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SOURCEBOOK ON
CRIMINAL LAW
Cavendish
Publishing
Limited
C
P
Cavendish
Publishing
Limited
C
P
London • Sydney

SOURCEBOOK ON
CRIMINAL LAW
Michael Molan, BA, LLM, Barrister
Senior Academic and Head of Law Division
South Bank University
Cavendish
Publishing
Limited
C
P
London • Sydney
Second edition first published in Great Britain 2001 by Cavendish Publishing
Limited, The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: + 44 (0)20 7278 8080
Email:
Website: www.cavendishpublishing.com

© Molan, Mike T 2001
First edition © Taylor, Alan and Hungerford-Welch, Peter 1997
Second edition 2001
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the
terms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Molan, Michael T
Sourcebook on criminal law – 2nd ed – (Sourcebook series)
1 Criminal law – England 2 Criminal law – Wales
I Title II Hungerford Welch, Peter III Taylor, Alan
IV Criminal law
345.4'2
ISBN 1 85941 680 2
Printed and bound in Great Britain
PREFACE
This Sourcebook seeks to provide a handy set of reference materials for students
studying criminal law on undergraduate or CPE programmes. As such it offers
coverage of the mainstream criminal offences through statutory and case law
materials.
Since the first edition of this book appeared in 1997 there have been many
significant developments in the field of substantive criminal law, primarily
through the endeavours of the judiciary. Included in this second edition are
comprehensive extracts from key House of Lords decisions such as B v DPP
(mistake of fact/strict liability); R v Hinks (theft); R v Smith (provocation); and R
v Powell and Daniels; R v English (accessorial liability), and the Court of Appeal
decision in R v A (Children) (Conjoined Twins). New statutory material includes

the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000; the provisions of the Crime and
Disorder Act 1998 relating to racially aggravated offences; and the Criminal
Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act 1998.
An introductory chapter has been added providing ‘scene setting’ materials
on the criminal process and some background information on the likely impact
of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the substantive criminal law. Also new for this
edition are the substantial extracts from Law Commission Reports and Home
Office papers on issues surrounding the reform of the substantive law. These
provide a valuable source of information for students seeking to explore an area
of substantive law in more depth and help to put the preceding case law and
statutory material in context.
I would like to extend my thanks to Alan Taylor and Peter Hungerford-
Welch for the foundations they provided in the first edition of this text, and to
Cara Annett and Sonny Leong at Cavendish Publishing for their continued
support and encouragement.
Producing this second edition would not have been possible without total
life support provided by Alison, and the patience of three people who played
quietly for so long: thanks Grace, Joy and Miles for being so good.
I have endeavoured to state the law as of 1 August 2001. Any errors and
omissions remain my own.
Mike Molan
South Bank University
London
August 2001
v

CONTENTS
Preface v
Table of Cases xiii
Table of Statutes xli

Table of Statutory Instruments li
Table of International Legislation liii
1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LAW: FRAMEWORK
AND PROCEDURES 1
Sources of criminal law 1
Interpreting criminal statutes 3
Classification of offences 3
The decision to prosecute 5
Establishing criminal liability – the standard and burden of proof 11
Criminal appeals 17
Codification of the criminal law 24
The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on substantive criminal law 30
2 ACTUS REUS: THE EXTERNAL ELEMENTS OF AN OFFENCE 39
A state of affairs amounting to an actus reus 39
3 CAUSATION 59
Causation in fact 59
Causation in law: basic principles 60
Novus actus interveniens – can the chain of causation be broken by the
actions of the victim? 65
Novus actus interveniens – can the chain of causation be broken by the
actions of a third party? 74
Act of God as a novus actus interveniens 88
Codification and law reform proposals 90
4 MENS REA: THE MENTAL ELEMENT 93
Intention 93
Recklessness 106
The lacuna in recklessness 122
Other fault terms 127
Children and proof of mens rea 137
vii

Corporations and proof of mens rea 139
Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea 158
Transferred malice 166
5 STRICT LIABILITY 177
The presumption in favour of mens rea: reading the statute as a whole 177
The seriousness of the offence: stigma and punishment versus
merely regulatory 191
Presumption in favour of mens rea rebutted by subject matter: the need
to protect society 196
Whether the imposition of strict liability helps to achieve the
legislative purpose 202
Codification and law reform proposals 207
6 MISTAKE 209
Mistake of law 210
Mistake of fact relating to an element of the offence charged 216
Mistake of fact relating to the availability of a defence 223
Codification and law reform proposals 224
7 SANE AND INSANE AUTOMATISM 227
Sane automatism 227
Insane automatism 244
Relationship between sane and insane automatism 257
8 INTOXICATION 273
Voluntary intoxication 273
What amounts to a state of intoxication? 273
The basic intent/specific intent dichotomy 274
The rationale for the operation of the defence of intoxication 274
What if a defendant deliberately intoxicates himself in order
to commit a crime? 279
Is all voluntary consumption of intoxicants to be regarded as reckless? 282
The relationship between intoxication and mistake of fact 284

Involuntary intoxication 291
Sourcebook on Criminal Law
viii
Contents
Mistake as to the nature of the substance consumed 291
Involuntary consumption of intoxicants falling short of intoxication 292
Codification and law reform proposals 296
9 ACCESSORIAL LIABILITY 303
The actus reus of participation: aid, abet, counsel and procure 303
Presence at the scene of the crime and failing to prevent the
commission of offences 312
The mens rea of accomplices 322
Problems with accessorial liability 364
Codification and law reform proposals 382
10 INCHOATE OFFENCES – INCITEMENT 419
Elements of incitement 419
Incitement an impossibility 427
Codification and law reform proposals 434
11 INCHOATE OFFENCES – CONSPIRACY 443
Statutory conspiracy 443
Common law conspiracy 453
Impossibility as a defence to conspiracy 469
Codification and law reform proposals 472
12 INCHOATE OFFENCES – ATTEMPTS 475
Actus reus: an act which is more than merely preparatory 475
Mens rea: with intent to commit the completed offence 482
Impossibility 488
Jurisdictional issues 495
13 DURESS AND NECESSITY 497
Duress per minas 497

Duress of circumstances 536
A common law defence of necessity? 547
A limited defence of necessity? 551
Codification and law reform proposals 564
ix
Sourcebook on Criminal Law
14 SELF-DEFENCE 575
The concept of reasonable force 575
Self-defence and necessity 603
Codification and law reform proposals 604
15 HOMICIDE 621
The victim must be a ‘life in being’ 621
The defendant must be shown to have caused the death in fact
and in law 625
The specific requirements of murder 625
Defences unique to murder 636
Involuntary manslaughter: unlawful act manslaughter 715
Involuntary manslaughter: killing by gross negligence 725
16 NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON 761
Crown Prosecution Charging Standards 761
Assault and battery 761
Charging assault and battery 768
Assault related offences 773
Wounding and grievous bodily harm 792
Poisoning 807
Kidnapping and false imprisonment 815
‘Stalking’ 816
Racially motivated assaults 817
Codification and law reform proposals 819
Consent to physical harm as a defence 826

17 SEXUAL OFFENCES 855
Indecent assault 855
Rape 875
Other sexual offences involving intercourse 887
Codification and law reform proposals 890
18 THEFT 919
Property: what cannot be stolen 923
Stealing of part can be stealing of whole 928
x
Contents
Codification and law reform proposals 929
Appropriation 932
Dishonesty 978
Codification and law reform proposals 984
Taking motor vehicle or other conveyance without authority 994
Dishonestly abstracting electricity 1002
Making off without payment 1004
19 BURGLARY AND GOING EQUIPPED 1011
Burglary 1011
Going equipped for stealing, etc 1026
20 ROBBERY AND BLACKMAIL 1031
Robbery 1031
Blackmail 1035
21 OFFENCES INVOLVING DECEPTION: OBTAINING PROPERTY
BY DECEPTION 1039
Obtaining property belonging to another 1039
Deception 1041
Obtaining a money transfer by deception 1069
Obtaining a pecuniary advantage by deception 1070
False accounting 1075

Obtaining services by deception 1075
Evasion of liability by deception 1078
Codification and law reform proposals 1083
22 HANDLING STOLEN GOODS 1091
Stolen goods 1091
Dishonestly retaining a wrongful credit 1092
Proving goods were stolen 1092
Dishonesty 1101
Knowing or believing that the goods are stolen 1101
The forms of handling 1104
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Sourcebook on Criminal Law
23 CRIMINAL DAMAGE 1113
Property belonging to another 1113
Damage or destroy 1114
Without lawful excuse 1117
Other offences under the Criminal Damage Act 1971 1138
Racially motivated criminal damage 1139
24 OFFENCES INVOLVING WEAPONS 1141
‘ has with him ’ 1141
‘ public place ’ 1143
Weapons which are offensive per se: meaning 1145
Weapons which are offensive per se: a question of fact 1147
Weapons which become offensive because of the intention with
which they are carried 1149
Intention to intimidate 1152
Lawful authority or reasonable excuse 1152
Cases where injury is actually inflicted 1156
Possession of blades, etc 1156
Index 1165

xii
xiii
TABLE OF CASES
A (Conjoined Twins: Survival Separation), Re
[2000] 4 All ER 961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 551, 590, 603, 623, 629
A v UK (1999) 27 EHRR 611 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
ADT v United Kingdom [2000] Crim LR 1009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Abbott v R [1977] AC 755 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509, 520, 521, 523, 524, 526
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 55, 603, 630–33, 635
Albert v Lavin [1982] AC 546 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] AC 824. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 191
Anderton v Ryan [1985] AC 560. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489, 491–95
Andrews v Director of Public Prosecutions
[1937] AC 576 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 130, 275, 724, 727, 729, 730
Andronicou v Cyprus [1998] Crim LR 823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
AG v Able and Others [1984] 1 QB 795 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
AG v Lockwood (1942) 9 M & W 378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178, 202
AG v Whelan [1934] IR 518 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499, 514
AG for Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275, 279, 293
AG for Northern Ireland’s Ref (No 1 of 1975) [1977] AC 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
AG for South Australia v Brown [1960] AC 432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233, 295
AG of Hong King v Lee Kwong-Kut [1993] AC 951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1974) [1974] QB 744 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104
AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773; [1977] AC 105 . . . . . . . . . . 303, 310, 311, 383, 413,
415, 435, 589
AG’s Refs (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979) [1980] QB 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
AG’s Ref (No 4 of 1979) (1980) 71 Cr App R 341 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
AG’s Ref (No 4 of 1980) [1981] 1 WLR 705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
AG’s Ref (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827, 835, 838
AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1982) [1983] 1 QB 751 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

AG’s Ref (No 2 of 1982) [1984] QB 624 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972, 979
AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1983) [1985] QB 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963, 976
AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1992) [1993] 1 WLR 274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475, 480, 887
AG’s Ref (No 2 of 1992) [1994] QB 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
AG’s Ref (No 3 of 1992) [1994] 1 WLR 409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482, 486, 1136
AG’s Ref (No 3 of 1994) [1998] AC 245; [1996] 2 All ER 11;
[1997] 3 All ER 936. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 168, 621, 623, 626
AG’s Ref (No 1 of 1995) [1996] 1 WLR 970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
AG’s Ref (No 28 of 1996) [1997] 2 Cr App R (S) 206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
AG’s Ref (No 3 of 1997) [1997] 3 All ER 936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
xiv
Sourcebook on Criminal Law
AG’s Ref (No 3 of 1998) [1999] 3 All ER 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
AG’s Ref (No 2 of 1999) [2000] 3 All ER 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154, 731
Atwal v Massey [1971] 3 All ER 881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
B (A Minor) v DPP [2000] 1 All ER 833. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 184, 220, 864–66
B v Leathley [1979] Crim LR 314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012
Bank of New South Wales v Piper [1897] AC 383 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Bates v Bulman [1979] 1 WLR 1190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156
Beaney, Re [1978] 1 WLR 770 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959, 961
Beckford v R [1988] AC 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222, 223, 511, 592, 594, 602
Bedder v Director of Public Prosecutions
[1954] 1 WLR 1119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663, 665, 666, 669, 675, 677,
679, 683, 684, 706, 707
Bell v Lever Brothers [1932] AC 161. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Birmingham and Gloucester Ry Co (1842) 2 QB 223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Black-Clawson International Ltd v Papierwerke
Waldhoff-Anschaffenburg AG [1975] AC 591 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 943
Blackburn v Bowering [1994] 1 WLR 1324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks (1856) 11 Exch 781 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Board of Trade v Owen [1957] AC 602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471, 966
Boggeln v Williams [1978] 1 WLR 873. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Boiduc and Bird v R (1967) 63 DLR (2d) 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Bolton (Engineering) Co Ltd v TJ Graham & Sons Ltd
[1957] 1 QB 159; [1956] 3 All ER 624. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 152, 155, 739, 740, 742
Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Bratty v AG for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 386. . . . . . . . . . . . 231, 233, 236, 237, 248–50,
255, 257, 275
Brend v Wood (1946) 175 LT 306 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Broome v Perkins [1987] RTR 321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231, 243
Brutus v Cozens (1972) 56 Cr App R 799; [1973] AC 854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Bryan v Mott (1975) 62 Cr App R 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152
Burton v Islington Health Authority [1993] QB 204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Burton v Winters [1993] 1 WLR 1077. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126, 1127
Byrne v Kinematograph Renters Society Ltd
[1958] 2 All ER 579 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
Table of Cases
C (A Minor) v Eisenhower (sub nom JJC v Eisenhower)
[1983] 3 WLR 537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792, 829
C v Director of Public Prosecutions [1996] AC 1; [1995] 2 All ER 43 . . . . . 2, 732, 733, 734
Calgarth, The [1926] P 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
Canadian Dredge and Dock Co Ltd v R (1985) 1 SCR 662. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Carstairs v Taylor (1870) LR 6 Exch 217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chamberlain v Lindon [1998] 2 All ER 538 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123
Chan Man-Sin v R [1988] 1 WLR 196. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
Chan Wing-Siu and Others v R [1985] 1 AC 168 . . . . . . . . . 337–40, 342, 343, 345, 349–51
Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset v Shimmen
(1987) 84 Cr App R 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 124, 223
Chuter v Freeth and Pocock Ltd [1911] 2 KB 832 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736, 738
Coffin and Another v Smith and Another (1980) 71 Cr App R 221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

Collins v Director of Public Prosecutions (1987) The Times, 20 October . . . . . . . . . . 1002
Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Comr of Police for the Metropolis v Charles
See Metropolitan Police Comr v Charles—
Cooper v McKenna ex p Cooper [1960] Qld LR 406. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233, 234
Copus v Director of Public Prosecutions [1989] Crim LR 577. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145
Corcoran v Anderton (1980) 71 Cr App R 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Cox v Riley (1986) 83 Cr App R 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114, 1116
Davey v Lee [1968] 1 QB 366. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475, 479
Davies v Harvey LR 9 QB 433. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
De Freitas (1960) 2 WIR 523. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Derbyshire v Houliston [1897] 1 QB 772 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Director of Public Prosecutions v Armstrong [2000] Crim LR 379 . . . . . . . . . . . . 426, 433
Director of Public Prosecutions v Beard [1920] AC 479 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 273, 275, 277,
279, 281, 293, 628
Director of Public Prosecutions v Bell
[1992] Crim LR 176; [1992] RTR 335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541, 546
Director of Public Prosecutions v Camplin
See R v Camplin—
Director of Public Prosecutions v Davis; Director of
Public Prosecutions v Pittaway [1994] Crim LR 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542, 543
Director of Public Prosecutions v Gomez [1993] AC 442 . . . . . . . . 417, 473, 937, 940, 941,
943–46, 957–60, 966, 972
xv
Director of Public Prosecutions v Gregson
(1993) 96 Cr App R 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159
Director of Public Prosecutions v H (1997) The Times, 2 May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Director of Public Prosecutions v Jones [1990] RTR 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542, 546
Director of Public Prosecutions v Kent and Sussex
Contractors Ltd [1944] 1 KB 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 735, 737, 738, 741

Director of Public Prosecutions v Majewski
[1977] AC 443 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 241, 275, 283, 285, 286,
288–91, 293, 294, 296, 342,
602, 902, 1134, 1135
Director of Public Prosecutions v Morgan
[1976] AC 182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187, 216, 221–23, 274, 882,
885, 886, 899, 900, 902, 903
Director of Public Prosecutions v Newbury and Jones
[1977] AC 500; (1976) 62 Cr App R 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719, 720, 724
Director of Public Prosecutions v Nock [1978] AC 979 . . . . . . . . . 427, 429, 441, 469, 1021
Director of Public Prosecutions v Ray [1974] AC 370. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043, 1044
Director of Public Prosecutions v Rogers [1953] QB 644 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Director of Public Prosecutions v Smith [1961] AC 290. . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 95, 635, 794, 829
Director of Public Prosecutions v Spriggs [1994] RTR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997, 998
Director of Public Prosecutions v Stonehouse [1978] AC 55. . . . . . . . . . . . . 479, 495, 1041
Director of Public Prosecutions v Taylor; Director of Public
Prosecutions v Little [1992] 1 QB 645; [1992] 1 All ER 299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768, 771
Director of Public Prosecutions v Turner
[1974] AC 357; (1973) 57 Cr App R 932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920, 1071
Director of Public Prosecutions (Jamaica) v Bailey
[1995] 1 Cr App R 257 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland
v Lynch [1975] AC 653; [1975] 1 All ER 913;
(1975) 61 Cr App R 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497, 498, 504, 506, 509, 511,
514, 520–24, 527, 530, 531
Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland
v Maxwell [1978] 1 WLR 1350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330, 401
Dobson v General Accident Fire Life Assurance Corp plc
[1990] 1 QB 274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934, 939, 953
Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority

[1996] 4 All ER 474 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927, 928
xvi
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Table of Cases
Edwards v Ddin [1976] 1 WLR 942 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
Edwards v Director of Public Prosecutions (1993) 97 Cr App R 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Edwards v R [1973] AC 648. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656, 662
Eldredge v US (1932) 62 F 2d 449 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Elliott v C (A Minor) [1983] 1 WLR 939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 120, 125, 884
Evans v Hughes [1972] 1 WLR 1452 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
Evans v Wright [1964] Crim LR 466. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation), In Re [1990] 2 AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552, 563
Fagan v Metropolitan Police Comr [1969] 1 QB 439. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 761, 765, 769
Fairclough v Whipp [1951] 2 All ER 834 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
Faulkner v Talbot [1981] 1 WLR 1528; [1981] 3 All ER 468 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856, 859, 867
Fitzpatrick v Kelly [1977] LR 8 QB 337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v AG of Hong Kong [1985] 1 AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 201
Gibson v Wales [1983] 1 WLR 393 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health
Authority and Department of Health and Social
Security [1986] 1 AC 112. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 327, 341, 410, 631, 633
Godwin v Director of Public Prosecutions
(1993) 96 Cr App R 244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
Governor of Pentonville Prison ex p Osman [1990] 1 WLR 277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Grieve v Macleod [1967] Crim LR 424. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
HM Advocate General v Robert Smith (1893) 1 Adam 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Hardman and Others v The Chief Constable of Avon
and Somerset Constabulary [1986] Crim LR 330 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116
Hargreaves v Diddams LR 10 QB 582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Harris v Director of Public Prosecutions; Fehmi v Director of

Public Prosecutions (1993) 96 Cr App R 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
Harrow LBC v Shah [1999] 3 All ER 302. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Hashman and Harrup v UK [2000] Crim LR 185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Haughton v Smith [1973] 3 All ER 1109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441, 488
Haystead v DPP [2000] 2 Cr App R 339 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Her Majesty’s Advocate v Ritchie (1926) SC (J) 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Her Majesty’s Coroner for East Kent ex p Spooner
(1989) 88 Cr App R 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733, 743
xvii
Hill v Baxter [1958] 1 QB 277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227, 230, 231, 233, 234,
237, 238, 252, 253
Hillen and Pettigrew v ICI (Alkali) Ltd [1936] AC 65. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
Hinchliffe v Sheldon [1995] 1 WLR 1207. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776, 777
Hobson v Impett (1957) 41 Cr App R 138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
Holmes v Director of Public Prosecutions [1946] AC 588 . . . . . . . . 663, 676, 683, 684, 703
Hope v Brown [1954] 1 WLR 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Houghton v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester
(1987) 84 Cr App R 319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145, 1146, 1155
Hui Chi-Ming v R [1992] 1 AC 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338, 345, 359
Hunt [1987] AC 352. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Hyam v Director of Public Prosecutions
[1975] AC 55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 94, 95, 482, 489,
626, 628, 631
Invicta Plastics Ltd and Another v Clare [1976] RTR 251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
J, In Re [1991] Fam 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631, 632
Jaggard v Dickinson [1981] QB 527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299, 1134
James and Son Ltd v Smee [1955] 1 QB 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Johns v R (1980) 143 CLR 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Johnson v Director of Public Prosecutions
[1994] Crim LR 673 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121, 1126

Johnson v Youden and Others [1950] 1 KB 544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214, 322, 332
Kaitamaki v R [1985] AC 147. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
Kay v Butterworth (1945) 61 TLR 452 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Kennedy v Her Majesty’s Advocate (1944) SC (J) 171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Knox v Anderton (1982) 76 Cr App R 156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd
v Director of Public Prosecutions [1973] AC 435 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459, 461, 463, 466
Lacis v Cashmarts [1969] 2 QB 400. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Lady Gwendolen, The [1965] P 294 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 153
Lagan Navigation Co v Lambeg Bleaching,
Dying and Finishing Co Ltd [1927] AC 226 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128
Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Comr [1972] AC 626 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933, 935–38
Lee v Simpson 3 CB 871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
xviii
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Table of Cases
Lee Chun-Chuen v R [1963] AC 220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Lennard’s Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum
Co Ltd [1915] AC 705; [1914–15] All ER Rep 280. . . . . . . 145–47, 151–53, 155, 739–42
Lim Chin Aik v R [1963] AC 160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178, 185, 203
Lloyd v Director of Public Prosecutions [1992] 1 All ER 982 . . . . . . . . . . 1126, 1127, 1139
Lolley’s Case R & R 237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
London and Globe Finance Corporation Ltd, Re
[1903] 1 Ch 732 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041, 1049
Longford, The (1889) 14 PD 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Low v Blease [1975] Crim LR 513. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
Luc Thiet Thuan v R [1997] 1 AC 131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664, 665, 669, 670, 672, 677,
678, 680, 687, 688, 692, 694,
697, 704, 708, 709, 713
McAuliffe v R (1995) 69 ALJR 621 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337, 338, 343, 345

McCann v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
M’Naghten’s Case (1843) 10 Cl & F 200;
[1843–60] All ER Rep 229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232, 235, 240, 244, 245, 247–55,
257–61, 264, 265, 280, 281,
293, 638, 639
McLoughlin v O’Brian [1983] 1 AC 410. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
Malnik v Director of Public Prosecutions [1989] Crim LR 451 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
Mancini v Director of Public Prosecutions
[1942] AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649, 663, 675, 683, 684, 705
Meade’s and Belt’s Case (1823) 1 Lew CC 184. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765, 767
Meli v R, See Thabo Meli and Others v R—
Meridian Global Funds Management Asia
v Securities Commission [1995] 3 WLR 413 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 155–58, 734
Metropolitan Police Comr v Caldwell
[1982] AC 341; [1981] 2 WLR 509;
[1981] 1 All ER 961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 54, 107, 110–15, 118–24, 126, 127,
223, 283, 285, 286, 288, 290,
733, 803, 804, 884–86, 1133
Metropolitan Police Comr v Charles [1977] AC 177 . . . . . . . 1041, 1058, 1062, 1063, 1067
Minister of Home Affairs v Fisher [1980] AC 319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Moffett v Brewer (1948) Iowa Rep 348 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128
Moore v Bresler [1944] 2 All ER 515. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154, 738
Morden v Porter 7 CB (NS) 641 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Morgentaler v R [1976] 1 SCR 616 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
xix
Morris v Tolman [1923] 1 KB 166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Mousell Brothers Ltd v London and
North-Western Railway Co [1917] 2 KB 836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Moynes v Cooper [1956] 1 QB 439 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Multinational Gas and Petrochemical Co v Multinational Gas and

Petrochemical Services Ltd [1983] Ch 258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Murray v UK (1994) 19 EHRR 193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324, 407
Nichols v Hall LR 8 CP 322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Norfolk Constabulary v Seekings [1986] Crim LR 167. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012
Oakey v Jackson [1914] 1 KB 216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Ohlson v Hylton [1975] 1 WLR 724 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149, 1150
Oxford v Moss (1978) 68 Cr App R 183. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923, 929, 930
Page v Smith [1996] AC 155. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
Palmer v R [1971] AC 814; [1971] 2 WLR 831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575, 577–79, 581, 582,
585, 586, 589
Papadimitropoulos v R (1957) 98 DLR 249, HC (Australia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840, 880, 881
Parker v Alder [1899] 1 QB 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Pearks Gunston and Tee Ltd v Ward [1902] 2 KB 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178, 736
Pearson’s Case 2 Lew 144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Perka et al v R (1985) 13 DLR (4th) 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545, 560, 562, 564, 624
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
v Storkwain Ltd [1986] 1 WLR 903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Pharmaceutical Society v London and Provincial
Supply Association (1880) 5 App Cas 857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 737, 739
Pilgram v Rice Smith [1977] 2 All ER 659 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
Practice Statement (Judicial Precedent) [1966] 1 WLR 1234 . . . . . . . . . . 464, 489, 491, 494
Priestnall v Cornish [1979] Crim LR 310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
R v Abdul-Hussain and Others [1999] Crim LR 570, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500, 559, 564
R v Acott [1997] 1 All ER 706; (1996) 160 JP 655. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650, 674
R v Adams [1993] Crim LR 72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
R v Adkins [2000] 2 All ER 185, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882
R v Adomako [1995] 1 AC 171; [1994] 3 All ER 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 158, 727, 732–34
R v Ahluwalia [1992] 4 All ER 889. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652, 673, 678, 687, 704, 710
xx

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Table of Cases
R v Aitken, Bennet and Barson
[1992] 1 WLR 1066; (1992) 95 Cr App R 304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289, 834
R v Alexander (1913) 9 Cr App R 139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683, 705
R v Ali [1995] Crim LR 303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
R v Allamby; R v Medford [1974] 1 WLR 1494 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
R v Allan and Others [1965] 1 QB 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
R v Allen [1985] AC 1029 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
R v Allen [1988] Crim LR 698 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274, 291
R v Alex Dingwall (1867) 5 Irv 466. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
R v Allsop 64 Cr App R 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
R v Ambler [1979] RTR 217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
R v Anderson; R v Morris [1966] 2 QB 110;
(1966) 50 Cr App R 216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336, 338–41, 344, 349–51,
354–60, 363
R v Anderson [1986] AC 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444, 446, 450, 452
R v Armstrong [1989] Crim LR 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
R v Ashford; R v Smith [1988] Crim LR 682. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119, 1120
R v Associated Octel Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 846; [1996] 1 WLR 1543 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 734
R v Atakapu; R v Abrahams [1994] QB 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
R v Attewell-Hughes [1991] 4 All ER 810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081
R v Ayres [1984] AC 447 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
R v Aziz [1993] Crim LR 708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
R v Bailey (1978) 66 Cr App R 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
R v Bailey (John) [1983] 1 WLR 760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240, 283, 284, 301
R v Baillie [1995] 2 Cr App R 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
R v Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306, 308, 329, 331, 332, 385, 395
R v Baker [1994] Crim LR 444 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
R v Baker; R v Wilkins [1997] Crim LR 497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505, 1122

R v Baldessare (1930) 22 Cr App R 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
R v Ball [1989] Crim LR 730. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
R v Bamborough [1996] Crim LR 744 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
R v Barr (1986) 88 Cr App R 362 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
R v Bateman (1925) 94 LJ KB 791;
[1925] All ER Rep 45; (1925) 19 Cr App R 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727, 730, 732, 733
R v Bashir (1983) 77 Cr App R 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
R v Becerra; R v Cooper (1975) 62 Cr App R 212. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374, 378, 380, 382
R v Beech (1912) 7 Cr App R 197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 784
R v Beecham (1851) 5 Cox CC 181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
xxi
R v Bell [1984] Crim LR 685. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
R v Benge (1865) 4 F & F 594 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
R v Bentley (1850) 4 Cox CC 406. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
R v Bentley [1999] Crim LR 330 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
R v Betts; R v Ridley (1930) 22 Cr App R 148 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
R v Betty (1963) 48 Cr App R 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339, 356, 357, 359, 360
R v Bevan (1987) 84 App R 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
R v Bevans (1988) 87 Cr App R 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
R v Bingham [1991] Crim LR 433 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239, 259
R v Bird [1985] 1 WLR 816 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
R v Blake [1997] 1 All ER 963, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
R v Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 68, 73, 74, 77, 83
R v Bloxham [1983] 1 AC 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106
R v Bogacki and Others [1973] QB 832 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
R v Bolton (1992) 94 Cr App R 74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443, 444
R v Bonner [1970] 1 WLR 838 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972
R v Bourne [1939] 1 KB 687 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371, 549, 555, 558
R v Bournewood Community and Mental Health
NHS Trust ex p L [1999] 1 AC 458 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552, 563

R v Bow (1976) 64 Cr App R 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997, 998
R v Bowden [1993] Crim LR 380. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
R v Bowen [1997] 1 WLR 372; [1996] 2 Cr App R 157. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515, 705
R v Boyle (1986) 84 Cr App R 270. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
R v Bradish (1990) 90 Cr App R 271. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
R v Breaks; R v Huggan [1998] Crim LR 349 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978
R v Breckenridge (1983) 79 Cr App R 244. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
R v Briggs [1977] 1 WLR 605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
R v British Steel plc [1995] 1 WLR 1356. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156, 157, 158, 734
R v Brook [1993] Crim LR 455. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
R v Brooks and Brooks (1982) 76 Cr App R 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
R v Brown (1971) 55 Cr App R 478. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152
R v Brown [1970] 1 QB 105; [1969] 3 All ER 198;
(1969) 53 Cr App R 527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108, 1110
R v Brown [1985] Crim LR 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017, 1018
R v Brown (Anthony) [1994] 1 AC 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833, 834, 868
R v Brown; R v Morley (1968) SASR 467. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526, 527
R v Brown and Others [1994] 1 AC 212. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
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Table of Cases
R v Bruce (1847) 2 Cox CC 262 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
R v Bundy [1977] 1 WLR 914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
R v Burgess [1991] 1 QB 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232, 253
R v Burns (1973) 58 Cr App R 364 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
R v Burstow (Anthony Christopher) [1997] 1 Cr App R 144. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786, 797
R v Button 3 Cox CC 229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
R v Byrne [1960] 2 QB 396; (1960) 44 Cr App R 246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233, 637, 640, 671, 702
R v C [1992] Crim LR 642. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873, 874
R v Cairns [1999] 2 Cr App R 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

R v Caldwell, See Metropolitan Police Comr v Caldwell—
R v Calhaem [1985] 1 QB 808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
R v Callender [1992] 3 WLR 501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
R v Cambridge [1994] 2 All ER 760; [1994] 1 WLR 971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
R v Campbell [1997] 1 Cr App R 199;
[1997] Crim LR 495; [1997] 1 NZLR 16, CA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642, 665, 670, 673, 688
R v Campbell (Tony) (1991) 93 Cr App R 350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
R v Camplin [1978] AC 705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515, 651, 654, 656, 657, 661–64,
666–70, 672, 675–80, 684–92,
699, 702, 706, 710, 712, 713
R v Carter [1959] VR 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
R v Cash [1985] QB 801; [1995] 2 All ER 128. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
R v Cato and Others [1976] 1 WLR 110; (1975) 62 Cr App R 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 69, 810
R v Chan-Fook [1994] 1 WLR 689; (1994) 99 Cr App R 147. . . . . . . . . . . . 786, 787, 796–98
R v Charles, See Metropolitan Police Comr v Charles—
R v Charlson [1955] 1 WLR 317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255, 258, 259
R v Chaulk [1989] 1 SCR 369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
R v Cheshire [1991] 1 WLR 844; (1991) 93 Cr App R 251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 78, 84, 87, 88
R v Chhay (1994) 72 A Crim R 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
R v Church [1966] 1 QB 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166, 275, 357, 358, 716, 723, 724
R v Churchill (No 2) [1967] 2 AC 224. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
R v Clarence (1888) 22 QBD 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797, 798, 839, 872–74
R v Clarke [1972] 1 All ER 219. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
R v Clarkson and Others [1971] 1 WLR 1402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
R v Clear [1968] 1 QB 670. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035, 1036
R v Clegg [1995] 1 AC 482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586, 602
R v Clouden [1987] Crim LR 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
R v Clucas [1949] 2 KB 226. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
R v Codere (1916) 12 Cr App R 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
xxiii

R v Coffey [1987] Crim LR 498 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
R v Cogan; R v Leak [1976] 1 QB 217. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368, 371, 416
R v Coggins (1873) 12 Cox CC 517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096
R v Cole and Others [1993] Crim LR 300, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
R v Cole [1994] Crim LR 582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497, 503–07
R v Collins (1864) 9 Cox CC 497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492, 493
R v Collins [1973] QB 100; (1972) 56 Cr App R 554 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014, 1017–19
R v Collis-Smith [1971] Crim LR 716 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054
R v Condron [2000] Crim LR 679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
R v Coney and Others (1882) 8 QBD 534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312, 315, 317, 326, 828
R v Conway [1989] 1 QB 290; [1988] 3 WLR 1238;
(1989) 88 Cr App R 159. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514, 538, 541, 545, 547, 559, 573
R v Cooper; R v Compton [1947] 2 All ER 701. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
R v Cooper; R v Schaub [1994] Crim LR 531 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
R v Corbett [1996] Crim LR 594 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
R v Cory Brothers and Co [1927] 1 KB 810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735, 737, 738
R v Cottle [1958] NZLR 999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 238, 239
R v Court [1989] AC 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857, 862, 863, 873
R v Courtie [1984] AC 463 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769, 770
R v Cousins [1982] 1 QB 562 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
R v Cox (1992) 12 BMLR 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632, 635
R v Croft [1944] 1 KB 295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 379
R v Cugullere [1961] 1 WLR 858. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141
R v Cullen [1993] Crim LR 936, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
R v Culyer (1992) The Times, 16 April. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
R v Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396; (1957) 41 Cr App R 155 . . . . . . . 106–08, 121, 122, 131,
290, 801, 804
R v Cunningham [1982] AC 566. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 626, 628, 629
R v Curley (1909) 2 Cr App R 96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
R v Curr [1968] 2 QB 944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424, 426

R v D [1984] AC 778, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815, 816
R v DPP ex p Kebilene [1999] 3 WLR 972; [2000] 1 Cr App R 275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 866
R v Dalby [1982] 1 WLR 621; [1982] 1 All ER 916;
(1982) 74 Cr App R 348 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 719, 721
R v Davis (1881) 14 Cox CC 563 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
R v Davis (2000) The Times, 25 July. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
R v Daweson, Nolan and Walmsley (1985) 81 Cr App R 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 717, 719
R v Dawson; R v James (1978) 68 Cr App R 170; [1978] VR 536 . . . . . . . . . 504, 1032, 1033
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