Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: NHÌN LẠI VĂN HỌC CAMPUCHIA SAU 1993 doc

NGHE THUAT BQN
PHl/HNn
NHIN LAI VAN HOC CAMPUCHIA
SAU 199?
NGUYfiN
SY TUAN
V
e van hgc,
sir
thay
ddi
di nhan thay la
su tai lap Hgi
nhirng nha sang tac Khame
(Hdi nha van), vao ngay
12-4-
1993 (1). Ltic tai lap, Hgi chi
cd 20 hgi vien, trong dd cd
11
hgi vien la nhtfng ngudi may
man cdn sd'ng sdt sau nan diet
chung, do nha van You Bo lam
Chti tich Hdi. Sau dd, Hgi da
tie'n hanh phat trien them
nhilu hgi vien mdi d Phndm
Penh va cac tinh, thanh (de'n
nam
2003,
Hdi da cd
186
hdi

vien),
td chtrc cac ldp hgc ve
sang tac van hgc. Dac biet,
Hdi da tfch
circ
van ddng cac
td ehtfc thudc chfnh phu va cac
td ehtfc phi chi'nh phu (NGO)
iing hd, tai trg cho phong trao
sang tac van hgc.
Tit
nam
1995,
Hdi da td chtfe cac eugc
thi sang tac van hgc, trao cac
giai thudng hang nam: (gidi
thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech
vdi
sir
hd trg cua Qudc vuang
N.Sihanouk va gidi thifdng
ngdy bdy thdng gieng vdi
sir
hd trg cua Thu tudng Hun
Sen).
Mdi mdt giai thudng deu
cd nhifng nguyen tac, the le,
tieu chf rieng. Viec Thu tudng
Chfnh phu va Qudc vuong
dtfng ten giai thudng da thu

htit dugc nhieu ngudi sang tac
van hgc tham gia.
Hai su kidn cd
y nghia
n(>ibatcudifKXX,k»Hidp
dinh
hda
binh Paris
ve
Campuehia (1991)
vd
thanh
ldp
Chinh
phu lidn
hidp
Vdong
QUOC
Campuehia (1993), da Idm
thay
ddi
didn
mao
Campuehia,
dda dd't nudc
nay vdo thdi
ky
phat
trien
mdt.

Nl^u
tthir
ve
kinh
td,
Campuehia thue hien mot
ndn kinh td
thj
trtfdng tu do
vatu nhdn bda thi vd'chinb
tri,
Campuehia
trd lai che
dd quan ehu ldp
hidn,
ddng
thdi thuc hidn
dudng
ldi
ddn chd,
tu
do,
da
ddng.
Nhdng thay ddi nay da keo
theo
su
thay
doi
trong

nhidu iinh
vuc
khde
cua
ddi sdng xa
hdi
Cung can ndi them la
phong trao sang tac van hgc
trong thdi ky nay cdn dugc
trg gitip dac
lire
cua bao chf,
vd'n mgc len nhu nam ngay
sau khi
Campuehia
dugc
thanh lap va thtrc hien dudng
ldi ttr do, dan chit.
Chi
rieng
d Phndm Penh da cd 54 td
bao,
hau he't deu cd trang cd
dinh de dang lien
tire
cac
truyen ngan, tieu thuyet va
tha.
Trong cac cudc thi nay, ben
canh mdt sd tac gia vd'n da

xuat hien trong thdi ky Cgng
hda nhan dan
Campuehia
(1979-1991) nay tie'p tuc
khang dinh gia trj, tai nang
cua minh trong giai doan mdi
nhu Ven Xdn, Un
Xoe
Heang,
Kum Pech Pinudn, Mau
Xomnang , mdt sd tac gia tre
da xua't hien.
Cac
lihuynh liUdng
van
hoc
Cd le hie'm nai dau nhu d
day, chi trong khoang 40 nam,
ngudi dan da trai 5 che do
chfnh tri khac nhau (2), da nem
trai,
chiem nghiem de'n tan
cung cua mgi
sir
dau khd, hanh
phtic.
Cac nha van cung vay.
Mat khac, ttr sau nam 1993,
Campuehia
trd ve vdi the che

quan chti lap hie'n nhung lai
theo dudng ldi tu do, dan chti,
da nguyen, da dang. Vi the
Campuehia tdn tai rai nhieu
dang phai (da cd ltic len tdi 57
dang phai), tao nen btfc tranh
chfnh tri da sdc mau. Diiu nay
da tac ddng khdng nhd de'n ddi
sdng van hda, xa hdi
ciia
Campuehia.
Trong linh
virc
van
hgc nhieu khuynh hudng sang
tae khac nhau da xuai hien.
Tuy nhien, nhin tdng quat, cd
may khuynh hudng mang tinh
ndi trdi sau day.
Sd313
Thang 7-2010
VAN HOA
NGHI^
THUAT
MIWC MCOAI
Mdt la, tiep tuc vie't ve
nhirng ma't mat, dau thuang
ma dan tgc Campuehia phai
ganh chiu dudi thdi Pdl Pdt.
Phai ndi rang diet chimg

khdng cdn la van de hay mdt
de tai mdi me, mang tinh thdi
sir.
Trong nhtrng nam tam
muoi cua the'ky trudc, nd ttrng
la khuynh hudng van hgc chu
dao.
Cac nha chi'nh tri thdi dd
cung tung yeu cau vie't ve che
do diet chung, vtra de nhan
dan nhan thtfc mdt each day
dli ve tdi ac
cita
che do diet
chung, lai vtra khdng dugc tao
nen cam giac sg hai, khdng
dam da'u tranh chd'ng lai bgn
diet chung. Ttr sau nam 1993,
khi Campuehia budc vao thdi
ky hda binh, nhat la trong thdi
gian dau sau tdng tuyen cir,
khi hda giai hda hgp dan tgc
dugc coi la mdt chien lugc
nham tao nen stfe manh qudc
gia thi viei ve
die
dp diet
chiing lai mang mgt yeu cau
khac,
khdng phai la khai day

hay khoet
sau
vao ndi dau vtra
li6n
da thit ma la nhdc nhd
mgi ngudi, khdng vi
sir
bdn
b6
cua cudc sd'ng hien thdi ma
quen mdt thdi qua khu dau
thuang.
Hai la, tie'p
tiic
phan anh
sir
kien ngay 7-1-1979 va khdng
dinh thanh
tim
cua che do
Cdng hda nhan dan
Campuehia. Cac tac pham
theo khuynh hudng nay
thudng mang tinh luan de
nhdm chtfng minh cho mdt
chan ly rdng ne'u khdng cd
ngay nay thi
Campuehia
se
khdng cd cudc hdi sinh ky

dieu, se khdng cd Hiep dinh
hda binh Paris
vi Campuehia
nam 1991, se khdng cd cudc
tdng tuyen
cir
nam 1993, se
khdng cd Vuong qudc
Campuehia
II (3) va ta't nhien
khdng cd
sir
phat trien nhu
ngay nay.
Ba la, vie't ve cudc sd'ng
hien tai dudi tac ddng ciia nin
kinh te thj trudng va tu tudng
dan chu,
tiJ
do, da dang
Nhtfng ngudi di theo khuynh
hudng nay thudng bam sat
hien thuc ddi sd'ng sdi dgng,
nhilu
mau ve, vdi nhtfng mang
sang, td'i khac nhau, cd cam
hirng mang tfnh nggi ca nhung
cung cd
sir rtrt
re e ngai vi

nhting mat trai cua nen kinh te
thi trudng.
Mot sd tac gia, tac pham
tieu bieu
Ven Xdn (1939),
hdi
vien
Hdi nha van, bdt dau sang tac
van hoc ttr sau ngay
Campuehia thoat khdi nan diet
chiing. Nam 1987, tac phdm
Mdi mdi dpi chd cua dng dat
giai ba. Nam 1991, dng doat
giai nha't cudc thi tho toan
qudc vdi tac phdm Ldi ddn
nhd tha (Bdn ddm kavdy). Ca
hai cudc thi nay do Bd Van
hda, Thdng tin, Tuyen truyen
td chuc. Sau nam 1993, Ven
Sdn tiep tuc sang tac, trong dd
Ldi dan ngudi con Khame dat
giai tu ve tha gidi thudng
Preah Sihanouk Riech,
nam
1996
va Gid'c ma thien du&ng
dat giai nhi ve tha gidi thifdng
ngdy bdy thdng gieng (1997).
Gid'c ma thien dudng tai hien
lai mgt

each
nhe nhang xa hdi
Campuehia
dudi thdi diet
chung, nhdc nhd the he hien
tai cung nhu mai sau hay nha
mai bai hgc sai lam ciia gidi
cam ddu
Campuehia
ddn
chii
-
nhung ngudi da sao chep y
nguyen tu tudng ngoai qudc,
gay nen tham hga cho dan tgc.
Gidc ma thien dudng cdn
hudng ban dgc, nhai la lap
ngudi tre tudi, vao viec bao ve
tieu ngif ciia Vuong quo'c
Campuehia
la ddn tpc, ton
gido,
nlid
vua bdng cac bien
phap hda binh, phi bao luc.
Kum pech Pinudn (1961),
la thac
si
nghe thuat hgc, hign
lam viec tai Khoa San khau,

Dai hgc My thuat Hoang gia.
Budc vao lang van ttr nam
1983 vdi vd kich ndi Tdm
ldng anh, sau dd dng cdn co
cac tac phdm: Chu nong ddn
Kun (kich, 1984), Con sinh
trudc cha (kjch, 1985),
Bdtoi
ke chuyen (truyen ngdn,
1987).
Sau nam 1993, dng vdn
tie'p tuc sang tac, trong do
dang chti y nhat la tieu thuyet
Bdn nhgc vu quy bdt hanh,
tac pham dat giai nhi gidi
thudng ngdy bdy thdng gieng
(1997),
xuat ban 1998. Bdn
nhgc vu quy bdt hanh dua
ngudi dgc trd ve nhtfng nam
thang den td'i, ddi khd, loan
lac dudi thdi Pdl Pd't. Hai anh
em rudt Le va Lekhana lien
ttrc
bi
Angea
bdt lam lao dgng
khd sai trong cac cdng xd
ndng thdn ma thirc chat la cac
trai tap trung tra hinh. Tif do

hg that lac nhau. Nhung roi
nhu mdt dinh menh, hai anh
em lai bi
Angea
dtmg ra mai
md'i,
cudi ga thuc chat la budc
hg phai thanh vg chdng. Ndi
cay ddng
ciing cue
nha't la hai
roi
So
313
Thang 7-2010
NGHE THUAT BON PHUONG
anh em chi nhan ra nhau chfnh
vao llic ban
nhae
vu quy ndi
len.
Un Xdcheang (1967),
hgi
vien Hdi Nha van, hien lam
viec tai Bd Cdng nghiep, md
va nang lugng. Ong bdt ddu
sang tac ttr nhirng nam tam
muoi ctia the ky trudc vdi hai
cud'n tieu thuye't Dudng vdo
trdi tim va Nguai viet tre

(1987).
Nam 1989, dng doat
giai ba tai cudc thi van hgc
nghe thuat do TP Phndm Penh
td chiic vdi tieu thuyet Sdng
bien.
Sau nam 1993, dng tiep
tlie
sang tac, trong dd Dem
yen tinh (tieu thuye't) dat gidi
thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech
(1995) va Ngdy khdng rai (4)
(tieu thuye't) doat giai nhai
gidi thudng ngdy bdy thdng
gieng (1997). Ngoai ra dng
edn cd mgt sd truyen ngdn
dang tren tap chf
Nudc
hd
Tdiile
Sdp. Ngdy khdng rai
md ta mdt each het stfc chan
thuc va sd'ng ddng Campuehia
trong thdi gian ba nam tam
thang hai muoi ngay dudi che
do Pdl Pdt. Sd'ng trong mdt xa
hdi edn han la mdt dia nguc,
nhtmg ngudi dan Campuehia,
nhifng nd le hien dai, da bi
bie'n thanh nhtfng con vat

ngudi. Cud'n tieu thuyet nhu
mdt cud'n phim quay cham
gdm 8 chuang. Ttr chuong 1
Ldng trd'ng, chuong 2 Nhd
vdng, mieu ta
sir
khdi dau cua
ndi bat hanh, tat ca ngudi dan
bi
Itia
ra khdi lang, dudi ra
khdi nha de'n cac chuang tie'p
theo Tan va, Lua than cd, Che't
trudc khi
diet,
Dudi nhdng hgi
mua sdt, Bdn dd dia nguc, Tdi
khdng cd ldi md ta cudc sdng
CO cue ciia
dan chting
Campuehia
ma dinh diem la
canh hg phai an thit chfnh
nhtfng dtfa con
ctia
minh de
duy tri
sir
sd'ng. Nhung rdi, ttr
vuc sau

cLia
su bai hanh, niem
hanh phtic vd bd chgt ap de'n,
da't nudc Campuehia dugc giai
phdng vao ngay 7-1-1979
(chuang 8, Cupc ddi mdi).
Kudng Bunchuan (1939),
hdi vien Hdi nha van, bdt dau
su nghiep van ehuong ctia
minh ttr nam 1957 vdi tieu
thuyet Bien chet, md ta cudc
ddi cua mgt tac gia da dau
minh de viei ve bien hd. Nam
1963,
dng bi chfnh
quyfin
bat
vi tdi vie't Ldu ddi dia
ngiic
(tieu thuyet) cd ngtr y phe
phan cpng ddng xd hpi binh
ddn do Hoang than
N.Sihanouk lanh dao. Nam
1970 dng lai bi bdt giam vi tdi
da viet Ddu
Id
tuang lai cda
nd phe phan che dg cdng hda
cua tudng Lon-non, ngudi da
lat dd Qudc trudng, Hoang

than N.
Sihanue
vao ngay
18-
3-1970. Sau ngay
7-1-1979,
dng lam viec tai Bg Van hda,
Thdng tin, Tuyen
truyfin.
Trong thdi ky nay dng sang
tac trd lai va cho xuat ban tap
tha Lua long (1983). Nam
1985 dng viei Ld lia cdnh
(tieu thuyei) ca nggi tam ldng
qudc te cao ca
ciia
quan tinh
nguyen Viet Nam, nhat la dd'i
vdi nhtfng tre em md cdi
Campuehia.
Nam 1987 dng
viei Ngudi di qua gidng bdo
(tieu thuye't). Ttr sau nam
1993,
dng tie'p
tiic sir
nghiep
van chuang cua minh vdi mdt
chiim
tieu thuyet: Anh kiem

Pd
N hiay
at
(1995),
Hoa Rum
dudn (1995), Dom ddm
(1995),
Ndm md nguyen
(1997),
Sd phdn ndng
Marina (2000) Trong sd
nay, 3 tac phdm Hoa
Riim
dudn,
Dom ddm va Ndm md
nguyen tuy khdng dugc giai
nhung lai gay dugc
sir
chti y
trong gidi van chuang
Campuehia
duong thdi bdi
each nhin thdi cudc qua nhtfng
van
d^
mdf me ma tac gia dat
ra. Hoa Rum dudn tai hien
mdt each chan thtrc xa hdi
Campuehia dudi thdi Cgng
hda nhan dan

Campuehia,
mgt
thdi khd khan nhung rat ddi
hao hting. Chang thanh nien
Chet Chivin va cd gai Chan
Rtim
dudn, hai nhan vat trung
tam ctia tieu thuyet, dai dien
cho ldp thanh nien tre tudi
Campuehia
ltic dd, da dam
chap nhan hy sinh mdi tinh
dep de, tha mdng nhung cung
ddy khd khan cua minh, de
bao ve td qud'e, chd'ng lai tan
du cua bgn diet chiing. Dom
ddm,
lai tran trd vi mdt hien
thtrc mdi ma giai doan trudc
chua dat ra hoac mdi chi manh
nha, dd la
n6n
kinh te thi
trudng va nhirng he
Itry
cua
nd. Cam himg chu dao cua tac
phdm la phe phan eac chudn
muc xa hdi dang thay ddi mdt
each nhanh chdng. Bun Chuan

tie'p
tire
di sau phan anh mgt
"xa hdi nha tu khdng ed tudng
bao quanh" qua Ndm md
nguyen, hudng ngudi dgc vao
nhifng gia tri bin vtfng, trudng
tdn cua truyen thdng van hda
dan tde. Hinh anh trung tam
Sd313
Thang 7-2010
VAN HOA NGHF THUAT
MlWC
MCOAI
CLia
tie'u thuyet la canh may
ten dd te giet hai mdt ntf
diin
vien mtia Apsara xinh dep d
ngay chan de. Mac dau da
chei, chi vdn cam chdc trong
tay va gia cao btic phit dieu
Apsara. Day la mdt
hinh
tugng
nghe thuat mang tfnh hu cau,
nhu'ng nd cd tinh bidu tugng
hei stfc sau sde, rdng
sir
tan

bao ed the nhai thdi giei hai
dugc ngu'di dan
Campuehia
vi
mat
ihi
xac, nhung khdng the
tieu diet dugc tam hdn dan tgc,
rdng cai thien rdi se chie'n
thdng cai ac.
Pan Vannarira (1954), hgi
vien Hdi nha van, dd tu tai
phdn
II
nam 1974. Sau nam
1979,
ba lam viec tai Phdng
van hda quan Cham Kamdn
(Phndm Penh) va la mgt trong
nhu'ng ngu'di sang lap Hgi nha
van Phndm Penh. Trong
nhu'ng nam tam muoi (TK
XX),
2 tie'u thuyei Trdng td va
Chdn trdi mdi cua niem hy
vpng
CLia
ba da doat giai nhat
va giai nhi tai cuge thi van hgc
nghe thuat nhan ky niem 10

nam ngay dat nudc thoat khdi
nan
diet
chung (1979-1989).
Sau nam 1993, ba sang tac rat
nhiSu,
chi tfnh den nam 2000,
da cd 24 tieu thuyet va 8 kich
video, trong dd Khdng the
quen doat giai nhat gidi
thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech
nam 1995. Khdng the quen la
cau
chuyen ke ve ngudi con
gai md cdi ca cha ldn me,
khdng ngu'di than thi'ch, khdng
nai nuang
tira.
Mdt con ngudi
ludn bi bam riei bdi cdc hinh
anh dan cdi, khdng nha,
khdng
cira,
lang thang, ddi
khat
CLia
quang ddi tudi tho.
Chi cd Trung tam Hoa hdng
(trai tre md cdi d Phndm Penh
dudi thdi Cdng hda nhan dan

Campuehia
- NST) la nai dung
than, la thien dudng de xoa diu
ndi dau cho cd va cac ban tre
md cdi khac. Khi cd chut vdn
lieiig
trong tay, cd khdng quen
minh cd trach nhiem ddng gdp
de ctfu gitip nhtfng manh ddi
bai hanh. Khdng the quen edn
la tie'ng ndi tu day long gitfa
cd gai md cdi vdi ngudi ban
ddi thuang tat cua minh. Hdi
ddng gidi thifdng Preah
Sihanouk Riech danh gid
Khdng the quen la mdt ang
van dep, nggi ca mdt cudc ddi
da biei vugt len sd phan, vugt
qua mudn ngdn khd khan, dau
tranh khdng ngung nghi,
khdng chi vi ban than minh
ma cdn vi biei bao cudc ddi
cung canh ngd. Chfnh vi dieu
nay ma nd da doat giai nhai
gidi thudng Preah Sihanouk
Riech nam 1995 va dugc Hdi
nha van xuat ban nam 1996.
Pdn Pixay (1958), nha tho,
nhd van, hdi vien Hdi Nha
van, lam viec tai Sd Cdng

nghiep, md, nang lugng
Phndm Penh, dugc biei den ttr
hai bai tho Linh hdn Khame
va Khame oi dugc phat tren
Dai phat thanh qudc gia nam
1973.
Cung trong nam 1973,
ba cho xuai ban hai cudn tie'u
thuyet Cupc bupc chi cd tay
ddy nudc mdt va Tinh yeu sd
phdn.
Sau nam 1979, bd tie'p
tuc lam tho, trong dd hai bai
tho Dd
Ihu
Khome,
No cd mpt
ddi (1983) dugc nhieu ngudi
biei den. Nam 1991, truyen
tho Vdng mudi ctia ba dugc
giai khuye'n khfch tai Lien
hoan sang tac van hgc nghe
thuat toan qudc.
Sau nam 1993, Pdn Pixay
vie't kha nhieu. Tuy nhien
ngudi dgc chti y de'n Truyen
tho Sdn khdu ddi nguai, tac
phdm doat giai nhat gidi
thtfdng Preah Sihanouk Riech
(1995)

va Hoa ke sd kdn, giai
nhi cudc thi do Trung tam
Phit
ntf
Campuchfa
td chtfe (1996).
Sdn khdu ddi ngudi la y nghia
cudc ddi ma mdi ngudi trai
nghiem ttr nhifng gdc do khac
nhau. Thdng qua md'i quan he
cua mdt gia dinh, vdi nhiing
bie'n cd, thang trdm nhung vdn
gitf dugc tinh cam yeu thuong
gdn bd rudt ra, truyen tho
d^
cao vai trd cua gia dinh trong
giai doan dat nude cd nhtmg
thay ddi ve chudn
mire,
vi he
gia tri dudi tac ddng cua nen
kinh te thi trudng. Nhung tren
hei,
Sdn khdu ddi ngudi la bai
ca ve ldng me khoan dung,
nhan hau, la bai hgc gido
due
ve
sir
binh ddng trong the he

thanh nien nam ntf, khuyen ho
lam tdt vai trd ngudi chdng,
ngudi vg va cao han la hoan
thanh trgng trdch ctia
minh
trong thdi ky mdi. Cung co
nhd nghien ctiu van hgc
Campuehia di xa hon, cho
rdng Sdn khdu ddi ngudi
mang mdt y nghia bieu tugng
ve ba me Khame nhan hau,
nhung dau thuong, di sud't doc
dai cua lich
sir
dat nude (5).
Mau Xomnang (1959),
hOi
vien Hdi nhd van, trinh lang
bdng tde phdm ddu tay, tieu
thuyet Cdi ddc tinh (1982).
[7|S6
313
Thang 7-2010
NGHE THUAT BQN PHUONG
Nhtfng nam'dudf che'dd Cdng
hda nhan dan
Campuehia,
ba
la mdt trong nhitng ngudi sang
tac nhieu va deu dan nhdt. Sau

nam
1993, ba vdn tiep tuc
sang tac. Tfnh de'n nam 1996,
ba da cd tat ca 24 tie'u thuyet
va tren 10 vd kich video dugc
xuat ban, trong dd Sdng xd cdt
doat giai nhdt gidi thifdng
Preah
Siliaiioiik
Riech (1995),
xuat ban nam
1996.
So vdi cac
tieu thuyet dugc giai khac,
Sdng xd cdt khdng day dan
bdng, chi ven ven 145 trang,
duge ehia thanh 7 phan (Hdi
lidu,
Cdy cdu
tinh
yen, Hon
ddi, Hdn
long,
Dodn khdng ra,
Nhdn ngi, Ddu vet tinh yeu),
nhung Mau Xomnang da dua
ngudi dgc vao mgt the gidi
phtfc tap cua dai nudc
Campuehia
sau khi thoat khdi

cudc ndi chien de budc vao
cudc sdng mdi. Dd la mdt
Campuehia
dang trong giai
doan chuydn ddi, vdi nhting
md'i quan he chdng cheo, dan
xen, phtfc tap, vdi nhung than
phan gidu sang cd, thap hen
ed, chi'nh
trite
cd, bat nhan cd.
Bdi vay, cud'n sach day dp cae
bie'n cd, cac su kien, cac tinh
tiei,
mac dau cdt truyen xoay
quanh than phan
ciia
mdt cd
gai bj chfnh ngudi cha rugt
ctia minh bd roi ttr khi cdn
ndm trong bung me. Cau
chuyen bdt ddu ttr mgt chiit
hidu ldm ma dng Narei da
dudi ba Montha ra khdi nha
khi ba dang mang thai cd con
gai Bd Seba. Ba Montha phai
kiem sd'ng va nudi con mgt
minh vdi bao ndi cd don, khd
cue.
Montha vd

ciing
uat han.
Ba tim each tra
thti
chdng
hdng each quyet chf nudi con
gai an hgc nen ngudi. Khdng
phil
long me, Bd Seba trd
thanh mdt vien chtrc nhd bang
tu nhan. Nhung cung nhu
ngudi me cua minh, Bd Seba
phai chiu bao
sir
va dap cua
cudc ddi Mac ddu cd ltic
mau
thudn, xung dgt dugc ddy
len dinh didm, nhung Sdng xd
cdt lai kei thtic ed hau theo ldi
truyen thdng. Ong Naret thtra
nhan dtfa eon rudt cua minh,
va dugc ba Montha thdng
cam, tha thti, ba
Nali
bi tdng
giam, Dinan, ke sat nhan giet
hai bd cd Danni va la ten budn
lau kim cuong cung bi bdt.
Dac biet, Duthi da thtra nhan

sai lam va tai hgp cting Bd
Seba.
Cd the cd nhidu ngudi cho
rdng Sdng xd cdt cd qua nhieu
tinh tiei,
sir
kien ma qua mdng
ve khfa canh tam ly dd tao nen
nhtfng nhan vat van hgc
di'ch
thtrc.
Nhan xet ndy khdng phai
khdng cd ly. Nhung, van hge
Campuehia,
nhu thudng thay,
vdn thien ve mat hanh dgng.
Didu nay cd ngudn gdc ttr
trong lich
sir
van hgc, va lai,
nd cung phan anh, ddng thdi
cung la de dap tfng mdt thi
hieu mang tfnh phd quat
ciia
phdn ldn dgc gia Campuehia
ndi chung, dd la vdn
diifang
dimg de dien
did
khdng phdi

de dgc. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi
Mau Xomnang, didu ay cung
khdng quan trgng ldm. Cdi bd
quan tam la hieu qua xa hdi
cua tac phdm.
0
Song xd cdt,
Mau Xomnang da
sir
ditng
mdt md
tip
rat quen thuge
trong van hgc Campuehia la
than phan cua ngudi
phit
ntf,
nhat la nhung phu ntf md cdi
hay cd sd phan bai hanh. Khac
chang la cai thdng diep ma
Mau Xomnang mudn chuydn
tdi ddc gia. Vdi Mau
Xomnang, sdng la phai biet
yeu cai dep, yeu chan ly, yeu
le phai, ghet thdi dd ky nhd
nhen, ghet ban chai xau xa cua
nhtrng ke hu hdng, ludn tim
each
huy hoai cudc sdng cua
ngudi khac nhung cung biet

nhan nhugng, tha thtf vdi
nhiing ngudi biet nhan ra ldi
lam. Cd the ndi, Sdng xd cdt
la cudc da'u tranh khdng ngoi
nghi cua nhtfng con ngudi
khdng nai nuong
tira
trong bao
to,
gidng nhu nhung hat cat bi
nhting dgt sdng lien hdi xd
ddy tren bai bidn.
Ngoai cac khuynh hudng
chit
dao tren, tuy chua trd
thanh mdt khuynh hudng.
nhung da xuai hien nhifng nha
van mud'n
thir
stfc
minh
trong
loai truyen mang tinh thuang
mai dd kiem sdng, mac dit sd
ngudi thuc
sir
sdng dugc bdng
nghe van la
cue
ft, neu khdng

mud'n ndi la chua cd. Ben canh
dd edn ed mot sd nha van dua
vao cac cau chuyen cd dd sang
tao them nhdm phirc vu nhu
cdu cua mdt sd dgc gia cd tu
tudng trd vd vdi qua khif huy
hoang Angkor xua.
Cd thd ndi, sau nam 1993,
van hgc Campuehia dugc hdi
sinh va dudng nhu nd dugc
tiep them stfc mdi,
it
nhdt la vd
td ehtfc, dd tram hoa dua nd.
Nhung van hgc
Campuehia
(Xi'in
tiep trang 82)
Thang 7-2010
S6 313EJ1
THOMC TIM VAN HOA NGHE THUAT
Theo quan niem truydn thd'ng cua ngudi
Mudng: ngay Pha ngang la ngdy xau khdng nen
lam gi; ngay Can trong la ngay td't lam dugc
mgi viec; ngay Xudm trong la ngay td't nhat cho
viec cudi hdi, danh chdi,
cau
ca; ngay Kim
trong la ngay lam dugc mgi viee nhung hieu
qua khdng cao; ngdy Pha rd, gid'ng nhu ngay

Pha ngang, nhung rieng viec lam vfa lai rat td't;
ngay Kim xa la ngdy chi nen danh vdo viec
cting dudi ma la td't nhat; ngay Xudm xa la
ngay di san, danh ca la td't nhat; ngdy Can xa la
ngay td't nha't danh cho tham hdi ban be, anh em
hg hang, nhtfng cdng viec giao tie'p.
Ngudi Mudng trdnh khdi cdng lam nha, gieo
trdng vao ngdy sao tua rua di qua mat trang.
Day la dieu quan trgng ma dng ba, cha me phai
can dan con chdu trudc khi ve rdng (4).
Ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda sd'ng gan gui vdi
ngudi Mudng ttr lau ddi nen da
sir
dung bd lich
phap nay ciia ngudi Mudng nhu bd lich rieng
cita dan tde minh. Do dd hai dan tgc Mudng,
Thdi da
sir
dtrng bd lich nay vdi
mirc dich
gdn
nhu gid'ng nhau.
Nhin chung, lich phap ciia ngudi Mudng la
mdt phdn tri thiic tgc ngudi dugc bdt ngudn ttr
trong cudc sd'ng. Day
la
nhirng kinh nghiem
duge due ke't qua nhidu ddi, duge
ehdt
lgc trong

sdn xuat, quan sat
tir
nhien va nhifng nghiem
sinh trong ddi sd'ng tinh than, dan dan trd
thdnh phong tue, tap quan dugc mgi ngudi
trong cdng ddng tin va lam theo. Trong ddi
sd'ng hien dai, lich phap cita ngudi Mudng vdn
cdn cd y nghia nhat dinh vd gia tri van hda, ve
tfnh ban dia cua ndn hda Mudng trong ddng
chay van hda dan tgc Viet Nam •
M.V.T
1.
Theo
.so
lieu thong ke trong tai lieu "Nghien cdu
vdn de Mudng nuac" cua Ban dan
toe
mien
niii
Thanh Hoa
(6-1975)
oThanh
Hoa co 38
mucmg ciia
ngucri Muong: Ba
Thudc
CO 11
mucmg.
Cam Thuy co 9 mucmg,
Nhir

Xuan co
1 muong,
Ngpc
Lac co 7 mucmg, Lang Chanh co 4
mucmg, Thach Thanh co 5 muong, va Yen Dinh co 1
muong. Cac mucmg nay ton tai tru6c Cach mang thang
Tam.
2.
Cao Son Hai, Tuc ngd Mudng Thanh Hoa, Nxb
Vdn hoa Thong
tin.
Ha Noi,
2002.
3.
4. Hoang Anh
NhSn,
Vdn hoa dm thuc Mudng,
Nxb Vdn hoa Ddn
tpc.
Ha Npi,
2003.
NHIN
LAI VAN HOC
(Tie'p theo trang 75)
ctfng phdi dung trudc mdt cudc canh tranh mdi:
van hda dgc bi Ian at bdi van hda nghe nhin
dang dugc hd trg dde
lire
cua cae phuong tien
ky thuat hien dai, cting tam ly hudng thu cua

mdt bd phan cdng ehiing, nhat la cdng chiing
tre.
Thii
den, vi
sir
muu sinh, mdt bd phan ldn
cdng chiing khdng cd thdi gian va cifng chua cd
htmg thti den vdi van hgc. Dtt sao, trong bd'i
canh hien thdi, nhtfng chuyen ddng, nhtfng
khuynh hudng van hgc Campuehia cung khd ro
rang vd rat dang dugc ghi nhan •
N.S.T
1.
Hpi nha van Khome duoc thanh lap lan
dSu
tien vao
nam
1956,
do nha van Rim kin, tac gia So Phdt, cudn tieu
thuyet hien dai dau tien cua
Campuehia
(1938), lam Chu
tich Hoi.
2.
Sau khi gianh
dugc
dpc lap (1953),
Campuehia
da
trai qua 5 che dp chinh tri va mot thoi ky qua dp: Cong

dong xa hpi
binh
dan (1954-1969), Cfing hoa Khome
(1970-1975),
Campuehia
dan chu (1975-1979), Cpng hoa
nhan dan
Campuehia
(1979-1991),
Thai ky qua
d6
duoi
sir
quan ly
ciia
UNTAC (1991-1993), thai Vuong qudc
Campuehia (tir
1993
den nay).
3.
Vuong qudc
Campuehia
I la thoi ky 1954-1969,
dudi
sir
trj vi ctia Qudc vuong N.Sihanouk.
4.
Tieu
thuyet nay cd
tira

de bang tieng Khome la
Thd
ngay mdn ru roi, nghia
la
ngay hoac mat trdi (thd ngay)
khdng (man) roi rung
(rii
rdi). Nd am chi den ngay 7-1-
1979,
ngay dat nudc
Campuehia
thoat khoi nan diet
chiing. Vi the ngay nay khdng bao gid roi
riing
trong
tam
kham ngudi
Campuehia.
Bdi vay chting tdi tam dich tieu
thuydt nay la Ngdy khong
red.
5.
Tan Xokhunthia,
Sullen
trien cua vdn hpc
Khome
giai dogn
1979-1999,
Phndm Penh, 2002 (tu lieu Vien
Han lam Hoang gia Campuehia, tie'ng Khame), tr.76.

•in«S6 313
•H Thang
7-2010