th~ phat tri~n phiin tich trlfc tie'p m§:ukhong qua
giai do<;ln
Dungchay tren 10graphit.
22


Luq.n an tom tilt

KET LU!N
Nhu m\)c dich, yell diu cua lu~n an d~Hra la nghien CUllh~
giam dQbie'n dQng va gidi h~n phat hi~n yang va platin b~ng trong
m§u dia chill b~ng ky thu~t phan tich quang phd nguyen tii' , chung
toi da t~p trung nghien CUll ac viln d~ v~ s\)'khong dn dinh cua cac
c
ke't qua phan tich yang trong th\)'c te', sii' d\)ng chufin thO'ngke d~
tinh cac phuong sai, tu d6 ap d\)ng ky thu~t phan tich vdi luQng can
IOnd~ h~ thilp dQbie'n dQng, cac khao sat th\)'cnghi~m v~ phan tich

h~t kim trong 10 graphit d~ phan tich yang (j co ham luQng ppt,
khiio sat them tinh chill bO'choi phan do~n d~ phan tich Pt tren
cung mQt day chuy~n phan tich tren 10 graphit va nghien CUllap
d\)ng qui trinh phan tich yang va platin trong hai cong do~n: lam
giau b~ng cach Dung chiiy m§u vdi chill g6p, dung phd phat x~ d~
phat hi~n cac nguyen to'(j gidi h~n 10 ppb. Qua tO~lll Qcac ke't qua
b
duQCtrlnh bay tren, v~ m~t th\)'cnghi~m, lu~n an da d~t duQc mQt
sO'ke'tqua mdi sau day:
I) Qui trlnh phan tich yang tren duQc bift d'au tu luQng can
phan tich kha lOn,qua qua trlnh lam giau b~ng Dungchay va copen
d~ cuO'icung duQc phan tich trong 10 graphit cua thie't bi hilp th\)
nguyen tii'r6 rang dap li'ngduQc d"Ong
thai cac yell c'au: dQd~i di~n
phiii cao giup ke't qua phan tich dn dinh; gidi h~n phat hi~n c\)'c
nh~y giup nghien CUlldia bOa yang d~t hi~u qua. f)~c bi~t cac
nhi~m nhi~u quang phd hay h6a hQc d~u duQc lo~i tru rilt nhi~u, do
thanh ph'an h~t kim rilt d"Ongnhilt va cac nguyen to' thuang gay
nhi~uda duQclo~itru trongcac cong do~nlam giau (j tren. Cac ke't
lu~n nay duQc kh~ng dinh qua phan tich th\)'c nghi~m cac nguyen
v~t li~u va thanh phfim sau qua trlnh lam giau.
2) Qui trlnh c6 th~ m(j rQng ap d\)ng d~ phan tich rieng Ie
them cac nguyen to' qui khac c6 trong h~t kim nhu Pt, Pd b~ng cac
chuang trlnh nhi~t tuong li'ng. Cac tinh chill v~ dQ dn dinh, dQ d~i
di~n va gidi h~n phat hi~n khi phan tich cac nguyen to' nay cung
duQc Dang cao nhu trong phan tich Yang.
23