Word form 10 reading 10

REVISION
WORD FORM - READING
1. Use the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered boxes. Write your answers in the numbered
boxes. (5 ps)
Organizing a holiday can be a very (1. CHALLENGE) ________________ task. Some people find the experience
as (2. STRESS) ________________ as the daily demands of work and family (3. COMMIT) _______________ .
If you are in this situation, you may find that taking an escorted holiday is the ideal solution. Escorted holidays
offer a great balance between sightseeing, entertainment and leisure time, with the added advantage that you have
the services of a professional tour manager, who (4. COMPANY) ________________ you through the trip, acting
as your personal guide. From the first day to the last, tour managers make your holiday experience even more (5.
MEMORY) ________________ because of the (6. VALUE) ________________ information and helpful
suggestions they provide. Your tour manager will give you many (7. SIGHT) ________________ into the place
you are visiting, including useful information on the (8. DISTINCT) ________________ characteristics of the
place, such as regional food and local entertainment. If you book one of the escorted holiday (9. PACK)
________________ that we offer, you can be sure that you will have a (10. TRUE) ________________ authentic
travel experience.
2. Complete the following passage with the correct forms ofthe words given.(5 points)
THE CUP OF HUMANITY
Tea began as a medicine and grew into a beverage. In China, in the eighth century, it entered the realm of poetry as
one of the polite (1. AMUSE) ________________ . The fifteenth century saw Japan ennoble it into a religion of
aestheticism- Teaism. Teaism is a cult founded on the (2. ADORE) ________________ of the beautiful among the
sordid facts of everyday (3. EXIST) ________________ . It inculcates purity and harmony, the mystery of mutual
charity, the (4. ROMANTIC) ________________ of the social order. It is essentially a worship of the (5.
PERFECT) ________________ , as it is a tender attempt to accomplish 7 something possible in this impossible
thing we know as life. The Philosophy of Tea is not mere aestheticism in the ordinary acceptance of the term, for it
expresses (6. CONJOIN) ________________ with ethics and religion our whole point of view about man and
nature. It is hygiene, for it enforces (7. CLEAN) ________________ ; it is economics, for it shows comfort in (8.
SIMPLE) ________________ rather than in the complex and costly; it is moral geometry, inasmuch as it defines
our sense of proportion to the universe. It represents the true spirit of Eastern democracy by making all its votaries
aristocrats in taste. The long isolation of Japan from the rest of the world, so (9. CONDUCT) ________________
to introspection, has been highly (10. FAVOUR) ________________ to the development of Teai

3. Write the correct form of the word given in brackets. (5 pts)
WOMEN ONLY
Increasingly, women are taking their holidays without men. For ________________ (1. SAFE) reasons,
camaraderie or just plain fun, a growing number of female tourists are singing up for women-only trips. Twenty
years ago only a ________________ (2. HAND) of companies offered such holidays; now there are several
hundred. Travel ________________ (3. CONSULT) Andre Littlewood says that the combination of higher incomes
with delayed marriage, divorce, retirement and widowhood has ________________ (4. ABLE) more women to
travel, often on their own. They are attracted by the sense of ________________ (5. FREE) that a holiday without
men affords them. “Women in a group tend to feel _____ (6. INHIBIT) and speak more openly than when men are
around”, she adds. “Even on energy-sapping adventure holidays the atmosphere is relaxed and ________________
(7. CO-OPERATE). It’s also a great deal more fun. Women laugh more ________________ (8. READY) than
men, probably because they don’t mind laughing at themselves.” Since her divorce Janice Cummings has been a
regular traveler with Everywoman Tours, and Oxford-based Company whose very name is a ________________
(9. DETER) to men. “And a good thing too,” she says. “Men simply cannot resist the ________________ (10.
TEMPT) to try and take control, no matter where they are. And that includes on holiday. Thankfully, there is none
of that with Everywoman.”
4. Give the correct form of the words in capital letters. Write your answers on the numbered blanks. (0) is an
example.
Have you ever got really caught in the excitement and emotion of good action film, and wondered in (0. AMAZE)
amazement how film stars manage to perform dangerous acts like jumping off buildings or driving at great speed?
Of course, it is only a (1.MOMENT) ________________ feeling as it is no secret that the real (2.PERFORM)
________________ are almost invariably stunt men or women, who can earn a very good (3.LIVE)


________________ by standing in for the stars when necessary. The work is incredibly demanding, and before
qualifying for this job they have to undergo a rigorous training program and (4.PROOF) ________________ their
ability in a number of sports (5.INCLUDE) ________________ skiing, riding and gymnastics. (6.NATURE)
________, the safety of the stunt performer is of the utmost importance. Much depends on the performer getting
time exactly right so everything is planned down to the (7.TINY) ________________ detail. In a scene which
involves a complicated series of actions, there is no time for careless mistakes. A stunt man or woman often has

only one chance of getting things right, (8.LIKE) ________________ film stars, who can if necessary, film a scene
(9.REPEAT) ________________ until it gains the director’s (10.APPROVE) ________________.
READING
1. Passage 1.
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the List of headings below. One of the headings
has been done as an example.
List of headings
i. Tea – a beverage of hospitality
vi. Today’s continuing tradition – In Britain and
ii. The fall in the cost of tea
China
iii. Diverse drinking methods
vii. Limited objections to drinking tea
iv. Tea on the move
viii. Tea drinking in the world
v. An important addition
TEA TIMES
0 The chances are that you have already drunk a cup or glass of tea today. Perhaps, you are sipping one as you read
this. Tea, now an everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries been an important part of
rituals of hospitality both in the home and in wider society.
1. Tea originated in China, and in Eastern Asia tea making and drinking ceremonies have been popular for
centuries. Tea was first shipped to North Western Europe by English and Dutch maritime traders in the 16th
century. At about the same time, a land route from the Far East, via Moscow, to Europe was opened up. Tea also
figured in America’s bid for independence from British rule – the Boston Tea Party.
2. As, over the last four hundred years, tea-leavers became available throughout much of Asia and Europe, the ways
in which tea was drunk changed. The Chinese considered the quality of the leaves and the ways in which they were
cured all important. People in other cultures added new ingredients besides tealeaves and hot water. They drank tea
with milk, sugar, spices like cinnamon and cardamom, and herbs such as mint or sage. The variations are endless.
For example, in Western Sudan on the edge of the Sahara Desert, sesame oil is added to milky tea on cold
mornings. In England tea, unlike coffee, acquired a reputation as a therapeutic drink that promoted health. Indeed,

in European and Arab countries as well as in Persia and Russia, tea was praised for its restorative and health giving
properties. One Dutch physician, Cornelius Blankaart, advised that to maintain health a minimum of eight to ten
cups a day should be drunk, and that up to 50 to 100 daily cups could be consumed with safety.
3. While European coffee houses were frequently by men discussing politics and closing business deals, respectable
middle-class women stayed at home and held tea parties. When the price of tea fell in the nineteenth century poor
people took up the drink with enthusiasm. Different grades and blends of tea were sold to suit every pocket.
4. Throughout the world today, few religious groups object to tea drinking. In Islamic cultures, where drinking of
alcohol is forbidden, tea and coffee consumption is an important part of social life. However, Seventh-Day
Adventists, recognizing the beverage as a drug containing the stimulant caffeine, frown upon the drinking of tea.
5. In Britain, coffee drinking, particularly in the informal atmosphere of coffee shops, is currently in vogue. Yet, the
convention of afternoon tea lingers. At conferences, it remains common practice to serve coffee in the morning and
tea in the afternoon. Contemporary China, too, remains true to its long tradition. Delegates at conferences and
seminars are served tea in cups with lids to keep the infusion hot. The cups are topped up throughout the
proceedings. There are as yet not signs of coffee at such occasions.
2. Passage 2.
Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each question.
INTERNET JOBS
Contrary to popular belief, one does not have to be a trained programmer to work online. Of course, there are plenty
of jobs available for people with hightech computer skills, but the growth of new media has opened up a wide range
of Internet career opportunities requiring only a minimal level of technical expertise. Probably one of the most well-


known online job opportunities is the job of webmaster. However, it is hard to define one basic job description for
this position. The qualifications and responsibilities depend on what tasks a particular organization needs a
webmaster to perform.
To specify the job description of a webmaster, one needs to identify the hardware and software that the website the
webmaster will manage is running on. Different types of hardware and software require different skill sets to
manage them. Another key factor is whether the website will be running internally (at the firm itself) or externally
(renting shared space on the company servers). Finally, the responsibilities of a webmaster also depend on whether
he or she will be working independently, or whether the firm will provide people to help. All of these factors need

to be considered before one can create an accurate webmaster job description.
Webmaster is one type of Internet career requiring in-depth knowledge of the latest computer applications.
However, there are also online jobs available for which traditional skills remain in high demand. Content jobs
require excellent writing skills and a good sense of the web as a “new media”.
The term “new media” is difficult to define because it encompasses a constantly growing set of new technologies
and skills. Specifically, it includes websites, email, Internet technology, CD-ROM, DVD, streaming audio and
video, interactive multimedia presentations, e-books, digital music, computer illustration, video games, virtually
reality, and computer artistry.
Additionally, many of today’s Internet careers are becoming paid-by-the-job professions. With many companies
having to downsize in tough economic items, the outsourcing and contracting of freelance workers online has
become common business practice. The Internet provides an infinite pool of buyers from around the world with
whom freelancers are able to work on projects with companies outside their own country of residence.
How much can a person make in these kinds of career? As with many questions related to today’s evolving
technology, there is no simple answer. There are many companies willing to pay people with technical Internet
skills salaries well above $70,000 a year. Generally, webmasters start at about $30,000 per year, but salaries can
vary greatly. Freelance writers working online have been known to make between $40,000 and $70,000 per year.
(431 words)
1. The word “identify” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____.
A. name
B. estimate
C. discount
D. encounter
2. The word “them” in paragraph 2 refers to _____.
A. companies
B. new job opportunities
C. hardware and software
D. webmasters
3. What does “it” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. modern technology B. new media
C. the Internet

D. a webmaster’s career
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of webmasters?
A. They never work independently.
B. They require a minimal level of expertise.
C. The duties they perform depend on the organization they work for. D. They do not support software products.
5. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT _____.
A. There are online job available for workers with minimal computer skills.
B. Webmasters must have knowledge of the latest computer applications.
C. Online workers cannot free themselves from the office.
D. “New media” is not easy to define.
6. Which of the following is not mentioned as part of “new media”?
A. websites
B. Internet technology
C. writing skills
D. video games
7. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
A. online workers can work full-time online
B. only skilled workers make good money
C. it is easy to become a webmaster
D. workers with limited computer skills cannot work online
8. The word “vary” in paragraph 6 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. change
B. decrease
C. increase
D. differ
9. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To inform people about the tasks and role of a webmaster. B. To inform people about the computer industry.
C. To inform people about employment related to the Internet. D. To explain why webmasters make a lot of
money.
10. Which of the following is true of the job of freelance writers?

A. They may work with others at the company.
B. They require in-depth knowledge of applications.
C. They manage hardware and software.
D. It is considered a “content” job


3. Passage 3.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer.
THE BODY CLOCK
Why is it that flying to New York from London will leave you feeling less tired than flying to London from New
York? The answer may be a clear case of biology not being able to keep up with technology.
Deep inside the brain there is a “clock” that governs every aspect of the body’s functioning: sleep and wake cycles,
levels of alertness, performance, mood, hormone levels, digestion, body temperature and so on. It regulates all of
these functions on a 24-hour basis and is called the circadian clock (from the Latin, circa “about” + dies “day”).
This body clock programmes us to be sleepy twice a day, between 3-5 a.m and again between 3-5 p.m. Afternoon
tea and siesta times are all cultural responses to our natural biological sleepiness in the afternoon.
One of the major causes of the travelers’ malady known as jet lag is the nonalignment of a person’s internal body
clock with clocks in the external world. Crossing different time zones confuses the circadian clock, which then has
to adjust to the new time and patterns of light and activity. To make matters more complex, not all internal body
functions adjust at the same rate. So your sleep/wake may adjust to a new time zone at one rate, while your
temperature adjusts at a different pace. Your digestion may be on a different schedule altogether.
Though we live in a 24-hour day, the natural tendency of the body clock is to extend our day beyond 24 hours. It is
contrary to our biological programming to shrink our day.
That is why travelling in a westward direction is more body-clock friendly than flying east. NASA studies of long
haul pilots showed that westward travel was associated with significantly better sleep quantity and quality than
eastward flights.
When flying west, you are “extending” your day, thus travelling in the natural direction of your internal clock.
Flying eastward will involve “shrinking” or 11 reducing your day and is in direct opposition to your internal clock’s
natural tendency.

One of the more common complaints of travelers is that their sleep becomes disrupted. There are many reasons for
this: Changing time zones and schedules, changing light and activity levels, trying to sleep when your body clock is
programmed to be awake, disruption of the internal circadian clock and working longer hours
Sleep loss, jet lag and fatigue can seriously affect our ability to function well. Judgment and decision-making can
be reduced by 50%, attention by 75 percent, memory by 20 percent and communication by 30 percent.
It is often suggested that you adjust your watch as soon as you board a plane, supposedly to try to help you adjust
to your destination’s schedule as soon as you arrive. But it can take the body clock several days to several weeks to
fully adjust to a new time zone.
1:The main function of the body clock is to________
A. help us sleep.
B. help us adapt to a 24-hour cycle.
C. regulate the body’s functions.
D. govern all the body’s responses.
2:The word “It” refers to________
A. the programme
B. the body clock
C. the function
D. the brain
3:Jet lag ______________
A. makes our body clock operate badly
B. causes our body clock to change
C. extends the hours of our body clock
D. upsets our body’s rhythms
4:The word “malady” is closest in meaning to________
A. feeling
B. bore
C. illness
D. thought
5:The direction you fly in________
A. extends or shrinks your body clock

B. alters your body’s natural rhythms
C. helps you sleep better
D. affects the degree of jet lag
6: According to the article________
A. jet lag can affect different abilities differently. B. flying seriously affects your judgment and decision-making.
C. travelers complain about the negative effects of flying. D. various factors stop us sleeping when we fly.
7:On the subject of avoiding jet lag the article________
A. suggests changing the time on your watch.
B. proposes gradually adjusting your body clock.
C. says there is nothing you can do.
D. makes no suggestions.
8: According to the author, which of the following reasons disrupt travelers’ sleep?
A. Travelers try to sleep between 3-5 p.m.


B. Travelers’ attention is reduced by 75 percent.
C. Travelers fly in the natural direction of their internal clock.
D. The traveler’s internal circadian clock has to adjust to patterns of light and activity.
9: It can be inferred from the passage that________
A. there are more travelers in westward flights than in eastward ones.
B. westward travelers become friendlier than eastward ones.
C. travelers have to spend more money flying westward than eastward.
D. travelers do not sleep as well in eastward flights as in westward ones.
10: The word “fatigue” is closest in meaning to________
A. exhaustion
B. obsession
C. frustration
D. sleeplessnes
4. Passage 4.
Read the passage and choose the best answers to the questions. (5 points)

THE NEW COUNTRY
The first real sign of the United States was a close-packed archipelago of buoys marking lobster pots and fishing
traps but this was just a prelude to the moment the throng on the deck had been waiting for. The exaggerated sense
of occasion that this moment was expected to inspire was heightened by the scowling splendour of the city
illuminated in the storm, the racing clouds bathing Liberty in a hideous light. The immigrants, shoving and
straining, must have felt that all the reports and letters home had understated the awful truth about New York. The
real thing was even taller and more intimidating than the tallest story. So you looked out, numbed by the gigantism
of the city, asking the immigrant’s single overriding question: is there really a place there for me?
In New York at last, the promised city, the immigrants found themselves in a cacophonic bazaar. So many things!
The streets were awash with commodities undreamed of back home – new foods, smart clothes, mechanical
novelties. Your own berth in New York might be no more than a patch of floor in a dumb-bell tenement on the
Lower East Side, yet no building was so squalid than its tenants were entirely excluded from the bounty of
American life. In the midst of rack-rent poverty, in conditions as impoverished as anything they had suffered in the
old country, the immigrants would be surrounded by symbols of extravagant wealth. There were ice cream parlours,
candy stores, beef-steaks and fat cigars. In New York ordinary people, wage-earners, dined out in restaurants; they
had Victrola machines on which they played ‘jass’ music and by the standards of Europe they were dressed like
royalty.
You had new names assigned to you at Ellis island by immigration officers too busy to bother with the
unpronounceable consonant clusters in your old one (Gold, because that’s what the streets were supposed to be
paved with, was a favourite stand-by). There were new clothes too. You might be able to call upon only a word or
two of English, but you could still parade as a suave, fashion-conscious New Yorker. Identity in Europe wasn’t a
matter of individual fancy. Even with the money for the raw materials, you couldn’t dress up as an aristocrat simply
because you liked the look of the noble’s style. If you were Jewish, you couldn’t pass yourself off as a gentile
without incurring a legal punishment. Every European was the product of a complicated equation involving the
factors of lineage, property, education, speech and religion. The terms were subtle and could be juggled: even the
most rigid class system has some play in it. But once your personal formula had been worked out by the ruling
mathematicians, the result was precise and not open to negotiation. For anyone brought up in such a system, New
York must have induced a dizzying sense of social weightlessness. Here identity was not fixed by society’s invisible
secret police. The equation had been simplified down to a single factor – dollars. The windows of department stores
were theatres. They showed American lives as yet unlived in, with vacant possession. When your nose was pressed

hard against the glass, it was almost yours, the other life that lay in wait for you with its silverware and brocade. So
you were a presser in a shirtwaist factory on Division Street, making a paltry $12.50 a week – so what? The owner
of the factory was your landsman, practically a cousin; he had the start on you by just a few years and already he
lived in a brownstone, uptown on 84th . Success in this city was tangible and proximate; it was all around you, and
even the poorest could smell it in the wind. The distance between slum and mansion was less than a mile; hard
work… a lucky break… and you could roam through Macy’s and Bloomingdale’s buying up the life you dreamed
of leading.
Alice’s apartment, which I would be sub-renting – courtesy of a brown envelope and the doorman’s blind eye, was
in a relatively quiet corner, yet even here one could feel New York trembling under one’s feet. In place of bird-song
there was the continuous angry warble of ambulances, patrols, fire-trucks. It was the sound of heart-attacks and


heart-break, of car crashes, hold-ups, hit-and-run, fight and pursuit. If you were going to learn to live here, you’d
have to tune out the sound of New York and set up house in the silent bubble of your own preoccupations. …
1. According to the writer, when New York came into view the immigrants felt _______
A. a sense of anticlimax.
B. disappointment at its ugliness.
C. overwhelmed by the sight of it.
D. the stories they’d heard had been exaggerated.
2. The word ‘prelude’ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. premiere
B. foreword
C. preamble
D. prologue
3. The word ‘intimidating” in paragraph 1 can be best replaced by _______.
A. prodigious
B. browbeating
C. deteriorating
D. devastating
4. What distinguished immigrants’ homes in America from the ones they had left was _______

A. that they were of a much higher standard.
B. that they could be rented more cheaply.
C. their spaciousness.
D. the neighbourhoods they were in.
5. The writer implies that immigrants received new names _______
A. as a matter of policy.
B. in a random fashion.
C. when they spoke no English.
D. because they wanted English-sounding names.
6. The writer implies that immigrants _______
A. were forced to deny who they were.
B. longed for the social certainties of Europe.
C. could free themselves of their past lives.
D. felt the need to hide the truth about their backgrounds.
7. The writer suggests that the dream of achieving wealth _______
A. conflicted with the realities of the workplace.
B. was soon abandoned once immigrants were settled.
C. was only possible by exploiting your fellow countrymen.
D. was fostered by the unique social circumstances of New York.
8. The word ‘suave’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. smooth
B. patronizing
C. awkward
D. spruce
9. The writersuggeststhat the arrangement for the flat was possible because _______
A. the owner was a friend.
B. he knew the doorman.
C. the landlord didn’t know.
D. they deceived the doorman.
10. According to the writer, people who live in New York _______

A. must feel constantly threatened.
B. survive by developing ways of ignoring what’s going on.
C. all become caught up in the rush of activity.
D. only cope by not allowing themselves time to think.
5. Passage 5.
Read the passage below and do the tasks that follow. (10 points)
PAINTERS OF TIME
‘The world’s fascination with the mystique of Australian Abon with the mystique of Australian Aboriginal art.’
Emmanuel de Roux
A. The works of Aboriginal artists are now much in demand throughout the world, and not just in Australia, where
they are already fully recognised: the National Museum of Australia, which opened in Canberra in 2001, designated
40% of its exhibition space to works by Aborigines. In Europe their art is being exhibited at a museum in Lyon,
France, while the future Quai Branly museum in Paris – which will be devoted to arts and civilisations of Africa,
Asia, Oceania and the Americas – plans to commission frescoes by artists from Australia.
B. Their artistic movement began about 30 years ago, but its roots go back to time immemorial. All the works refer
to the founding myth of the Aboriginal culture, ‘the Dreaming’. That internal geography, which is rendered with a
brush and colours, is also the expression of the Aborigines’ long quest to regain the land which was stolen from
them when Europeans arrived in the nineteenth century. ‘Painting is nothing without history,’ says one such artist,
Michael Nelson Tjakamarra.
C. There are now fewer than 400,000 Aborigines living in Australia. They have been swamped by the country’s
17.5 million immigrants. These original ‘natives’ have been living in Australia for 50,000 years, but they were
undoubtedly maltreated by the newcomers. Driven back to the most barren lands or crammed into slums on the
outskirts of cities, the Aborigines were subjected to a policy of ‘assimilation’, which involved kidnapping children
to make them better ‘integrated’ into European society, and herding the nomadic Aborigines by force into settled
communities.


D. It was in one such community, Papunya, near Alice Springs, in the central desert, that Aboriginal painting first
came into its own. In 1971, a white schoolteacher, Geoffrey Bardon, suggested to a group of Aborigines that they
should decorate the school walls with ritual motifs, so as to pass on to the younger generation the myths that were

starting to fade from their collective memory. He gave them brushes, colours and surfaces to paint on – cardboard
and canvases. He was astounded by the result. But their art did not come like a bolt from the blue: for thousands of
years Aborigines had been ‘painting’ on the ground using sands of different colours, and on rock faces. They had
also been decorating their bodies for ceremonial purposes. So there existed a formal vocabulary.
E. This had already been noted by Europeans. In the early twentieth century, Aboriginal communities brought
together by missionaries in northern Australia had been encouraged to reproduce on tree bark the motifs found on
rock faces. Artists turned out a steady stream of works, supported by the churches, which helped to sell them to the
public, and between 1950 and 1960 Aboriginal paintings began to reach overseas museums. Painting on bark
persisted in the north, whereas the communities in the central desert increasingly used acrylic paint, and elsewhere
in Western Australia women explored the possibilities of wax painting and dyeing processes, known as ‘batik’.
F. What Aborigines depict are always elements of the Dreaming, the collective history that each community is both
part of and guardian of. The Dreaming is the story of their origins, of their ‘Great Ancestors’, who passed on their
knowledge, their art and their skills (hunting, medicine, painting, music and dance) to man. ‘The Dreaming is not
synonymous with the moment when the world was created,’ says Stephane Jacob, one of the organisers of the Lyon
exhibition. ‘For Aborigines, that moment has never ceased to exist. It is perpetuated by the cycle of the seasons and
the religious ceremonies which the Aborigines organise. Indeed the aim of those ceremonies is also to ensure the
permanence of that golden age. The central function of Aboriginal painting, even in its contemporary
manifestations, is to guarantee the survival of this world. The Dreaming is both past, present and future.’
G. Each work is created individually, with a form peculiar to each artist, but it is created within and on behalf of a
community who must approve it. An artist cannot use a ‘dream’ that does not belong to his or her community, since
each community is the owner of its dreams, just as it is anchored to a territory marked out by its ancestors, so each
painting can be interpreted as a kind of spiritual road map for that community.
H. ‘By exporting their paintings as though they were surfaces of their territory, by accompanying them to the
temples of western art, the Aborigines have redrawn the map of their country, into whose depths they were exiled,’
says Yves Le Fur, of the Quai Branly museum. ‘Masterpieces have been created. Their undeniable power prompts a
dialogue that has proved all too rare in the history of contacts between the two cultures’.
The passage has nine paragraphs, A-H. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of
headings, i-viii, below.
List of Headings
i. Amazing results from a project

v. Mythology and history combined
ii. New religious ceremonies
vi.The increasing acclaim for Aboriginal art vii Belief
iii.Community art centres
on continuity
iv.Early painting techniques and marketing systems
viii Oppression of a minority people
1. Paragraph A__________
4. Paragraph D__________
2.Paragraph B__________
5. Paragraph E __________
3 Paragraph C__________
6. Paragraph F ___________
6. Passage 6.
Choose from the list A- I the most suitable heading for each part (1-8) of the article. (10 points)
A. They don’t live up to their expectations
F. A growing market
B. Simply not the same
G. Not a passive viewer
C. Heroes and villains
H. The power of effects
D. Hidden information
I. Using the same setting
E. How to attract video gamers
Films and Videogames
1—.In just a few decades the videogame industry has become a lot bigger than the film business. In terms of
turnover, what is rather grandly ‘interactive entertainment’ makes twice as much money as Hollywood cinema.
Which of course leaves people in the film business wondering if they can harvest any of this new income. Is there
any way of making films more appealing to people who play videogames?

2------. Making a film out of a best-selling videogame can certainly guarantee a large audience. The success lies in
the use of special effects. New videogames have stunning action sequences that rely on fantasy effects, and now
films are being released with similar scenes. Gravity is discarded as heroes leap across huge gaps, while slow
motion techniques show bullets moving through the rippling air.
3-------. A major segment of the videogame market comprises science fiction games and film makers have started t
realize that they could set films in similar sci-fi future worlds. But the difficulty for the procedures of Hollywood
appears to be knowing where and when to stop. Any attempt to borrow more than the setting from a videogame is
probably doomed.
4-------.. There are many examples of successful film videogame combinations. Rather than making a film using
characters and stories from a videogame, the trick seems to be to make a film that has a fast moving action
sequence and then bring out a videogame bases on that sequence. People who enjoyed the film will probably want
to buy the videogame. This clearly creates a new market opportunity for the videogame industry.
5-------.. Why do game players fell disappointed by films based on their favourite games? One reason is technical.
Videogames can show the action from a number of perspectives easily, because everything is computer generated.
But filming a sequence from twenty different cameras would cost a fortune, so it simply isn’t feeling that the film
didn’t look as real as the videogame.
6-------.. Cameras matter in another sense, too. In a film the director shows you the action from certain perspectives
but makes sure he doesn’t show you some things to keep you in suspense. Think of your favourite thriller. You
wouldn’t be interested in watching the film if you knew the identity of the murderer, for instance. In films you are
not supposed to have access to all the information. Suspense and mystery are essential elements of film making.
7-------.. This is not true for videogames. When you play a game, you have to do certain tasks to proceed to the next
level. Therefore, you must be able to see everything in order to make your choices, to decide what to do next: which
door to open, and son on. You must have access to all the information. You, as the player, are always in control. In
the cinema you never control the action. You just sit and watch.
8-------.. There can be some interaction between films and videogames on a number of different levels, but in the
end they fulfill different needs. We go to the cinema to let someone else tell us a story, knowing we can’t influence
what happens at all. For all the similarities between technologies and special effects, we shouldn’t forget that a story
and a game are fundamentally differen
7. Passage 7.

Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question.
No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word sequences and by
adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning. We can turn
a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other
word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language. All
languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun
system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and
I'. In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal and plays a
part in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who
created grammar?
At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created, someone
needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence. Many historical linguists are
able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how
complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch.
Amazingly, however, this is possible.
Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from a number of
different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no opportunity to learn each
other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from
the language of the landowner. They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener
to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom. [1] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to
make their meaning understood. [2] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language
is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. [3] Slave children did
not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive


language. [4] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by
children.
Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not simply a series
of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. Moreover, there are
many different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in

Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced
schools for the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they
began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each
child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school
later, when this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it
was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it
utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is more, all the children used the signs in the
same way. A new creole was born.
Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first. The English past
tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did'. Therefore, it
would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have
innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the
world around them. Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar
present for them to copy.
1. In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?
A. To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures
B. To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar
C. To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
D. To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language
2. What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?
A It contained complex grammar.
B. It was based on many different languages.
C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
D. It was created by the land-owners.
3. All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:
A The language has been created since 1979.
B The language is based on speech and lip reading.
C The language incorporates signs which children used at home. D The language was perfected by younger
children.
4. In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?

It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor
the language of the colonizers.
A.1
B. 2
C. 3.
D. 4
5. 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
A. from the very beginning B. in simple cultures C. by copying something else D. by using written information
6. 'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:
A complicated and expressiveB. simple and temporary C. extensive and diverse D. private and personal
7.Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence? Grammar is universal and plays a part in
every language, no matter how widespread it is.
A. All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar.
B. Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little.
C. Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little.
D. The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved.
8. All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT:
A. All children used the same gestures to show meaning.
B. The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language.
C. The hand movements were smoother and smaller.
D. New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities.
9. Which idea is presented in the final paragraph?
A. English was probably once a creole.
B. The English past tense system is inaccurate.


C. Linguists have proven that English was created by children.
D. Children say English past tenses differently from adults.
10. Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. natural

B. predictable
C. imaginable
D. uniform
8. Passage 8.
Read the article about the meaning of dreams. Choose the most suitable heading from the box (A-H) for each
part of the article (1-5). There are three headings which you do not need. Write your answers in the
numbered box.
A. FIRE
E. EXAMS
B. CASTLE
F. GETTING STUCK
C. DEATH
G. FLYING
D. MOUNTAINS
H. FALLING
THE MEANING OR DREAMS
We all have dreams and can often remember parts or images from them. Here is a guide to the meanings of the most
common images that appear in dreams.
1. ……….. This is one of the most common images, typically showing insecurity and anxiety. It may relate to a fear
that a career or a relationship is coming to an end. The fact that we are not hurt when we land represents a hope that
things won’t turn out too badly.
2. ……….. This common dream – which commonly involves using our own arm or leg power (rather than any kind
of engine) – seems to represent a wish to escape from the problems we are facing in everyday life. It may also
represent a wish to achieve greater power.
3. …………. This represents strength and power. If the dreamers are inside, they are protected by the thick walls. If
they are outside and looking at it, they may desire that safety. It is also sometimes the symbol of a woman.
4. ………….. This suggests that the dreamer has mixed feelings of love and hostility towards the person who dies,
particularly if that person is close. If dreamers see themselves die, this may represent a desire to escape from
pressure.
5. …………… Running forwards and not getting anywhere, or trying to walk through water or honey is a common

image in dreams. It symbolizes a conflict of feeling, particularly the desire to escape, yet at the same time, not to
escape.
9. Passage 9.
Read the following passage carefully then choose the best answer to each question (5p).
Archaeological records ― paintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of
hands ― indicate that humans have been predominantly right- handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient
Egyptian artwork, for example, the right-hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90 percent of the examples.
Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were right-handed.
Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one
hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands
with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Magnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that
the paintings were usually done by right-handers.
Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million
years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making:
implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from
those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker).
Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by
holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives
slip and leave scratches on the users` teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers)
are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers).
Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right
and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The
variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities.
Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or left-sided dominance is not exclusive to modern
Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo erectus and Homo habilis, seem to have been
predominantly right-handed, as we are.


Question 1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Human ancestors became predominantly right-handed when they began to use tools.

B. It is difficult to interpret the significance of anthropological evidence concerning tool use.
C. Humans and their ancestors have been predominantly right-handed for over a million years.
D. Human ancestors were more skilled at using both hands than modern humans.
Question 2. What does the author say about Cro-Magnon paintings of hands?
A. Some are not very old.
B. It is unusual to see such paintings.
C. Many were made by children.
D. The artists were mostly right-handed.
Question 3. The word “depicted” refers to……..
A. written
B. portrayed
C. referred
D. mentioned
Question 4. When compared with implements “flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation” it can be inferred that
“implements flaked with a clockwise motion” are……….
A. more common
B. larger
C. more sophisticated
D. older
Question 5. The word “cranial morphology” is closest in meaning to
A. the form of crane
B. the form of the body
C. the study of physical body D. the study of the
skull
Question 6. The fact that the Inuit cut meat by holding it between their teeth is significant because……
A. the relationship between handedness and scratches on fossil human teeth can be verified
B. it emphasizes the differences between contemporary humans and their ancestors
C. the scratch patterns produced by stone knives vary significantly from patterns produced by modern knives
D. it demonstrates that ancient humans were not skilled at using tools
Question 7. The word “hemispheres” is closest in meaning to………

A. differences
B. sides
C. activities
D. studies
Question 8. Why does the author mention Homo erectus and Habilis in line 24-25?
A. To contrast them with modern humans
B. To explain when human ancestors began to make tools
C. To show that early humans were also predominantly right-handed
D. To prove that the population of Neanderthals was very large
Question 9. All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT…
A. ancient artwork
B. asymmetrical skulls
C. studies of tool use
D. fossilized hand
bones
Question 10. Which of the following conclusion is suggested by the evidence from cranial morphology
A. Differences in the hemispheres of the brain probably came about relatively recently.
B. There may be a link between handedness and differences in the brain’s hemisphere.
C. Left-handedness was somewhat more common among Neanderthals.
D. Variation between the brain’s hemispheres was not evident in the skulls of Homo erectus and Homo habilis
10. Passage 10.
Read the passage and do the tasks below
A. People have been traveling by subway for well over a hundred years. The first subway systems began operating
in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. London’s subway system, known as “the underground” or
Tube opened in early 1863. In 1896, subway began running in both Budapest, Hungary and Glasgow? Scotland. the
Budapest subway ran from the center of the city to city Park and was just under four kilometers long. the city of
Paris, France began operating its subway system in 1990. its famous name Metro, is short for Chiming de far
Metropolitan or Metropolitan Railway. Many other cities have since adopted the name Metro for their own
subways.
B. The city of Boston, Massachusetts boasts the oldest subways system in the United States, beginning operation in

1897. it had only two stations when it first opened. the New York City subway, now one of the largest systems in
the world, began running in 1904. the original line was 14.5 kilometers long and ran from City Hall in downtown
Manhattan to 145th Street. The city of Philadelphia opened its first subway line 1907. the oldest subway in Latin
America began operations in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1913. it is called the subtle, short for subterranean or
underground.
C. the second half of the twentieth century saw new subway systems constructed in cities around the world. Many
Korean cities have modern subway systems, the largest one in the capital city of Seoul with 287 kilometers of track.


The first subway in Brazil opened in the city of Sao Paulo in 1974. since then subways have been built in a number
of other Brazilian cities, including Rio de Janeiro and the capital, Brasilia. Washington, DC began running the
Washington Metro in 1976. Hong Kong opened its subway in 1979. this system includes four lines that run under
Victoria Harbor. In 2000 a 17-mile long subway system was completed in Los Angeles, a city infamous for its
traffic problems and resulting smog construction of this system took fourteen years to complete.
D. With total of 468 stations and 656 mile of passenger service track, the New York city Subway is among the
largest subway systems in the world. If the tracks in train yards, shops, and storage areas are added in, the total
track length of the New York subway comes to 842 miles. Measured by number of riders, the Moscow Metro is the
world’s largest system, with 3.2 billion riders annually. Other cities with busy subways include Tokyo, with 2.6
billion riders a year, and Seoul and Mexico, both carrying 1.4 billion riders annually
E. in some cities, the subway stations are famous for their architecture and artwork. The stations of the Moscow
Metro are well known for their beautiful examples of socialist- realist art. The baker street station in London honors
the fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes, who supposedly lived on Baker Street. Decorative lies in the station’s
interior depict the character and a Sherlock Holmes statue sits outside one of the station exits. Each of the stations
of the new Los Angeles subway system contains murals, sculptures, or other examples of decorative artwork.
F. A new feature now often included in the construction of new subway stations is the Platform Screen Door (PSD).
The Singapore subway was the first to be built with the conclusion of PSDs. The original purpose was to reduce
high air-conditioning costs in underground stations. Since then, there has been more and more focus on the safety
aspects of this device, as it can prevent people from accidentally falling or being pushed onto the track. PSDs also
keep the station platforms quieter and cleaner and allow trains to enter stations at higher rates of speed. The subway
system in Hong Kong was the first to have PSDs added to an already existing system. They are becoming more

common in subway systems around the world. Tokyo, Seoul, Bangkok, London, and Copenhagen are just some of
the cities that have PSDs in at least some of their subway stations. PSDs are also often used with other forms of
transportation, such as monorails, light rail systems and airport transportation systems.
* Choose the correct heading for sections A-F from the list of headings below
1. Section A…………
4. Section D…………
2. Section B…………
5. Section E…………
3. Section C…………
6. Section F…………
List of headings
I. Newer subway systems
VI. Subway art
II. Early subway in the Americas
VII. Europe’s first Subways
III. Asian subway systems
VIII. the world’s largest subways
IV. A new device
IX. the Moscow Metro
V. the longest subway
12. Passage 12
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions (5ps)
Before the mid- nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking,
salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat like that of fresh milk, was very
limited; there was no way to prevent spoilage. But in 1810, a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the
cooking- and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850s an American named Gail Borden developed a means of
condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during the 1860s, but
supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping
and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and

bought at all times of the year.
Other trends and inventions had also helped made it possible for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban
populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad
refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for
longer periods. Thus, by the 1890s, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes,
and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use
of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented
in the 1870s, and by 1900 the nation had more than 2,000 commercial ice plants, most of which made home


deliveries. The icebox became the fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator
replaced it in the 1920s and 1930s.
Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in
starches and carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage
of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Causes of food spoilage
B. Commercial production of ice
C. Inventions that led to changes in the American diet
D. Population movements in the nineteenth century
2. The phrase ‘in season’ in paragraph 1 refersto ________.
A. a kind of weather B. a particular time of the year C. an official schedule
D. a method of flavoring food
3. The word ‘prevent’ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. estimate
B. avoid
C. correct
D. confine
4. During the 1860s, canned food products were ________.
A. unavailable in rural areas

B. shipped in refrigerator cars
C. available in limited quantities
D. a staple part of the American diet
5. It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use
A. before 1860
B. before 1890
C. after 1900
D. after 1920
6. The word ‘fixture’ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. luxury item
B. substance
C. commonplace object
D. mechanical device
7. The author implies that in the 1920s and 1930s home delivery of ice
A. decreased in number
B. were on an irregular schedule
C. increased in cost
D. occurred only in summer
8. The word ‘Nevertheless’ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. therefore
B. because
C. occasionally
D. however
9. Which of the following types of food preservation was NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Drying
B. Canning
C. Cold storage
D. Chemical additives
10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
A. Tin cans and ice boxes helped to make many foods more widely available

B. Commercial ice factories were developed by railroad owners.
C. Most farmers in the US raised only fruits and vegetables.
D. People who live in cities demanded home delivery of foods
13. Passage 13
Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate
letter in the space provided after questions 1-5 in your booklet. (10ps)
N.B: There are more headings than sections, so you will not use all of them.
List of Headings
A. Hands off the obesity
D. Supply and demand of fresh produce
B. More active people
E. Government worry about obesity
C. Reduced consumption
F. Class distinctions as to fatty food


Answers: Section 1…………..Section 2……….. Section 3………………. Section 4………….. Section
5……………….
Fat of the Land
Section 1
The government worries that it should do something to change the way people eat. But diets are already changing.
Given mankind’s need to fret, it is not surprising that the diseases of prosperity – stress, depression and,
increasingly, obesity – get a lot of play in Britain these days.
On March 3rd, John Reid, the health secretary, announced a three-month public consultation about the nation's
health: in the current mood, that is likely to focus on obesity. Last week, a report on public health commissioned by
the government cited obesity among its main worries; last month, Tony Blair's strategy unit floated the idea of a 'fat
tax' on foods that fuel obesity; and last year, the Food Standards Agency, the industry regulator, advocated a ban on
advertising junk food to children.
Section 2
Yet the government swiftly swatted away the idea of a fat tax, and Tessa Jowell, the culture secretary, has said that

she is skeptical about an advertising ban. Mr. Reid says the government wants to be neither a 'nanny state' nor a
'Pontius Pilate state which washes its hands off its citizens' health'.
Why this ambivalence? Not because of doubts that obesity is a serious problem. It increases the risk of diabetes,
heart disease and cancer. Rather, because it is not clear that the government can do much about it. There's no
evidence that making fatty foods more expensive would put people off them; and in Sweden, where advertising to
minors is already banned, children are as porky as they are in any comparable country.
Section 3
What's more, it is not obvious that the problem will worsen. Shoppers' behaviour suggests the opposite. It is not just
the flight from carbohydrates prompted by the Atkins diet; there is a broader shift going on. Britain, the world's
biggest chocolateeater, seems to be going off the stuff. In the four years to 2002, sales of chocolate in Britain fell
every year: 2% by volume and 7% by value over the period. Last month, the new boss of Nestle Rowntree, Chris
White, described it as 'a business in crisis'. (The company says his remarks were 'taken out of context' and denies
there is a crisis, but admits that sales of KitKat, its biggest brand, fell by 2% in 2003.)
Companies are edging away from fattening foods. Todd Stitzer, chief executive of Cadbury Schweppes, Britain's
biggest producer of fattening stuff, says that five years ago, chocolate made up 80% of sales. That's down to a half.
Five years ago 85% of drinks sales were sweet, fizzy stuff. That's down to 56%. The rest is mostly juice. Diet drinks
– which make up a third of the sales of fizzy drinks – are growing at 5% a year, while sales of the fattening stuff are
static.
Section 4
Supermarkets say that people are buying healthier food. According to Lucy Neville Rolfe, Tesco's director of
corporate affairs, its Healthy Living (lower calorie) range grew by 12% in 2003, twice the growth in overall sales.
Sales of fruit and vegetables are growing faster than overall sales, too. That may be partly because fresh produce y
is getting more various, more is available all year round and better supply boosts demand. Five years ago Tesco
stocked six orseven varieties of tomato. Now itstocks 15.
The spread of big supermarkets, which offer better produce than the mouldy stuff at the corner shop, may improve
diets. A study carried out by the University of Southampton on a big new supermarket in a poor part of Leeds
concluded that after it opened, two thirds of those with the worst diets ate more fruit and vegetables.
Cafes and restaurants report an increase in healthy eating, too. Pret A Manger, a sandwich chain, says that sales of
salads grew by 63% last year, compared with 6% overall sales growth. McDonald's, which introduced fruit salad a
year ago, has sold 10m portions since.

Section 5
But it isn't just eating too much fatty stuff that makes people fat. It's indolence, too. That may be changing. Gym
membership figures suggest that more Britons at least intend to get off their sofas. According to Mintel, a market
research company, there were 3.8m members of private gyms last year, up from 2.2m in 1998.
So why isn't all this virtue showing up in the figures? Maybe it is starting to. The average man got thinner in 2002,
the most recent available year, for the first time since body-mass-index records began; women's BMI was static.
One year, of course, does not make a trend, but a fall in Americans' weight last year, also for the first time, supports
the idea that something is changing in the rich world’s fattest countrie