Tài liệu Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude and Latitude docx

23
rd
IUFRO Conference. Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems. Abstracts
Air Pollution and Climate
Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude
23
rd
IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution
and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems
Murten, Switzerland
September 7–12, 2008
Abstracts
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research
iufro_proceedings_us.qxp:Layout 1 15.8.2008 10:26 Uhr Seite 1





Air Pollution and Climate
Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude

23
rd
IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution
and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems

Murten, Switzerland

September 7-12, 2008

Abstracts


Edited by
Marcus Schaub, Michèle Kaennel Dobbertin and Doris Steiner








Published by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL
CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland, 2008

Organizing Committee
Marcus Schaub
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Christian Hug
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Peter Bleuler
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Susanne Raschle
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Michèle Kaennel Dobbertin
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Doris Steiner
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland


Scientific Board
Rainer Matyssek
Technical University of Munich TUM, Freising, Germany

Marcus Schaub
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Gerhard Wieser
Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape BFW,
Innsbruck, Austria

Elena Paoletti
Institute of Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Florence, Italy


Recommended form of citation
Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate
Change at Contrasting Altitude and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air
Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems. Murten, Switzerland, 7-12
Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.

Electronic version available from
Library WSL
Zürcherstrasse 111
CH-8903 Birmensdorf
Url: />




© Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 2008


Foreword

The focus of the conference is on impacts and interactions of
air pollutants and climate change on the tree performance
across latitudinal and altitudinal ranges. In particular, the
regional specificities of tree and ecosystem responsiveness to
anthropogenic stressors such as elevated CO
2
and O
3
regimes,
enhanced nitrogen deposition and scenarios of climate change,
as represented through altered seasonal temperature and
moisture regimes will be emphasized. The overall aim of the
conference is the advancement in risk assessment: which are
the consequences for carbon sink strength in respect to the
post-Kyoto policies? How are strategies such as the critical
levels concept in risk assessment to be defined and evaluated

by exposure versus dose-related approaches of stress
diagnosis? How realistic are potentials towards process-based,
i.e. mechanistic concepts for risk assessment? In respect to the
above questions the state of the art will be highlighted.

We cordially invite you to this conference and would be
delighted to address the air pollution and climate change
effects on forests which will provide a broad, cause-effect
related basis for environmental policy making.

Marcus Schaub, WSL
Rainer Matyssek, TUM
Gerhard Wieser, BFW
Elena Paoletti, IPP-CNR

Contents
Opening keynote
0
Martin Beniston
Elements of climatic change and extremes relevant to forests
17
Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator
development
1
Rainer Matyssek, David Karnosky, Gerhard Wieser
Advances in understanding ozone risk in forest trees: key messages from Aspen
FACE and CASIROZ/SFB 607
18
Filippo Bussotti, Chiara Cascio, Reto J. Strasser, Marcus Schaub, Giacomo A. Gerosa
General features of ozone stress on woody plants, detected by the chlorophyll a
fluorescence transient (FT)
19
Mireille Cabané, Brigitte Pollet, Jean-Claude Pireaux, Nicolas Richet, Françoise Huber, Jacques
Banvoy, Patrick Perré, Pierre Dizengremel, Catherine Lapierre
Effects of ozone and elevated carbon dioxide on lignification in leaves and stems
20

Carlo Calfapietra, Silvano Fares, Francesco Loreto
Volatile organic compounds from vegetation and their interaction with ozone
21
Pierre Dizengremel, Yves Jolivet, Didier le Thiec, Marie-Paule Hasenfratz-Sauder, Matthieu
Bagard
Reducing power dependent on metabolic changes as an indicator of effective ozone
phytotoxicity
22
Matthias Dobbertin, Britta Eilmann, Peter Bleuler, Arnaud Giuggiola, Elisabeth Graf Pannatier,
Werner Landolt, Andreas Rigling
Response of mature Scots pines to drought stress: comparing various foliar and stem
wood indicators
23
Raphael Mainiero, Marian Kazda
Fine root dynamics of Fagus sylvatica and the influence of elevated ozone
concentrations
24
Rocío Alonso, Susana Elvira, Victoria Bermejo, Ignacio González-Fernández, Benjamín S.
Gimeno
Relating ozone effects on Mediterranean evegreen forests species with ozone uptake
fluxes: a review of experiments in Spain
25
Carlos Calderón Guerrero, Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg, Pierre Vollenweider
Visible and microscopic ozone symptoms in Quercus ilex
26
5
Izabella Franiel, Anna Błocka
Leaf fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula Roth as an indicator of environment
quality
27

Irina Neta Gostin
Histological, morphological and micromorphological changes in Abies alba leaves and
young stems under the influence of air pollutants
28
Jožica Gričar, Primož Oven, Tom Levanič
Effect of the warm and dry 2003 growing season on wood formation dynamics in
Norway spruce at two elevations in Slovenia
29
Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg, Rainer Steinbrecher, Matthias Dobbertin, Pierre Vollenweider,
Nicla Contran, Sandra Hermle, Elena Paoletti
Querco: Oak model ecosystems under climate change
30
Elina Häikiö, Vera Freiwald, Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto, Egbert Beuker, Toini Holopainen, Elina
Oksanen
Differences in autumn senescence and foliar phenolics in ozone sensitive and tolerant
hybrid aspen clones
31
Kaisa Hartikainen, Anne-Marja Nerg, Minna Kivimäenpää, Elina Oksanen, Toini Holopainen
Leaf structural characteristics and plant VOCs affecting defence responses against
elevated temperature and ozone on European aspen
32
Sun Mi Je, Su Young Woo, Soo Zin Rayng, Joo Han Sung
Photosynthetic properties and stomatal conductance traits of Platanus occidentalis
growing under two levels of air pollution along the streets of Seoul
33
Hojka Kraigher, Franc Batič, Primož Simončič
Bioindication of disturbances as reflected in belowground processes in forest
ecosystems
34
Ebe Merilo, Ingmar Tulva, Eve Eensalu, Olaf Räim, Carlo Calfapietra, Olevi Kull

The effect of elevated CO2 on leaf nitrogen partitioning between photosynthetic and
non-photosynthetic functions in poplar (EuroFACE) during and after CO2 fumigation
35
Suvi Nikula, Pertti Pulkkinen, Sirkku Manninen
Growth and frost hardiness of European and hybrid aspen as influenced by water and
nitrogen
36
Elena Paoletti, Angela J. Nunn, Nancy Grulke, Ursula Metzger, Rainer Matyssek
Ozone amplifies short-term water loss from mature trees by slowing down stomatal
dynamics
37
Martina Pollastrini, Rosanna Desotgiu, Chiara Cascio, Filippo Bussotti, Giacomo A. Gerosa,
Riccardo Marzuoli, Marcus Schaub, Kris Novak, Reto J. Strasser
Populus maximowiczii Henry x P. x berolinensis Dippel: a model tree to study ozone
stress
38
Soo-zin Ryang, Su-young Woo, Sun-mi Je, Seong-han Lee, Hyo-cheng Cheng, Kyeong-nam
Kim, Saeng-gul Baek, Eu-ddeum Lee, Myeong-ja Gwak, Rae-kyoung Han
Ozone effects on physiological, anatomical and morphological changes of several
urban tree species in Seoul
39
6
Ingmar Tulva, Olaf Räim, Eve Eensalu
In situ photosynthesis of three poplar species in EuroFACE
40
Pierre Vollenweider, Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Mark Fenn, Terry Menard, Madeleine S. Günthardt-
Goerg
Structural changes in Ponderosa pine needles exposed to high ozone concentrations
in the San Bernardino Mountains near Los Angeles, CA
41

Session 2: Atmospheric deposition, soils and nutrient
cycles
2
Christian Körner
Forest CO2 responses
42
Sabine Braun, Vera F. D. Thomas, Walter Flückiger
Does nitrogen deposition increase carbon sink strength of forests?
43
Michela Rogora, Aldo Marchetto
Response of a forested watershed in Italy to changing N deposition detected through
long-term studies on surface water ecosystems
44
Martine M. Savard, Christian Bégin, Anna Smirnoff, Joëlle Marion
Tree-ring isotopic perspective on NOx and climate effects in regular field settings
45
Herman Sievering, Werner Eugster, Hugo Balster, Patrick Schleppi, Peter Waldner, Anne
Thimonier, Nina Buchmann
Photosynthetic efficiency vs. canopy N uptake at a high-N-loading Swiss forest and at
a highly variable-N-loading Rocky Mountain subalpine forest
46
Anne Thimonier, Elisabeth Graf Pannatier, Maria Schmitt, Peter Waldner, Matthias Dobbertin,
Lorenz Walthert, Norbert Kräuchi, Patrick Schleppi
Exceedance of critical loads for nitrogen, nutrient status and forest condition on
Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) plots
47
Antti-Jussi Lindroos, John Derome, Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari
Seasonal variation in DOC leaching from the tree canopy and uppermost forest soil
layers along a latitudinal gradient in Finland
48

Yusuf Serengil, Süleyman Özhan
Nutrient and hydrological cycles in forest ecosystems: results of a long-term hydro-
ecological study
49
Adina Călugăr
Effect of fluorine and heavy metals pollution on gamasid mite communities (Acari:
Gamasina) in forest ecosystems in Romania
50
Dongsu Choi, Yoko Watanabe, Tokihisa Agari, Kaichiro Sasa, Hiroto Toda, Takayoshi Koike
The photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen allocation of black locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia L.) grown in FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) system
51
Elisabeth Graf Pannatier, Peter Blaser, Lorenz Walthert
Importance of bedrock composition for BC/Al ratios in the root zone and
consequences for critical loads of acidity
52
7
Rosa Inclán, Daniel De La Torre, Dolores M. Sánchez, Ana Maria Fernandez, Ángeles Clavero,
Maria del Mar Gonzalez, Ana Cardeña, Ramón Morante, Carla Uribe
Soil-surface CO2 efflux after a fire in a Holm oak, a Scots pine and a Pyrenean oak
forest in Central Spain
53
Ahmet Karakaş, Mustafa Zengin, Mehmet Sarıgül, Faruk Ş. Özay, Kazım Uluer
Assessment of forest damages caused by air pollution (SO2) in the western Black
Sea and Marmara region
54
Václav Lochman, Vít Šrámek, Věra Fadrhonsová, Zora Lachmanová
Long-term acid deposition in the Ore Mountains and its influence on the chemistry of
forest soil
55

Johan Neirynck, Ivan A Janssens, Peter Roskams, Reinhart Ceulemans
Nitrogen biogeochemistry of a mature Scots pine forest subjected to high nitrogen
loads
56
Dolores M. Sánchez, Rosa Inclán, Maria Ángeles Clavero, Manuel Fernandez, Ana Cardeña,
Ramón Morante, Carla Uribe
Throughfall and open-field bulk precipitation chemistry in a Quercus ilex, a Quercus
pyrenaica and a Pinus sylvestris forest in the surrounding area of Madrid, Spain
57
Stefan Smidt, Friedl Herman
Altitude-related impact of air pollutants on Austrian forest ecosystems
58
Tomasz Staszewski, Piotr Kubiesa, Włodzimierz Łukasik, Jerzy Szdzuj
Response of spruce stands of national parks in southern Poland to air pollution
deposition during the period of 1998–2005
59
Vera F. D. Thomas, Sabine Braun, Walter Flückiger
The influence of N fertilization on N and P resorption efficiency and proficieny in
young beech trees
60
Session 3: Joint session on concept and application of
critical loads for forests
3
Martin Lorenz
Critical loads assessments for acidity and nitrogen by ICP Forests
61
Steven McNulty, Erika Cohen, Harbin Li, Jennifer Moore Myers, Timothy Sullivan
Estimates of critical acid loads and exceedances for forest soils across the
conterminous United States
62

Andrzej Bytnerowicz
Need for more integrated collaboration between Europe and North America in
developing and implementing critical loads methodologies
63
Mark Fenn, Edith Allen, Stu Weiss, Fengming Yuan, Thomas Meixner, Benjamin Sanchez
Gimeno
Nitrogen critical loads and management alternatives for N-impacted ecosystems in
California
64
8
Benjamin S. Gimeno, Fengming Yuan, Mark Fenn, Thomas Meixner
Unique characteristics of Mediterranean ecosystems in relation to the determination
of N critical loads
65
Rock Ouimet, Paul A. Arp, Julian Aherne, Shaun Watmough
The critical loads approach: providing the basis for sustainable forest land
management and policies in Canada
66
Lars Lundin
Effects of S, N and HM deposition on natural forest ecosystems
67
Till Spranger
Critical loads of nitrogen: definition and application in European air pollution policy
68
Sarah Jovan, Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Mark Fenn
Effects of elevated nitrogen deposition on lichen communities of mixed conifer forests
in south-eastern Sierra Nevada, California
69
Henning Meesenburg
Critical loads of acidity and nitrogen - application to intensive monitoring plots in

Germany
70
Tatiana Pampura, Eugenia Blagodatskaya, Steven Lofts
Application of heavy metal critical loads concept for forests: verification of critical
limit functions
71
Zuzana Sitková, Tomáö Hlásny, Pavel Pavlenda, Vladimír Kunca
Climate change impacts on the exceedance of critical loads in forest ecosystems in
the northern Slovakia
72
Session 4: Integrated effects of multiple stressors
4
Nancy E. Grulke
Plasticity in ecophysiological traits of western U.S. conifers along elevational and
latitudinal gradients: implications for response to environmental uncertainty
73
Andreas Gruber, Gerhard Wieser, D. Baumgartner, J. Zimmermann, Walter Oberhuber
Growth dynamics and stem respiration in Pinus cembra (L.)
74
Leszek Karliński, Barbara Kieliszewska-Rokicka
Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Norway spruce and soil microbial communities in
forest sites with different environmental conditions
75
E. Henry Lee, David T. Tingey, Ronald S. Waschmann, Donald L. Phillips, David M. Olszyk,
Mark G. Johnson, William E. Hogsett
Seasonal and long-term effects of CO2 and O3 and their interaction with climate and
soil moisture on water loss in Ponderosa pine
76
Johanna Riikonen, Maarit Mäenpää, Elina Oksanen
Antioxidant capacity, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in Betula pendula

saplings grown under elevated temperature and O3
77
9
Rolf Siegwolf, Maria Rossella Guerrieri,, Matthias Saurer, Maya Jäggi, Paolo Cherubini,
Francesco Ripullone, Marco Borghetti
Different stressors in combination change the initial response of trees to air
pollutants: NO2 and drought effect on tree growth and stable C and O isotopes
78
Pierre Vollenweider, Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg
Structural changes triggered by zinc and ozone in plant foliage: comparison of
uptake routes, tissue and cell reactions of two abiotic stress elicitors
79
Ligia Acatrinei, Constantin Ciornei
Physiological aspects in leaves of Quercus petraea under chemical pollution in
Northeastern Romania
80
Masatoshi Aoki, Shino Mizuno, Takahiro Kurohata, Shiro Hatakeyama , Katsutoshi Horie,
Toshiko Fukunaga
Single and combined effects of atmospheric concentration levels of ozone and
peroxides on stomata response
81
Masatoshi Aoki, Merina Azad Shahin, Yun Fan, Takahiro Kurohata, Takeshi Yokoyama, Osamu
Ninagi, Shiro Hatakeyama, Katsutoshi Horie
Single and combined effects of atmospheric concentration levels of ozone and
peroxides on the growth and survival of silkworm
82
Carlos Calderón Guerrero, Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg, Pierre Vollenweider
Urban trees and air pollution: Quantitative and qualitative results from Madrid
83
Carlos Correia, Jorge Ferreira Cardoso, Cármen Moreira, Berta Gonçalves, Eunice Bacelar,

Helena Ferreira, José Moutinho Pereira
Elevated CO2 and drought affect primary and secondary metabolism of pedunculate
oak
84
Marisa Domingos, Patricia Bulbovas, Regina M. de Moraes, Edenise S. Alves, Bárbara B. Moura,
Mirian C.S. Rinaldi, Silvia R. Machado
Suitability of Caesalpinia echinata L. (brazilwood) as ornamental tree in an urban
environment: an integrated approach
85
Andreas Gruber, Walter Oberhuber, Lisa Walder, Daniela Spieler, Gerhard Wieser
Thermal acclimation of Pinus cembra gas exchange to microclimatic conditions along
an altitudinal transect at the timberline
86
Nancy E. Grulke, Elena Paoletti, Thorsten E. Grams, Angela J. Nunn, Karl-Heinz Häberle,
Rainer Matyssek
Stomatal responses of European beech to short-term chronic to acute O3
concentrations
87
Satoshi Kitaoka, Yoko Watanabe, Takayoshi Koike
Effects of nitrogen deposition and clear cutting of overstory larches on gas exchange
in four deciduous tree species growing in larch plantations
88
Tomasz Leski, Maria Rudawska
Influence of contrasting pollution on above- and below-ground ectomycorrhizal
community structure in a Scots pine stand in Poland
89
10
Elina Oksanen, Matti Rousi, Sari Kontunen-Soppela, Maarit Mäenpää, Kaisa Hartikainen, Anne
Kasurinen, Anne-Marja Manninen, Timo Oksanen, Johanna Riikonen, Toini Holopainen
Integrated effects of elevated ozone and temperature in aspen (Populus tremula) and

birch (Betula pendula)
90
Ivan Seletković, Nenad Potočić, Damir Ugarković, Anamarija Jazbec, Renata Pernar, Ante
Seletković
The influence of climate and relief properties on crown condition status of Fagus
sylvatica: a case study in Medvednica massif, Croatia
91
Anu Sõber, Priit Kupper, Jaak Sõber, Arne Sellin, Krista Lõhmus, Olevi Kull
Free air experiment in deciduous tree canopy with air humidity manipulation (FAHM)
92
Gerhard Wieser, Walter Oberhuber, Andreas Gruber, Michael Bahn
High-elevation forests in a changing environment
93
Vitali Zverev
Impact of pollution and annual climatic fluctuations on growth of mountain birch
94
Elena Zvereva, Mikhail V. Kozlov
Biotic effects of pollution in relation to climate: results of meta-analyses
95
Session 5: Genetic aspects
5
Gail Taylor
Tree genes, air pollution and climate change
96
Maren Olbrich, Elke Gerstner, Günther Bahnweg, Werner Heller, Frank Fleischmann, Wolfgang
Oßwald, Wilma Ritter, Thorsten E. Grams, Maren Schmalmack, Wolfgang zu Castell, Karin
Pritsch, Barbro J. Winkler, Dieter Ernst
Effects of abiotic and biotic stress on gene transcription in European beech (Fagus
sylvatica L.): from saplings to mature trees
97

Maria Rudawska, Leszek Karliński, Barbara Kieliszewska-Rokicka, Tomasz Leski
Effect of industrial pollution and host genotype on fine root production and
mycorrhizal colonization of poplar trees
98
Tarja Silfver, Matti Rousi, Heikki Roininen, Elina Oksanen
Large genetic variation enables birch populations to adapt to climate change
99
Rainer Steinbrecher, Nicla Contran, Sandra Hermle, Madeleine Günthardt-Goerg, Jörg-Peter
Schnitzler, Ina Zimmer
Isoprene and photosynthesis: inter- and intra-specific variability in European oak
provenances
100
Nadine Grisel, Lucien Bovet, Ivano Brunner, Marzanna Künzli, Jean-Pierre Métraux, Stefan
Zoller, Christoph Sperisen
Changes in gene expression in aspen roots during aluminium stress and the potential
for developing biomarkers
101
Gerhard Müller-Starck, Thomas Seifert
Vegetative vs. generative growth under field stress from a genetic point of view
102
11
Maren Olbrich, Gunter A. Betz, Evi Bieber, Elke Gerstner, Claudia Knappe, Susanne Stich,
Günther Bahnweg, Werner Heller, Dieter Ernst
Molecular regulation of primary and secondary metabolism in European beech upon
increased ozone
103
Maren Olbrich, Claudia Knappe, Marion Wenig, Elke Gerstner, Karl-Heinz Häberle, K.
Mitsutoshi, Rainer Matyssek, Susanne Stich, Herbert Werner, Gerhard Müller-Starck, Dieter
Ernst, Werner Heller, Günther Bahnweg
Ozone fumigation (twice ambient) reduces infestation by the endophytic fungus

Apiognomonia errabunda in leaves of adult European beech trees
104
Cristina Vettori, Matthias Fladung, Maren Olbrich, Dieter Ernst, Markussen T., Manfred
Forstreuter, Maik Veste, D. Paffetti, G. Emiliani, Giorgio Citterio, Raffaello Giannini
Gene expression and ecophysiological analyses of different Fagus sylvatica genotypes
under high levels of CO2
105
Session 6: Detection, monitoring and evaluation
6
Werner Eugster
CO2 flux measurements near the alpine treeline at Davos: the need for long-term
research
106
Marco Ferretti, Filippo Bussotti, Marco Calderisi, Gianfranco Fabbio, Bruno Petriccione
Evidence of change in climate, pollution and vegetation in selected forest ecosystems
in Italy over the period 1995-2005
107
Giacomo A. Gerosa, Angelo Finco, Riccardo Marzuoli, Antonio Ballarin Denti
Ozone, water, carbon dioxide and energy fluxes over a Mediterranean macchia in
Italy
108
Mikhail V. Kozlov, Elena Zvereva, Vitali Zverev
Impact of point polluters on terrestrial biota: Comparative analysis
109
Angela J. Nunn, Stan Cieslik, Nancy E. Grulke, Elena Paoletti, Ursula Metzger, Rainer Matyssek
Comparison of ozone fluxes as determined above-canopy, at the canopy and the leaf
level in a mixed beech/spruce stand
110
Remigijus Ozolinčius, Vidas Stakėnas, Rasa Buožytė, Brigita Serafinavičiūtė
Effects of artificial drought on the ground vegetation, crown condition and litterfall in

Scots pine stands: results of a roof experiment
111
Vidas Stakėnas, Remigijus Ozolinčius, Brigita Serafinavičiūtė, Rasa Buožytė
Effects of artificial drought on Scots pine pollen germination, fructification and seed
quality: results of a roof experiment in Lithuania
112
Christian Aden, Lukas Kleppin, Gunther Schmidt, Winfried Schröder
A reference data system for forest condition in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
113
Algirdas Augustaitis, Ingrida Augustaitienė, Gintaras Pivoras, Dalia Šopauskienė, Ieva
Baužienė
Regional specificities of direct and indirect effect of air pollution on forest ecosystem
114
12
Algirdas Augustaitis, Ingrida Augustaitienė, Almantas Kliucius, Gintaras Pivoras, Dalia
Šopauskienė, Rasele Girgzdiene
Seasonal effect of regional pollution on Scots pine condition under changing climate
conditions
115
Saeng Geul Baek, Su Young Woo, Wilfredo M. Carandang, Kyeong-nam Kim
Physiological and morphological differences of several tree species in degraded urban
areas, with focus on Manila in the Philippines
116
Vicent Calatayud, Júlia Cerveró, María-José Sanz, Marcus Schaub
Visible injury in two poplar clones along an ozone transect
117
Ľubica Ditmarová, Katarína Střelcová, Jaroslav Kmeť, Rastislav Jakuš, Marek Fabrika
Eco-physiological aspects of spruce forest decline in northern Slovakia
118
Angelo Finco, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Riccardo Marzuoli, Filippo Bussotti, Antonio Ballarin Denti

Seasonal variations of ozone exposure and fluxes in a coastal Holm oak forest
119
Stefan Godzik, Piotr Kubiesa, Włodzimierz Łukasik, Jerzy Szdzuj, Tomasz Staszewski
Response of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings to different pollution and climatic
conditions in a field experiment
120
Laura González, David Elustondo, Esther Lasheras, Raúl Bermejo, Jesús Miguel Santamaría
Moss biomonitoring of heavy metals and nitrogen in a Pyrenean forest ecosystem
121
Marcel Holy, Sébastien Leblond, Roland Pesch, Winfried Schröder
Spatiotemporal patterns of metal and nitrogen accumulation in French mosses
122
Lukas Kleppin, Roland Pesch, Winfried Schröder
Implementation of the WebGIS MossMet for the UNECE Moss Monitoring
123
Eugenija Kupcinskiene, Satu Huttunen
Factors influencing ammonia pollution effects on Scots pine stands
124
Eugenija Kupcinskiene, Alfredas Radzevicius, Ricardas Taraskevicius, Vitas Marozas, Aida
Stikliene, Asta Judzentiene, Sabina Mikulioniene, Almantas Kliucius, Edmundas Bartkevičius,
Dalia Jasineviciene, Isabelle Schwob, Jacques Rabier, Rimante Zinkute
Present cement dust pollution still effects Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
125
Niina M. Lappalainen, Satu Huttunen, Kaisa Lakkala, Hanne Suokanerva
Acclimation of an endohydric moss Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. to light and
ultraviolet radiation
126
Leona Matoušková, Iva Hůnová
Surface ozone concentrations and visible leaf injury of selected species in the
Jizerske hory Mts, the Czech Republic

127
Angela J. Nunn, Ursula Metzger, Philip Wipfler, Christian Heerdt, Karl-Heinz Häberele, Rainer
Matyssek
Calculating O3 uptake via sap flow measurement: comparison of branch and trunk
level data
128
Heikki Nuorteva
Impacts of defoliation caused consequences to the interpretative value of foliar
analysis of trees
129
13
Nenad Potočić, Ivan Seletković, Matjaž Čater, Anamarija Jazbec, Mario Šango
Ecophysiological response of beech seedlings grown under excessive sun conditions
and different fertilization treatments
130
Aldo Marchetto, Michela Rogora, Rosario Mosello, Ombretta Tornimbeni, Silvia Arisci, Maria
Cristina Brizzio
10-years monitoring of atmospheric deposition chemistry at the ICP Forests plots in
Italy: present status and long-term trends
131
Judit Sitkey
Ecophysiological investigations on ICP Forests Level II plots in Hungary
132
Vít Šrámek, Radek Novotný, Emílie Bednářová
Forest vitality, forest growth and indicators of ozone injury in regions with different
loads of air pollution
133
Peter Waldner, Gaëlle Logeay, Andreas Papritz, Norbert Kräuchi, Werner Landolt, Isabella
Sedivy, Patrick Schleppi
Heavy metals accumulation in spruce needles indicating fine particulate matter

pollution along traffic routes through the Swiss Alps
134
Session 7: Risk assessment and modeling
7
Peter E. Thornton, Scott C. Doney, Keith Lindsay, J. Keith Moore, Natalie Mahowald, James T.
Randerson, Inez Fung, Jean-François Lamarque, Johannes J. Feddema, Yen-Huei Lee
Fundamental influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on climate-carbon cycle
feedbacks
135
Aleksander Astel, Stanisław Małek
Multiple modeling in water chemistry flows assessment in a mountain spruce
catchment
136
Marek Fabrika, Katarína Střelcová, Ľubica Ditmarová
Tree growth simulator as a tool for tree transpiration modeling depending on climatic
parameters
137
Johan Uddling, Ronald M. Teclaw, Kurt S. Pregitzer, Davis S. Ellsworth
Stomatal ozone uptake of forest trees under rising atmospheric [CO2] and
tropospheric [O3]
138
Colin Whitfield, Shaun Watmough, Julian Aherne, Marjorie McDonald
Assessing the risk of acidification from industrial activities in the Athabasca Oil Sands
Region of Alberta
139
Salim Belyazid, Harald Sverdrup, Sabine Braun, Dani Kurz
Forest ecosystem responses to nitrogen loads under a changing climate: results from
integrated dynamic modelling of forest ecosystems in Switzerland and Sweden
140
Alessandra De Marco, Ilaria D’Elia, Mariantonia Bencardino, Augusto Screpanti, Giovanni

Vialetto
Efficacy of different CO2 reduction policies and their impacts on ozone and its
precursor emissions in forests
141
14
Alessandra De Marco, Ilaria D’Elia, Mariantonia Bencardino, Augusto Screpanti, Giovanni
Vialetto
Risk assessment for ozone and nitrogen impacts on forestall vegetation
142
Giacomo A. Gerosa, Angelo Finco, Riccardo Marzuoli, Antonio Ballarin Denti
Instantaneous reduction of carbon sequestration due to ozone uptake in a poplar
plantation in Italy
143
Elena Gottardini, Fabiana Cristofolini, Antonella Cristofori, Marco Ferretti
Local scale variability of ozone concentration, exposure and impact on vegetation in a
subalpine environment in Northern Italy
144
Iva Hunova
How to map surface ozone levels for vegetation risk assessment? A case study from
the Jizerske hory Mts., Czech Republic
145
Hubert Jochheim, Martina Puhlmann, Fritz Beese, Dirk Berthold, Peter Einert, Reinhard
Kallweit, Alexander Konopatzky, Henning Meesenburg, Karl-Josef Meiwes, Stephan Raspe,
Hubert Schulte-Bisping, Christoph Schulz
Modeling the carbon budget of selected German forest intensive monitoring test sites
using the simulation model BIOME-BGC
146
Riccardo Marzuoli, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Rosanna Desotgiu, Filippo Bussotti, Antonio Ballarin
Denti
Effectiveness of the stomatal flux approach in predicting the onset of foliar visible

injuries in young forest trees
147
Markus Meili, Ishi Buffam, Peder Blomkvist, Hjalmar Laudon, Kevin Bishop
Climatic influences on the coupling of water fluxes, organic carbon fluxes and
mercury fluxes from boreal forest soils
148
Roland Pesch, Gunther Schmidt, Winfried Schröder
Mapping the carbon sequestration in forests of North Rhine-Westphalia - applying
regression kriging
149
Gerhard Soja, Werner Hann, Stephan Pietsch
Medium-term trends in meteorological conditions, ozone exposure and ozone uptake
of oak trees in eastern Austria: a trend analysis 1990–2007
150
Makoto Watanabe, Naoki Matsuo, Masahiro Yamaguchi, Hideyuki Matsumura, Yoshihisa Kohno,
Takeshi Izuta
Risk assessment of ozone for carbon absorption of representative Japanese conifers
151
Author index
153
Keyword index
157
15
16
Martin Beniston
While changes in the long-term mean state of climate will have many important consequences
on numerous environmental, social, and economic sectors, the most significant impacts of
climatic change are likely to arise from shifts in the intensity and frequency of extreme weather
events. Indeed, insurance costs resulting from extreme weather events have been steadily
increasing over the last two decades, in response to both population pressures in regions that

are at risk, but also because of the frequency and severity of certain forms of extremes are
changing. Regions which have been safe from catastrophic wind storms, heat waves, and
floods are increasingly becoming more vulnerable to these events. The associated damage
costs would consequently be extremely high.
Some attention will be given to the impacts that changes in mean climate and also extreme
events may have on forests, and the feedbacks of forest structures on climate, both in the
tropical countries and the mid-latitude zones. It will be seen that many of the processes
involved are a complex mix of social, environmental and technological factors. A holistic view is
thus necessary to address climate/forest issues and in order to respond to the needs of the
“end-user community” (i.e., policy makers and the general public) with a view of finding
adequate, sustainable solutions to these problems.
Chair for Climate Research, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Elements of climatic change and extremes relevant to forests
In: Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems.
Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.
Opening keynote
Corresponding author: Martin Beniston ()
17
Rainer Matyssek (1), David Karnosky (2), Gerhard Wieser (3)
Contrasting with the 1980s, when the anthropogenic enhancement of tropospheric ozone (O3)
was controversially debated as a factor driving local forest decline phenomena, this agent has
gained global importance, given the well-proven long-distance transport across continents and
predicted new "hot spots" of O3 emission in many parts of the world. Although immediate O3
risk of dying trees and forests is presently regarded to be unlikely, consensus exists about the
high injurious potential of enhanced O3 regimes and their chronic risks that, can result from
interaction with other factors such as elevated CO2, parasites, drought). In view of "climate
change" scenarios, O3-induced long-term mitigation of the carbon sink strength of tree
vegetation has become a new concern, also with respect to post-Kyoto policies. Hence, reliable
cause-effect based O3 risk assessment of trees and forests has become more important than

ever. Still, knowledge about O3 effects on trees is dominated by the outcome of experimental
studies with juvenile individuals under growth conditions of limited ecological significance.
Available information of this kind mostly shows distinct O3 sensitivity, although evidence is
inconsistent across tree species and genotypes as well as successional status (pioneer vs.
climax) or growth habit (evergreenness vs. deciduousness). New perspectives towards
ecologically meaningful clarification have been opened, through advances in free-air fumigation
methodology, allowing controlled experimentation with enhanced O3 regimes, also in
combination with elevated CO2, on mature trees in plantations and forests. Two prominent
studies of this latter kind were Aspen FACE (Rhinelander, USA) and CASIROZ/SFB 607
(Freising, Germany), key findings of which will be cross-compared and examined for
consistencies.
Tendencies emerge of ameliorating effects of elevated CO2 on O3 impact, or inversely, of the
potential of O3 in mitigating C sink strength under high CO2 supply. Evidently, tree
responsiveness is largely biased through the kind of competition and interactions with parasites
and drought. Pioneer tree species appear to be more sensitive to O3 than climax species,
becoming evident within Aspen FACE (Populus tremuloides/Betula papyrifera vs. Acer
saccharum) compared to CASIROZ/SFB 607 (Fagus sylvatica vs. Picea abies). Comparisons will
be extended towards experimental findings on O3 responsiveness from the harsh timberline
ecotone of the European Alps, exemplifying Larix decidua (deciduous pioneer) vs. Pinus
cembra (evergreen climax species). In demonstrating such comparisons, the need for basing
O3 risk assessment on mechanistic grounds will become evident, the latter being defined
through the biophysics of O3 uptake (i.e., actual O3 dose) and the metabolic sensitivity
expressed on an O3 uptake basis (i.e., effective dose). Novel experimental concepts for
achieving this task will be addressed, enabling for tree-stand process scaling and new modeling
tools for O3 risk assessment. On the grounds of methodological advances and recent evidence
gained, a research concept will be outlined that should succeed Aspen FACE and CASIROZ/SFB
607 to complete the elaboration of mechanistically founded O3 risk assessment tools for forest
trees and stands in view of the demanding requirements of "climate change" scenarios.
(1) Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
(2) School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton,

MI, USA
(3) Dept. Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, Innsbruck,
Austria
Advances in understanding ozone risk in forest trees: key messages from
Aspen FACE and CASIROZ/SFB 607
In: Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems.
Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.
Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development
Corresponding author: Rainer Matyssek ()
18
Filippo Bussotti (1), Chiara Cascio (1), Reto J. Strasser (2), Marcus Schaub (3), Giacomo A.
Gerosa (4)
This paper re-analyzes fluorescence data from open-top chamber (OTC) experiments, already
published by different research groups, in order to individuate some general features of ozone
stress on woody plants.
The experiments were carried out by Swiss and Italian research groups at the experimental
research facilities of the Lattecaldo cantonal forest nursery (Switzerland, managed by the
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf) and the Curno regional forest nursery
(Italy, managed by FLA, Milan and Catholic University at Brescia). The experimental settings
were similar and consisted of four charcoal filtered (CF) and four non-filtered air chambers (NF,
where O3 concentrations are about 92% in respect to ambient air). The woody species
assessed were: Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus avium, Viburnum lantana, Fagus sylvatica, Populus
nigra and Quercus robur. Ozone levels (AOT40 April-September) were close to 25 ppm·h at
both sites, for all the considered years.
Chl a fluorescence transients of intact leaves were measured by means of direct fluorescence
at different times during the seasons. On a logarithmic time scale, the rising transient from F
0

(when all the reaction centres of the PSII are open, i.e. when the primary acceptor quinone Q

A
is fully oxidised) to F
P
(where F
P
= F
M
under saturating excitation light) had a polyphasic
behavior. The analysis of the transient is called the JIP-test.
Ambient ozone concentrations lead to the closure of reaction centres (RC), which function as
dissipater centers. All the parameters connected to dissipation were also increased. The
quantum yield efficiency (F
V
/F
M
) demonstrated only little sensitivity. The response was not
proportional to ozone exposition and/or fluxes. During the first part of the season, leaves were
very resilient and photosynthesis could be transiently stimulated by ozone. Only towards the
end of the growing season, efficiency and performance parameters showed a sudden drop. For
species with terminated growth during the first part of the season, ozone has little effect on
carbon fixation and storage. Growth was significantly reduced in species with a continuous
growth pattern. The comparison of the shape of FT normalized per F
0
and F
M
and per F
0
and F
J
shows evident peaks at the steps K, J and I. Each peak corresponds to specific biochemical

events. K indicates the reduced efficiency in the water splitting system. J indicates a Q
A

accumulation in the single turnover region. I-peak seems to be more specifically connected to
ozone stress due to the inactivation of Rubisco.
(1) University of Florence, Dept. of Plant Biology, Firenze, Italy
(2) University of Geneva, Bioenergetics Laboratory, Jussy-Geneva, Switzerland
(3) Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
(4) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy
General features of ozone stress on woody plants, detected by the
chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (FT)
In: Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems.
Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.
Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development
Corresponding author: Filippo Bussotti ()
19
Mireille Cabané (1), Brigitte Pollet (2), Jean-Claude Pireaux (1), Nicolas Richet (1), Françoise
Huber (3), Jacques Banvoy (1), Patrick Perré (3), Pierre Dizengremel (1), Catherine Lapierre
(2)
The industrial development has led to an increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon
dioxide but also resulted in an increase of tropospheric ozone concentrations. Ozone has been
suggested to cause the greatest amount of damage to vegetation as compared to other
gaseous pollutants. Plants submitted to various biotic or abiotic stresses respond with a
stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway, especially in the case of oxidative stress induced
by wounding and pathogen attack. This activation was associated to an increase in lignin
synthesis near the site of infection (or wounding), which supports a role of lignin in disease
resistance in leaves.
In a similar way, we showed that ozone induced an increase of the phenylpropanoid pathway
suggesting a possible role of lignin in ozone resistance. Various plant species were cultivated in

phytotronic chambers with different levels of ozone. In all cases, we showed a coordinated
increase of several enzymes involved in phenolic synthesis and particularly in lignin synthesis
in response to ozone treatment in leaves. The stimulation of enzyme activities was generally
associated with a higher Klason lignin content in extract-free leaves. In addition, stress lignins
synthesized in response to ozone displayed a distinct structure, relative to constitutive lignins.
The highest changes in lignification and in enzyme activities were obtained with the highest
ozone dose. All these results suggested a possible role of lignin in tolerance to ozone by
limiting the necrosis extension.
Ozone combined with elevated carbon dioxide resulted in similar observations. Nevertheless,
the stimulation of lignin biosynthesis was less marked than with ozone alone. High carbon
dioxide could lower the detrimental effect of ozone in leaves.
In stems, ozone reduced lignin biosynthesis probably due to lower availability in carbon
skeletons. The modifications in cell-wall component synthesis were related to anatomical
modifications and some wood properties.
(1) UMR1137 INRA-Nancy Université, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Nancy, France
(2) UMR 206 AgroParisTech-INRA, AgroParisTech, Centre de Grignon, France
(3) LERMAB, ENGREF, Nancy, France
Effects of ozone and elevated carbon dioxide on lignification in leaves
and stems
In: Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems.
Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.
Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development
Corresponding author: Mireille Cabané ()
20
Carlo Calfapietra, Silvano Fares, Francesco Loreto
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from vegetation (particularly isoprenoids)
represent an important source of the atmospheric hydrocarbons (Guenther et al., 1991).
Biogenic VOC emissions almost double the anthropogenic source. When biogenic VOCs mix
with NOx in the presence of UV radiation, ozone is being formed. Biogenic contribution to

ozone formation is particularly frequent around conurbations, or following wind transport over
areas with anthropic pollution. This topic is particularly important in Mediterranean regions,
since optimal conditions for ozone formation in terms of VOC/NOx ratios, abundance of UV
radiation, and presence of urban areas and recurrent wind regimes, are present for long
periods of the year. Moreover, Mediterranean vegetation includes several species that are
strong and evergreen isoprenoid emitters, and high temperatures for part of the year further
stimulate these temperature-dependent emissions.
Emission of isoprenoids can be an evolutive mechanism to cope with ozone from the plant
standpoint. Isoprenoids have been reported to remove and detoxify ozone in plants (Loreto et
al., 2004). We present here current knowledge on the impact of rising ozone levels on
isoprenoid emission (Calfapietra et al., 2007), and evidences showing that species that emit
isoprenoids are more protected against oxidative stress because of isoprenoid antioxidant
functions (Loreto and Fares, 2007). This trait not only influences plant tolerance to ozone but
also may substantially alter the flux of ozone between atmosphere and biosphere.
References:
Calfapietra, C., Wiberley, A.E., Falbel, T.G., Linskey, A.R., Scarascia Mugnozza, G., Karnosky,
D.F., Loreto, F., Sharkey, T.D., 2007. Isoprene synthase expression and protein levels are
reduced under elevated O3 but not under elevated CO2 (FACE) in field-grown aspen trees.
Plant, Cell and Environment 30, 654-661.
Guenther, A.B., Monson, R.K., Fall, R., 1991. Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate
variability: Observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development, Journal of
Geophysical Research 96, 799-808.
Loreto, F., Pinelli, P., Manes, F., Kollist, H., 2004. Impact of ozone on monoterpene emission
and evidence for an isoprene-like antioxidant action of monoterpens emitted by Quercus ilex
leaves. Tree Physiology 24, 361–367.
Loreto, F., Fares, S., 2007. Is ozone flux inside leaves only a damage indicator? Clues from
volatile isoprenoid studies. Plant Physiology 143, 1096-1100.
National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), Monterotondo
Scalo (Roma), Italy
Volatile organic compounds from vegetation and their interaction with

ozone
In: Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems.
Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.
Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development
Corresponding author: Carlo Calfapietra ()
21
Pierre Dizengremel (1), Yves Jolivet (1), Didier le Thiec (2), Marie-Paule Hasenfratz-Sauder
(1), Matthieu Bagard (1)
Long-term exposures of higher plants to low ozone concentrations affect biochemical processes
prior to any detectable symptoms of visible injury. On the other hand, the current critical level
of ozone used to determine the threshold for damaging plants (biomass loss) is still based on
the seasonal sum of the external concentrations of the pollutant above 40 nL.L
-1
(AOT40). A
more relevant concept developed a flux-based approach taking into account the actual ozone
flux in the leaf through the stomata (cumulative uptake of ozone=CUO). CUO however ignores
the internal capacity of leaf defense, which led to the concept of "effective ozone flux", a
balance between stomatal flux and the intensity of cellular detoxification (Musselman et al.,
2006; Paoletti and Manning, 2007; Wieser and Matyssek, 2007).
Although the direct detoxification of ozone (and ROS) can primarily be carried out by cell wall
ascorbate, the existing level of ascorbate is not sufficient as a good indicator for the degree of
cell sensitivity (D’Haese et al., 2005). A regeneration of the antioxidant barrier is needed,
implying an increased production of reducing power (NAD(P)H). It is made possible through
the increased participation of the catabolic pathways. In addition, the large change in the
rubisco/PEPcase ratio, due to a huge increase in activity of the latter enzyme, leads to changes
in carbon isotopic discrimination which could, in turn, modify water use efficiency. The
challenge is to adjust these indicators in a leaf-model system (Dizengremel et al., 2008).
References:
D’Haese, D., Vandermeiren, K., Asard, H., Horemans, N., 2005. Other factors than apoplastic

ascorbate contribute to the differential ozone tolerance of two clones of Trifolium repens L.
Plant, Cell and Environment 28, 623-632.
Dizengremel, P., Le Thiec, D., Bagard, M., Jolivet, Y., 2008. Ozone risk assessment for plants:
central role of metabolism-dependent changes in reducing power. Environmental Pollution, in
press.
Musselman, R.C., Lefohn, A.S., Massman, W.J., Heath, R.L., 2006. A critical review and
analysis of the use of exposure- and flux-based ozone indices for predicting vegetation effects.
Atmospheric Environment 40, 1869-1888.
Paoletti, E., Manning, W.J., 2007. Toward a biologically significant and usable standard for
ozone that will also protect plants. Environmental Pollution 150, 85-95.
Wieser, G., Matyssek, R., 2007. Linking ozone uptake and defense towards a mechanistic risk
assessment for forest trees. New Phytologist 174, 7-9.
(1) University Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, Vandoeuvre, France
(2) INRA Nancy, Champenoux, France
Reducing power dependent on metabolic changes as an indicator of
effective ozone phytotoxicity
In: Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems.
Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.
Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development
Corresponding author: Pierre Dizengremel ()
22
Matthias Dobbertin, Britta Eilmann, Peter Bleuler, Arnaud Giuggiola, Elisabeth Graf Pannatier,
Werner Landolt, Andreas Rigling
Climate change scenarios predict increasing temperature and reduced precipitation during
summer in central and southern Europe. In the Rhone valley of Switzerland Scots pine (Pinus
sylvestris) forests are already declining with high mortality rates following dry and hot
summers. Mean annual precipitation for pine forests ranges from 500 to 900 mm, in drought
years as low as 300 mm.
An irrigation experiment was set up in 2003 in a 90 year old Scots pine forest, located at 600

m altitude with annual precipitation of 600 mm. The four irrigated and four control plots were
randomly assigned. They are 0.1 ha in size with 75 trees on average. The irrigation, which is
carried out at night during the monthsof April to October, roughly doubled the mean annual
precipitation. Various tree crown parameters were annually assessed on all trees, including
relative foliage amount in 5%-steps and mortality. In 2004, 13 dominant trees were selected,
7 from the irrigated and 6 from the control plots covering the whole range of foliage classes.
Their inter-annual growth was assessed weekly using the pinning method. These trees were
harvested in April 2006 and analyzed for tree ring width, stable carbon isotope ratios, shoot
and needle length, fresh and dry weight and projected needle area.
Irrigation had a significant effect on all of the parameters. But tree foliage class also correlated
significantly with most parameters showing the influence of the sample tree selection. Mean
needle length, fresh and dry needle weight, shoot length and ring width all correlated positively
with estimated foliage amount. Specific leaf area and dry/fresh needle weight were negatively
correlated. Water use efficiency, as estimated from stable carbon isotope ratios, correlated
highly with a calculated drought index and was higher for trees with lower foliage amount.
Trees with more foliage began stem growth earlier and ended later than trees with low foliage.
Irrigation increased foliage amount between 2003 and 2007 by roughly 6%, while trees in
control plots showed a loss of 10% foliage, probably due to the dry years 2003-2005. Mortality
was 6.1% on the control plots as compared to 2.5% on the irrigated plots. Irrigation increased
needle length by up to 70%, shoot length up to 100%, ring width up to 150% of the control
trees. Ring width and water use efficiency reacted already in the first year of irrigation, shoot
and needle length with a one-year delay. Irrigated trees showed longer stem growth and a
delayed earlywood/latewood transition than control trees. Their water-use efficiency decreased
significantly, even for trees for lower foliage amount.
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Response of mature Scots pines to drought stress: comparing various
foliar and stem wood indicators
In: Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems.
Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development
Corresponding author: Matthias Dobbertin ()
23
Raphael Mainiero (1), Marian Kazda (2)
Rising ozone (O3) levels were shown to reduce carbon-investments into the fine root system of
Fagus sylvatica. Studies dealing with the influence of O3 on fine roots, however, did not
consider the pronounced temporal dynamics found in this species (Mainiero and Kazda, 2006).
The present study thus focuses on the influence of elevated O3 concentrations on (i) the
temporal patterns of fine root growth and mortality in relation to seasonal changes of soil
temperature and water content and (ii) fine root longevity. Using minirhizotrons, stands of
mature F. sylvatica were studied in Southern Germany during 2004. Stands under ambient O3
levels (1xO3) were compared to fumigated trees being exposed to doubled O3 concentrations
(2xO3, maximum of 150 ppb).
Under the 1xO3 regime, fine root growth and mortality were correlated (p<0.01). Fine root
growth scaled positively to soil temperature (p<0.001). Fine root mortality increased with both
soil temperature and water content (p<0.01). Thus, fine root turnover accelerated during
favorable soil conditions and shed fine roots were replaced immediately by new ones. In
contrast, under elevated ozone concentrations, fine root growth and mortality were not
correlated. Fine root mortality showed a significant relationship to soil temperature and water
content (p<0.001) but fine root growth was not significantly related to soil conditions.
Final survival for non-mycorrhizal roots did not differ significantly between the plots (1xO3:
41%, 2xO3: 33%, study period: 190 d). Differences, however, appeared for median fine root
longevity (1xO3: 112 d, 2xO3: 170 d) and hazard functions, i.e. the age specific failure rate,
indicating a retardation in non-mycorrhizal fine root shedding as a compensatory response to
altered turnover patterns. No differences were found for mycorrhizal fine roots (1xO3: 15%,
2xO3: 19%).
The data suggest rising O3 levels to alter temporal patterns of fine root dynamics in F.
sylvatica rather than its magnitude. Interacting with seasonally changing soil conditions, these
altered patterns might lower the root system efficiency.
References:

Mainiero, R., Kazda, M., 2006. Depth-related fine root dynamics of Fagus sylvatica during
exceptional drought. Forest Ecology and Management 237, 135-142.
(1) Institute For Applied Plant Biology IAP, Schönenbuch, Switzerland
(2) Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
Fine root dynamics of Fagus sylvatica and the influence of elevated ozone
concentrations
In: Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D. (Eds) 2008. Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude
and Latitude. 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems.
Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008. Abstracts. Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. 162 pp.
Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development
Corresponding author: Raphael Mainiero ()
24