Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: Phương pháp phân tích ngôn ngữ trong dạy học tiếng Việt docx

PHUONG PHAP PHAN TiCH NGON
NG&
TRONQ DAY HOC
TIEPiQ
VIET
O ThS. BUI THI
LAN*
1.
«Phuang
phdp phdn tich ngdn ngy
(PPPTNN) Id cdch
thuc
gido viin (GV) hudng ddn
hgc sinh (HS)phdn tich cdc hien twgng ngdn ngw,
fim ra dqc frwng cua khdi niem, khdi qudt thdnh
khdi niem roi khdng dinh Iqi khdi niem"
(1).
Trong
dgy hge tilng Viet, viec vgn dyng phuong phdp
ndy Id td't ylu. Vi dgy hgc theo phuang phdp
ndy chinh Id tht/c hien thao tde quy ngp, khdi
niem dugc hinh thdnh tu nhung hien tugng ngdn
ngu ey
thi,
trdnh duge su dp ddt, mgt chieu nhu
dgy theo ldi diln djeh (duo khdi niem trude rdi
sou dd mdi phdn
tich,
chung minh khdi niem).
PPPTNN giup cd ngudi dgy Idn ngudi hgc cung
tham gio xdy dung nen khdi niem, phdy huy duge

tinh tich cue, chu ddng eua ngudi hge.
Djnh nghTa tren dd
thi
hien khd rd cdc budc,
ede thao tde eua PPPTNN eung nhu trdt tt/ cuo
ehung.
Dieu quan trgng ed tinh chdt tien quylt
khi thue hien phuong phdp ndy Id GV phdi chu y
din
viec tdp hgp ngu lieu (NL). NL phdi ddp ung
yeu edu ddt ra, thi viee thuc hien PPPTNN mdi
thdnh edng vd dem Igi hieu qud cao.
2.
Thao tdc chgn ngu lieu
NL
Id nhiJng
don vj ngdn
ngiJ chi/o
dung
nhCrng ddc trung cua khdi niem edn xdy dung,
dugc lua chgn de phdn
tich,
thiet ldp khdi niem,
quy tde ngdn
ngiJ.
NL duge coi Id nhiJng don vj
ngdn ngu mdu, chudn chua dung ddy du cdc
dge trung eua don vj ngdn ngu, eua khdi niem
dang tim. Mau ngdn ngu dugc chgn Idm NL dl
phdn

tich,
edn ddp ung duge cdc yeu edu sou:
1) NL phdi cd tinh khoa hgc, nghTa Id phdi
chua dung cdc dge trung, ede ndi dung edn phdn
tfeh mdt edeh rd rdng, khdng ndm trong trudng
hgp ngogi le de ngudi hge de ddng phdn
tfeh,
hinh thdnh khdi niem.
2) NL phdi ngdn ggn. NL cdng ngdn ggn,
ehuo
dung nhilu ndi dung li thuylt thi cdng dl quan
sdt, edng thudn tien cho viec phdn
tich.
GV nen
trdnh chgn nhung don vi ddi, Igi chua dung ndi
dung li thuylt it. Bdi, khi duo ra phdn tich HS khd
Tap chi Giao due s6
241 (ki i
•
y/aoioi
bao qudt, theo ddi mdu; GV cung mdt nhilu thdi
gian khdng cdn thiet. GV khdng nen vdn dyng
quan dilm tich hgp mgt cdch mdy mdc md duo
ro nhung vf dy vdn chuong qud ddi gdy khd khdn
cho viee phdn
tich,
hinh thdnh khdi niem.
3) NL phdi ddm bdo finh vua du. Ddy dugc
coi Id yeu edu quan trgng nhdt khi tgp hgp NL de
hinh thdnh khdi niem. NL dua ro phdn tich duge

xem Id du khi chung
thi
hien dugc tdt cd cdc mgt
ndi dung cuo khdi niem, phdi tieu
bilu,
cd khd
ndng dgi dien cho tdt cd cde trudng hgp cua vdn
dl.
NL duo ra phdi ddy du Id edn thiet nhung
khdng vi
thi
md dua ra qud nhieu, vi nhu the vua
mdt thdi gian vd fch, vua bj
lodng
ro, bj ldp trong
qud trinh phdn
tich.
Hon nua, trdnh trudng hgp
NL duo ro
vt>o
thua Iqi vwa thiiu. NghTa Id ede
don vj ngdn
ngiJ
md GV chgn ehi tdp trung vdo
mgt dgc trung cuo khdi niem md khdng chua dung
nhung dgc trung khde (ddi vdi dge trung ndy thi
sd NL dd Id thua nhung ddi vdi ddc trung khde Id
thilu).
Vi dy, dl tim hilu khdi niem ve tu tieng
Viet thi NL duge chgn dua ra phdn tfeh ehi edn

3
tu Id du. Trong dd phdi ed tdt ed ede kieu tu tieng
Viet xet vl mgt cdu tgo: tu don, tu ghep vd tu Idy.
Nlu NL duo ro khdng du 3
h>
thudc 3
kiiu
nhu
tren Id
thilu.
Nhung nlu NL duo ra dl phdn tich
cd
thi
hon 3 tu nhung Igi thieu mdt trong 3 kieu
tiJ
tren Id vua thua Igi vua
thilu.
4) NL phdi ddm bdo finh gido due. Cdc don
vi ngdn ngiJ duge chgn Idm NL khi dgy hgc khdng
chi dung, du, ngdn ggn, md cdn ddm bdo tfnh
gido
dye.
Gido dye ed ve tu tudng, dgo due, tinh
cdm quy trgng, yeu
min
tilng Viet cung nhu y
thuc giu gin sy trong sdng eua tilng Viet. Mudn
ddm bdo duge ddc trung ndy, GV nen chgn lua
cdc don vj ngdn ngu trong cdc tdc phdm vdn hgc
cd tinh nghe thudt vd fu tudng eao; Id ngdn ngCr dd

duge cde tde gid ddy cdng tim
kilm,
lua chgn.
Ddy eung Id yeu edu theo hudng
tfeh
hgp
giiJa
*
Tnroing Dai
hpc Quang Nam
#
vdn vd
ngu
dang ddt ra hien nay, nhimg nen chgn
cdc cdu ngdn ggn. Nhu vgy, NL dua ra se ddm
bdo dem den cho ngwdi hgc mpt lugng kien thwc,
mpt fhdng fin khoa hgc nhdt dinh chw khdng thudn
tuy chi Id
vidu dekhdm
phd khdi niem. Vi dy, dl
tim hilu khdi niem edu ghep chinh phy, NL md
GV tgp hgp ed
thi
Id cdc cdu nhu: Bdi tdi dn udng
dieu dp nin fdi chdng Idn lam (Td Hodi); Du ai ndi
ngd ndi nghieng/Ldng fa van vung nhu kieng ba
chdn (Td Huu). Khi phdn tich nhi/ng khdi niem
ndy, ngudi hgc ngodi viec ndm bdt khdi niem cdn
bilt them dugc nhCrng kien thuc
khde.

5) NL can ddm bdo finh thdm ml. Ngodi cdc
yeu cdu co bdn
tren,
NL edn ddm bdo tfnh thdm
mT,
ddm bdo viec gido dye cho ngudi hgc bilt nhin
nhdn,
thudng thue vd ddnh gid cdi dep mgt cdch
dung ddn. Chdng hgn, khi tgp hgp NL dl tim hilu
khdi niem
tt>
ddng dm nen trdnh chgn ede mau NL
nhu:
Con
ruSi
ddu mdm xoi ddu; Con kien bd dia
thitbd.
Hoy NL duo ra phdn tfeh de tim hieu khdi
niem ndi qud eung nen trdnh, vi dy: Lo mui mudi
tdm gdnh
Idng/Chdng
yeu chdng bdo rdu rong
trdi cho/Dim ndm thi ngdy o
o/Chong
yeu chong
bdo ngdy cho vui
nhd/Dl
chg thi hay dn qua/
Chong yiu chong bdo ve nhd dd cam
Cho du ddy Id nhung vi dy dd duge mgt

so
sdeh su dyng, nhung chung khdng ddm bdo tinh
gido dye vd tinh thdm mT. GV hodn todn cd
thi
chgn nhung mdu NL khde ngdn ggn, chua dung
nhieu thdng tin edn thiet cho ngudi hgc md Igi ldi
hay y dep, vi dy: Thudn vg thudn chdng tdt bien
ddng cung cqn
Nhu vdy, de ed the thue hien thdnh cdng
PPPTNN,
thao tdc ddu
tien,
quan trgng nhdt Id
thao tdc chgn NL. Vi vgy, de thue hien td't thao
tde ndy, GV phdi chju khd lua chgn, tim tdi
mdi
cd the tdp hgp dugc sd NL edn thiet cho HS phdn
tfeh,
tim hieu cde khdi niem ed trong bdi hgc. Tuy
nhien,
ddi lue GV bi edu thue bdi viec tich cue
hod hogt dgng dgy hgc, nhdm phdt huy tfnh tfeh
cue ehu dgng cua ngudi hgc, thyc hien ddi mdi
phuong phdp dgy hgc md xem nhe khdu chgn
NL.
Nhieu GV cho HS tu tim NL rdi phdn
tich,
nhung nhu vdy se Idm gidm hieu qud eua gid
hge,
vi ehi ed NL md GV duo ra mdi cd tinh chudn

mye,
ddp ung duge ede yeu edu eua bdi hge.
Cdn vi dy cuo HS chdc ehdc khdng the ndo ddp
ung ddy du ede yeu cdu dd neu se Idm dnh hudng
din
thdi gian cua gid hge vd gid hge se khdng
dgt dugc myc tieu dd dgt ro. Do vdy, nen yeu
cdu HS duo vf dy de minh hga cho khdi niem, de
#
khde sdu, md rdng vd'n de sou khi dd phdn tfeh
tim hilu khdi niem (HS dd ndm dugc khdi niem
hodc cho HS tim vi dy nhung theo djnh hudng
cuo GV). Tu ddy ed
thi
md rdng them nhilu mdt
cuo vd'n dl, HS vd GV eung tham gio gidi quyet.
3. Thuc hien phuong phdp phdn
h'ch
ngon ngir
Ndi dung eua PPPTNN ndm d bdn thdn cuo
qud trinh phdn
tich,
ehia ddi tugng ro thdnh nhung
bg phdn, nhung khfo cgnh, nhiJng mdt khde nhau.
Tu dd, Idn lugt tim hieu mdt edeh kT cdng hon,
sdu sdc hon, nhdm nhdn thue ddi tugng mdt edeh
ddy du vd chinh xdc. Vi
thi,
khi thyc hien phuong
phdp ndy, khdng the tien hdnh mdt cdch h/y tien

md phdi tudn theo mgt sd nguyen tdc nhd't
djnh.
GV edn chu y xem viee phdn tich dd cd ddm
bdo phdn dnh dung ddn nhdt td chue cuo ddi
tugng edn nhdn thue (nhiJng ddi tugng dd chfnh
Id ede hien tugng ngdn ngiJ), cdc NL duge lya
chgn chgt che theo
nhCfng
tieu chudn khde khe
nhdt
djnh.
Hien tugng ngdn ngu cd td chue nhu
thi
ndo thi viee phdn tfeh phdi
thi
hien dung bdn
chdt cua td ehuc dd, khdng nen phdn tfeh mgt
cdch dp ddt, mdy mdc. Viee phdn tfeh khien
cudng se ddn den viec nhdn thuc ddi tugng sai
lech,
meo md, ngudi tilp nhdn se khdng tin vdo
vdo
If
thuyet ngdn
ngiJ
vua dugc xdy dyng.
Chia nhd ddi tugng dl phdn tfeh cdn phdi
ddm bdo nguyen tdc cdp bde, ddm bdo tfnh he
thdng trong qud trinh phdn
tich.

Ngudi thyc hien
hogt ddng phdn tfeh ngdn ngu cdn trdnh ldi phdn
chia nhdy vgt, edeh qudng md phdi tiln hdnh
phdn tfeh tung yeu to ngdn
ngiJ
trong he thd'ng
theo trdt ty tung nhdnh, sou dd tdp hgp
nhiJng
bd
phdn nhd dy Igi thdnh ehfnh
thi
ban ddu. Cdch
phdn tfeh ehi tilt ndy se duo
din
eho HS ed edi
nhin rd rdng hon ve ddi tugng cdn nhgn thuc.
Dudi ddy Id cdc bude eua quy trinh phdn tich
ngdn
ngiJ
cho mdt bdi hge li thuylt ey
thi,
gdm:
- GV eung HS xdy dyng NL cdn phdn
tich.
NL
dugc chgn edn ddm bdo cdc nguyen tde nhu dd
ndi
tren.
- GV hudng ddn HS quan sdt NL vd Idn lugt
phdn tich NL theo djnh hudng cuo bdi hgc.

- GV vd HS cung hinh thdnh khdi niem If thuylt
tu nhiJng phdn tfeh
tren.
- GV eung ed vd vdn dyng If thuylt dd hgc dl
hudng ddn HS luyen tgp phdn tfeh mdt so hien
tugng ngdn
ngiJ.
Ddy Id thao tdc vd eung quan
trgng nhung nhieu ngudi dd quen di thao tde
(Xem tiep frang 37)
Tap chi Giao
due
s6
241 (ki i
•
y/aoio)
ddnh
15
phut de gidi thieu vd phdn tfeh rd
y
nghTa
ljch
su to Idn cuo
viec
ddi dd ve
Thdng Long
eua
Ly Thdi Td.
d)
Vdi Idp

11
(Phdn Ijeh
su
Viet Nam).
Bdi
17:
Vdn
minh
Dqi
Viet.
GV
Idng ghep
bdi hge
tren
ddy vdo
phdn
1:
«Khdi qudt tien trinh phdt
trien lich sw
vd vdn
minh
Dqi
Viet"
dl
ndi
len vol
trd
cua Ly
Cdng
Udn

trong viec
ddi dd vl
Thdng
Long.
Y
nghTa ljch
su cuo
viec
ddi
dd.
Vj trf
kinh
tl
-
vdn
hda -
ehfnh
trj
eua kinh thdnh Thdng Long
ddi
vdi
qudc
gia Dgi
Viet
vd
Thu
dd Hd Ndi cuo
nude Cdng
hdo
XHCN Viet Nam ngdy

nay.
7)
Vol Idp 12
(Phdn ljch
su
Viet Nam).
Bdi
2d:
Ddt
nwdc trin dwong
ddi mdi di lin
CNXH
(198d-
2000). Trong
bdi ndy, GV cdn
giup
hgc
sinh ndm dugc
y
nghTa eua nhung thdnh tyu kinh
tl
- xd hgi cuo
nude
ta
trong
15
ndm
(1986-
2000) thyc hien dudng
ldi ddi mdi.

Ddng
thdi.
giup
hgc
sinh thdy dugc nhung
khd
khdn,
yeu
kem
khi
thyc hien cdng cude
ddi mdi.
GV
nen
ddnh
ra
15
phut
de
thdng
bdo cho
hge sinh bilt,
Bd
Chfnh
trj dd ro Chi thj
32/CT-
TW, ngdy
4/5/1998
vl ki
niem

1000
ndm Thdng
Long
- Hd Ngi. Chi thj neu rd:
«Ddy
Id mpt
sw
kiin trgng
dqi cua
nwdc
nhd", «Ki
niem
1000
ndm Thdng Long
- Hd Npi Id su
bleu
thi
finh
cdm
vd
dqo li
udng nude
nhd
ngudn
ct/o nude
Viet
Nam
ddi vdi
cdc
thi'he

cha dng dd cd
cdng dung
nude,
giu
nude.
Id dip
gido due truyen thdng lich
su
vd
cdch mqng
cua ddn tpc,
dpng viin todn
Ddng, todn
ddn
phdn
ddu xdy
dung
ddt
nude
theo dinh hudng XHCN,
ddn
gidu, nwdc mqnh,
xd
hpi
cdng bang,
ddn chu vdn
minh.
Ddy
cung
Id

dip
degidi
thieu
vd
ndng
cao tdm
vdc
cua
Thu
dd
Hd Npi ndi
riing
vd
Viet
Nam ndi
chung
a
khu
vuc vd
trin
thi'gidi".
G
Phirong phap
(Tiip theo frang
34)
ehung minh ngugc
Igi
ndy
md
chuyin nhanh sang phdn tilp

theo cuo
bdi
hgc.
GV
cdn
cho
HS phdn tfeh
cdc
hien tugng
ngdn
ngu duo
tren viec
ndm
khdi niem
If
thuylt,
vua
dugc
hge
thi ede em se
thod
mdn
hon trong viee tilp nhdn.
Tren
ddy Id cdc
thao
tde,
cdc bude thuc hien
cuo
PPPTNN,

Id
mdt trong nhung
phuang phdp
rdt
hieu qud
de
dgy HS
tri
thue
If
thuylt
mdi,
hode
tim
hilu
mdi
quan
he
giua
bdn
thdn
cdc yeu
to
ngdn
ngu vdi
nhau. Phuong
phdp ndy ed uu the trong viec
giup
HS
hilu

sdu hon bdn
chdt eua
cdc
hien tugng ngdn
ngiJ cdn tim.
•
(1)
I.A.
Kairor. Bach khoa toan
thir sir
pham. NXB
Thanh
nien.
H. 1965.
(2) Le A - Nguyen Quang
Ninli.
Phuong phap
day hoc
tieng
Viet.
NXB
Gido
duc.H.
1997.
Khai thac phan mem Moodle
(Tiep theo trang
42)
- Hudng
ddn
ngudi hgc tham

gia cdc
hogt ddng tren mgng
nhu:
dgc
tdi
lieu
(bdi
gidng dien tu), thdo lugn tren diln ddn, chat, thyc
hien
cdc bdi tgp
Idn
- Tiln hdnh kiem
tra moi khi
kit
thuc
mdt
module
hgc tdp dl
ddnh
gid khd
ndng nhgn thue
vd
trinh
do
eua ngudi hge. Tren
co sd
dd,
GV cd
thi
phdn nhdm

dl dgy hgc
phdn
hod.
- lien hdnh ede cugc khdo sdt tren mgng de Idy
y
kiln cuo ngudi hgc.
- Theo
ddi vd
ddnh
gid cdc
chu
de md
ngudi
hgc
thdo lugn tren
diln
ddn.
Dieu hdnh
cdc
hogt dgng
cua
ngudi
hgc khi
tham
gia
khod hgc
Khoi thdc phdn
mim
Moodle vdo
dgy

hge tryc tuyen Bdn
dd hgc
trong trudng
dgi hge su
phgm,
vdi
nhung
uu
thi
vugt
trdi,
vdi su
tuong thfch
rdt
td't vdi
qud
trinh DT theo
he
thdng
tin
chi
dang duge
dp dyng
tgi cdc
trudng
dgi hge d
Viet
Nam
hien
nay.

Id mgt lya
chgn hieu
qud.
Nhdt
Id khi
phuong phdp
ndy
dugc phdi
hgp vdi
phuong phdp
dgy
hgc truyen thdng tren Idp se mong
Igi
hieu qud
rd
ret
cho cdc SV su
phgm, nhiJng thdy
ed
gido trong tuong
loi.
G
(1) Website:

(2) Website:
Tai lieu tham khao
1.
K. A Xalishev. Ban do hoc. NXB Dqi hge qudc gia Ha
N6i.
2006.

2.
NguySn
Dugc
-
Nguyfin
Trpng Phiic.
Li
luan day hoc dia li. NXB Dqi
hoc qudc gia
Hk
Noi. 1998.
3.
Nguyen Va Qu6'c Hung. Giao trinh xay dung bai giang dien
tu.
Trudng
Dqi
hpc suphqm
Hd Ngi. 2006.
4.
Website:
Tap ehi Giao due so
241 (ki
i.
r/aoio)
#