Tài liệu Empowerment through Economic Transformation pdf

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Contents
Page
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xii
List of Maps xii
List of Contributors xiii
Preface and Acknowledgement xxi
Acronyms xxiii
Chapter 1 Empowerment and Transformation in
South Africa 1
Meshack M. Khosa
Chapter 2 South Africa and Globalisation
21
Oumar Bouare
Chapter 3 Globalisation, Economic Crisis and South African
Vulnerabilities
75
Patrick Bond
Chapter 4 Post-Apartheid South Africa: An Overview
of International Economic Relations (1994-1999)
107
Logan Rangasamy
Chapter 5 Interest Group Participation and Democratisation:
The Role of the National Economic Development
and Labour Council
137
Gregory F. Houston

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Chapter 6 Towards an Institutional Framework for
Managing Agricultural Export Trade
Promotion
175
Meshack M. Khosa
Chapter 7 First Employment Experiences of Graduates 213
Percy Moleke
Chapter 8 Poverty Alleviation, Employment Creation and
Sustainable Livelihoods in South Africa 229
Asghar Adelzadeh, Cynthia Alvillar and Charles Mather
Chapter 9 Tracking South Africa’s Spatial Development
Initiatives
249
Christian M. Rogerson
Chapter 10 Towards a Framework for Rural SMME
Development in South Africa
271
Christian M. Rogerson
Chapter 11 The Politics of Water Management: The Case
of the Orange River Development Project
299
Tony Emmett and Gerard Hagg
Chapter 12 Drought and Floods in Post-Apartheid
South Africa
329
Patrick Bond and Greg Ruiters
Chapter 13 Public Appraisal of Social and Economic

Infrastructure Delivery
377
Meshack M. Khosa

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Contents
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Chapter 14 Public-Private Partnerships, Public Infrastructure
Investment and Prospects for Economic Growth in
South Africa
409
Tjiamogale Eric Manchidi and Andrew Merrifield
Chapter 15 Rethinking Gender, Empowerment and
Development
423
Miranda Miles
Chapter 16 The Empowerment Challenge: Not Yet Uhuru? 441
Meshack M. Khosa
Index
449

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ix
List of Tables
4.1
SA trade ranked according to total trade, exports
and imports (1998) 111
4.2
SA trade ranked according to trade blocks 114
4.3
South Africa’s trade with the EU and the SADC Rm 115
4.4
SA exports to the EU and SADC 117
4.5
Investment flows into SA (1994-1999) 124
4.6
Sector profile of foreign investment (1994—end of
June 1999) 125
7.1 Immediate employment by population group and field
of study 216
7.2 Duration of unemployment before finding a job for those
who did not secure immediate employment 217
7.3 Employer sector 218
7.4
Extent to which degree helped to secure employment 220
7.5
Value of degree to present employment 221
7.6
Perceived applicability of educational level for first job 222
7.7

Extent to which first job corresponded with occupational
expectations held while studying 225
13.1
“There is a lot of talk about what the government’s
priorities should be for the next 10 years. Which impor-
tant priority would you consider the most important?” 378
13.2
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you
say the delivery of the following services has changed
in the area where you live, if at all?” 381

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13.3
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
the delivery of [running water] has changed in the area
where you live, if at all?” (Total population) 383
13.4
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
the delivery of [running water] has changed in the area
where you live, if at all?” (Population group) 384
13.5
Comparing perceptions of improvement in the provision
of running water, by province 386
13.6
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
the delivery of [electricity] has changed in the area where

you live, if at all?” (Total population) 387
13.7
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
the delivery of [electricity] has changed in the area where
you live, if at all?” (Population group) 388
13.8
Comparing perceptions of improvement in the provision
of electricity by province in December 1998 and
November 1999 389
13.9
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
the delivery of [affordable housing] has changed in the
area where you live, if at all?” (Total popultion) 390
13.10
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
the delivery of [affordable housing] has changed in the
area where you live, if at all?” (Population group) 391
13.11
Perceptions of improvement in affordable housing, by
province 392
13.12
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
the delivery of [health care] has changed in the area
where you live, if at all?” 393
13.13 Perceptions of health care by population group 394

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13.14
Comparing perceptions of health care improvement
in December 1998 and November 1999, by province 395
13.15
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you
say [tarred roads and street drainage] have changed
in the area where you live, if at all?” (Total population) 396
13.16 “Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
[tarred roads and street drainage] have changed in the
area where you live, if at all?” (Population group) 397
13.17
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
[water-borne sewage disposal] has changed in the area
where you live, if at all?” (Total population) 397
13.18
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
[water-borne sewage disposal] had changed in the area
where you live, if at all?” (Population group) 398
13.19
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you
say the delivery of [public transport] has changed
in the area where you live, if at all?” (Total population) 399
13.20
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
the delivery of [public transport] has changed in the
area where you live, if at all?” (Population group) 400
13.21
Comparing perceptions of improvement in the provision
of public transport, by province 400

13.22
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
[waste removal] has changed in the area where you live,
if at all?” (Total population) 401
13.23
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
[waste removal] has changed in the area where you live,
if at all?” (Population group) 402
13.24 “Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
[police services] have changed in the area where you
live, if at all?” (Total population) 402

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13.25
“Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
[police services] have changed in the area where you
live, if at all?” (Population group) 403
13.26
Comparing perceptions of improvement in th e delivery
of local police services, by province 404
13.27 “Since the general election of 1994, how would you say
[education services] have changed in the area where you
live, if at all?” (November 1999) 405
14.1
SA infrastructure backlog 411
14.2 Common types of infrastructure PPPs 415

14.3
Alternative structures of BOT-type projects 415
List of Figures
7.1
Sources of career guidance 223
7.2
Satisfaction with source of career guidance 224
14.1
Public sector borrowing requirements (% of GDP) 412
14.2
Modes of PPPs and levels of private sector involvement 416
List of Maps
Chapter 9
Location of Spatial Development Initiatives 250
Chapter 10 Location of rural SMME case studies 281

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Towards a Framework for Rural SMME …
281

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Empowerment through Economic Transformation
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Africa’s internationally competitive industries” (Department of Trade and
Industry, n.d.).
As a result of the importance attached to the SDI programme and to the

high profile of its activities in contemporary South Africa, it is not surprising
that SDIs have spawned a host of recent writings. The existing literature on
SDIs includes works that focus on generic issues (Elliffe & Manning, 1996;

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List of Contributors
Asghar Adelzadeh
is currently a research director at the National Institute
for Economic Policy (NIEP), Johannesburg, where he specialises in
macro-economic theory and policy, macro -economic modelling, inter-
national economics, economic development, and international trade law.
Adelzadeh obtained a B.A. from the New School for Social Research. He
also studied at the State University of New York, and the University of
Massachusetts, Boston. In 1994, he obtained a grant from the New S chool
for Social Research to support his work at the NIEP in Johannesburg.
He was previously appointed at the universities of the Witwatersrand
and California (Santa Cruz and Berkeley) and at the New School for
Social Research (New York). He has publishe d widely, and his publica-
tions on the South African economy include, amongst others, Poverty
reduction: Situation analysis on employment creation and sustainable
livelihoods in South Africa (1998), Economic structures in Southern Africa
and the role of South Africa (1998) and From the RDP to GEAR: The
gradual embracing of neo-liberalism in economic policy (1997). His
expertise is required at international conferences and he was also invited to
give testimony at the hearing on the White Paper for the Parlia mentary
Standing Committee on the Reconstruction and Development Programme
in Cape Town during 1994.

Cynthia Alvillar
is an economist and labour lawyer from the United
States. She has practised law in San Francisco. Ms Alvillar has extensive
experience of South Africa’s labour market. Ms Alvillar served as general
counsel and head of the legal division of the National Union of Mine
Workers. She is currently director of research for labour market policy at
the Department of Labour where she has been extensi vely involved in all
aspects of labour market policy for the South African government.

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Patrick Bond
is associate professor of economic policy at the University
of the Witwatersrand Graduate School of Public and Development
Management, which he joined in 1997, and is also volunteer research
associate of Alternative Information and Development Centre (AIDC). He
has also worked at the National Institute for Economic Policy, taught at
Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health in Baltimore, and
served the civic movement as a researcher at the Johannesburg NGO
Placant from 1990 to 1994. He has authored or edited several South
African government policy documents since 1994, and has written
numerous books and articles, including Cities of gold, townships of coal:
South Africa’s new urban crisis, Elite transition: From apartheid to neo-
liberalism, and Uneven Zimbabwe: A study of finance, development and
underdevelopment.
Oumar Bouare
holds a Ph.D. in mathematics from Pierre and Marie -

Curie University in Paris, a Ph.D. in economics from the New School
University in New York and a master’s degree in economics and in
philosophy from the Sorbonne in Paris. Dr Bouare was awarded the
National Scholarship of Sciences by the Ministry of National Education of
Mali to prepare for his Ph.D. in mathematics in Paris. He is also the
recipient of the Dean’s Fellowship, the Best Dissertation Award and the
Best Teacher Award of the New School University. Dr Bouare is the
author of the new international trade theory of comparative profit
advantage. He has taught mathematics at Lycee Pasteur and Lycee Marcel
Roby in Paris, where he prepared high school students to enter the
Grandes Ecoles in France. He has also taught mathematics and economics
at the New School University, New York University, Long Island
University at C.W. Post Campus and St John’s University in the United
States. In South Africa, Dr Bouare has taught mathematical economics at
the University of Pretoria, Faculty of Economic and Management
Sciences. He was appointed chief research specialist at the Human
Sciences Research Council (HSRC) in Pretoria in 1998 and is currently
acting research director of the Group: Economic and Social Analysis at the
HSRC.

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List of Contributors
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Tony Emmett
is a senior research specialist in the Programme for Public
Policy Analysis of the Group: Democracy and Governance of the Human
Sciences Research Council (HSRC). During the past 16 years he has been
an HSRC researcher and research manager for a broad range of

multidisciplinary projects in the fields of devel opment, health and policy
studies. He has also worked as a lecturer at the University of South Africa
and the University of Natal (Durban), and has lectured part time at the
University of the Witwatersrand. Prior to his academic and research
career, he worked as a journalist specialising in African affairs. He has
participated in and headed a large number of research projects and pro -
grammes relating to health promotion, community participation in health
and development projects, water supply and sanitation services, squatting
and informal settlement, rural and agricultural issues, urban management,
community development, small business development, disability research,
sustainable development, crime and injury prevention etc. In 1992 he was
awarded the HSRC’s first Council’s Award for Multidisciplinary Research.
He has served as a member of the Steering Committee for Safe Rural Water
Supply and Waste Disposal, the Standing Committee for Water Supply and
Sanitation (SCOWSAS), the Essential National Health Res earch (ENHR)
Workgroup for the Science Councils, and the HIV/AIDS and STD
Programme Research Funding Committee. His recent publications include
two books, Popular resistance and the roots of nationalism in Namibia
(1999), and Behind the mask: Getting to grips with crime and violence in
South Africa (2000), edited with A. Butchart.
Gerard Hagg
has been involved in research on community development
and community arts since joining the Human Sciences Research Council
(HSRC) in 1986, after 12 years of teaching at the University of South Africa
and the University of the Orange Free State. Major participatory research
projects in which he was involved, sometimes as project leader, were the
following: hostel upgrading in central Gauteng (1990-91), land reform in
north eastern Gauteng (1994), the production of guidelines for the manage-
ment of community participation in health and welfare service delivery
(1995-97), the development of community arts centres and multi -purpose

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community centres (MPCCs), including two conferences on MPCCs (1986-
99), the upgrading of Mandela Village informal settlement (1992 -94) and
the cost-effective implementation of sustainable community water supply by
Mvula Trust (1997-2000). In addition he has been involved in the manage-
ment and practice of community development projects in the Katlehong Art
Centre (1986-98) and the ArtsforAll Community Arts Project in Pretoria
(1987-99), and has been on the boards of directors of several community-
based organisations. He has written several reports on hostel upgrading, land
reform, community arts and community participation, as well as articles on
socio-economic development, community participation, community arts
centres and multi-purpose community centres.
Gregory F. Houston
is a research specialist at the Human Sciences Research
Council (HSRC). He has a Ph.D. in political science and is the author of The
national liberation struggle: A case study of the United Democratic Front,
1983-1987. He is currently working on a book on public participation in
various planning, legislative and policy-making processes in South Africa.
The focus here is on the National Economic Development and Labour
Council (Nedlac), the legislative processes of provincial legislatures, the
budgetary formulation process of the national Department of Finance, and
the Integrated Development Planning (IDP) process of the Pretoria City
Council. Dr Houston previously lectured in the Political Studies Department
of the University of Transkei. His research interests include theoretical and
empirical studies of the South African state, democratic consolidation in

South Africa, issues of identity and race, and public participation in political
processes. He has published a number of book chapters and journal articles in
these areas and has written a number of unpublished HSRC research reports.
Meshack M. Khosa who holds a doctorate from Oxford University is a
leading social scientist, research expert and strategist with international
experience. He has expertise in both theoretical, social science and policy
research and has published findings in both national and international
scholarly and popular journals. Dr Khosa was appointed member of the
strategic team of the Presidential Review Commission in 1996/97. He has

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List of Contributors
xvii
written over 50 articles and chapters in books on transport, the taxi
industry, regional planning, industrial forestry, infrastructure, social
transformation, transformation of the higher education sector, and land
reform in South Africa. In addition, he has co-edited An RDP policy audit,
Regionalism in the new South Africa, and Democracy and governance
review, edited Infrastructure mandate for change 1994-1999, and
Empowerment through service delivery. Dr Khosa is also a co-drafter of
the White Paper entitled Public works towards the 21
st
century. A member
of the Institute for British Geographers, Association of American
Geographers, Society for South African Geographers, and the South
African Sociological Association, he previously worked at the University
of Natal and the University of Cambridge. Between 1996 and 1998 Dr
Khosa was director of the Centre for Africa Research Transformation. Dr

Khosa was appointed research director in Group: Democracy and Govern-
ance of the Human Sciences Research Council in April 1998, and has been
acting executive director since March 2000. He is also an honorary
research fellow in Geography at the University of the Witwatersrand.
Tjiamogale Eric Manchidi
is a director of APOPS (Assets Procurement
and Operating Partnership Systems), a public-private partnership (PPP)
programme in the national Department of Public Works. His responsi -
bilities include development and implementation of the APOPS policy. He
has acted as the chief negotiator on behalf of the departments of Public
Works and Correctional Services in the procurement of the first two PPP
prison projects in South Africa. Prior to joining the public service he
worked as a business development consultant, project manager and site
engineer in various private sector companies.
He holds a B.Sc. (Building) and an M.Sc. (Building Management)
from the University of the Witwatersrand. His recent research focuses on
the creation of an environment for private investment in public infra -
structure.

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Charles Mather
is a lecturer in the Geography Department at the
University of the Witwatersrand. He completed a Ph.D. in geography at
Queens University, Canada, on aspects of agrarian transformation in rural
South Africa during apartheid. Since then his research has focused on
contemporary aspects of agrarian change, highlighting the changing labour

regimes on commercial farms, the restructuring of South African exports
markets under a new marketing regime, and the impact of liberalisation on
South African agriculture. His most recent publications inclu de ‘The
farmer prefers us’: Mozambican farmworkers in the Mpumalanga low-
veld, a report published by the Southern African Migration Project
(Migration Policy Series 16), and “Agro-commodity chains, market power
and territory: Re-regulating South African citrus exports in the 1990s”,
published in Geoforum (vol. 30, 1999).
Andrew Merrifield
was a project leader in the Division of Building and
Construction Technology. He initiated the Construction Industry Perform-
ance Improvement Initiative at the Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR). He has acted as a policy analyst for the Department of
Public Works and the Department of Finance and is currently working for
the Co-ordination and Implementation Unit, Office of the Executive
Deputy-President. He was convenor of the strategic team for the Presi-
dential Review Commission (PRC) on the Transformation of the Public
Service and was the main author of Chapter 6 Information management,
systems and technology in the Public Service in the PRC report. He was
primary author of the green and white papers, Creating an enabling
environment for reconstruction, growth and development in the con -
struction industry, as well as other papers on construction industry
development, job creation and the use of public-private partnerships in
infrastructure delivery for Public Works. He was project leader for the
MTEF Review: Infrastructure Investment for Finance. He has also written
policy for the Local Government and Planning Project, the National
Housing Forum and other non-governmental organisations. Merrifield was
recently appointment as chief director at the reconfigured Department of
Public Enterprises of the national government.

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List of Contributors
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Miranda Miles
is a lecturer at the University of the Witwatersrand,
specialising in migration and gender. She holds an M.A. from Queens
University at Kingston, Canada, and a Ph.D. from the University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Her research interests include the socio-
economic aspects of post-colonial female migration in Swaziland and
Swazi women’s livelihood strategies and roles in domestic work and in
housing.
Percy Moleke
holds a B.A. Ed. from Vista University, and a B.A.
Honours in economics from the University of the Witwatersrand. Moleke
is currently a holder of a Nelson Mandela Economics Scholarship and
enrolled for a master’s degree at Georgia State University in the United
States. Prior to being awarded the prestigious scholarship, she was a
researcher in the labour market analysis unit at the Human Sciences
Research Council. Her fields of interest are higher education and the
labour market. She is co-author of a report, First employment experiences
of graduates, published by the HSRC.
Logan Rangasamy
works as an economist with the European Union (EU)
delegation in South Africa. Prior to his joining the EU he was lecturer in
economics at the University of Durban-Westville and a research fellow at
Wolfson College at the University of Cambridge. He holds post -graduate
degrees from the universities of Duban-Westville and London. His
research interests span international trade and finance, development

economics and sustainable development.
Christian M. Rogerson is professor of human geography at the Univer-
sity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. His research focuses on issues of
local economic development, small enterprise development and urban and
regional change. He is the author of over 180 published articles on aspects
of economic development in Southern Africa, including two co -edited
volumes, South Africa’s informal economy and Geography in a changing
South Africa.

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Greg Ruiters
is a lecturer in political studies at the University of the
Witwatersrand. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate at Johns Hopkins
University (USA). His research interests are urban politics and social
movements. He is currently investigating water transnationals and muni -
cipal privatisation in South Africa.

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Preface and Acknowledgements
This book, Empowerment Through Economic Transformation, is the third
in a series of volumes that arose as part of a research programme to
understand the state of transformation in South Africa. The first two
volumes, Infrastructure Mandates for Change and Empowerment Through

Service Delivery, which were published in 2000, received a critical recep -
tion and review.
Empowerment Through Economic Transformation explores in detail
the theoretical concepts around empowerment and transformation. While
not exhaustive, the book largely focuses on the prospects of empowerment
through the transformation of the South African economy. Through some
16 chapters written by over 15 authors drawn from a wide range of fields
such as infrastructure development, public-private partnerships, spatial
development corridors, South African labour market strategies, and gender
and empowerment, the book argues that although at policy level there
appears to be progress towards empowerment, the adoption of t he Growth,
Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy has come to substan -
tially undermine some of the radical proposals contained in the Recon-
struction and Development Programme (RDP), which was aimed at funda -
mental transformation.
The conclusion in this book is that there have been far-reaching
changes in the political and policy-making spheres. However, the outcome
of these changes is unevenly spread. The daunting task of redressing past
inequality is currently being undermined by the legacy of the past, massive
unemployment, lack of co-ordination between policies and programmes,
and limited human and technical capacity. The negative consequences of
globalisation have been added to the complex web of current challenges.
One of the critical aspects about this book is the pool of authors who
hail from academia, government, research organisations and vibrant social
movements. The authors all brought a rich tapestry of expertise, expe -
rience and insight, which makes this contribution a valuable collect ion for
students of politics, economics, geography, development studies, policy
analysis, sociology and political science.

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The chapters in this book were written between 1998 and 2000 and I
am indebted to several reviewers whose input enabled the authors to revise
their chapters. I am indebted to Professor Michael Watts, director of Inter -
national Development Studies at the University of California, Berkeley,
whose hospitality and debates contributed to shaping this book. I would
also like to thank Philippe Gervais-Lambony who organised several work-
shops in Paris where some of the papers were presented.
I am also grateful to my colleagues at the Group Democracy and
Governance of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) whose
vibrant intellectual discussions have shaped my writing over the past three
years. Heartfelt thanks are extended to Dr Yvonne Muthien and Professor
Ben Magubane for their valuable support and intellectual stimulation since
I joined the HSRC as research director in 1998. Muthien and Magubane
were part of the editorial team and they also commented on various
chapters included in this book.
I would like to thank the academics, researchers, activists and policy
makers in South Africa, England and France who generously shared
information and insights towards producing this book. Special apprecia -
tion is also due to all contributors to this book for their thought -provoking
and insightful chapters. Special thanks to Ina Stahmer, Martie Boesenberg,
Berta Wheeler, Annemarie Booyens and Maris e Swardt for their sterling
editorial and technical assistance. In addition, I thank Bashni Harry and
Adelina Capasso for their super administrative support in the process of
finalising this book. This book is dedicated to all those who have contri -
buted, and continue to make a contribution, to creating a new society in
South Africa. To my wife Roseline Ntshingila -Khosa: Thank you for your

understanding and support over the years.
Meshack M. Khosa
Faerie Glen, South Africa
March 2001

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Acronyms
AFL-CIO American Federation of Labour/Congress of Industrial
Organisations
AIDC Alternative Information and Development Centre
ANC African National Congress
APOPS Asset procurement and operating partnerships systems
ARC Agricultural Research Council
ARC-IAE ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering
ASSOCOM Association of Chambers of Commerce
ATF Agricultural Trade Forum
AZACTU Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions
BATAT Broadening Access to Agriculture Thrust
BCEA Basic Conditions of Employment Act
BLNS Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland
BSA Business South Africa
BTT Board on Tariffs and Trade
CAHAC Cape Areas Housing Action Committee
CIC Cabinet Investment Cluster
COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
CSS Central Statistical Service

CSS Co-operative Shipping Service
CUSA Congress of Unions of South Africa
DA Democratic Alliance
DACST Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology
DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa
DCD Department of Constitutional Development
DFPT Deciduous Fruit Producers’ Trust
DPSA Disabled People of South Africa
DPW Department of Public Works

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DRI Development Research Institute
DSM Demand-side management
DTI Department of Trade and Industry
DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
EMIAS Export Marketing and Investment Assistance Scheme
ESCOM Electricity Supply Commission
EU European Union
FABCOS Foundation for African Business and Consumer
Services
FCD Federal Council for the Disabled
FCI Federated Chamber of Industries
FEDSAL Federation of South African Labour Unions
FEDUSA Federation of Unions of South Africa
FORCE Federation of Organisations Representing Civil
Employees

FTA Free Trade Agreement
GAD Gender and development
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDFI Gross domestic fixed investment
GDP Gross domestic product
GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution
GEIS General Export Incentive Scheme
GNP Gross national product
GSP Generalised system of preference
HITT Horticultural Industry Trade Task
HSRC Human Sciences Research Council
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
IDTT Interdepartmental Task Team
IDZ Industrial development zone

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IFP Inkatha Freedom Party
ILO International Labour Organisation
IMF International Monetary Fund
ISCOR Iron and Steel Corporation
LBSCs Local business services centres
LHWP Lesotho Highlands Water Project
LRA Labour Relations Act
MACs Manufacturing advice centres
MDC Maputo Development Corridor
MIIF Municipal Infrastructure Investment Framework

MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MSMU Malamulela Social Movement for the Unemployed
MSP Municipal Services Partnership
MSPs Municipal systems projects
NACTU National Council of Trade Unions
NAFCOC National African Federated Chamber of Commerce
NAMC National Agricultural Marketing Council
NEDLAC National Economic Development and Labour Council
NEF National Economic Forum
NEHAWU National Education, Health and Allied Workers Union
NEPI National Economic Policy Institute
NGOs Non-governmental organisations
NIEP National Institute for Economic Policy
NIIF National Infrastructure Investment Framework
NMC National Manpower Commission
NOTPECO Northern Transvaal People’s Civic Organisation
NP National Party
NRDF National Rural Development Forum
NRF National Research Foundation
NUM National Union of Mineworkers
NUMSA National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa

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NWA National Water Act
OHS October Household Survey
ORDP Orange River Development Project

ORRS Orange River Replanning Study
OSDICC Overall SDI Co-ordinating Committee
PAC Pan-Africanist Congress
PEBCO Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation
PPECB Perishable Products Export Control Board
PPPs Public-private partnerships
PSLSD Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Develop-
ment
RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme
SAA South African Airways
SABC South African Broadcasting Corporation
SACOB South African Chamber of Business
SACP South African Communist Party
SACTU South African Council of Trade Unions
SACTWU South African Clothing and Textile Workers Union
SACU Southern African Customs Union
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADTU South African Democratic Teachers Union
SAFTO South African Foreign Trade Organisation
SANCO South African National Civics Organisation
SANEL South African National Epilepsy League
SANGOCO South African Non-Governmental Organisation
Coalition
SAR South African Railways
SARB South African Reserve Bank
SASCO South African Students Congress
SAYC South African Youth Council

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Acronyms
xxvii
SCA Soweto Civic Association
SDIs Spatial development initiatives
SEIFSA Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South
Africa
SMMEs Small, medium and micro enterprises
TDCA Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement
UDF United Democratic Front
UDS Urban Development Strategy
UIIF Urban Infrastructure Investment Framework
UMSA Unemployed Masses of South Africa
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
WCD World Commission on Dams
WID Women in development
WNC Women’s National Coalition
WSSA Water and Sanitation South Africa
WTO World Trade Organisation

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