LIÊN TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH

Chuyên đề 15:
LIÊN TỪ
1. Adverb clauses of reason: Mệnh đề chỉ lý do
a. BECAUSE/ LEST + Clause
Eg:
- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill.
- Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off.
*. Lest: vì e rằng, để ngăn khơng cho điều gì đó xảy ra
E.g. - He ran away lest he (should/might) be seen. => tương tự cấu trúc giả định (để khỏi bị nhìn thấy)
b. BECAUSE OF/FOR FEAR OF/AS A RESULT OF/AS A CONSEQUENCE OF/ DUE TO/THANK
TO/OWING TO/ on account of + N/Object Pronoun/V. ING Phrase: cụm từ chỉ lý do
Eg:
- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness.
- Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off.
2. Adverb clauses of concession: Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ/ đối lập
a. MUCH AS/ THOUGH/ ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH + Clause
Eg:
- They came to the concert though it was raining heavily.
- Although it is a very hot day, I shall go for a walk.
b. IN SPITE OF/ REGARDLESS OF / DESPITE + N/Object Pronoun/V.ING Phrase/ The fact that +
clause/ this/ that/what: cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ.
Eg:
- They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rain.
- In spite of a hot day, I shall go for a walk.
DẠNG BÀI TẬP: Phần viết lại câu: Chuyển từ mệnh đề chỉ lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do.
CHUYỂN TỪ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ SANG CỤM TỪ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ
ALTHOUGH  DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF
1. Dạng 1: Nếu câu đã cho có dạng:
E.g. Although he studied hard, he failed the exam.
-> Despite studying hard, he fail the exam.
Form: Although + S1 + V1, S1 + V2.

=> Despite + V1_ing, S1 + V2.
2. Dạng 2: Nếu câu đã cho có dạng:
E.g. Although he was sick, I couldn’t help him with his homework.
-> Despite his sickness, I ………………
Form: Although S1 (đại từ nhân xưng) + be + adj, S2 + V2.
=> Despite + tính từ sở hữu + danh từ, S2 + V2.
Trong đó: tính từ sở hữu được chuyeenrn thành từ “đại từ nhân xưng”
Danh từ được chuyển thành từ tính từ.
3. Dạng 3:
e.g. Although he behaved badly, everyone liked him.
-> Despite his bad behavior, everyone…..
Form: Although + S1 + V_thường + ADV, S2 + V2.
-> Despite + tính từ sở hữu + tính từ + danh từ, S2 + V2.
tính từ sở hữu được chuyển thành từ đại từ nhân xưng
tính từ được chuyển từ trạng từ
danh từ được chuyển từ động từ thường.
4. Dạng 4:
E.g. Although the book was expensive, I bought it.
-> Despite the expensive book, I …………….
Form: Although + mạo từ/ tính từ sở hữu/ đại từ chỉ định (this/ that/ these/ those) + danh từ + be +
tính từ, S + V.
-> Despite + mạo từ/ tính từ sở hữu/ đại từ chỉ định (this/ that/ these/ those) + tính từ + danh từ, S +
V.
5. Dạng 5:
E.g. Although it is sunny, I feel cold.
-> Despite the sun, I feel cold.
Form: Although + it + be + tính từ chỉ thời tiết, S + V.
-> Despite + the + danh từ, S + V.
sunny -> sun
windy -> wind

cloudy -> cloud
rainy -> rain
(Because => because of thì tương tự các dạng trên)


6. Dạng 6
Although I worked hard, he didn’t pay me much.
-> Despite the fact that I work……, ……………..
E.g. He worked hard, but he didn’t earn much money.
= Although he worked hard, he didn’t ………..
= Hard as he worked, he didn’t earn…………..
= However/ No matter how hard he worked, he didn’t ………………..
= Work hard as he might, he didn’t …………………
Form: S1 + V1 + adj/ adv, but S2 + V2.
= although S1 + V1 …., S2 + V2
= adj/ adv + as/ though + S1 + V1, S2 + V2
= However/ no matter how + adj/ adv S1 + V1, S2 + V2
= V1 nguyen the + adj/ adv as S1 + may (nếu V1 ở hiện tại)/ might (nếu V1 ở qkhu), S2 + V2.

6) Nếu câu có dạng : It (be) + tính từ về thời tiết => Đổi tính từ thành danh từ thêm “the” phía
trước.
E.g. Although it was rainy, .....
=> Despite / in spite of the rain, ……….
Các tính từ và danh từ thường gặp trong mẫu này là:
Foggy => fog ( sương mù), Snowy => snow (tuyết), Rainy => rain (mưa), Stormy => storm (bão)
* Rút gọn : Although/Though/ Even though +S + be… +ADJ
=> Although/Though/ Even though +ADJ
Ex: Although tired, he went to work
* Although / Even though/ though + S +be/ verb + Adj/Adv …..,
= Adj/Adv + as (though) + S + be/ verb, …….

- Although he is intelligent, he should be careful. =>Intelligent as he is, he should…
7) Nếu câu có dạng: Danh từ + (be) + p.p (câu bị động)
=> Đổi p.p thành danh từ, thêm “the” phía trước và “of” phía sau danh từ
Although television was invented, ..... => Despite / in spite of the invention of television, ………
4. Other Structures:
*. Summary: WH-/How + EVER = NO MATTER + WH-/How = IT DOESN’T MATTER +
WH-/How
a. No matter wh- (who/when/where/why) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g. - No matter who you are, I still love you.
- No matter what she says, I don’t believe her.
E.g. - Whoever/No matter who he may be, we don’t believe what he says.
b. No matter how + (adj/adv) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g. - No matter how he tries, he will not succeed.
- No matter how heavily it rains, I go to school.
- No matter how beautiful she is, I don’t like her.
E.g. - However rich this man is, he can’t support his family.
c. No matter what/Whatever + (N) + S + (May) + V, S + V
E.g. - Whatever/No matter what others may say, you are certainly right.
- Whatever/No matter what he says, no one believes him.
d. It doesn’t matter what + S + (May) + V, S + V => Trong cấu trúc này, what được dùng nhiều hơn các
từ khác
- It doesn’t matter what he says, he’s always your brother.
f. Wrong =>Contrary to what people think/ believe/romour…, S + V…
Ex: - He was wrong to believe that the earth is square. =>Contrary to what he believed the earth is not
square.
g. S + insist on …..=> Nothing but a/an + N+ should satisfy him/her...
He insisted on a full apology.
=> Nothing but a full apology should satisfy him.

PRACTICE: although, in spite of, no matter, …
1. In spite of all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
=> Although all our plans were careful, ……………..
2. The dog saw him. It always barked at him angrily. (Whenever …)
=> Whenever the dog saw him, it…………………….
3. Although she was angry, she managed to hide her feeling. (despite)
=> Despite her anger/ being angry, ………………….
- Manage to Vn.t = succeed in Ving: thành cơng trong việc gì.
4. My parents find fault with everything I do.
=> No matter what I do, my parents…………….
5. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out.
=> No matter how long you use it as you like, it won’t wear out: sờn, bạc màu…
6. I had had no experience of skiing but I quickly picked it up.
=> Despite my inexperience of skiing, I ……………..
7. I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievement.
=> Much as I admire her achievement, I don’t ……………..
8(*). Although Peter was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him.
=> Despite the fact that Peter …………………….
9. I tried as hard as I could, but I just couldn’t get the money.
=> No matter how hard I tried, I just couldn’t………..
10. Cars cause pollution but people still want them.
=> People still want cars although cars cause ………….
11. It won’t make any difference if it rains because we’ll still go.
=> We’ll still go although it rains.
- make difference: tạo ra sự khác biệt.
12. Although she was frightened, she forced herself to pick up the snake.
=> Frightened as/ though she was, she ………………….
14. Although Richard is competent in his work, he doesn’t know how to deal with his client.
=> Competent though/ as Richard may be in his work, he ……………
15. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.

=> Much as I admire his courage, I think……….
16. You believe that fat people are always jolly, but you are wrong.
=> Contrary to your belief, fat people……jolly
17. Despite her severe disability Judy participated in many sports.
=> Although Judy’s disability was severe, she …………….
18. It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down: giảm this year.
It’s (un)likely + to Vn.t: có lẽ = there is likelihood that + tương lại đơn
there is little likelihood that + tương lai đơn
=> Sad as it may be/ is, unemployment…………….
19. Though my house was cheaper than Norman’s, it is bigger and more attractive.
=> Norman’s house may be more expensive than mine, but my house/ one is bigger and more attractive.
20. Although Johnny Brax drives carefully on public roads, he is a terror on the racetrack.
=> Johnny Brax is a careful driver on …………, but ……………….
21. In spite of her initial reluctance to take the job, she’s got on very well.
=> Reluctant as she might be to take the job, she’s ………………….
22. I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll solve this problem.
=> However clever he is, I don’t think…………………
23. However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted.
=> Friendly as/ though he seems, ………………..
24. Although he was very tired, he agreed to play tennis.
=> Tired as/ though he was, he …………
25. Melissa’s father was very busy, but he still played with her.
=> Busy as/ though Melissa’s father was, he still………..
28. Despite all their efforts, they couldn’t get the old car to start. (HARD)
=> No matter how hard they tried, they couldn’t get the old car to start.
29. It doesn’t make any difference which number you choose –you’ll still win a prize.


=> Whichever number you choose, …………..
30. He couldn’t see a way of getting round the problem, however hard he tried.

=> No matter how hard he tried, he ……………
31. I don’t think the article should be published, although I admit it’s interesting.
=> Interesting though/ as it is, I don’t think …………….
32. He offered to make a speech, although he did not have much self-confidence.
=> Despite not having ……….., …………………
33. In spite of the tight deadline, they manage to complete the project on schedule.
=> Even though the deadline is tight, they ………………….
34. Another job may be better, but it will not offer you the same satisfaction.
=> While another job may be better, …………….
35. It doesn’t matter who you ask, you’ll always get the same answer.
=> Whoever you ask, you’ll…………………
36. You’ll never find a better place to spend a holiday, wherever you go.
=> No matter where you go, you’ll…………
37. I like him a lot, but I don’t want to marry him.
=> Much as I like him a lot, ……………
38. In spite of all her efforts, she didn’t manage to get there on time.
=> Even though she made great efforts, she ……………………..
39. I very much want to do the job, but there isn’t enough money in it.
=> Much as I …………job, there isn’t……..
40. On no account should you tell anyone else about these plans.
=> Whatever happens, you shouldn’t ………………
41. Speaking personally, I don’t care whether she comes with us or not. matter
=> It doesn’t matter to me whether she comes with us or not.
42. Honestly, I don’t mind where we go for our summer holidays. MATTER
=> Honestly, it doesn’t matter to me where we go for our summer holidays.
43. Although we respect Brian’s expertise in archaeology, we’re not going to employ him this time.
=> Much as we ……………
44. Although I tried very hard, I couldn’t convince Debbie to thuyết phục ai tin vào điều gì deliver a
speech.
=> Try hard as I might, I couldn’t ……………

45. Their boss insisted on a compensation. => Nothing but a compensation could satisfy their boss.
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