WORKING PAPER SERIES
NO 883 / MARCH 2008
ASSESSING THE BENEFITS
OF INTERNATIONAL
PORTFOLIO
DIVERSIFIC ATION IN
BONDS AND STOCKS
by Rober to A. De Santis
and Lucio Sarno
Format: (210.00
x 297.00 mm);
Date: Mar 13,
2008 16:49:21;
Output Profile:
SPOT ISO Coated
v2 (ECI); Preflight:
Failed
WORKING PAPER SERIES
NO 883 / MARCH 2008
In 2008 all ECB
publications
feature a motif
taken from the
10 banknote.
ASSESSING THE BENEFITS
OF INTERNATIONAL PORTFOLIO
DIVERSIFICATION IN BONDS
AND STOCKS
1
by Roberto A. De Santis
2
and Lucio Sarno
3
This paper can be downloaded without charge from
or from the Social Science Research Network
electronic library at />1 This paper was partly written while Lucio Sarno was a Visiting Scholar at the International Monetary Fund. We are grateful for constructive
comments at various stages of this paper to Lorenzo Cappiello, John Cochrane and Robert Engle. The authors alone are responsible for
the views expressed in the paper and for any errors that may remain.
2 Corresponding author: European Central Bank, Kaiserstrasse 29, D-60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Tel: +49 69 1344 0;
e-mail:
3 University of Warwick and Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). Contact address: Finance Group,
Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL,
United Kingdom; e-mail:
© European Central Bank, 2008
Address
Kaiserstrasse 29
60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Postal address
Postfach 16 03 19
60066 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Telephone
+49 69 1344 0
Website
Fax
+49 69 1344 6000
All rights reserved.
Any reproduction, publication and
reprint in the form of a different
publication, whether printed or
produced electronically, in whole or in
part, is permitted only with the explicit
written authorisation of the ECB or the
author(s).
The views expressed in this paper do not
necessarily refl ect those of the European
Central Bank.
The statement of purpose for the ECB
Working Paper Series is available
from the ECB website, .
europa.eu/pub/scientifi c/wps/date/html/
index.en.html
ISSN 1561-0810 (print)
ISSN 1725-2806 (online)
3
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
Abstract
4
Non-technical summary
5
1 Introduction
7
2 A factor pricing model of
exchange rates, bonds and stocks
10
2.1 Setup
10
2.2 Uncovered interest rate parity
11
2.3 Uncovered return parity for
equities and bonds
11
2.4 Equity and bond returns equilibrium
12
2.5 The full parity system
12
3 Empirical implementation
13
3.1 GMM estimation and
restrictions to test comovement
13
3.2 Stochastic discount factor
14
3.3 Risk premia
15
4 Data
15
5 Empirical results
17
5.1 The base case
17
5.2 The US discount factor
18
5.3 The model with time-varying risk premia
19
5.4 Performance of global
and domestic portfolios
20
5.5 Time-varying comovement from the 1980s
22
6 Concluding remarks
23
References
25
Tables and fi gures
29
European Central Bank Working Paper Series
41
CONTENTS
4
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
$453#%5
+:;E B3B7D 5A@E;67DE 3 EFK>;L76 3EE7F BD;5;@9 ?A67> I:7D7 F:7 D7FGD@E 8DA? 7J5:3@97
D3F7E EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E 3D7 >;@=76 4K 43E;5 D;E=3D4;FD397 D7>3F;A@E:;BE ?B>AK;@9 %%
7EF;?3F;A@ 3@6 ?A@F:>K 63F3 8AD 75A@A?;7E 3@6 F:7 ,* FD73F76 3E F:7 6A?7EF;5 5AG@FDK
I7 ;67@F;8K F:DAG9: 3 E;?B>7 F7EF F:7 5AG@FD;7E I:AE7 3EE7FE EFDA@9>K 5A?AH7 I;F: ,* 3EE7FE
3@6 F:7 5AG@FD;7E I:AE7 3EE7FE ?;9:F AU7D >3D97D 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 47@7MFE .7 3>EA E:AI F:3F
F:7 EFD7@9F:7@;@9 A8 F:7 5A?AH7?7@F A8 D7FGD@E 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E ;E @7;F:7D 3 9D36G3> BDA57EE
@AD 3 9>A43> B:7@A?7@A@ D7;@8AD5;@9 F:7 53E7 8AD ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ AI7H7D
AGD D7EG>FE EG997EF F:3F 8G@6 ?3@397DE 3D7 47FF7D AU 5A@EFDG5F;@9 BADF8A>;AE E7>75F;@9 3EE7FE
8DA? 3 EG4E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E F:3@ D7>K;@9 A@ 7;F:7D 8G>>K ;@F7D@3F;A@3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 AD BGD7>K
6A?7EF;5 BADF8A>;AE
%-#44+;%#5+0/
':803&4 3EE7F BD;5;@9 7J5:3@97 D3F7E ;@F7D@3F;A@3> B3D;FK 5A@6;F;A@E ?3D=7F ;@F7
9D3F;A@ EFA5:3EF;5 6;E5AG@F 835FAD
5
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
0/ '%*/+%#- 6 #3:
>A43> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ A8 ;@H7EFADEP I73>F: 35DAEE 6A?7EF;5 3@6 8AD7;9@ 3EE7FE ;E 3 I;67>K 3557BF76
BD;@5;B>7 8A>>AI76 ;@ ;@H7EF?7@F ?3@397?7@F I;F: F:7 679D77 A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 47;@9 E7>75F76
4K 3EE7F ?3@397DE A@ F:7 43E;E A8 F:7 D;E= 3FF;FG67E A8 ;@6;H;6G3> ;@H7EFADE AI7H7D 6;H7DE;M
53F;A@ 53@ B>3K F:7 D;E= E:3D;@9 DA>7 BD76;5F76 4K F7JF4AA= M@3@57 F:7ADK A@>K ;8 D7FGD@E 35DAEE
5AG@FD;7E 3@6 3EE7F 5>3EE7E 3D7 @AF :;9:>K 5ADD7>3F76
+:7 IAD>6I;67 4AA? ;@ EFA5= ?3D=7FE F:7 EG4E7CG7@F 83>> 3F F:7 FGD@ A8 F:7 57@FGDK 3@6 F:7
@7I ?A?7@FG? 8DA? A@I3D6E :3H7 5:3D35F7D;L76 M@3@5;3> ?3D=7FE IAD>6I;67 *G5: EFDA@9
5A?AH7?7@FE ?;9:F :3H7 >;?;F76 F:7 47@7MFE 3D;E;@9 8DA? ;@F7D@3F;A@3> BADF8A>;A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@
+:;E CG7EF;A@ :3E 475A?7 B3DF;5G>3D>K D7>7H3@F E;@57 F:7 EF3DF A8 *F397 +:D77 A8 5A@A?;5 3@6
%A@7F3DK ,@;A@ %, ;@ 3E F:7 34E7@57 A8 5GDD7@5K D;E=E 3@6 F:7 G@;M76 ?A@7F3DK
BA>;5;7E 8AD 5AG@FD;7E ;@ GDAB7 D7757 3@6 *>AH7@;3 <A;@76 >3F7D D7EB75F;H7>K ;@ 3@6
?;9:F :3H7 ;@5D73E76 F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@ 47FI77@ M@3@5;3> ?3D=7FE 35DAEE %, 5AG@FD;7E
!@ F:;E B3B7D I7 BDABAE7 3 E;?B>7 ?7F:A6A>A9K FA ;67@F;8K F:AE7 5AG@FD;7E I:AE7 3EE7FE 3D7
EFDA@9>K 5ADD7>3F76 F:7D74K BD7H7@F;@9 93;@E 8DA? ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ BD7D7CG;E;F7
8AD ?73EGD;@9 M@3@5;3> ?3D=7FE ;@F79D3F;A@ ;E F:7 ;67@F;M53F;A@ A8 3EE7FE 97@7D3F;@9 ;67@F;53>
53E: NAIE 5A@E;EF7@F I;F: F:7 >3I A8 A@7 BD;57 F 5AG@FDK 3@6 F:7D78AD7 399D793F7 >7H7>
A@7 ?;9:F 5A@E;67D E>;9:F>K 6;U7D7@F 3EE7FE BDAH;676 ;F ;E BAEE;4>7 FA 5A@FDA>8ADF:76;U7D7@57E
;@ F:7 D;E= 3EEA5;3F76 I;F: F:7;D 53E: NAIE .7 GE7 EF3@63D6 7CG;FK 3@6 4A@6 47@5:?3D=
BD;57 ;@6;57E I:;5: 3D7 5A?B3D34>7 35DAEE F;?7 3@6 5AG@FD;7E .:;>7 5A?AH7?7@F ;E A8F7@
;@H7EF;93F76 >AA=;@9 3F A@7 EB75;M5 3EE7F 7;F:7D F:7 E:ADFF7D? ;@F7D7EF D3F7 AD >A@9 F7D? 4A@6
K;7>6E AD 7>E7 7CG;FK D7FGD@E AGD 3BBDA35: ;E 6;U7D7@F ;@ F:3F I7 7J3?;@7 3 4DA367D E7F A8
3EE7FE E;?G>F3@7AGE>K ;@ A@7 E;@9>7 8D3?7IAD=
,E;@9 7@7D3>;L76 %7F:A6 A8 %A?7@FE %% 7EF;?3F;A@ 3@6 ?A@F:>K 63F3 AH7D F:7
E3?B>7 B7D;A6 8AD ?3<AD 75A@A?;7E H;EVH;E F:7 ,* 5A@E;67D76 3E F:7 ;@H7EFADPE 5AG@FDK
A8 D7E;67@57 I7 ;67@F;8K 5AG@FD;7EP 3EE7FE F:3F 3D7 EFDA@9>K 5ADD7>3F76I;F:,*3EE7FE3@63E3
D7EG>F ?;9:F K;7>6 >AI7D 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E .7 F:7@ 5A?B3D7 F:7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 BADF8A>;AE
F:3F 3D7 B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 ;@ F:7 E7@E7 F:3F F:7K 3D7 ;@H7EF76 A@>K ;@ 5AG@FD;7E I:;5: AGD
F7EF ;67@F;M7E 3E AU7D;@9 E;9@;M53@F 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E I;F: 3 H3D;7FK A8 3>F7D@3F;H7 BADF8A>;AE
D3@9;@9 8DA? 3 BGD7>K 6A?7EF;5 BADF8A>;A FA 3 9>A43> 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 47@5:?3D=
'H7D3>> F:7 D7EG>FE EGBBADF F:7 H;7I F:3F 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ ABBADFG@;F;7E 7J;EF 4GF F:7K 3D7
>;?;F76 6G7 FA F:7 D;E=3D4;FD397 D7>3F;A@E:;BE +:7D78AD7 F:7D7 3D7 93;@E ;@ :A>6;@9 6;H7DE;M76
BADF8A>;AE 3@6 AGD F7EF 53@ BDAH;67 9G;63@57 A@ E7>75F;@9 5AG@FD;7E AU7D;@9 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
+:7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 BADF8A>;AE 43E76 A@ F:7 5AG@FD;7EP 3EE7FE E7>75F76 355AD6;@9 FA AGD F7EF ;E
6
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
H7DK 5>AE7 FA I:3F 5AG>6 47 35:;7H76 ;@5>G6;@9 3>> 5AG@FD;7EP 3EE7FE 7J3?;@76 3@6 ;F ;E EGB7D;AD
FA 3 6A?7EF;5 47@5:?3D= 3E I7>> 3E FA H7DK 4DA36 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E 43E76 A@ F:7 %*! .AD>6
;@67J 3@6AD F:7 $7:?3@ >A43> 9AH7D@?7@F 4A@6 ;@67J
!@ 366;F;A@ FA F:7 ;@E3?B>7 3@3>KE;E F:7 AGFA8E3?B>7 B7D8AD?3@57 AH7D F:7 E;J K73D B7D;A6
"G@7 %3K A8 F:7 BADF8A>;AE E7>75F76 A@ F:7 43E;E A8 AGD ?7F:A6E ;E H7DK E3F;E835FADK
I;F: 3@@G3>;L76 ?73@ D7FGD@E 3@6 "7@E7@PE 3>B:3 7CG3> FA 3DAG@6 43E;E BA;@FE :;9:7D F:3@
F:AE7 A4F3;@76 I;F: 3 9>A43> BADF8A>;A ;@5>G6;@9 3>> 5AG@FD;7E ;@ F:7 E3?B>7 %AD7AH7D AH7D
F:;E B7D;A6 F:7 E7>75F76 9>A43> BADF8A>;AE AGFB7D8AD? 4AF: 6A?7EF;5 3@6 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E
D7EB75F;H7>K 4K 3@6 B7D K73D I;F: "7@E7@PE 3>B:3 7CG3> FA D7EB75F;H7>K 3@6
B7D K73D !@ F:;E D793D6 F:;E B3B7D 3>EA 5A@FD;4GF7E FA F:7 >A@96743F76 6;E5GEE;A@ A8 :AI
?3@K 3EE7FE ?3=7 3 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;A ;@;F;3F76 4K H3@E 3@6 D5:7D 3@6 EG4E7CG7@F>K
5A@F;@G76 4K *F3F?3@ EGBBADF;@9 F:7 H;7I F:3F 8G>> EBD736;@9 A8 F:7 BADF8A>;APE 3EE7F
D;E= ;E EGB7DNGAGE 3@6 ?3K 47 3HA;676
;H7@ F:7 7JF7@F A8 5DAEE4AD67D BADF8A>;A NAIE 3@6 F:7 9D36G3> D;E7 A8 3EE7F 3@6 >;34;>;FK
BAE;F;A@E ;@ ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 43>3@57 E:77FE ;F ;E A8F7@ BA;@F76 AGF F:3F M@3@5;3> ;@F79D3F;A@ ;E 3
9D36G3> BDA57EE 3@6 3 9>A43> B:7@A?7@A@ !8 ?3D=7FE :3BB7@ FA 47 EF736;>K ?AD7 5ADD7>3F76
AH7D F;?7 F:7 47@7MFE A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 475A?7 9D36G3>>K E?3>>7D +A ;@H7EF;93F7 F:;E ;EEG7 B3DF
A8 AGD 7?B;D;53> IAD= ;E 53DD;76 AGF GE;@9 63F3 8AD 3 E?3>> EG4E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E 7D?3@K "3B3@
F:7 &7F:7D>3@6E *I;FL7D>3@6 F:7 ,# 3@6 F:7 ,* 8AD I:;5: I7 :3H7 5A?B3D34>7 63F3 A@ EFA5=
3@6 4A@6 D7FGD@E EF3DF;@9 8DA? F:7 73D>K E 3@6 GE7 DA>>;@9 %% 7EF;?3F;A@ FA ?73EGD7
F:7 679D77 A8 5A?AH7?7@F AH7D F;?7 GE;@9 3 F;?7H3DK;@9 F7EF 8AD 5A?AH7?7@F 'H7D3>> I7 M@6
F:3F F:7 EFD7@9F:7@;@9 A8 5A?AH7?7@F ;E @7;F:7D 3 9D36G3> BDA57EE @AD 3 9>A43> B:7@A?7@A@
D7;@8AD5;@9 F:7 75A@A?;5 3D9G?7@FE 8AD 3@ 35F;H7 E73D5: A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E I:;5: ;@EB;D7E
?G5: 3EE7F ?3@397?7@F BD35F;57
7
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
/530&6%5+0/
>A43> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ A8 ;@H7EFADEP I73>F: 35DAEE 6A?7EF;5 3@6 8AD7;9@ 3EE7FE ;E 3 I;67>K 3557BF76
BD;@5;B>7 8A>>AI76 ;@ ;@H7EF?7@F ?3@397?7@F I;F: F:7 679D77 A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 47;@9 E7>75F76
4K 3EE7F ?3@397DE A@ F:7 43E;E A8 F:7 D;E= 3FF;FG67E A8 ;@6;H;6G3> ;@H7EFADE AI7H7D 6;H7DE;M
53F;A@ 53@ B>3K F:7 D;E= E:3D;@9 DA>7 BD76;5F76 4K F7JF4AA= M@3@57 F:7ADK A@>K ;8 D7FGD@E 35DAEE
5AG@FD;7E 3@6 3EE7F 5>3EE7E 3D7 @AF :;9:>K 5ADD7>3F76
+:7 IAD>6I;67 4AA? ;@ EFA5= ?3D=7FE F:7 EG4E7CG7@F 83>> 3F F:7 FGD@ A8 F:7 57@FGDK 3@6 F:7
@7I ?A?7@FG? 8DA? A@I3D6E :3H7 5:3D35F7D;L76 M@3@5;3> ?3D=7FE IAD>6I;67 *G5: EFDA@9
5A?AH7?7@FE ?;9:F :3H7 >;?;F76 F:7 47@7MFE 3D;E;@9 8DA? ;@F7D@3F;A@3> BADF8A>;A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@
+:;E CG7EF;A@ :3E 475A?7 B3DF;5G>3D>K D7>7H3@F E;@57 F:7 EF3DF A8 *F397 +:D77 A8 5A@A?;5 3@6
%A@7F3DK ,@;A@ %, ;@ 3E F:7 34E7@57 A8 5GDD7@5K D;E=E 3@6 F:7 G@;M76 ?A@7F3DK
BA>;5;7E 8AD 5AG@FD;7E ;@ GDAB7 D7757 3@6 *>AH7@;3 <A;@76 >3F7D D7EB75F;H7>K ;@ 3@6
?;9:F :3H7 ;@5D73E76 F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@ 47FI77@ M@3@5;3> ?3D=7FE 35DAEE %, 5AG@FD;7E
>>7@ 3@6 *A@9 7=37DF 3DH7K 3@6 &9 ;>;@9 3@6 XD3D6
%AEF A8 F:7 >;F7D3FGD7 A@ ;@F7D@3F;A@3> BADF8A>;A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ F3=7E 3 ,* B7DEB75F;H7 3@6
8A5GE7E A@ 7CG;FK ?3D=7FE !F ;E 97@7D3>>K 8AG@6 F:3F ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 47@7MFE 3D7
E?3>> 8AD ,* ;@H7EFADE 7 )AA@ &;<?3@ 3@6 .7D=7D D;7EE7@ 3@6 $37H7@ AD ;F 53@
47 35:;7H76 ;@6;D75F>K 3F :A?7 F:DAG9: ;@H7EF?7@F ;@ EFA5=E A8 ?G>F;@3F;A@3> MD?E )AI>3@6 3@6
+7E3D AD 5AG@FDK 8G@6E 3@6 67BAE;F3DK D757;BFE DDG@L3 A93@ 3@6 G@9 +:7
>;F7D3FGD7 3>EA M@6E F:3F 5AG@FDK EB75;M5 835FADE D3F:7D F:3@ E75FAD3> 835FADE 6D;H7 ;@F7D@3F;A@3>
6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 47@7MFE 3@6 F:3F 8GDF:7D 93;@E 53@ 47 35:;7H76 4K ;@5>G6;@9 5GDD7@5K 67BAE;FE ;@
7CG;FK BADF8A>;AE XD3D6 ;>>;A@ 3@6 67 )AA@
@AF:7D 4D3@5: A8 F:7 >;F7D3FGD7 8A5GE7E A@ F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@ 47FI77@ EFA5= 3@6 4A@6 D7FGD@E
;@ F:7 ,* GE;@9 BD7E7@F H3>G7 ?A67>E *:;>>7D 3@6 7>FD3FF; 5A@EG?BF;A@43E76 3EE7F BD;5
;@9 ?A67>E 7=37DF @9EFDA? 3@6 D7@36;7D 6K@3?;5 835FAD ?A67>E 37>7 7=37DF
3@6 !@9:7>4D75:F AD >3F7@F 835FAD ?A67>E (3H>AH3 3@6 );9A4A@ 3@6 F:7 5ADD7>3
F;A@ 47FI77@ *( EFA5=E 3@6 @A@*( EFA5=E 4K ?73@E A8 8D;5F;A@ AD E7@F;?7@F43E76
F:7AD;7E A8 5A?AH7?7@F 3D47D;E *:>7;87D 3@6 .GD9>7D
!@ 3 E7?;@3> B3B7D 7EFA@ 3@6 )AGI7@:ADEF M@6 F:3F 6;U7D7@57E ;@ 5AG@FDK7CG;FK ;@67J HA>3F;>;FK ;E
6G7 FA 5AG@FDKEB75;M5 835FADE 3E ABBAE76 FA 6;U7D7@57E ;@ F:7 E75FAD3> ?;J 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E +:;E D7E73D5: 8AEF7D76
366;F;A@3> EFG6;7E I:;5: EG997EF F:3F F:7 5A@FD;4GF;A@ A8 5AG@FDK D;E=E :3E 83>>7@ ?AD7 D757@F>K 3DD;7D; DDG@L3
3@6 *3D=;EE;3@ 3?B3 3@6 7D@3@67E AF:7DE 3D9G7 F:3F 5AG@FDK D;E=E D7?3;@ :;9: 7 %AAD 3@6
*7D5G 3@6 7=37DF A6D;5= 3@6 1:3@9 &7H7DF:7>7EE 7 %AAD 3@6 *7D5G 3D9G7 F:3F
F:7 ?7F:A6A>A9K A8 7EFA@ 3@6 )AGI7@:ADEF 53@@AF 47 GE76 FA 8AD? BADF8A>;AE E;@57 F:7;D ?7F:A6 ;E 43E76 A@
BGD7 5AG@FDK 3@6 E75FAD H3D;3@57E I:7D73E D;E= 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ D7CG;D7E 3>EA F:7 53>5G>3F;A@ A8 5AH3D;3@57E
DAEE?3D=7F 5ADD7>3F;A@ 5A7T5;7@FE :3H7 3>EA 477@ GE76 FA F7EF 8AD 5A@F39;A@ +:7E7 ?A67>E 97@7D7>>K 3EE7EE
:AI 5ADD7>3F;A@ 5A7T5;7@FE 5:3@97 38F7D 3 E:A5= E77 ;7 AD47E 3@6 );9A4A@
8
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
!@ F:;E B3B7D I7 6A @AF 3;? 3F M@6;@9 F:7 67F7D?;@3@FE A8 EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E
.7 3;? 3F CG3@F;8K;@9 F:7 679D77 A8 5A?AH7?7@F 35DAEE 3EE7FE 3@6 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E ;@5>G6;@9 F:7
7U75FE 3D;E;@9 8DA? 7J5:3@97 D3F7 6K@3?;5E +:7 47@7MFE A8 ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 3D;E7
8DA? F:7 D7>3F;H7>K >AI >7H7> A8 5ADD7>3F;A@ 3?A@9 @3F;A@3> 7CG;FK ?3D=7FE *A>@;= >FA@
3@6 DG47D 7 *3@F;E 3@6 XD3D6 3@6 4A@6 ?3D=7FE !F ;E 3>EA I7>> 7EF34>;E:76
F:3F 7JBAEGD7 FA 5GDD7@5K D;E= ;E 3 67F7D?;@3@F A8 ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 7CG;FK D7FGD@E G?3E 3@6
*A>@;= 7 *3@F;E 3@6 XD3D6 AI7H7D D7FGD@E A@ 7CG;F;7E 4A@6E 3@6 7J5:3@97
D3F7 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E 3@6 F:7;D ;@F7D>;@=397E :3H7 D3D7>K 477@ EFG6;76 E;?G>F3@7AGE>K ;@ A@7
E;@9>7 8D3?7IAD= @ 7J57BF;A@ ;E F:7 EFG6K 4K 3G 3@6 )7K I:;5: 67H7>ABE
3 F:7AD7F;53> ?A67> I:7D7 7J5:3@97 D3F7E EFA5= D7FGD@E 3@6 7CG;FK NAIE 3D7 7@6A97@AGE>K
67F7D?;@76 '@7 A8 F:7 ;?B>;53F;A@E A8 F:;E ?A67> ;E F:3F :;9:7D D7FGD@E ;@ F:7 :A?7 7CG;FK
?3D=7F ;@ >A53> 5GDD7@5K D7>3F;H7 FA F:7 8AD7;9@ ?3D=7F 3D7 3EEA5;3F76 I;F: :A?7 5GDD7@5K
67BD75;3F;A@ +:;E D;E=3D4;FD397 D7>3F;A@E:;B ;E F7D?76 QG@5AH7D76 7CG;FK D7FGD@ B3D;FKR 3@6
I3E F7EF76 4K 3BB;7>>A 3@6 7 *3@F;E .7 M@6 F:7 E3?7 D7>3F;A@ ;@ F:;E B3B7D EF3DF;@9
8DA? 3 6;U7D7@F 5A@57BFG3> 8D3?7IAD= 3@6 67H7>AB F:7 ?A67> 8GDF:7D FA ;@5ADBAD3F7 6A?7EF;5
3@6 8AD7;9@ 4A@6E EG5: F:3F 7J5:3@97 D3F7E EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E 3D7 F;9:F>K >;@=764K43E;5D;E=
3D4;FD397 D7>3F;A@E:;BE
.7 7J3?;@7 F:7 5A@@75F;A@ 47FI77@ F:7 7J57EE D7FGD@E 8DA? 6;U7D7@F 3EE7F 5>3EE7E GE;@9 3
6;E5AG@F 835FAD BD;5;@9 ?A67> 67D;H76 A@ F:7 43E;E A8 ?;@;?3> 3EEG?BF;A@E 3@6 GE;@9 A@>K 43E;5
BD;@5;B>7E A8 3EE7F BD;5;@9 8A>>AI;@9 BD7H;AGE IAD= 4K #(& !' A5:D3@7 3@6 D3@6
A5:D3@7 3@6 *3@F3 >3D3 =7K 5A@FD;4GF;A@ A8 F:7 B3B7D ;E F:7 BDABAE;F;A@ A8 3 E;?B>7
F7EF I:;5: ;E 67D;H76 8DA? F:7 EFDG5FGD3> ?A67> FA 3EE7EE F:7 7CG;>;4D;G? D7>3F;A@E:;BE >;@=;@9
F:7 H3D;AGE 3EE7F 5>3EE7E 5A@E;67D76 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E
BD7D7CG;E;F7 8AD ?73EGD;@9 5A?AH7?7@F ;E F:7 ;67@F;M53F;A@ A8 3EE7FE 97@7D3F;@9 ;67@F;53>
53E: NAIE 5A@E;EF7@F I;F: F:7 >3I A8 A@7 BD;57 F 5AG@FDK 3@6 F:7D78AD7 399D793F7 >7H7>
A@7 ?;9:F 5A@E;67D E>;9:F>K 6;U7D7@F 3EE7FE BDAH;676 ;F ;E BAEE;4>7 FA 5A@FDA>8ADF:76;U7D7@57E
;@ F:7 D;E= 3EEA5;3F76 I;F: F:7;D 53E: NAIE .7 GE7 EF3@63D6 3F3EFD73? 7CG;FK 3@6 4A@6
47@5:?3D= BD;57 ;@6;57E I:;5: 3D7 5A?B3D34>7 35DAEE F;?7 3@6 5AG@FD;7E ,E;@9 7@7D3>;L76
%7F:A6 A8 %A?7@FE %% 7EF;?3F;A@ 3@6 ?A@F:>K 63F3 AH7D F:7 E3?B>7 B7D;A6
8AD ?3<AD 75A@A?;7E H;EVH;E F:7 ,* 5A@E;67D76 3E F:7 ;@H7EFADPE 5AG@FDK A8 D7E;67@57 I7
;67@F;8K 5AG@FD;7EP 3EE7FE F:3F 3D7 EFDA@9>K 5ADD7>3F76 I;F: ,* 3EE7FE 3@6 3E 3 D7EG>F ?;9:F K;7>6
>AI7D 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
.7 F:7@ 5A?B3D7 F:7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 BADF8A>;AE F:3F 3D7 B3DF;3>>K
@9>7 ;@FDA6G576 3 @7I 83?;>K A8 ?G>F;H3D;3F7 ) ?A67>E 53>>76 6K@3?;5 5A@6;F;A@3> 5ADD7>3F;A@E
3;?;@9 3F 7EF;?3F;@9 F;?7 H3DK;@9 5A@6;F;A@3> 5ADD7>3F;A@E 35DAEE 3EE7FE AI7H7D F:7 5A?B>7J;FK A8 EG5: ?A67>E
;@5D73E7E I;F: F:7 @G?47D A8 3EE7FE ;@5>G676 EG5: F:3F 7EF;?3F;A@ ;E 5G?47DEA?7 3@6 5A@H7D97@57 BDA4>7?E 53@
47 7@5AG@F7D76 ;@ @G?7D;53> 3>9AD;F:?E 8AD 3 EGDH7K E77 *;>H7@@A;@7@ 3@6 +7DWEH;DF3 %AEF ;?BADF3@F>K
9
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
6;H7DE;M76 ;@ F:7 E7@E7 F:3F F:7K 3D7 ;@H7EF76 A@>K ;@ 5AG@FD;7E I:;5: AGD F7EF ;67@F;M7E 3E
AU7D;@9 E;9@;M53@F 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E I;F: 3 H3D;7FK A8 3>F7D@3F;H7 BADF8A>;AE D3@9;@9 8DA? 3
BGD7>K 6A?7EF;5 BADF8A>;A FA 3 9>A43> 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 47@5:?3D=
'H7D3>> F:7 D7EG>FE EGBBADF F:7 H;7I F:3F 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ ABBADFG@;F;7E 7J;EF 4GF F:7K 3D7
>;?;F76 6G7 FA F:7 D;E=3D4;FD397 D7>3F;A@E:;BE +:7D78AD7 F:7D7 3D7 93;@E ;@ :A>6;@9 6;H7DE;M76
BADF8A>;AE 3@6 AGD F7EF 53@ BDAH;67 9G;63@57 A@ E7>75F;@9 5AG@FD;7E AU7D;@9 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
+:7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 BADF8A>;AE 43E76 A@ F:7 5AG@FD;7EP 3EE7FE E7>75F76 355AD6;@9 FA AGD F7EF ;E
H7DK 5>AE7 FA I:3F 5AG>6 47 35:;7H76 ;@5>G6;@9 3>> 5AG@FD;7EP 3EE7FE 7J3?;@76 3@6 ;F ;E EGB7D;AD
FA 3 6A?7EF;5 47@5:?3D= 3E I7>> 3E FA H7DK 4DA36 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E 43E76 A@ F:7 %*! .AD>6
;@67J 3@6AD F:7 $7:?3@ >A43> 9AH7D@?7@F 4A@6 ;@67J
!@ 366;F;A@ FA F:7 ;@E3?B>7 3@3>KE;E F:7 AGFA8E3?B>7 B7D8AD?3@57 AH7D F:7 E;J K73D B7D;A6
"G@7 %3K A8 F:7 BADF8A>;AE E7>75F76 A@ F:7 43E;E A8 AGD ?7F:A6E ;E H7DK E3F;E835FADK
I;F: 3@@G3>;L76 ?73@ D7FGD@E 3@6 "7@E7@PE 3>B:3 7CG3> FA 3DAG@6 43E;E BA;@FE :;9:7D F:3@
F:AE7 A4F3;@76 I;F: 3 9>A43> BADF8A>;A ;@5>G6;@9 3>> 5AG@FD;7E ;@ F:7 E3?B>7 %AD7AH7D AH7D
F:;E B7D;A6 F:7 E7>75F76 9>A43> BADF8A>;AE AGFB7D8AD? 4AF: 6A?7EF;5 3@6 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E
D7EB75F;H7>K 4K 3@6 B7D K73D I;F: "7@E7@PE 3>B:3 7CG3> FA D7EB75F;H7>K 3@6
B7D K73D !@ F:;E D793D6 F:;E B3B7D 3>EA 5A@FD;4GF7E FA F:7 >A@96743F76 6;E5GEE;A@ A8 :AI
?3@K 3EE7FE ?3=7 3 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;A ;@;F;3F76 4K H3@E 3@6 D5:7D 3@6 EG4E7CG7@F>K
5A@F;@G76 4K *F3F?3@ EGBBADF;@9 F:7 H;7I F:3F 8G>> EBD736;@9 A8 F:7 BADF8A>;APE 3EE7F
D;E= ;E EGB7DNGAGE 3@6 ?3K 47 3HA;676
;H7@ F:7 7JF7@F A8 5DAEE4AD67D BADF8A>;A NAIE 3@6 F:7 9D36G3> D;E7 A8 3EE7F 3@6 >;34;>;FK
BAE;F;A@E ;@ ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 43>3@57 E:77FE $3@7 3@6 %;>7E;7DD7FF; 3@6 ;F ;E A8F7@
BA;@F76 AGF F:3F M@3@5;3> ;@F79D3F;A@ ;E 3 9D36G3> BDA57EE 3@6 3 9>A43> B:7@A?7@A@ !8 ?3D=7FE
:3BB7@ FA 47 EF736;>K ?AD7 5ADD7>3F76 AH7D F;?7 F:7 47@7MFE A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 475A?7 9D36G3>>K
E?3>>7D $AA=;@9 3F 5ADD7>3F;A@ 3>A@7 A@7 53@@AF D735: 5A@5>GE;A@E I;F: D793D6 FA ?3D=7F
;@F79D3F;A@
.7 E;?B>K EFG6K :AI F:7 ;@F7D67B7@67@57 35DAEE ?3D=7FE 3@6 3EE7FE :3E 5:3@976
AH7D F;?7 +A ;@H7EF;93F7 F:;E ;EEG7 B3DF A8 AGD 7?B;D;53> IAD= ;E 53DD;76 AGF GE;@9 63F3 8AD
3 E?3>> EG4E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E 7D?3@K "3B3@ F:7 &7F:7D>3@6E *I;FL7D>3@6 F:7 ,# 3@6 F:7
,* 8AD I:;5: I7 :3H7 5A?B3D34>7 63F3 A@ EFA5= 3@6 4A@6 D7FGD@E EF3DF;@9 8DA? F:7 73D>K
E 3@6 GE7 DA>>;@9 %% 7EF;?3F;A@ FA ?73EGD7 F:7 679D77 A8 5A?AH7?7@F AH7D F;?7 GE;@9
3 F;?7H3DK;@9 F7EF 8AD 5A?AH7?7@F 'H7D3>> I7 M@6 F:3F F:7 EFD7@9F:7@;@9 A8 5A?AH7?7@F
;E @7;F:7D 3 9D36G3> BDA57EE @AD 3 9>A43> B:7@A?7@A@ D7;@8AD5;@9 F:7 53E7 8AD ;@F7D@3F;A@3>
;F ;E :3D6 FA F7EF F:7 D;E=3D4;FD397 D7EFD;5F;A@E FA 3EE7EE F:7 BAF7@F;3> 679D77 A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
7=37DF 3@6 3DH7K BDABAE7 3 ?7F:A6A>A9K F:3F 3>>AIE 8AD F:7 679D77 A8 ?3D=7F ;@F79D3F;A@ FA 5:3@97
F:DAG9: F;?7 E77 3>EA 7=37DF 3DH7K 3@6 &9 3DD;7D; DDG@L3 3@6 A93@ >AA6 3@6 )AE7
34 3>EA 67H7>AB F7EFE 8AD 3EE7F ?3D=7F ;@F79D3F;A@ 43E76 A@ 3@ ;@F7DF7?BAD3> 3EE7F BD;5;@9 ?A67>
10
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
6;H7DE;M53F;A@
+:7 D7EF A8 F:7 B3B7D ;E AD93@;L76 3E 8A>>AIE *75F;A@ 67E5D;47E F:7 F:7AD7F;53> E7FGB GE76
FA 67D;H7 43E;5 D;E=3D4;FD397 D7>3F;A@E:;BE 47FI77@ 5GDD7@5K EFA5= 3@6 4A@6 D7FGD@E *75F;A@
F:7@ BD7E7@FE F:7 ?7F:A6E F:3F 3>>AI GE FA F3=7 F:7 ;?B>;53F;A@E A8 F:7 ?A67> FA F:7 63F3 GE;@9
3 EG;F34>7 7?B;D;53> 8AD?G>3F;A@ *75F;A@ BDAH;67E 3 4D;78 67E5D;BF;A@ A8 F:7 63F3 E7F I:;>7
*75F;A@ D7BADFE F:7 D7EG>FE A8 F:7 7?B;D;53> 3@3>KE;E M@3> E75F;A@ 4D;7NK EG??3D;L7E 3@6
5A@5>G67E
#%503 3+%+/) 0&'- 0( 9%*#/)' #5'4 0/&4 #/& 50%,4
!@ F:;E E75F;A@ I7 BD7E7@F 3 E;?B>7 835FAD BD;5;@9 ?A67> 8AD 7J5:3@97 D3F7E 4A@6E 3@6 EFA5=E
I:;5: ;?B>;7E 3 EFDG5FGD3> D7>3F;A@E:;B A8 7CG;>;4D;G? 5A@6;F;A@E 47FI77@ F:7E7 F:D77 3EE7F 5>3EE7E
;@ F:7 8AD? A8 3 F:D777CG3F;A@ EKEF7? .7 F:7@ 67E5D;47 :AI FA ;?B>7?7@F 7?B;D;53>>K F:7
?A67> 7EF;?3F7 ;F GE;@9 %% 3@6 F7EF ;FE BD76;5F;A@E
'561
%A67D@ F:7AD;7E A8 3EE7F BD;5;@9 3EEA5;3F76 FA F:7 EFA5:3EF;5 6;E5AG@F 835FAD * D7>K A@ F:7
8A>>AI;@9 BD;5;@9 7CG3F;A@
I:7D7
;E F:7 BD;57 H75FAD A8 D;E=K 3EE7FE ;@ B7D;A6 "
;E F:7 * A8F7@ F7D?76
?3D9;@3> D3F7 A8 EG4EF;FGF;A@ AD BD;5;@9 =7D@7> A8 5AG@FDK PE ;@H7EFAD F:3F 67F7D?;@7E F:7 D3F7
3F I:;5: F:7 ;@H7EFAD ;E I;>>;@9 FA EG4EF;FGF7 5A@EG?BF;A@ @7JF B7D;A6 I;F: 5A@EG?BF;A@ ;@ F:7
5GDD7@F B7D;A6
;E F:7 9DAEE A@7B7D;A6 B3KAU H75FAD A8 F:7 D;E=K 3EE7FE 3@6
;E F:7 B7D;A6" BD;57 A8 3 D;E=8D77 L7DA5AGBA@ 4A@6 ;@ 5AG@FDK
7M@;@9 F:7 H75FAD
A8 9DAEE D7FGD@E
F:7@
+:7 43E;5 BD;5;@9 8AD?G>3 EG??3D;L7E 7?B;D;53> 3BBDA35:7E FA 3EE7F BD;5;@9 ;@ F:3F 3>>
53@A@;53> 3EE7F BD;5;@9 ?A67>E 53@ 47 F3=7@ FA F:7 63F3 GE;@9 F:;E 7CG3F;A@ I;F: F:7 *
F3=;@9 3 BD75;E7 B3D3?7FD;5 8AD?G>3F;A@ 67B7@6;@9 A@ F:7 EB75;M5 GF;>;FK 8G@5F;A@ 3EEG?76
!F ;E 3>EA 5A??A@ BD35F;57 FA GE7 F:7 ;@8AD?3F;A@ 3H3;>34>7 FA F:7 ;@H7EFAD 3F F;?7 " FA BD;57
3EE7FE .7 53@ ;@5ADBAD3F7 5A@6;F;A@;@9 ;@8AD?3F;A@ 4K ?73@E A8 ;@EFDG?7@FE
F:3F 53BFGD7
$A@9;@ 3@6 *A>@;= A7FL?3@@ 7F 3> 3@6 3GD 8AG@6 3@ ;@5D73E7 ;@ F:7 ;@F7D@3F;A@3>
5ADD7>3F;A@ 47FI77@ EFA5= ?3D=7FE '@ F:7 AF:7D :3@6 7=37DF A6D;5= 3@6 1:3@9 3@6 ;>;@9 3@6 7D3D6
D7BADF E;9@;M53@F ;@5D73E7E ;@ 5ADD7>3F;A@E 47FI77@ GDAB73@ 7CG;FK ?3D=7FE 4GF @AF 8AD &ADF: ?7D;53
>EA #;@9 *7@F3@3 3@6 .36:I3@; 6A @AF M@6 7H;67@57 A8 ;@5D73E;@9 5DAEE5AG@FDK 5ADD7>3F;A@E
+:7 D7EG>F ;@ F:;E EG4E75F;A@ ?3K 47 A4F3;@76 G@67D 3 H3D;7FK A8 6;U7D7@F GF;>;FK 8G@5F;A@E 3@6 6;EFD;4GF;A@3>
3EEG?BF;A@E E77 A5:D3@7 : 3@6 8AD 3@ 7J57>>7@F AH7DH;7I
11
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
F:7 BD76;5F34;>;FK A8 6;E5AG@F76 D7FGD@E
%G>F;B>K;@9 4AF: E;67E A8 7CG3F;A@ 4K
F:7 H75FAD A8 5A@6;F;A@;@9 ;@8AD?3F;A@ 3F F;?7 " 3@6 GE;@9 F:7 #DA@75=7D BDA6G5F I753@
D7ID;F7 3E 8A>>AIE
I:7D7
;E 3 H75FAD A8 ;@EFDG?7@FE ;@5>G6;@9 G@;FK
!/%07'3'& /5'3'45 #5' #3+5:
7M@7 3E
F:7 @A?;@3> 4;>3F7D3> 7J5:3@97 D3F7 7JBD7EE76 3E F:7 BD;57 A8 F:7 6A?7EF;5 5GD
D7@5K ;@ F7D?E A8 F:7 8AD7;9@ 5GDD7@5K ;H7@ 7CG3F;A@ ;@H7EF;@9 ;@ 3 8AD7;9@ 4A@6 F:3F
AU7DE 3 9DAEE D;E=8D77 D3F7 ;@ >A53> 5GDD7@5K
3@6 5A@H7DF;@9 F:7 BDAMFE ;@ 6A?7EF;5 5GDD7@5K
K;7>6E
#
+:7 A@>K EAGD57 A8 D;E= ;@ F:;E ;@H7EF?7@F EF7?E 8DA? 7J5:3@97 D3F7 NG5FG3F;A@E +:7 5AH3D;3@57
F7D? 53BFGD7E F:7 ?3D=7F BD;57 A8 5GDD7@5K D;E=
,@67D F:7 :KBAF:7E;E F:3F 7J5:3@97 D3F7E 3D7 >A9@AD?3>>K 6;EFD;4GF76 >A9>;@73D;L3F;A@ A8
7CG3F;A@ 9;H7E
!
#
!
I:7D7
67@AF7E F:7 @7F ;@F7D7EF D3F7 A8 3 D;E=8D77 L7DA5AGBA@ 4A@6 !
;E F:7 5:3@97 ;@ F:7
7J5:3@97 D3F7 3@6
#
CG3F;A@ ;E F:7 ,@5AH7D76 !@F7D7EF
)3F7 (3D;FK ,!( 5A@6;F;A@ G@67D D;E= 3H7DE;A@ EEG?;@9 F:3F F:7 D;E= BD7?;G? A@ F:7 D;9:F
:3@6 E;67 A8 7CG3F;A@ ;E L7DA ;?B>;7E F:7 OBGD7P H7DE;A@ A8 ,!( I:;5: ;E F:7 5AD@7DEFA@7
5A@6;F;A@ A8 8AD7;9@ 7J5:3@97 ?3D=7F 7T5;7@5K G@67D D;E= @7GFD3>;FK 3?3
!/%07'3'& '563/ #3+5: (03 26+5+'4 #/& 0/&4
!@H7EF;@9 ;@ 3 8AD7;9@ D;E=K 3EE7F I:7D7 3@6 67@AF7 EFA5=E AD >A@9F7D? 4A@6E
D7EB75F;H7>K 3@6 5A@H7DF;@9 F:7 BDAMFE ;@ 6A?7EF;5 5GDD7@5K K;7>6E
#
#
*;?;>3D>K ;@H7EF;@9 ;@ 3 6A?7EF;5 D;E=K 3EE7F EFA5= AD 4A@6 K;7>6E
#
12
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
+3=;@9 F:7 >A9 6;U7D7@57 A8 7CG3F;A@E 3@6 3@6 3EEG?;@9 >A9@AD?3>;FK A8 3EE7F D7FGD@E
9;H7E F:7 ,@5AH7D76 )7FGD@ (3D;FK ,)( 5A@6;F;A@
!
#
I:7D7
#
#
;E F:7 8AD7;9@ D;E=
BD7?;G? 36<GEF76 8AD F:7 5AH3D;3@57 47FI77@ 3EE7F D7FGD@E ;@ 8AD7;9@ 5GDD7@5K 3@6 F:7 7J5:3@97
D3F7 F:7 6A?7EF;5 D;E= BD7?;G? ;E
#
3@6#
#
#
#
!
.:7@ 6;EF;@9G;E:;@9 47FI77@ 7CG;FK 3@6 >A@9F7D? 4A@6E 7CG3F;A@ 53@ 47 ID;FF7@ 3E
8A>>AIE
!
#
!
#
'@ F:7 >78F :3@6 E;67 A8 3@6 I7 :3H7 F:7 D7FGD@E F:3F D7EB75F;H7>K 8AD7;9@ EFA5=
3@6 4A@6 ?3D=7FE BDAH;67 ;@ 7J57EE A8 F:7 D7FGD@E A@ F:7 D7EB75F;H7 3EE7FE ;@ F:7 6A?7EF;5
?3D=7F +:7E7 6;U7D7@F;3>E ;@ 7JB75F76 D7FGD@E 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E 5A?B7@E3F7 6A?7EF;5 ;@H7EFADE
8AD F3=;@9 A@ 8AD 7J3?B>7 F:7 D7>3F;H7>K :;9:7D D;E= A8 ;@H7EF;@9 ;@ 8AD7;9@ 3EE7FE +:7 E;L7
A8 F:7 BD7?;3 I;>> H3DK 3E F:7 D;E=E ;@ 6A?7EF;5 3@6 8AD7;9@ EFA5= 3@6 4A@6 ?3D=7FE 5:3@97
:;9:D;E= ;@H7EF?7@FE 3D7 5A?B7@E3F76 I;F: 3 :;9:7D BD7?;G?
26+5: #/& 0/& '563/4 26+-+$3+6.
&7JF 5A@E;67D F:7 7CG;>;4D;G? 5A@6;F;A@ >;@=;@9 EFA5=E 3@6 >A@9F7D? 4A@6E , #( F3=;@9
;@FA 5A@E;67D3F;A@ F:7 D;E=D7FGD@ FD367AU 3@ ;@H7EF?7@F ;@ EFA5=E E:AG>6 67>;H7D F:7 E3?7
D7FGD@E A8 3@ ;@H7EF?7@F ;@ >A@9F7D? 4A@6E 36<GEF76 8AD D;E= +:7D78AD7 ?3=;@9 GE7 A8
3@6 3>EA ;?B>;7E F:3F
#
#
*' 6 #3+5: :45'.
CG3F;A@E 3@6 9;H7 F:7 8G>> EKEF7? A8 7CG;>;4D;G? 5A@6;F;A@E >;@=;@9 7J5:3@97
D3F7 D7FGD@E FA EFA5= D7FGD@E 3@6 4A@6 D7FGD@E ?B;D;53>>K 3 GE78G> 3BBDA35: ;E FA EG4EF;FGF7
;@ F:7 EKEF7? 3@6 ?3=7 GE7 A8 F:7 67M@;F;A@ A8 7J57EE D7FGD@E I:;5: K;7>6E F:7 8A>>AI;@9
3G 3@6 )7K 67D;H7 3 E;?;>3D D7EG>F
13
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
7CG3F;A@ EKEF7?
!
#
!
#
#
#
I:7D7
67@AF7 F:7 6;U7D7@F;3>E ;@ 7JB75F76
7J57EE D7FGD@E ;@ 7CG;FK 3@6 4A@6 ?3D=7FE 7JBD7EE76 ;@ >A53> 5GDD7@5K 3@6
!
!
3D7 7J57EE D7FGD@E 8AD 4ADDAI;@9 ;@ 6A>>3DE 5A@H7DF;@9 FA F:7 8AD7;9@ 5GDD7@5K
3@6 >7@6;@9 3F F:7 8AD7;9@ ;@F7D7EF D3F7
.1+3+%#- .1-'.'/5#5+0/
45+.#5+0/ #/& '453+%5+0/4 50 '45 0.07'.'/5
+:7 EKEF7? A8 7CG3F;A@E 53@ 47 7EF;?3F76 4K %% ;@ F:7 8A>>AI;@9 7?B;D;53> 8AD?G>3F;A@
!
#
!
#
#
#
.7 7EF;?3F7 F:7 H75FAD A8 B3D3?7F7DE GE;@9 F:7 MDEF EF397 %% 7EF;?3F;A@ I;F:
3@ ;67@F;FK ?3FD;J GE76 3E F:7 I7;9:F;@9 ?3FD;J 3@6 F7EF I:7F:7D F:7 7CG;>;4D;G? 5A@6;F;A@E
;?B>;76 4K F:7 ?A67> :A>6 35DAEE F:7 3EE7F 5>3EE7E 5A@E;67D76 +:7 ?A?7@F 5A@6;F;A@E 3D7 F:7
E3?B>7 3@3>A9 A8 F:7 BABG>3F;A@ BD;5;@9 7DDADE
%AD7AH7D I7 F7EF F:7 EF3F;EF;53> E;9@;M53@57 A8 F:7 E75A@6 ?A?7@FE F:3F 5:3D35F7D;L7 F:7 D;E=
BD7?;3 ;H7@ F:7 %% 7EF;?3F7E A8 ?A67> 3 F7EF A8 F:7 H3>;6;FK A8 F:7 ?A?7@F 5A@6;F;A@E
;E 3 F7EF A8 F:7 @G>> :KBAF:7E;E F:3F F:7 34AH7 ?A67> ;E H3>;6 393;@EF F:7 3>F7D@3F;H7 :KBAF:7E;E
F:3F F:7 BD;5;@9 7DDADE 3D7 EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F +:;E @G>> :KBAF:7E;E ;E F7EF34>7 GE;@9 F:7
F7EF 8AD AH7D;67@F;8K;@9 D7EFD;5F;A@E 3@E7@ I:;5: ;E 53>5G>3F76 4K ?;@;?;L;@9 F:7 H75FAD
A8 BD;5;@9 7DDADE E3K 6;H;676 4K F:7;D H3D;3@575AH3D;3@57 ?3FD;J
I:7D7 ;E F:7 @G?47D A8 ?A?7@F 5A@6;F;A@E 3@6 ;E F:7 @G?47D A8 7EF;?3F76 B3D3?7F7DE
!@ 366;F;A@ FA F7EF;@9 F:7 H3>;6;FK A8 F:7 ?A67> I7 3D7 G>F;?3F7>K ;@F7D7EF76 ;@ ?73EGD;@9
I;F:;@ EKEF7? F:7 679D77 A8 O5A?AH7?7@FP 35DAEE 3EE7F D7FGD@E A8 6;U7D7@F 5AG@FD;7E 3
.7 3>EA >AA= 3F F:7 D7EG>FE A4F3;@76 GE;@9 F:7 FIAEF397 %% BDA576GD7 !@ F:7 MDEF EF397 I7 GE7 F:7
;67@F;FK ?3FD;J 3E F:7 I7;9:F;@9 ?3FD;J I:;>7 ;@ F:7 E75A@6 EF397 I7 GE7
I:7D7 ;E F:7 5AH3D;3@57
?3FD;J A8 F:7 BD;5;@9 7DDADE ;@ F:7 MDEF EF397 +:7 D7EG>FE A8 F:7 FIA 3>F7D@3F;H7 BDA576GD7E 3D7 CG3>;F3F;H7>K
E;?;>3D
14
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
5A@57BF A8F7@ GE76 3@6 7?B;D;53>>K ;@H7EF;93F76 ;@ F:7 7?B;D;53> >;F7D3FGD7 !@ 97@7D3> F:7
>;F7D3FGD7 D787DE FA 5A?AH7?7@F 3E 3 97@7D3> B3FF7D@ A8 BAE;F;H7 5ADD7>3F;A@ ;@ F:7 D7FGD@E A8 FIA
AD ?AD7 3EE7FE ;?B>K;@9 F:3F 3 5A??A@ 835FAD 6D;H7E F:7E7 D7FGD@E .:;>7 F:7 B:7@A?7@A@ A8
5A??A@ ?AH7?7@FE ;@ @3F;A@3> 3@6 ;@F7D@3F;A@3> M@3@5;3> ?3D=7FE ;E 3 EFK>;L76 835F I7 8A5GE
A@ F:7 A4H;AGE ;?B>;53F;A@ A8 F:7 34AH7 97@7D3> 67M@;F;A@ F:3F ;8 F:7 D7FGD@E 8DA? FIA 3EE7FE
3D7 7@F;D7>K 6D;H7@ 4K 3 5A??A@ 835FAD 3@6 :7@57 5A?AH7 A@7 FA A@7 F:7@ F:7D7 53@@AF 47
6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E 8DA? ;@H7EF;@9 ;@ 4AF: 3EE7FE +:7@ F:7 :KBAF:7E;E A8 5A?AH7?7@F I7
I;E: FA F7EF ;E F:7 B3DF;5G>3D>K EFDA@9 A@7 A8 O@A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@EP ,@67D F:;E 67M@;F;A@
F:7 D7EFD;5F;A@E G@67D I:;5: F:7 MH7 3EE7FE 5A@E;67D76 ;@ AGD ?A67> 5A?AH7 53@ 47 67D;H76
6;D75F>K 4K GE;@9 F:7 EKEF7? *B75;M53>>K F3=;@9 F:7 6;U7D7@57 47FI77@ F:7 MDEF 3@6 F:7
E75A@6 7CG3F;A@E ;@ 3@6 GE;@9 F:7 F:;D6 7CG3F;A@ A8 F:7 EKEF7? ;@ F:7 D7EG>F;@9 7CG3F;A@
;F ;E EFD3;9:F8ADI3D6 FA E:AI F:3F 5A?AH7?7@F D7CG;D7E F:7 H3>;6;FK A8 F:7 8A>>AI;@9 E7F A8
D7EFD;5F;A@E
I:;5: 53@ 47 F7EF76 GE;@9 EF3@63D6 EF3F;EF;53> F7EF EF3F;EF;5E EG5: 3E 3 .3>6 F7EF
50%*#45+% +4%06/5 #%503
+:7 EKEF7? D7CG;D7E F:7 H3D;AGE D;E= BD7?;3 I:;5: 53@ 47 7EF;?3F76 5A@6;F;A@3> A@ 3@
7EF;?3F7 A8 F:7 * ;H7@ F:7 ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 6;?7@E;A@ A8 AGD E7FF;@9 I7 7EF;?3F7
GE;@9
F:7 ?;@;?G?H3D;3@57 6;E5AG@F 835FADE 3BBDA35: BDABAE76 4K D3@6F A5:D3@7 3@6 *3@F3
>3D3 ;@ 6;E5D7F7 F;?7
,@67D ;@5A?B>7F7 3EE7F ?3D=7FE F:7 6;E5AG@F 835FADE I7 53@ D75AH7D 8DA? 3EE7F ?3D=7FE
63F3 3D7 @AF G@;CG7
+A 3>>AI 8AD ;@5A?B>7F7 ?3D=7FE 3@6 ?G>F;B>7 6;E5AG@F 835FADE D3@6F
A5:D3@7 3@6 *3@F3 >3D3 5A@E;67D F:7 53E7 A8 3 E;@9>7 75A@A?K I;F: ?3@K 397@FE I:7D7
;@6;H;6G3>EP ?3D9;@3> GF;>;FK 9DAIF:E ?3K @AF 47 7CG3> I:;>7 F:7 BDA<75F;A@A8735:;@6;H;6G3>PE
?3D9;@3> GF;>;FK 9DAIF: A@ F:7 E7F A8 3H3;>34>7 3EE7F B3KAUE ;E F:7 E3?7 D3@6F A5:D3@7 3@6
*3@F3 >3D3 ;?39;@7 FA DG@ D79D7EE;A@E A8 ;@6;H;6G3> ?3D9;@3> GF;>;FK 9DAIF: A@ 3EE7F
?3D=7F D7FGD@E FA 3EE7EE :AI I7>> ;@6;H;6G3>E GE7 7J;EF;@9 ?3D=7FE FA E:3D7 D;E= +:7E7 6;E5AG@F
835FADE 3D7 F:7 BDA<75F;A@E A8 3@K BAEE;4>7 6;E5AG@F 835FADE A@FA F:7 D7>7H3@F EB357E A8 3EE7F
B3KAUE 3@6 F:7K 3D7 3>EA F:7 ?;@;?G?H3D;3@57 6;E5AG@F 835FADE
53@F:7@47ID;FF7@3E
!8
F:7@
EA >A@9 3E
I:7D7
;E 3
D3@6A? H3D;34>7
15
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
3 >;@73D 5A?4;@3F;A@ A8 3EE7F D7FGD@E 35DAEE 5AG@FDK B3;DE
I:7D7
3@6
67@AF7 D7EB75F;H7>K F:7 9DAEE D7FGD@E A@ EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E ;@ F:7 6A?7E
F;5 3@6 8AD7;9@ 5AG@FDK 3@6
;E F:7 9DAEE D7FGD@ A@ F:7 8AD7;9@ D;E=8D77 4A@6 >73D>K F:7
6A?7EF;5 ;@H7EFAD 8357E 5GDD7@5K D;E= I:7@ :A>6;@9
3@6
.7 7EF;?3F7 F:7 *E
4K ?73@E A8 F:7 43E;5 8AD?G>3 GE;@9 %% ?7F:A6A>A9K ;@ F:7 EB;D;F A8 3@E7@ 3@6
I7 GE7 F:7 7EF;?3F76 *E FA 5A?BGF7 5AG@FDK 3@6 3EE7FEB75;M5 D;E= BD7?;3
+4, 3'.+#
'@57 7EF;?3F76 F:7 * I7 AG9:F FA 5A?BGF7 F:7 5A@6;F;A@3> 5AH3D;3@57 ?3FD;57E 47FI77@
EFA5=E 4A@6E F:7 7EF;?3F76 * 3@6 F:7 7J5:3@97 D3F7 I:;5: 7HA>H7 AH7D F;?7 )
?A67>E 3D7 3?A@9 F:7 ?AEF I;67>K GE76 EB75;M53F;A@E A8 5A@6;F;A@3> E75A@6 ?A?7@FE .7
3EEG?7 F:3F 8AD 735: 4;>3F7D3> D7>3F;A@E:;B 47FI77@ 3EE7FE F:7 5A@6;F;A@3> 5AH3D;3@57 ?3FD;J
8A>>AIE F:7 4;H3D;3F7 ## ) D7BD7E7@F3F;A@
I:7D7 3@6 3D7 ?3FD;57E A8 B3D3?7F7DE ;E 3 >AI7D FD;3@9G>3D ?3FD;J 3@6 I73=
D7EFD;5F;A@E A@ 3@6 9G3D3@F77 F:3F
;E BAE;F;H7 67M@;F7 E77 @9>7 3@6 #DA@7D
.7 7EF;?3F76 4K ?3J;?G? >;=7>;:AA6 3 4;H3D;3F7 ## ) ?A67> 8AD 735:
5AG@FDK B3;D D3F:7D F:3@ A@7 ?G>F;H3D;3F7 ) 8AD F:7 8G>> E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E 4753GE7 5A
H3D;3@57E I;F: F:7 * AG9:F FA 47 7EF;?3F76 GE;@9 3EE7F D7FGD@E ;@ F:7 5GDD7@5K A8 5AG@FDK
I:;>7 F:7 5AH3D;3@57 47FI77@ 3EE7F D7FGD@E 3@6 F:7 7J5:3@97 D3F7 AG9:F FA 47 7EF;?3F76 GE;@9
D7FGD@E ;@ F:7 5GDD7@5K A8 5AG@FDK 7@57 4;H3D;3F7 HA>3F;>;FK ?A67>E 3D7 ?AD7 5>AE7>K D7>3F76
FA F:7 F:7AD7F;53> 5A@E;67D3F;A@E ;@ *75F;A@
#5#
!@ AD67D FA ;@H7EF;93F7 F:7 BDABAE76 7CG;>;4D;G? 5A@6;F;A@E 3?A@9 3EE7FE 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E I7 GE7
?A@F:>K 7CG;FK ;@67J 3@6 >A@9F7D? 4A@6 FA K73D ?3FGD;FK D7FGD@E 8AD F:7 ,* GEFD3>;3
GEFD;3 7>9;G? *I;FL7D>3@6 3@363 7@?3D= ;@>3@6 D3@57 7D?3@K!D7>3@6!F3>K
"3B3@ F:7 &7F:7D>3@6E &7I 173>3@6 &ADI3K *B3;@ *I767@ F:7 ,# 3@6 F:7 D7>7H3@F 4;>3F7D3>
7J5:3@97 D3F7E H;EVH;E F:7 ,* 6A>>3D +:7 63F3 3D7 F3=7@ 8DA? 3F3EFD73? +:7 3EE7F D7FGD@E
3D7 5A@F;@GAGE>K 5A?BAG@676 D7FGD@E 43E76 A@ FAF3> D7FGD@ 3F3EFD73? 47@5:?3D= ;@6;57E
*G5: ;@6;57E ;@5>G67 F:7 7U75F A8 D7;@H7EF;@9 6;H;67@6E 3@6 9DAEE 5AGBA@E D7EB75F;H7>K ;@FA
EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E +:7D78AD7 F:7K 3D7 5A?B3D34>7 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E 35DAEE F;?7 3@6 35DAEE
16
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
3EE7FE .7 3>EA GE7 GDA5GDD7@5K D3F7E AU7D76 ;@ F:7 ;@F7D43@= ?3D=7F ;@ $A@6A@ 8AD A@7
?A@F: 67BAE;FE ;@ F:7 H3D;AGE 5GDD7@5;7E 3E D7BADF76 4K F:7 3@= A8 !@F7D@3F;A@3> *7FF>7?7@FE
!* 3@6 FD73F F:7 ,* 3E F:7 6A?7EF;5 5AG@FDK
7E5D;BF;H7 EF3F;EF;5E A8 F:7 63F3 3D7 D7BADF76 ;@ +34>7E 3@6 G7 FA 63F3 3H3;>34;>;FK A@
5A?B3D34>7 4A@6 D7FGD@E F:7 E3?B>7 B7D;A6 7J3?;@76 EB3@E 8DA? "3@G3DK F:DAG9: %3K
F:AG9: >3F7D ;@ F:7 B3B7D I7 53DDK AGF EA?7 A8 F:7 7?B;D;53> IAD= 8AD 3 EG4E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E
EF3DF;@9 8DA? F:7 73D>K E +:7 EG??3DK EF3F;EF;5E ;@5>G67 ?73@E EF3@63D6 67H;3F;A@E
E=7I@7EE 3@6 =GDFAE;E +:7;D ?39@;FG67E 3D7 E;?;>3D FA F:AE7 BD7H;AGE>K 6A5G?7@F76;@AF:7D
EFG6;7E
*B75;M53>>K +34>7 E:AIE F:7 ?73@ 3@6 EF3@63D6 67H;3F;A@ A8 F:7 7J57EE D7FGD@E A@ EFA5=
3@6 4A@6 ;@6;57E 3E I7>> 3E 7J5:3@97 D3F7E 3@@G3>;L76 3@6 D7BADF76 ;@ B7D57@F +:7 F34>7 E:AIE
F:7 I7>>6A5G?7@F76 >3D97 7CG;FK D;E= BD7?;G? IAD>6I;67 7J57BF 8AD "3B3@ I:;5: EGU7D76 >3D97
53B;F3> >AEE7E 6GD;@9 F:7 E +:7 3H7D397 7J57EE 7CG;FK D7FGD@E D3@97 8DA?;@"3B3@FA
;@ ;@>3@6 I:7D73E F:7 3H7D397 7J57EE 4A@6 D7FGD@E D3@97 8DA? ;@ &7I 173>3@6
FA ;@ !F3>K +:7 EF3@63D6 67H;3F;A@ A8 F:7 7J57EE 7CG;FK 4A@6 ;@67J D7FGD@E D3@97E 8DA?
;@ GEFD3>;3 FA ;@ ;@>3@6 8DA? ;@ ;@>3@6 FA ;@ GEFD3>;3 +:7
7J57EE 7J5:3@97 D3F7 D7FGD@E 3D7 97@7D3>>K E?3>> 3@6 HA>3F;>7 3>47;F >7EE F:3@ 7CG;FK D7FGD@E
+:7 HA>3F;>;FK A8 >A@9F7D? @A?;@3> 4A@6 D7FGD@E 3@6 A8 7J5:3@97 D3F7E ;E 34AGF 3@6
F:3F A8 7CG;FK D7FGD@E
+GD@;@9 FA F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@ 3@3>KE;E ;@ +34>7 I7 @AF7 F:3F F:7 EFA5= 3@6 4A@6 D7FGD@E
6;U7D7@F;3>E H;EVH;E 5:3@97E ;@ F:7 7J5:3@97 D3F7 3D7 @793F;H7>K 5ADD7>3F76 7J57BF 8AD GEFD3>;3
3@363 3@6 &7I 173>3@6 I:;>7 EFA5= D7FGD@E 6;U7D7@F;3>E 3D7 BAE;F;H7>K 5ADD7>3F76 I;F: 4A@6
D7FGD@E 6;U7D7@F;3>E 7J57BF 8AD "3B3@ J5>G6;@9 F:7E7 8AGD 5AG@FD;7E F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@E D3@97
8DA? FA 8AD EFA5= D7FGD@E 6;U7D7@F;3>E 3@6 7J5:3@97 D3F7 5:3@97E 8DA? FA
8AD 4A@6 D7FGD@E 6;U7D7@F;3>E 3@6 7J5:3@97 D3F7 5:3@97E 3@6 8DA? FA 8AD EFA5= 3@6
4A@6 D7FGD@E 6;U7D7@F;3>E +:7 E;9@ A8 F:7E7 5ADD7>3F;A@E ;E 5A@E;EF7@F I;F: F:7 7CG;>;4D;G?
D7>3F;A@E:;BE 35DAEE ?3D=7FE EG997EF76 4K F:7 F:7ADK AGF>;@76 ;@ *75F;A@
;@3>>K 3E 8AD F:7 ;@EFDG?7@FE GE76 ;@ F:7 %% 7EF;?3F;A@ I7 GE7 63F3 8AD F:7 73D@;@9E
K;7>6 F:7 ;@H7DE7 A8 F:7 BD;5773D@;@9E D3F;A 5:3@97E ;@ 73D@;@9E K;7>6E 4A@6 D7FGD@E 3@6
5:3@97E ;@ 4A@6 D7FGD@E +:7E7 63F3 3D7 3>EA F3=7@ 8DA? 3F3EFD73?
17
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
.1+3+%#- '46-54
*' #4' #4'
.7 MDEF 7EF;?3F7 ?A67> G@67D F:7 :KBAF:7E;E F:3F F:7 E75A@6 ?A?7@FE 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E
AUE7F 735: AF:7D +:;E ;E F:7 43E7 53E7 E57@3D;A 3@6 53@ 47 ;@F7DBD7F76 3E 3 F7EF A8 F:7 ;@F7D
@3F;A@3> 3EE7F BD;5;@9 ?A67> ;@ *75F;A@ G@67D F:7 :KBAF:7E;E F:3F 47@5:?3D= BADF8A>;AE 3D7
5:3D35F7D;L76 4K F:7 E3?7 D;E= 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E +:7 75A@A?;5 ;@FG;F;A@ 47:;@6 EKEF7?
BD76;5FE F:7 8A>>AI;@9 E;9@E 8AD F:7 =7K B3D3?7F7DE A8 F:7 ?A67>
3@6
+:7@ 5A?AH7?7@F 5A@E;EF7@F I;F: F:7 :KBAF:7E;E A8 O@A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@EP IAG>6 ;?B>K F:7
D7EFD;5F;A@E
3@6
+:7 D7EG>FE D7BADF76 ;@ +34>7 ;@6;53F7 F:3F 5A@E;EF7@F I;F: AGD F:7AD7F;53> BD;ADE ;@ F:7
?3<AD;FK A8 53E7E F:7 7EF;?3F7E A8
3@6
3D7 5ADD75F>K E;9@76 3@6 97@7D3>>K EF3F;EF;53>>K
E;9@;M53@F>K 6;U7D7@F 8DA? L7DA 3F 5A@H7@F;A@3> E;9@;M53@57 >7H7>E %AD7AH7D F:7 H3>G7 A8 F:7
F7EF 8AD AH7D;67@F;8K;@9 D7EFD;5F;A@E ;E 34AH7 8AD 3>> 5AG@FD;7E ;?B>K;@9 F:3F F:7 ?A67> ;E
@AF EF3F;EF;53>>K D7<75F76
*B75;M53>>K
;E @793F;H7 ;@ 3@6 EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F ;@ AGF A8 53E7E
8AD
7@?3D= 3@6 &7I 173>3@6 47;@9 E;9@;M53@F A@>K 3F F:7 >7H7> 7J57BF 8AD 7>9;G? !D7>3@6
"3B3@ *B3;@ 3@6 *I767@ 8AD I:;5: F:7 5A7T5;7@F ;E 97@7D3>>K @AF EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F E77
+34>7 J57BF 8AD &ADI3K
;E 3>I3KE @793F;H7 AI7H7D
;E @AF EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F
;@ F:7 53E7 A8 &ADI3K 3@363 !F3>K *I767@ 3@6 F:7 ,#
;E BAE;F;H7 ;@ 53E7E 7J57BF
8AD GEFD;3 3@363 7@?3D= !D7>3@6 "3B3@ 3@6 &ADI3K AG@F7D;@FG;F;H7 H3>G7E 8AD
3@6
3D7 EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F A@>K 8AD 7>9;G? 3@6 !D7>3@6
+GD@;@9 FA F:7 F7EFE A8 F:7 D7EFD;5F;A@E 5A@E;EF7@F I;F: F:7 34E7@57 A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
F:7 .3>6 F7EF EF3F;EF;5 6A7E @AF D7<75F F:7 @G>> :KBAF:7E;E 3F F:7 >7H7> 8AD E;J 75A@A?;7E
GEFD3>;3 7D?3@K F:7 &7F:7D>3@6E &7I 173>3@6 *I;FL7D>3@6 3@6 F:7 ,# E77 +34>7
+:;E ;?B>;7E F:3F F:7E7 5AG@FD;7E 6A @AF AU7D EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 47@7MFE FA
3 ,* ;@H7EFAD AH7D F:7 E3?B>7 5A?BD;E;@9 A@7 F:;D6 A8 F:7 E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E 7J3?;@76 +:;E
;?B>;7E F:3F 3 ,* ;@H7EFAD ?3K @AF @776 FA 6;H7DE;8K 8G>>K 35DAEE F:;E E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E 3@6 F:3F
F:7 E3?7 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 47@7MFE ?3K 47 35:;7H76 4K 53D78G>>K E7>75F;@9 F:7 EG4E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E
F:3F 6A @AF 5A?AH7 EFDA@9>K I;F: ,* 7CG;FK 3@6 4A@6 ?3D=7FE
,@F;> F:;E BA;@F I7 :3H7 3EEG?76 F:3F F:7 E75A@6 ?A?7@FE 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E AUE7F 735:
AF:7D AD F:3F 47@5:?3D= BADF8A>;AE 3D7 5:3D35F7D;L76 4K F:7 E3?7 D;E= 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E &7JF
I7 7JB>AD7 F:7 DA>7 A8 5AG@FDKEB75;M5 D;E= BD7?;3 3@6 FA F:;E 7@6 I7 @776 FA 7EF;?3F7 MDEF F:7
,* * 3E 3 BD7>;?;@3DK 7J7D5;E7
18
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
*' ! +4%06/5 #%503
+A 97F 3 47FF7D E7@E7 A8 F:7 6;E5AG@F 835FADE D75AH7D76 8DA? 3EE7F ?3D=7FE I7 E:AI ;@ +34>7
7JB75F76 3EE7F D7FGD@E 5A?BGF76 GE;@9 F:7 7EF;?3F76 835FAD >A36;@9E A8 F:7 6A?7EF;5 6;E5AG@F
835FADE .7 ?3=7 GE7 A8 F:7 7CG;H3>7@57 BD;@5;B>7 47FI77@ 835FAD ?A67>E 3@6 6;E5AG@F
835FADE F:3F ;E ;9@AD;@9 F;?7 EG4E5D;BFE 8AD E;?B>;5;FK
I:7D7
3@6
;E F:7 H3D;3@575AH3D;3@57 ?3FD;J A8
F:7 835FADE !@ F:7 7JB75F76 D7FGD@E47F3 D7BD7E7@F3F;A@ 53@ 47 ;@F7DBD7F76 3E F:7 BD;57
A8 F:7 D;E= 835FAD 3@6 53@ 47 3>EA 5A?BGF76 3E 8A>>AIE
I:7D7
+:7 D7EG>FE ;@ +34>7 ;@6;53F7 F:3F F:7 6;U7D7@F 7EF;?3F76 *E 3D7
3>> 34>7 FA BD;57 F:7 ,* D;E=8D77 D3F7 F:7 ,* 7CG;FK BD7?;3 3@6 F:7 ,* 4A@6 BD7?;3 +:7
3@@G3>;L76 ,* D;E=8D77 D3F7 ,* 7CG;FK BD7?;3 3@6 ,* 4A@6 BD7?;3 3D7 7EF;?3F76 FA 47 A@
3H7D397 7CG3> FA 3@6 D7EB75F;H7>K
.;F: D7EB75F FA F:7 8AD7;9@ 7CG;FK 3@6 4A@6 BD7?;3 F:7E7 BD7?;3 3D7 5AG@FDK EB75;M5 3@6
3BB73D FA 47 5:3D35F7D;L76 4K 3 83;D 3?AG@F A8 :7F7DA97@7;FK +:7 7JB75F76 7J57EE D7FGD@E
D3@97 8DA? ;@ "3B3@ FA 3 >3D97 D75AD676 ;@ ;@>3@6 +:7 5AG@FD;7E F:3F :3H7
D75AD676 >3D97D 7J57EE D7FGD@E F:3@ F:7 ,* 3D7 ;@>3@6 *I;FL7D>3@6 *I767@!D7>3@6*B3;@
F:7 &7F:7D>3@6E 3@363 GEFD3>;3 7@?3D= 3@6 D3@57 JB75F76 7J57EE D7FGD@E A@ >A@9
F7D? 4A@6E 3D7 A@ 3H7D397 34AGF A@7 F:;D6 F:7 7JB75F76 7J57EE D7FGD@E A@ 7CG;FK 3@6 F:7K
D3@97 47FI77@ ;@ &7I 173>3@6 3@6 ;@ !F3>K E 8AD 67BAE;FE 7JB75F76 7J57EE D7FGD@E
A@ F:7 8AD7;9@ D;E=8D77 D3F7E 3D7 97@7D3>>K E?3>> 3E 8AG@6 4K G?3E 3@6 *A>@;= 3@6 7
*3@F;E 3@6 7D3D6 +:7K 3D7 @793F;H7 A@>K 8AD *I;FL7D>3@6 ;@>3@6 "3B3@ 3@6 *I767@
+GD@;@9 @AI FA F:7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 F:7 3EE7F BD;5;@9 ?A67>E ;F ;E GE78G> FA ;>>GEFD3F7 F:7 BD7
6;5F76 MFF76 H7DEGE F:7 35FG3> 7J57EE D7FGD@E +A A4F3;@ 3 H;EG3> ;673 A8 F:7 *EP 5ADD7>3F;A@E
3@6 D7>3F;H7 ?39@;FG67E I7 E:AI 3 E53FF7D B>AF A8 F:7 * 8AD F:7 ,* ;?B>;76 4K F:7 5AG@FDK
B3;DE 7EF;?3F;A@E E77 ;9GD7 +:7 ,* * 7EF;?3F76 H;EVH;E F:7 ,# ;E B>AFF76 393;@EF F;?7
;@ (3@7> A8 ;9GD7 +:7 E3?7 * ;E 3>EA B>AFF76 A@ F:7 H7DF;53> 3J;E A8 (3@7> A8 ;9GD7
393;@EF F:7 ,* * 7EF;?3F76 H;EVH;E 735: A8 F:7 AF:7D 5AG@FD;7E ;@ AGD 63F3E7F EF:7
9D3B: E:AIE F:7 ,* *E I;F: F:7 7J5>GE;A@ A8 F:7 * 7EF;?3F76 GE;@9 "3B3@7E7 3EE7FE 3D7
83;D>K 5>AE7 F:AG9: @AF 7J35F>K A@ F:7 679D77 >;@7 J5>G6;@9 "3B3@ F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@E D3@97
47FI77@ I:7@ GE;@9 *I;EE 3EE7FE 3@6 I:7@ GE;@9 &ADI79;3@ 3EE7FE +:7AD7F;53>>K ;8
3>> F:7 BA;@FE I7D7 A@ F:7 679D77 >;@7 F:7 * 7EF;?3F76 A@ 3 5AG@FDK B3;D 43E;E IAG>6 47
EGT5;7@F FA BD;57 3>> 3EE7FE 3H3;>34>7 +:7 5ADD7>3F;A@ 5A7T5;7@FE 3D7 H7DK :;9: 4GF 6;U7D7@F
8DA? G@;FK +:;E ;?B>;7E ABBADFG@;F;7E 8AD D;E= E:3D;@9 I:;5: F:7 3BBDA35: ;@ F:;E B3B7D 3>>AIE
19
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
GE FA CG3@F;8K 3@6 7JB>A;F 4K ;67@F;8K;@9 F:7 5AG@FD;7E F:3F AU7D 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E .7 GE7
FA 7EF;?3F7 F:7 F;?7H3DK;@9 D;E= BD7?;3
*' 0&'- 8+5* +.'"#3:+/) +4, 3'.+#
+:7 7EF;?3F7E A8 F:7 ,* * D7BADF76 ;@ F:7 BD7H;AGE E75F;A@ 3D7 7?B>AK76 FA 5A?BGF7 F:7 5A@
6;F;A@3> 5AH3D;3@57 ?3FD;57E 47FI77@ EFA5= 4A@6 3@6 7J5:3@97 D3F7 D7FGD@E GE;@9 F:7 EF3@63D6
4;H3D;3F7 ## ) 6;E5GEE76 ;@ *75F;A@ +:7 5A@6;F;A@3> 5AH3D;3@57 ?3FD;57E
3>>AI GE FA 5A?BGF7 F:7 F;?7H3DK;@9 D;E= BD7?;3 3E I7>> 3E F:7 F;?7H3DK;@9 H3D;3@57E EF;?3
F;A@ A8 3 ## ?A67> ;@HA>H7E EA?7I:3F :73HK 5A?BGF3F;A@E 6G7 FA E7H7D3> ?3FD;J ;@H7DE;A@E
3@6 @A@>;@73D;FK ;@ B3D3?7F7DE AI7H7D I7 3>I3KE A4F3;@ 5A@H7D97@57
+A 4D;7NK EG??3D;L7 F:7 5AD7 D7EG>FE I7 E:AI ;@ +34>7 F:7 7EF;?3F76 3H7D397 D;E= BD7?;3
A4F3;@76 8DA? F:7 ) ?A67>E '@ 3H7D397 AH7D F:7 E3?B>7 7J3?;@76 F:7 D;E= BD7?;3
?3F5: 5>AE7>K F:7 35FG3> 63F3 D7BADF76 ;@ +34>7 3E I7>> 3E F:7 7JB75F76 D;E= BD7?;3 7EF;?3F76
GE;@9 F:7 * D7BADF76 ;@ +34>7 +:7E7 7EF;?3F7E 3D7 F:7D78AD7 7@5AGD39;@9
&AF7 F:3F
A>G?@ :3E 477@ 6;E399D793F76 6;EF;@9G;E:;@9 F:7 D;E= BD7?;G? A@
8AD7;9@ 3EE7FE #
A>G?@ 8DA? #
A>
G?@ +:7 D;E= BD7?;3 A@ 8AD7;9@ 3EE7FE 3D7 3>I3KE BAE;F;H7 +:;E ;?B>;7E F:3F I:7@ ?3D9;@3>
GF;>;FK 9DAIF: 675>;@7E 8AD7;9@ 7CG;FK 3@6 4A@6 D7FGD@E ;@ F:7 6A?7EF;5 5GDD7@5K D;E7 !@ AF:7D
IAD6E D;E=K 3EE7FE ?GEF BDA?;E7 :;9:7D 7JB75F76 D7FGD@E FA ;@6G57 ;@H7EFADE FA :A>6 F:7? E
8AD #
F:;E F7D? ;E 8AG@6 FA 47 D7>3F;H7>K E?3>> AH7D F;?7 3@6 ;FE E;9@
;E 3EE7F 3@6 5AG@FDKEB75;M5 +:;E ;?B>;7E F:3F F:7 GE7 A8
53BFGD7E 3>?AEF 7@F7D7>K F:7
F;?7H3DK;@9 8AD7;9@ D;E= BD7?;3
@6AI76 I;F: 7EF;?3F7E A8 F:7 D;E= BD7?;3 8DA? F:7 ## ) 7EF;?3F;A@ I7 3D7
@AI ;@ 3 BAE;F;A@ FA 7EF;?3F7 F:7 8G>> EKEF7? +34>7E 3@6 E:AI F:7 D7EG>FE .7 @AF7
F:3F 7J57BF 8AD 7>9;G? *I767@ 3@6 !D7>3@6
;E 3>I3KE @793F;H7 ;@ F:7 ?A67> EB75;M53F;A@E
I;F: F;?7H3DK;@9 D;E= BD7?;3 +:7 5A7T5;7@FE 3D7 EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F ;@ 53E7E
;E
97@7D3>>K @793F;H7 3@6 ;F ;E EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F ;@ 53E7E
;E BAE;F;H7 ;@ 53E7E 3@6
EF3F;EF;53>>K E;9@;M53@F ;@ 53E7E !@ 97@7D3> F:7 ?A67> I;F: D;E= BD7?;3 3BB73DE @AF FA 5:3@97
E;9@;M53@F>K F:7 D7EG>FE I;F: D7EB75F FA F:7 ?A67> I;F:AGF D;E= BD7?;3 D7BADF76 73D>;7D ;@ +34>7
AI7H7D I:7@ F7EF;@9 F:7 D7EFD;5F;A@E FA F7EF F:7 :KBAF:7E;E A8 @A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
F:7 .3>6 F7EF 6A7E @AF D7<75F F:7 @G>> :KBAF:7E;E I;F: F:7 ,* 3F F:7 E;9@;M53@57 >7H7> 8AD
E7H7@ 5AG@FD;7E *I;FL7D>3@6 3@363 7@?3D= D3@57 F:7 &7F:7D>3@6E &7I 173>3@6 3@6
+:7 67F3;>76 D7EG>FE A8 F:7 ## 4;H3D;3F7 ) 7EF;?3F;A@ 3D7 @AF D7BADF76 FA 5A@E7DH7 EB357 4GF F:7K
3D73H3;>34>7GBA@D7CG7EF
20
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
&ADI3K +:7 6;D75F 5A?B3D;EA@ A8 +34>7E 3@6 E:AIE 3 >AI7D .3>6 F7EF EF3F;EF;5E 8AD
5AG@FD;7E BA;@F;@9 FA 7EF;?3F7E F:3F 3D7 ?3D9;@3>>K ?AD7 5A@E;EF7@F I;F: EFDA@9 5A?AH7?7@F A8
3EE7FE 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E 'H7D3>> :AI7H7D F:7 D7EG>FE EGBBADF F:7 BD7H;AGE M@6;@9E F:3F @AF 3>>
3EE7F ?3D=7FE 3D7 ;@F79D3F76 3@6 F:3F F:7D78AD7 EA?7 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E 7J;EF 8DA? 3>>A53F;@9
3EE7FE ;@F7D@3F;A@3>>K
'3(03.#/%' 0( -0$#- #/& 0.'45+% 035(0-+04
+:7 EF3F;EF;53> D7EG>FE ;@ F:7 BD7H;AGE EG4E75F;A@ EG997EF F:3F E;9@;M53@F 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
53@ 47 35:;7H76 4K 3 ,* ;@H7EFAD 8DA? EA?7 5AG@FD;7E 4GF @AF 8DA? AF:7DE !@ FGD@ F:;E ;?B>;7E
F:3F 8G>> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ ?3K 47 EG4ABF;?3> ;@ F:3F 3 6;H7DE;M76 9>A43> BADF8A>;A 53@ 47 35:;7H76
4K GE;@9 3 BADF8A>;A I;F: 3 D7>3F;H7>K E?3>> @G?47D A8 5AG@FD;7E +A BDAH;67 EA?7 7H;67@57 A@
F:7 75A@A?;5 E;9@;M53@57 A8 F:7E7 M@6;@9E ;@ F:;E E75F;A@ I7 ;@H7EF;93F7 I:7F:7D F:7 73D>;7D EF3
F;EF;53> D7EG>FE 53@ 366 75A@A?;5 H3>G7 FA 3 ,* ;@H7EFAD ;@F7D7EF76 ;@ E7>75F;@9 3@ ;@F7D@3F;A@3>>K
6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;A +A F:;E 7@6 I7 53>5G>3F7 3 43FF7DK A8 5A@H7@F;A@3> B7D8AD?3@57 ?73EGD7E
8AD 3 H3D;7FK A8 BADF8A>;AE *B75;M53>>K I7 3@3>KL7 3 6A?7EF;5 BADF8A>;A 5A?BD;E;@9 A@>K ,*
EFA5=E 3@6AD 4A@6E I:;5: I7 GE7 3E 47@5:?3D=E 8AD 3EE7EE;@9 F:7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 6;H7DE;M76
BADF8A>;AE 3 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 ;@F7D@3F;A@3> BADF8A>;A A8 EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E I:;5: ;@5>G67E 3EE7FE
8DA? 3>> F:7 5AG@FD;7E ;@ AGD 63F3 E7F 3@6 FIA B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;AE I:;5: 5A?BD;E7
EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E A@>K 8AD 5AG@FD;7E I:7D7 F:7 @G>> :KBAF:7E;E A8 @A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E I3E
D7<75F76 8AD F:7 53E7 I;F: 5A@EF3@F 3@6 F;?7H3DK;@9 D;E= BD7?;3 D7EB75F;H7>K %AD7AH7D I7
3>EA 7J3?;@7 F:7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 5A??A@ 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E 8AD 7CG;F;7E 3@6 4A@6E 3@6 GE7
8AD F:;E BGDBAE7 F:7 %*! .AD>6 A@>K EFA5=E 3@6 F:7 $7:?3@ >A43> 9AH7D@?7@F 4A@6E
;@67J 3E I7>> 3E 3 9>A43> BADF8A>;A 47@5:?3D= I;F: 7CG3> I7;9:FE A@ F:7 %*! .AD>6 3@6 F:7
$7:?3@ >A43> ;@6;57E
AD E;?B>;5;FK 3>> F:7 BADF8A>;AE 3D7 7CG3>>K I7;9:F76 355AD6;@9 FA F:7 EFD3F79K 7%;9G7>
3D>3BB; 3@6 ,BB3> EA F:3F F:7 D7FGD@ A@ F:7 BADF8A>;A ;E
$
I:7D7
$
47;@9 F:7 @G?47D A8 3EE7FE ;@5>G676 ;@ F:7 BADF8A>;A
;E F:7 D7FGD@ A@ F:7 F:
3EE7F 3@6 F:7 H3D;3@57 A8 F:7 BADF8A>;A D7FGD@E ;E
$
$
$
!@ AF:7D IAD6E F:7 A@>K 675;E;A@ F:7 ;@H7EFAD ?3=7E D7>3F7E FA F:7 5:A;57 A8 F:7 5AG@FD;7E FA
;@5>G67 ;@ F:7 BADF8A>;A 4GF A@57 F:3F 675;E;A@ ;E ?367 735: 3EE7F ;@ F:7 BADF8A>;A ;E 9;H7@ F:7
E3?7 I7;9:F .7 BDAH;67 4AF: ;@E3?B>7 3@6 AGFA8E3?B>7 B7D8AD?3@57 D7EG>FE
/4#.1-' '46-54
+:7 ;@E3?B>7 D7EG>FE 3D7 D7BADF76 ;@ +34>7 $7F GE EF3DF 8DA? F:7 MDEF 5A>G?@ I:7D7
I7 BD7E7@F F:7 3H7D397 D7FGD@E A8 F:7 6A?7EF;5 BADF8A>;AE ;@5>G6;@9 ,* EFA5=E 3@6AD 4A@6E
21
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
;@ 7J57EE A8 F:7 ,* D;E= 8D77 D3F7 A4F3;@76 A@ 3H7D397 AH7D F:7 7@F;D7 E3?B>7 B7D;A6 .7 3>EA
D7BADF 3E BD7>;?;@3DK 53>5G>3F;A@E F:7 3H7D397 7J57EE D7FGD@E D7>3F;H7 FA 3 6A?7EF;5 47@5:?3D=
5A?BD;E;@9 ,* EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E 8AD 735: FIA5AG@FDK BADF8A>;A A4F3;@76 4K ;@H7EF;@9 ;@ F:7
,* 3@6 A@7 AF:7D 5AG@FDK 5A@E;67D76 ;@ AGD E3?B>7 .7 F:7@ 5A@EFDG5F F:D77 9>A43> BADF8A>;AE
(ADF8A>;A ;@5>G67E 3>> F:7 3EE7FE 7J3?;@76 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 I:7D73E (ADF8A>;AE 3@6
3D7 4AF: B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 5A@EFDG5F76 GE;@9 F:7 3EE7FE A8 5AG@FD;7E 8AD I:;5: F:7 @G>> A8
@A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E I3E D7<75F76 GE;@9 F:7 ?A67> I;F: 5A@EF3@F D;E= BD7?;3 3@6 I;F: F;?7
H3DK;@9 3EE7FEB75;M5 D;E= BD7?;3 35DAEE 5AG@FDK B3;DE D7EB75F;H7>K (GF 3@AF:7D I3K (ADF8A>;AE
3@6 ;@5>G67 F:7 5AG@FD;7EP 3EE7FE 8AD I:;5: F:7 5A?AH7?7@F F7EF ;E D7<75F763FF:7
E;9@;M53@57 >7H7> 3E D7BADF76 ;@ +34>7E 8AD (ADF8A>;A 3@6 8AD (ADF8A>;A D7EB75F;H7>K
;@3>>K I7 3>EA D7BADF D7EG>FE ;@ F:7 >3EF F:D77 DAIE 8AD 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E 5A?BD;E;@9 %*!
.AD>6 3@6 F:7 $7:?3@ >A43> ;@6;57E
+:7 7J57EE ?73@ D7FGD@ A8 F:7 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 (ADF8A>;A ;E 34AGF B7D 3@@G? I:;5:
5A?B3D7E I;F: A8 F:7 ,* 6A?7EF;5 47@5:?3D= EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E 3@6 I;F: 67>;H
7D76 4K F:7 9>A43> 47@5:?3D= 5A?BD;E;@9 4AF: %*! .AD>6 3@6 F:7 $7:?3@ >A43> ;@6;57E
(ADF8A>;A 3>EA B7D8AD?E E>;9:F>K 47FF7D F:3@ F:7 B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 (ADF8A>;AE 3@6 >3D97>K
6G7 FA F:7 ;@5>GE;A@ A8 GEFD3>;3 3@363 3@6 *I;FL7D>3@6 ;@ F:7 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;A F:7E7
F:D77 ?3D=7FE 97@7D3F76 ;?BD7EE;H7 7J57EE D7FGD@E 4GF AGD F7EF IAG>6 :3H7 7J5>G676 FIA A8 F:7?
8DA? F:7 B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;AE AI7H7D F:7 6;U7D7@57 ;@ 7J57EE D7FGD@E 47FI77@ (ADF
8A>;A 3@6 F:7 FIA B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 (ADF8A>;AE 3@6 ;E ?;@;E5G>7 3@6 ;F ;E @AF 5>73D F:3F
A@57 A@7 5A@E;67DE F:7 5AEFE A8 67HAF;@9 D7E73D5: D7EAGD57E FA ?A@;FAD;@9 ?AD7 5AG@FD;7E 3@6
3EE7FE EG5: 6;U7D7@57 ?3=7E ;F IADF: 8AD 3 8G@6 ?3@397D FA 6;H7DE;8K D;E= 8G>>K
!@ F:7 D7?3;@;@9 5A>G?@ I7 D7BADF 3 43FF7DK A8 5A??A@ B7D8AD?3@57 ?73EGD7E .:7@
7J3?;@;@9 F:7 *:3DB7 D3F;AE 3 ?73EGD7 I:;5: 36<GEFE 8AD FAF3> D;E= A8 F:7 BADF8A>;A F:7 6A?7EF;5
47@5:?3D= B7D8AD?E 47FF7D F:3F F:7 9>A43> BADF8A>;AE AH7D F:7 E3?B>7 B7D;A6
&7H7DF:7>7EE
F:7 B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;AE B7D8AD? 47FF7D F:3@ F:7 9>A43> BADF8A>;AE 47@5:?3D=E 3@6 A@>K
E>;9:F>K IADE7 H7DEGE 3@6 F:3@ F:7 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;A I;F: 5AG@FD;7E
.7 F:7@ D7BADF F:7 !@8AD?3F;A@ )3F;A 3 ?73EGD7 A8 D;E=36<GEF76 D7FGD@E D7>3F;H7 FA F:7
6A?7EF;5 47@5:?3D=
+:7 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;AE AGFB7D8AD? 6A?7EF;5 3@6 9>A43> 47@5:
?3D=E *;?;>3D D7EG>FE 3D7 A4F3;@76 ;8 I7 7H3>G3F7 F:7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 F:7 BADF8A>;A A@>K ;@HA>H;@9
EKEF7?3F;5 D;E= GE;@9 F:7 +D7K@AD ?73EGD7 "7@E7@PE 3>B:3 3@6 >35=+D7K@AD D3F;A AD 3>> F:7E7
?73EGD7E I7 M@6 F:3F F:7 B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 (ADF8A>;AE 3@6 AGFB7D8AD? F:7;D D7EB75F;H7
+:7 *:3DB7 D3F;A A8 735: BADF8A>;A ;E 53>5G>3F76 3E
I:7D7
67@AF7E F:7 EF3@63D6
67H;3F;A@ A8 F:7 BADF8A>;A I;F: 7J57EE ?73@ D7FGD@E
*B75;M53>>K F:7 !@8AD?3F;A@ )3F;A ;E 53>5G>3F76 3E
22
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
47@5:?3D=E 3@6 97@7D3>>K 67>;H7D D;E=36<GEF76 D7FGD@E :3D6>K 6;EF;@9G;E:34>7 8DA? F:7 8G>>K
6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;A A8 5AG@FD;7E
650(4#.1-' '46-54
+:7 D7EG>FE 3D7 ?AD7 5A?B7>>;@9 I:7@ 7J3?;@;@9 F:7 AGFA8E3?B>7 B7D8AD?3@57 E77 +34>7
!@ F:;E 53E7 I7 =77B F:7 >3EF E;J K73DE A8 63F3 8AD F:7 AGFA8E3?B>7 3@3>KE;E 7@57 I7
7EF;?3F7 F:7 7?B;D;53> ?A67>E AH7D F:7 B7D;A6 EB3@@;@9 8DA? "3@G3DK FA %3K E7>75F
F:7 5AG@FD;7E FA ;@5>G67 ;@ F:7 B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;A A@ F:7 43E;E A8 F:7 F7EF A8 F:7 @G>>
:KBAF:7E;E A8 O@A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@EP 3@6 F:7@ 8AD? BADF8A>;AE FA 47 :7>6 AH7D F:7 EG4E7CG7@F
E;JK73D B7D;A6 8DA? "G@7 FA %3K
!@ (3@7> A8 +34>7 F:7 47@5:?3D= ;E 9;H7@
4K 3@ 7CG3>>K I7;9:F76 BADF8A>;A A8 ,* EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E I:7D73E ;@ (3@7> F:7 47@5:?3D= ;E
9>A43> 3@6 ;E 393;@ 5A@EFDG5F76 GE;@9 %*! .AD>6 3@6 $7:?3@ >A43> I;F: 7CG3> I7;9:FE
+:7 AGFA8E3?B>7 B7D8AD?3@57 A8 F:7 E7>75F76 (ADF8A>;AE 3@6 ;E H7DK E3F;E835FADK K;7>6
;@9 3@@G3>;L76 ?73@ D7FGD@E 3@6 "7@E7@PE 3>B:3E 34AGF 43E;E BA;@FE :;9:7D F:3@ F:AE7 A4
F3;@76 I;F: F:7 8G>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;A A8 5AG@FD;7E %AD7AH7D AH7D F:;E B7D;A6 F:7 E7>75F76
B3DF;3>>K 6;H7DE;M76 BADF8A>;AE AGFB7D8AD? 4K B7D K73D F:7 6A?7EF;5 47@5:?3D= 3@6 4K
B7D K73D F:7 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E +:7 D7EG>FE 3D7 CG3>;F3F;H7>K ;67@F;53> 8AD BADF8A>;AE 5A@EFDG5F76
GE;@9 F;?7H3DK;@9 D;E= BD7?;3
!@ B3DF;5G>3D "7@E7@PE 3>B:3 ;E 34AGF 3@6 B7D 3@@G?
H;EVH;E F:7 6A?7EF;5 3@6 F:7 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E D7EB75F;H7>K
+:7E7 M@6;@9E EG997EF F:3F ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 6A7E @AF D7CG;D7 ;@H7EF;@9 ;@ 3 >3D97
@G?47D A8 5AG@FD;7E 3@6 F:3F 8G>> 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ ;E F:7D78AD7 EG4ABF;?3> +:;E D7EG>F 75:A7E
;@ F7D?E A8 5AG@FD;7E D3F:7D F:3@ ;@6;H;6G3> EFA5=E I;F:;@ A@7 5AG@FDK F:7 E7?;@3> D7EG>FE 4K
*F3F?3@ 5A@MD?;@9 F:7 H;7I F:3F BADF8A>;A ?3@397DE E:AG>6 @AF 7@F:GE;3EF;53>>K 36H;57
;@H7EF;@9 ;@ 9>A43> 47@5:?3D=E FA EBD736 D;E= 35DAEE FAA ?3@K 5AG@FD;7EP 3EE7FE
+.'"#3:+/) 0.07'.'/5 (30. 5*' 4
I;67>K :7>6 H;7I ;E F:3F F:7 >;@= 47FI77@ EFA5= D7FGD@E 3@6 7J5:3@97 D3F7E 478AD7 F:7 E
I3E H7DK F7@GAGE AI;@9 FA F:7 835F F:3F ;@F7D@3F;A@3> 3EE7F ?3D=7FE I7D7 :73H;>K E79?7@F76 3@6
;>>;CG;6 +:7D78AD7 A@7 IAG>6 7JB75F 5A?AH7?7@FE FA 47 H7DK >AAE7 ;@ F:7 E 79 7=37DF
3@6 3DH7K E 3 M@3> 7J7D5;E7 I7 ;@H7EF;93F7 F:7 7HA>GF;A@ A8 5A?AH7?7@F AH7D F;?7
.7 GE7 5A?B3D34>7 63F3 EF3DF;@9 8DA? F:7 479;@@;@9 A8 F:7 E 8AD 3 EG4E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E
;@5>G6;@9 7D?3@K "3B3@ F:7 &7F:7D>3@6E *I;FL7D>3@6 3@6 F:7 ,# 3@6 3EE7EE 67H7>AB?7@FE
(ADF8A>;A ;E 8AD?76 4K F:7 EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E A8 7>9;G? 3@363 7@?3D= ;@>3@6 D3@57 7D?3@K
!D7>3@6 !F3>K &7I 173>3@6 &ADI3K *B3;@ *I767@ 3@6 ,* (ADF8A>;A ;E 8AD?76 4K F:7 EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E A8
GEFD;3 7>9;G? *I;FL7D>3@6 7@?3D= ;@>3@6 7D?3@K !F3>K &7I 173>3@6 *B3;@ *I767@ 3@6 ,*
G>> D7EG>FE @AF D7BADF76 4GF 3H3;>34>7 GBA@ D7CG7EF
23
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
H;EVH;E F:7 ,* .7 F:7@ 53DDK AGF DA>>;@9 7EF;?3F;A@ A8 F:7 ?A67> I;F: 3 ?AH;@9 I;@6AI
A8 K73DE 3@6 53>5G>3F7 F:7 .3>6 F7EF EF3F;EF;5 8AD F:7 :KBAF:7E;E A8 @A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
B7D;A6 4K B7D;A6 ?A@F:>K +:;E ;E 3 E;?B>7 I3K FA 3@3>KL7 F:7 ?A@AFA@;5;FK 3@6 B357 A8 3EE7F
5A?AH7?7@F GE;@9 AGD E;?B>7 F7EF 8AD @A 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E
+:7 D7EG>FE D7H73> F:3F F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@E I;F: ,* D7FGD@E I7D7 F;9:F7D 8AD GDAB73@ 3EE7FE
;@ F:7 E 3@6 CG;F7 HA>3F;>7 6GD;@9 F:7 E E77 ;9GD7 "3B3@7E7 3EE7FE ;@ 5A@FD3EF
5A?AH76 I;F: ,* 3EE7FE 6GD;@9 F:7 E 4GF BD7E7@F 3 6;H7D9;@9 B3F: E;@57 F:7 E;3@ M@3@5;3>
5D;E;E ;@
J57BF 8AD F:7 &7F:7D>3@6E F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@E :3H7 475A?7 >AAE7D 8AD 3>> 5AG@FDK B3;DE 8DA?
A@I3D6E I:7@ EFA5= ?3D=7FE EF3DF76 FA D75AH7D 38F7D F:7 4GDEF A8 F:7 7CG;FK 4G44>7 ;@
!F 5AG>6 47 3D9G76 F:3F ;8 F:7 5ADD7>3F;A@E 35DAEE 3EE7F BD;57E 475A?7 F;9:F7D ;@ B7D;A6E
A8 :;9: HA>3F;>;FK A8 D7FGD@E F:7 47@7MFE A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 475A?7 E?3>>7D I:7@ @77676 F:7
?AEF 'H7D3>> F:7 EFD7@9F:7@;@9 A8 5A?AH7?7@F 3BB73DE FA 47 @7;F:7D 3 9D36G3> BDA57EE @AD
3 9>A43> B:7@A?7@A@ BDAH;6;@9 EGBBADF FA F:7 75A@A?;5 3D9G?7@FE 8AD F:7 47@7MFE A8 9>A43>
6;H7DE;M53F;A@
0/%-6&+/) 3'.#3,4
%AH7?7@FE ;@ 3EE7F D7FGD@E 3D7 A8F7@ F:AG9:F A8 3E 47;@9 G@;@F7DBD7F34>7 4K F:7 G@;@;F;3F76
+:7 ?3@ A@ F:7 EFD77F ;E D7>G5F3@F FA 47>;7H7 F:3F 8G@63?7@F3> 8AD57E 3D7 3F B>3K 3FFD;4GF;@9
?G5: A8 F:7 63KFA63K HA>3F;>;FK ;@ F:7E7 BD;57E FA OE7@F;?7@FP AD7;9@ 5GDD7@5K D7FGD@E 3D7
5A@E;67D76 FA 47 7H7@ ?AD7 ;?B7@7FD34>7 %AEF 7J5:3@97 D3F7E 8AD 7J3?B>7 EI;@9 I;>6>K A@ 3
63KFA63K 43E;E I;F: 3BB3D7@F>K >;FF>7 5A@@75F;A@ FA AF:7D 75A@A?;5 3@6 M@3@5;3> H3D;34>7E 3@6
A8F7@ I;F: 5AG@F7D;@FG;F;H7 D7>3F;A@E FA 6;U7D7@57E ;@ E:ADFF7D? ;@F7D7EF D3F7E 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E
+:7 D7EG>FE A8 F:;E B3B7D EG997EF F:3F 3 8G>> G@67DEF3@6;@9 A8 3EE7F BD;5;@9 ?AH7?7@FE ;E >;=7>K
FA D7CG;D7 <A;@F 3@3>KE;E A8 5GDD7@5K D7FGD@E 3@6 AF:7D 3EE7F D7FGD@E 35DAEE 5AG@FD;7E
.:;>7 :G97 7UADF :3E 477@ BGF FA ?3=7 BDA9D7EE A@ G@67DEF3@6;@9 F:7 67F7D?;@3@FE A8 3EE7F
D7FGD@E >;FF>7 35367?;5 IAD= 7J;EFE A@ F:7 >;@= 47FI77@ ?AH7?7@FE ;@ 5GDD7@5K EFA5= 3@6 4A@6
BD;57E 4AF: F:7AD7F;53>>K 3@6 7?B;D;53>>K .7 F3=7 3 5>AE7D >AA= 3F F:7 5A@@75F;A@ 47FI77@ F:7
D7FGD@E 8DA? 6;U7D7@F 3EE7F 5>3EE7E GE;@9 3 6;E5AG@F 835FAD BD;5;@9 ?A67> I:7D7 F:7 D7FGD@E
8DA? 7J5:3@97 D3F7E EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E 3D7 F;9:F>K >;@=76 4K 43E;5 D;E=3D4;FD397 D7>3F;A@E:;BE
+:7 D7EG>FE ;@6;53F7 F:3F 7CG;FK 4A@6 3@6 5GDD7@5K D7FGD@E 3D7 EFDA@9>K ;@F7D>;@=76 ;@ 3 I3K
F:3F ;E 5A@E;EF7@F I;F: F:7 E;?B>7 EFK>;L76 ?A67> BDABAE76
%AD7AH7D 3E ?3D=7FE 475A?7 M@3@5;3>>K ;@F79D3F76 5DAEE5AG@FDK 5ADD7>3F;A@E 35DAEE 3EE7F
5>3EE7E 3D7 7JB75F76 FA ;@5D73E7 F:7D74K D76G5;@9 F:7 47@7MFE A8 ;@F7D@3F;A@3> BADF8A>;A 6;H7D
24
ECB
Working Paper Series No 883
March 2008
E;M53F;A@ .7 E:76 >;9:F A@ F:7 679D77 A8 5A?AH7?7@FE 4K ?73@E A8 7CG;>;4D;G? 5A@6;F;A@E
47FI77@ D7FGD@E A@ 5GDD7@5;7E EFA5=E 3@6 4A@6E A@ 3 4;>3F7D3> 43E;E 8AD 75A@A?;7E 3@6 F:7
,* ;@ 3 G@;M76 8D3?7IAD= .7 BDABAE7 3 E;?B>7 F7EF 8AD 5A?AH7?7@F I:;5: ;E 67D;H76 8DA?
F:7 EFDG5FGD3> ?A67> A8 3EE7F BD;5;@9 BB>;53F;A@ A8 F:;E F7EF EG997EFE F:3F I:;>7 F:7 3EE7FE
A8 3 EG4E7F A8 5AG@FD;7E B7D875F>K 5A?AH7 I;F: ,* 3EE7FE AH7D F:7 B7D;A6 F:7D7 3D7
EF;>> E5AB7 A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E 8AD F:7 ,* ;@H7EFADE !@H7EFADE 3D7 47FF7D AU ;@ 5A@EFDG5F;@9
BADF8A>;AE E7>75F;@9 3EE7FE 8DA? EG5: 5AG@FD;7E I:AE7 3EE7FE 6A @AF B3EE F:7 5A?AH7?7@F F7EF
F:3@ D7>K;@9 A@ 7;F:7D 9>A43> AD 6A?7EF;5 47@5:?3D= BADF8A>;AE ;H7DE;M53F;A@ 6A7E @AF D7CG;D7
;@H7EF;@9 ;@ 3 >3D97 @G?47D A8 6;U7D7@F E75GD;F;7E
.7 :3H7 3>EA ;@H7EF;93F76 I:7F:7D 9>A43> ?3D=7F 5A?AH7?7@F ;@ EFA5= 3@6 4A@6 ?3D=7FE
:3E 9D36G3>>K D76G576 F:7 93;@E 8DA? 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ I;F: F:7 ;?B>;53F;A@ ;8 F:;E FGD@E AGF FA
47 F:7 53E7 F:3F F:7 75A@A?;5 47@7MFE A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ IAG>6 H;DFG3>>K 47 7J:3GEF76 ;@ F:7
8GFGD7 +:7 E;?B>;5;FK A8 F:7 EFDG5FGD3> F7EF ;E EG5: F:3F ;F 3>EA 3>>AIE GE FA 3EE7EE 5A?AH7?7@F
F:DAG9: F;?7 !@H7EF;93F;A@ A8 F:7 F7?BAD3> 7HA>GF;A@ A8 5A?AH7?7@F BDAH;67E 7H;67@57 F:3F
;E ;@ 5A@FD3EF I;F: F:7 H;7I F:3F F:7 EFD7@9F:7@;@9 A8 M@3@5;3> ;@F79D3F;A@?;9:F>736FA3
EF736K 3@6 9D36G3> 5A?AH7?7@F 35DAEE 3EE7F 5>3EE7E +:7D78AD7 AGD 3@3>KE;ED7;@8AD57EF:7
75A@A?;5 3D9G?7@FE ;@ 83HAGD A8 3@ 35F;H7 E73D5: A8 6;H7DE;M53F;A@ 93;@E I:;5: ;@EB;D7E ?G5:
3EE7F ?3@397?7@F BD35F;57