Inorganic chemistry

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Rajni Garg is working as Head, Department of Applied
Chemistry, RITM, Faridabad. She received her doctorate
degree in Chemistry from Gurukula Kangri University,
Haridwar, Uttar Pradesh, and postgraduate degree in
Chemistry (Honours) from Panjab University, Chandigarh.
She has more than 12 years of research and teaching
experience and has authored several national and
international publications.

Randhir Singh is working as Professor and Head in the
Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri University,
Haridwar, Uttar Pradesh. He received his doctorate degree
in Chemistry from University of Roorkee, India (now IIT)
and postgraduate degree in Chemistry from University of
Meerut, India. He has been Postdoctoral Research Associate
in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA, and
visited University of Southern California, Los Angeles, as scientist exchange
programme. He has more than 35 years of research and teaching experience
and has guided many MSc, MPhil. and PhD students in their theses work. He
has received many academic honours from Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, India, for his research contributions and has several
national and international publications.

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Rajni Garg
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Applied Sciences
Rattan Institute of Technology
and Management Faridabad, Haryana
Randhir Singh
Professor and Head
Department of Chemistry
Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya
Haridwar, Uttar Pradesh

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Inorganic Chemistry
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CONTENTS
Preface

1. Structure of Atom
1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

Introduction
Rutherford Scattering Experiment
Planck’s Quantum Theory of Radiation
Photoelectric Effect
Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
Sommerfeld’s Extension of Bohr’s Atomic Model
Dual Character of Matter
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Compton Effect
Schrodinger Wave Equation
Quantum Numbers
Probability Distribution Curves
Rules for Filling of Orbitals and Electronic Configuration of
Elements
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

2. Nuclear Chemistry
2.1 Nucleus
2.2 Composition of the Nucleus
2.3 Nuclear Forces

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2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12

Nuclear Stability
Nuclear Models
Nuclear Reactions
Radioactivity
Radioactive Disintegration
Law of Successive Disintegration: Radioactive Equilibrium
Soddy-Fajans and Russel Group Displacement Law
Artificial Radioactivity
Applications of Radioactive Isotopes
Summary
Solved Examples

Exercises

3. Chemical Bonding
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15

Introduction
Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond
Covalent Bond (Lewis-Langmuir Concept)
Dipole Moment
Coordinate Covalent Bond or Dative Bond
Van der Waals’ Forces or Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bond
Orbital Overlap Theory
Molecular Orbital Theory
Metallic Bond
Hybridisation

Sidgwick – Powell Theory
Valence Shell Electron-pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR theory)
Shapes of Some Common Molecules
Linnett Double Quartet Theory (LDQ Theory)—Modification of
Lewis Longmuir Octet Theory
3.16 Resonance
Summary

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Solved Examples
Exercises

4. Molecular Symmetry
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

Introduction
Symmetry Element
Multiplication of Symmetry Operations
Mathematical Group
Matrix Representation of Symmetry Operations
Terms Symbols of Diatomic Molecules

Applications of Group Theory
Structure of Soilds
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

5. Redox Reactions
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

Introduction
Electrochemical Cell
Kinetics of Redox Reactions
Redox Reactions in Aqueous Systems
Diagrammatic Representation of Potential Data
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

6. Non-aqueous Solvents
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

Introduction
Classification of Solvents
Liquid Ammonia
Liquid Sulphur Dioxide
Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride
Anhydrous Sulphuric Acid

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6.7 Acetic Acid
6.8 Liquid Dinitrogen Tetroxide, N2O4
6.9 Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids
6.10 Concept of Acid – Base
6.11 Acid Strength Behaviour in the Periodic Table
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

7. Extraction of Elements
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

Introduction
Occurrence of Elements
Metallurgy
Purification of Impure Metals or Refining

Thermodynamics of the Metallurgy: Ellingham Diagram
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

8. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6

Introduction
Mendeleef’s Periodic Table
Modern Periodic Law and Periodicity
Long form of Periodic Table
Periodic Properties
Shielding or Screening Effect
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

9. Hydrogen and its Compounds
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table

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9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11

Occurrence and Production of Hydrogen
Physical Properties of Hydrogen
Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
Uses of Hydrogen
Different Forms of Hydrogen
Spin Isomers of Hydrogen
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Compounds of Hydrogen
Water H2O

9.12 Heavy Water (D2O)
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

10. Chemistry of Group 1 Elements
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

10.5
10.6
10.7

Introduction
General Characteristics of Group I Elements
Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals
Lithium (Li)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Rubidium, Caesium and Francium
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

11. Chemistry of Group 2 Elements
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6

Introduction
General Characteristics of Group 2 Elements
Chemical Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals
Beryllium (Be)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca)

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11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10

Strontium (Sr)
Barium (Ba)
Radium (Ra)
Portland Cement
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

12. Chemistry of Group 13 Elements
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10

Introduction
Electronic Structure

General Physical Properties
Diagonal Relationship between Boron and Silicon
Chemical Properties of Group 13 Elements
Boron
Aluminimum (Al)
Gallium (Ga)
Indium and Thallium (Th)
Comparision of Compounds of Group 13 Elements
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

13. Chemistry of Group 14 Elements
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

Introduction
General Properties of Group 14 Elements
Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon
Carbon and Silicon—Comparison of Properties
Carbon
Silicon (Si)
Germanium (Ge)

Tin (Sn)
Lead (Pb)

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13.10 Comparative Account of Compounds of Group 14 Elements
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

14. Chemistry of Group 15 Elements
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8

Introduction 14.1
General Properties of Group 15 Elements
Chemical Properties of Group 15 Elements
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Arsenic (As)
Antimony (Sb)
Bismuth (Bi)
Summary

Solved Examples
Exercises

15. Chemistry of Group 16 Elements
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

Introduction
General Properties of Group 16 Elements
Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen
Oxygen (O2)

15.5 Sulphur (S2)
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

Selenium (Se)
Tellurium (Te)
Polonium (Po)
Comparative Account of Compounds of Group 16 Elements
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

16. Chemistry of Group 17 Elements

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16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11

Introduction
General Characterisation
Chemical Properties
Fluorine (F)
Chlorine (Cl)
Bromine (Br)
Iodine (I)
Astatine (At)
Interhalogen Compounds
Polyhalides
Pseudohalogens and Pseudohalides
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

17. Chemistry of Group 18 Elements
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8

Introduction
History and Discovery
Occurrence and Isolation of Noble Gases
Uses of Noble Gases
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemistry of Xenon (Xe)
Compounds of Krypton (Krf2)

17.9 Compounds of Radon (Rn)
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

18. Chemistry of d-block Elements
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Classification of d-block Elements
18.3 General Characteristic of d-block Elements

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Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

19. Chemistry of Elements of 3d Series
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11

Introduction
Scandium (Sc)
Titanium (Ti)
Vanadium (V2)
Chromium (Cr)
Manganese (Mn)
Iron (Fe)
Cobalt (Co)
Nickel (Ni)
Copper (Cu)
Zinc (Zn)

Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

20. Chemistry of Elements of 4d Series
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.11

Introduction
Yttrium (Y)
Zirconium (Zr)
Niobium (Nb)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Technetium (Tc)
Ruthenium (Ru)
Rhodium (Rh)
Palladium (Pd)
Silver (Ag)
Cadmium (Cd)
Summary

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Solved Examples
Exercises

21. Chemistry of 5d Series
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10

Introduction
Hafnium (HF)
Tantalum (Ta)
Tungsten (W)
Rhenium (Re)
Osmium (Os)
Iridium (Ir)
Platinum (Pt)
Gold (Au)
Mercury (Hg)
Summary
Solved Examples

Exercises

22. Chemistry of Lanthanides and Actinides
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7

Introduction
Lanthanides
Lanthanum (La)
Actinides
Thorium (Th)
Uranium (U)
Plutonium (Pu)
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

23. Coordination Compounds-I Basics Concepts:
Nomenclature and Stereochemistry
23.1 Introduction

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23.2

23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6

Important Terms
Rules for Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
Rules for Formula of the Coordination Compounds
Classification of Complexes
Isomerism
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

24. Coordination Compounds— II Theories of Bonding
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5

Introduction
Techniques for Study of Complexes
Theories of Coordination
Crystal Field Theory (CFT)
The Ligand Field Theory-Molecular Orbital Theory
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

25. Coordination Compounds III: Quantitative Basis of
Crystal Field Theory
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8

Introduction
Determination of Octahedral Crystal Field Potential
Determination of Tetragonal Crystal Field Potential
Determination of Square Planar Crystal-Field Potential
Determination of Tetrahedral Crystal-Field Potential
Determination of Cubic Crystal-Field Potential
Structural and Thermodynamic Effects of Splitting of Orbitals
Jahn-Teller Effect (Distortion of Geometry)
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

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26. Coordination Complexes IV: Spectroscopic and Magnetic
Properties of Coordination Compounds
26.1
26.2

26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7

Introduction
Coupling Schemes
Energy Terms and Energy States
Electronic Spectra of Transition-Metal Compounds
Orgel Diagrams
Racah Parameters
Terms Correlation Diagrams under the Effect of Weak and Strong
Field Effects
26.8 Tanabe-sugano Diagrams (T-S Diagram)
26.9 Charge-Transfer Transitions
26.10 Types of Magnetism
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

27. Coordination Compounds – λ The Reaction Mechanisms
of Transition-Metal Complexes
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Ligand-substitution Reactions
27.3 Oxidation-reduction Reactions in Coordination Compounds
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

28. Complexes of π-Acceptor Ligands
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5

Introduction
Complexes of Carbonyls
Complexes of Nitric Oxide
Complexes of Phosphines
Complexes of Cyanide and Isocyanide Ligands
Summary

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Solved Examples
Exercises

29. Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7

Introduction

Organometallic Compounds of Alkali Metals
Organometallic Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals
Organometallics of Group 13 Elements
Organometallics of Group 14 Elements
Organometallics of Group 15 Elements
Organometallic Compounds of Transition Elements
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

30. Metal Clusters
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5

Introduction
Polynuclear Compounds of Oxygen and other Chalcogens
Clusters of p-block Elements other than Chalcogens
Low-valent Metal Clusters
High-Valent Metal Clusters or Halide-type Clusters
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

31. Inorganic Nomenclature
31.1 Introduction
31.2 General Nomenclature and Formulae of Compounds
Solved Examples

Exercises

32. Inorganic Polymers
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Classification of Inorganic Polymers

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32.3 General Characteristics of Inorganic Polymers
32.4 Important Inorganic Polymers
Exercises

33. Bioinorganic Chemistry
33.1
33.2
33.3
33.4
33.5
33.6
33.7
33.8
33.9

Introduction
Metalloporphyrins
Cytochromes
Peroxidases (Molar Mass ~40,000)
Catalases
Ferredoxins

Metallo-enzymes
Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Na-K pump
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

34. Pollution
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4

Introduction
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Soil Pollution
Summary
Exercises

35. Analytical Chemistry
35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4
35.5
35.6

Errors
Detection and Minimisation of Errors

Precision
Ways of Expressing Precision
Analysis of Data by Using Statistical Techniques
Detecting Outliers

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35.7
35.8
35.9
35.10
35.11
35.12
35.13

Significance Tests
Significant Figures
Expressing Error or Accuracy of a Measurement
Error Propagation in Final Results
Volumetric Analysis
Preparation of Standard Solution
Volumetric Methods
Summary
Solved Examples
Exercises

Index

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PREFACE
“Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as
a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone.”
Albert Einstein
Inorganic chemistry is a dynamic and fascinating field of chemistry growing
at a rapid pace in both research and theoretical aspects. The lusty impact of
this field has introduced the subject as an essential part in the curricula of all
universities. The first edition of Inorganic Chemistry aims to provide the
essentials of the subject in an easy and understandable manner. The book is
an outcome of the teaching and research experience of the authors so that
students can learn concept formulation instead of just rote memorization.
Target Audience
The book is primarily aimed for students at undergraduate (BSc pass and
honours) and postgraduate (MSc pass and honours) levels taking inorganic
chemistry as a special subject for a one semester or a full-year course.
Secondary Readers
This book is designed to provide concise information about various aspects of
inorganic chemistry that can also be used by students from various fields
involving inorganic compounds, such as environmental science, polymer
science, industrial chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry and metallurgy.
However, they can skip the irrelevant topics as per their field. This book will
also be a source of reference for the students doing BTech courses or taking
inorganic chemistry as an ancillary subject. It will also be helpful for the
challenging requirements of various competitive exams such as CSIR, SLET
and GATE.
About the Book

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The content of this book has been framed in an easy-to-understand language
that would generate interest in the subject. All the chapters provide
descriptive information and are enriched with illustrations, comprehensible
articles, solved examples, both numerical as well as theoretical, to satisfy the
needs of students. At the end of each chapter, a concise summary has been
given for quick revision before examinations. The chapters have been
enriched with exercises comprising theory-based general questions and
objective-type questions to provide an insight about the examination pattern.
The book introduces descriptive and illustrative information about
structure of atoms and nuclei, radioactivity, chemical bonding, molecular
symmetry, structure of solids, redox reactions, non-aqueous solvents, acids
and bases, extraction of elements, Periodic Table, chemistry of known
elements, coordination chemistry, organometallics, inorganic polymers,
bioinorganic chemistry, environmental chemistry and analytical chemistry.
Although it is very difficult to include such a vast subject in a single book, a
reasonable attempt has been made to cover a variety of important topics. We
hope this book will prove very helpful in providing the complex concepts of
inorganic chemistry in an easy way.
Salient Features
Comprehensive coverage of topics as per the latest syllabi of various
universities—covers all important topics such as Atomic Structure,
Periodic Table, Chemical Bonding, Group Theory, Coordination
Chemistry, Organometallic Compounds
Special emphasis given to theoretical aspects of the concepts
Applications/Case Studies provided throughout for better understanding
of the subject
In-depth exploration through solved examples and exercises for selfassessment and skill evaluation
Concise presentation of chemistry of elements and their compounds

Special emphasis on coordination chemistry, including various theories
and organometallics
•
Chapter-end pedagogy designed as per the Indian university
examinations
• Learning Objectives and Summary with each chapter
• More than 750 figures and tables for correlation of data

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• 150 illustrative solved examples
• Over 950 unsolved exercises in the form of Review Questions and
Objective-Type Questions
Online Learning Center
The text is accompanied by an Online Learning Center that can be accessed
at sing/ic1 which contains supplementary material.
Acknowledgements
We feel immense pleasure to place on record our sincere thanks to McGraw
Hill Education (India), New Delhi, for presenting our efforts into reality in
the form of this book. Special thanks are due to Ms Smruti Snigdha, Mr
Amiya Mahapatra and Ms Renu Upadhyay, Mr Satinder Baveja, Ms Sohini
Mukherjee and Mr Anuj Shriwastava for their sustained interest in this
project. We are also grateful to our students for their much valuable criticism
and suggestions during the development of this book. Our most heartfelt
acknowledgment must go to Prof. Rishav Garg for his assistance and
encouragement in all ways. Above all, we would like to thank Ayush Garg
and Anusha Garg who silently endured all the unpleasantness and sacrificed
most.
Note of Thanks to Reviewers

We are highly indebted to all the expert reviewers for their generous
comments and suggestions on the manuscript.
Ramesh C
Kuruskshetra University, Haryana
Kambhoj
Sandeep Kaur
University of Delhi, New Delhi
Nand Kishor Singh Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh
Ashu Chaudhary Kurukshetra University, Haryana
Debasis Das
University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal
A Jeya Rajendran Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
B B V Sailaja
Andhra University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Feedback Request from Author

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