Advanced ODE raisinghania

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ADVANCED
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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ADVANCED
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
[CONTAINING, COMPLETE UNIFIED U.G.C. SYLLABUS
FOR B.A./B.Sc. (GENERAL AND HONOURS) PART II
AND BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS]
[For B.A., B.Sc. and Honours (Mathematics and Physics), M.A., M.Sc.
(Mathematics and Physics), B.E. Students of Various Universities and for
P.C.S., A.M.I.E. GATE, C.S.I.R. U.G.C. NET and Various
Competitive Examinations]

Dr. M.D. RAISINGHANIA
M.Sc., Ph.D
Formerly Reader and Head,
Department of Mathematics,
S.D. College, Muzaffarnagar,
U.P.

S.CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.
(AN ISO 9001 : 2008 COMPANY)
RAMNAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055

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8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13

Cauchy’s problem of second order partial differential equations
8.3
Solved examples based on Art. 8.3
8.4
Laplace transformation. Reduction to canonical (or normal) form.
8.4
Working rule for reducing a hyperbolic equation to its canonical form
8.7
Solved examples based on Art. 8.6
8.7
Working rule for reducing a parabolic equations to its canonical form
8.23
Solved examples based on Art. 8.8
8.24
Working rule for reducing an elliptic equation to its canonical form
8.31
Solved examples based on Art. 8.10
8.31
The solution of linear hyperbolic equations
8.36
Riemann method of solution of general linear hyperbolic equation of
second order
8.36
8.14
Solved examples based on Art. 8.13
8.39
8.15
Riemann-Volterra method of solving Cauchy problem for the onedimensional wave-equations
8.44

9. Monge’s method
9.1 – 9.51
9.1
Introduction
9.1
9.2
Monge’s method of integrating Rr + Ss + Tt = V
9.1
9.3
Type-I: When the given equation Rr + Ss + Tt = V leads to two distinct
intermediate intergrals and both of them are used to get the desired solution
9.3
9.4
Solved examples based on Art. 9.3
9.3
9.5
Type 2: When the given equation Rr + Ss + Tt = V leads to two distinct
intermediate integrals and only one is employed to get the desired solution
8.11
9.6
Solved examples based on Art. 9.5
9.12
9.7
Type 3: When the given equation Rr + Ss + Tt = V leads to two identitcal
intermediate integrals
9.22
9.8
Solved examples based on Art. 9.7
9.22
9.9

Type 4: When the given equation Rr + Ss + Tt = V fails to yield an
intermediate integral as in types 1, 2 and 3
9.30
9.10
Solved examples based on Art. 9.9
9.30
9.11
Monge’s method of integrating Rr + Ss + t + U(rt – s2) = V
9.33
9.12
Type 1: When the roots of -quadratic are identical
9.34
9.13
Type 2: When the roots of -quadratic are distinct
9.40
9.14
Miscellaneous examples on Rr + Ss + Tt + U(rt – s2) = V
9.47
10. Transport equation
10.1
Introduction
10.2
An important theorem
10.3
Generalised or weak solution
10.4
Transport equation for a linear-hyperbolic system
Miscellaneous problems on this part of the book

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10.1 – 10.5
10.1
10.1
10.2
10.3
M.1 – M.10

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S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.
(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)

Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055
Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888 Fax: 91-11-23677446

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© 1988, M.D. Raisinghania
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including
photocopying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether
or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the
copyright owner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.
Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts,
Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India only.
First Edition 1988
Subsequent Editions and elarged Edition 1991, 95, 97, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008,
2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
Eighteenth Revised Editon 2015

ISBN : 978-81-219-0893-1

Code : 1014F 271

PRINTED IN INDIA

By Nirja Publishers & Printers Pvt. Ltd., 54/3/2, Jindal Paddy Compound, Kashipur Road,
Rudrapur-263153, Uttarakhand and published by S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd.,
7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.

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Dedicated to the
memory of my parents

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(vi)

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PREFACE TO THE SIXTEENTH EDITION
Questions asked in recent papers of GATE and various university examinations have been
inserted at appropriate places. Number of new solved problems have been added.
I hope that these changes will enhence the utlity of the book.
All valuable suggestions for further improvement of the book will be highly appreciated.
AUTHOR

PREFACE TO THE TWELFTH EDITION
Due to recent changes in syllabi of various universities, a thorough revision of the book was
overdue. Accordingly, almost each chapter of this book has been enlarged and rearranged. References
to the latest papers of various universities, I.A.S. and GATE etc. have been inserted at proper
places. A set of objective problems (including those asked in various universities, I.A.S., Gate etc.)
has been provided at the end of each chapter.
Four new chapters, namely, Chebyshev polynomials, Beta and Gamma functions, Power series
and Transport equation, have been added. In part IV-B of this book, I have added ‘‘Fourier
Transforms and their applications’’.
I hope that these changes will make the material more accessible and more attractive to the
reader.
All valuable suggestions for further improvement of the book will be highly appreciated.
AUTHOR

PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION
It gives me great pleasure to inform the reader that the present edition of the book has been
improved, well-organised, enlarged and made up-to-date in the light of latest syllabi. The following
major changes have been made in the present edition:


Almost all the chapters have been rewritten so that in the present form, the reader will not
find any difficulty in understanding the subject matter.



The matter of the previous edition has been re-organised so that now each topic gets its
proper place in the book.



More solved examples have been added so that the reader may gain confidence in the
techniques of solving problems.



References to the latest papers of various universities and I.A.S. examination have been
made at proper places.



Errors and omissions of the previous edition have been corrected.

In view of the above mentioned features it is expected that this new edition will prove more
useful to the reader.
I am extremely thankful to the Managing Director, Shri Rajendra Kumar Gupta and the
Director, Shri Ravindra Gupta for showing keen interest throughout the publication of the book.
Suggestions for further improvement of the book will be greatefully received.
AUTHOR

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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

This book has been designed for the use of honours and postgraduate students of various
Indian universities. It will also be found useful by the students preparing for various competitive
examinations. During my long teaching experience I have fully understood the need of the students
and hence I have taken great care to present the subject matter in the most clear, interesting and
complete form from the student’s point of view.
Do not start this book with an unreasonable fear. There are no mysteries in Mathematics. It is
all simple and honest reasoning explained step by step which anybody can follow with a little effort
and concentration. Often a student has difficulty in following a mathematical explanation only
because the author skips steps which he assumes the students to be familiar with. If the student fails
to recount the missing steps, he may be faced with a gap in the reasoning and the author’s conclusion
may become mysterious to him. I have avoided such gaps by giving necessary references throughout
the book. I have been influenced by the following wise-saying.
‘‘My passion is for lucidity. I don’t mean simple mindedness. If people can’t understand
it, why write it.’’
AUTHOR

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New unified U.G.C. syllabus of Differential Equations for
B.A./B.Sc. (General and Honours) Part II
Chapters
covering the
topics

TOPICS

Unit I. Series solutions of differential equations, Power series method, Bessel,
Legendre and hypergeometric equations. Bessel, Legendre and hypergeometric Refer chapter 8,
functions and their properties, convergence, recurrence and generating relations. 9, 11, 15 of Part
Orthogonality of functions. Strum-Liouville problems. Orthogonality of eigen I of this book.
functions. Reality of eigen values. Orthogonality of Bessel functions and Legendre
polynomials.
Unit II. Partial differential equations of the first order. Lagrange’s solution. Some
special types of equations which can be solved easily by other than the general
method. Charpit’s general method of solution. Partial differential equations of Refer Chapters
second and higher orders. Classification of linear partial differential equations of 1 to 9 of Part II
second order. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations with constant of this book.
coefficients. Partial differential equations reducible to equations with constant
coefficients. Monge’s methods.
Unit III. Laplace transformation. Linearity of Laplace transformation. Existence
Refer Part IV-A
theorem for Laplace transforms. Laplace transform of derivatives and integrals.
of this book
Shifting theorems. Differentiation and integration of transforms. Convolution
theorem. Solution of integral equations and system of differential equations using
the Laplace transformation.
Unit IV. Calculus of variations. Variational problems with fixed boundaries. Euler’s
equation for functionals containing first order derivative and one independent Refer Part V of
variable. Extremals. Functionals dependent on higher order derivatives. Functions this book
dependent on more than one independent variable. Variational problem in
parametric form. Invariance of Euler’s equation under coordinate transformation.
Variational problems with moving boundaries. Functionals dependent on one or
two functions. One sided variations. Sufficient conditions for an extremum. Jacobi
and Legendre conditions. Second variation Variational principle of least action.

(ix)

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CONTENTS
PART-I
ADVANCED ORDINARY DIFFERNTIAL EQUATIONS
AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
CHAPTERS

PAGES

1. Picard’s iterative method. Uniqueness and existence theorem
1.3–1.25

1.1
Introduction
1.3
1.2A. Picard’s method of successive approximation (or Picard’s iteration method)
1.3
1.2B. Solved examples based on Art. 1.2A
1.4
1.3A. Working rule for Picard’s method of solving simulataneous differential equations
with initial conditions
1.10
1.3B. Solved examples based on Art. 1.3A
1.10
1.4
Problems of existence and uniqueness
1.14
1.5
Lipschitz condition
1.14
1.6
Picard’s theorem. Existence and uniqueness theorem
1.15
1.7
An important theorem
1.18
1.8
Solved examples based on Articles 1.4 to 1.7
1.18
2. Simultaneous differential equations of the form (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.1–2.24
2.1

Introduction
2.1
2.2
The nature of solution of (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.1
2.3
Geometrical interpretation of (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.1
2.4
Rule I for solving (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.1
2.5
Solved examples based on Art. 2.4
2.1
2.6
Rule II for solving (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.3
2.7
Solved examples based on Art. 2.6
2.3
2.8
Rule III for solving (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.5
2.9
Solved examples based on Art. 2.8
2.5
2.10
Rule IV for solving (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.12
2.11

Solved examples based on Art. 2.10
2.13
2.12
Orthogonal trajectories of a system of curves on a surface
2.23
2.12 A. Solved examples based on Art. 2.12
2.23
3. Total (or Pfaffian) differential equations
3.1–3.32
3.1
Introduction
3.1
3.2
Total differential equation or Pfaffian differential equation
3.1
3.3
Necessary and sufficient conditions for integability of a single differential
equation Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0
3.1
3.4
The conditions for exactness of Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0
3.3
3.5
Method of solving Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0
3.4
3.6
Special method I. Solution by inspection
3.4
3.7
Solved examples based on Art. 3.6

3.4
3.8
Special method II. Solution of homogeneous equation
3.12
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3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12

Solved examples based on Art. 3.8
3.13
Special method III. Use of auxiliary equations
3.17
Solved examples based on Art. 3.10
3.17
General method of solving Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0 by taking one variable
as constant
3.19
3.13
Solved examples based on Art. 3.12

3.20
3.14
Solution of Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0 when it is exact and homogeneous of
degree n  1.
2.24
3.15
The non-integrable single equation
3.25
3.16
Working rule for finding the curves represented
by the solution of non-integrable total differential equation
3.25
3.17
Solved examples bsed on working rule 3.16
2.25
3.18
Geometrical interpretation of Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0
3.27
3.19
To show that the locus of Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0 is orthogonal to the locus
of (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
3.27
3.20
Total differential equation containing more than three variables
3.27
3.21
Solved examples based on Art. 3.20
3.28
3.22.
Working rule based on Art. 3.3. for solving Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0

3.31
4. Riccati’s equation
4.1 – 4.5
4.1
Introduction
4.1
4.2
General solution of Riccati’s equation
4.1
4.3
The cross-ratio of any four particular integrals of a Riccati’s equation
is independent of x
4.2
4.4
Method sof solving Riccati’s equation when three particular integrals are known 4.2
4.5
Method of solving Riccati’s equation when two particular integrals are known
4.3
4.6
Method of solving Riccati’s equation when one particular integral is known
4.4
4.7
Solved examples
4.4
5. Chebyshev polynomials
5.1 – 5.9
5.1
Chebyshev polynomials
5.1
5.2

Tn(x) and Un(x) are independent solutions of Chebyshev equation
5.1
5.3
Orthogonal properties of Chebyshev polynomials
5.2
5.4
Recurrence relations (formulas)
5.3
5.5
Some theorems on Chebyshev polynomials
5.3
5.6
First few Chebyshev polynomials
5.5
5.7
Generating functions for Chebyshev polynomials
5.6
5.8
Specal values of Chebyshev polynomials
5.7
5.9
Illustrative solved examples
5.8
6. Beta and Gamma functions
6.1 – 6.22
6.1
Introduction
6.1
6.2
Euler’s integrals. Beta and Gamma functions

6.1
6.3
Properties of Gamma function
6.1
6.4
Extension of definition of Gamma function
6.2
6.5

To show that (1/ 2)  

6.3

6.6
6.7

Transformation of Gamma function
Solved examles based on Gamma function

6.3
6.4

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6.8
6.9

Symmetrical property of Beta function
6.8
Evaluation of Beta function B(m, n) in an explicit form when m or n is a
positive integer
6.8
6.10
Transformation of Beta function
6.9
6.11
Relation between Beta and Gamma functions
6.12
6.12
Solved examples
6.15
6.13
Legendre duplication formula
6.20
6.14
Solved examlpes
6.21
7. Power series
7.1 – 7.7
7.1
Introduction
7.1
7.2
Summary of useful results

7.1
7.3
Power series
7.2
7.4
Some important facts about the power series
7.2
7.5
Radius of convergence and interval of convergence
7.2
7.6
Formulas for determining the radius of convergence
7.3
7.7
Solved examples based on Art. 7.6
7.4
7.8
Some theorems about power series
7.6
8. Integration in series
8.1 – 8.60
8.1
Introduction
8.1
8.2
Some basic definitions
8.1
8.3
Ordinary and singular points
8.2

8.4
Solved examples based on Art. 8.3
8.2
8.5
Power series solution in powers of (x – x0)
8.4
8.6
Solved examples based on Art. 8.5
8.4
8.7
Series solution about regular singular point x = 0. Frobenius method
8.15
8.8
Working rule for solution by Frobenius method
8.17
8.9
Examples of type-1 based on Frobenius method
8.18
8.10
Examples of type-2 based on Frobenius method
8.29
8.11
Examples of type-3 based on Frobenius method
8.35
8.12
Examples of type-4 based on Fronenius method
8.44
8.13
Series solution about regular singular point at infinity
8.51

8.14
Solved examples based on Art. 8.13
8.51
8.15
Series solution in descending powers of independent variable
8.55
8.16
Solved examples based on Art. 8.15
8.56
8.17
Method of differentiation
8.57
Objective problems on chapter 8
8.58
9. Legendre polynomials
9.1 – 9.50
PART I: Legendre function of the first kind
9.1 – 9.43
9.1
Legendre’s equation and its solution
9.1
9.2
Legendre function of the first kind or Legendre polynomial of degree n
9.3
9.3
Generating function for Legendre polynomials
9.4
9.4
Solved examples based on Art. 9.2 and Art. 9.3
9.5

9.5
Trigonometric series for Pn(x)
9.10
9.6
Laplace’s definite integrals for Pn(x)
9.12

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9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21

Some bounds on Pn(x)
Orthogonal properties of Legendre’s polynomials
Recurrence relations (formulas)
Beltrami’s result
Christoffel’s summation formula
Christoffel’s expansion
Solved examples based on Art. 9.8 and Art. 9.9
Rodigue’s formula
Solved examples based on Art. 9.14
Legendre’s series for f(x), where f(x) is a polynomial
Solved examples based on Art. 9.16
Expansion of function f(x) in a series of Legendre polynomials
Even and odd functions
Expansion of xn is Legendre polynomials
Solved examples based on Art. 9.20
Objective problems on chapter 9
PART II: Associated Legendre functions of the first kind
9.22
Associated Legendre functions
9.23
Properties of associated Legendre functions
9.24
Orthogonality relations for associated Legendre functions
9.25
Recurrence relations for associated Legendre functions
10. Legendre functions of the second kind
10.1
Some useful results
10.2

Recurrence relations
10.3
Theorem
10.4
Complete solution of Legendre’s equation
10.5
Christoffel’s second summation formula
10.6
A relation connecting Pn(x) and Qn(x)
10.8
Solved examples on chapter 8
11. Bessel functions
11.1
Bessel’s equations and its solution
11.2
Bessel’s function of the first kind of order n
11.3
List of important results of Gamma and Beta functions
11.4
Relation between Jn(x) and J–n(x), n being an integer
11.5
Bessel’s function of the second kind of order n
11.6
Integration of Bessel equation in series for n = 0
Bessel’s function of zeroth order, i.e., J0(x)
11.6A. Solved examples based on Articles 11.1 to 11.6
11.7
Recurrence relations for Jn(x)
11.7A. Solved examples based on Art. 11.7
11.7B. Solved examles involving integration and recurrence relations

11.8
Generating function for the Bessel’s function Jn(x)

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9.13
9.14
9.15
9.17
9.17
9.18
9.18
9.26
9.27
9.34
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.38
9.41
9.43
9.43 – 9.50
9.43
9.45
9.46
9.48
10.1 – 10.12
10.1
10.2
10.5
10.5

10.6
10.7
10.8
11.1 – 11.45
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.3
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.19
11.27
11.31

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11.9
Trigonometric expansions involving Bessel functions
11.33
11.9 A. Solved examples based on Art. 11.8 and Art. 11.9
11.33
11.10

Orthogonality of Bessel functions
11.40
11.11
Bessel-series or Fourier-Bessel expansion for f(x)
11.42
11.11 A. Solved examples based on Art. 11.11
11.42
Objective problems on chapter 11
11.44
12 Hermite polynomials
12.1 – 12.12
12.1
Hermite equation and its solution
12.1
12.2
Hermite polynomial of order n
12.3
12.3
Generating function for Hermite polynomials
12.3
12.4
Alternative expressions for the Hermite polynomials
12.3
Rodrigue’s formula for Hermite polynomials
12.3
12.5
Hermite polynomials for some special values of n
10.4
12.6
Evaluation of values of H2n(0) and H2n+1(0)

12.5
12.7
Orthogonality properties of the Hermite polynomials
12.5
12.8
Recurrence relations (or formulas)
12.6.
12.9
Solved examples
12.7
13. Laguerre polynomial
13.1 – 13.11
13.1
Laguerre equation and its solution
13.1
13.2A. Laguerre polynomial of order (or degree) n
13.2
13.2B. Alternative definition of Leguerre polynomial of order (or degree) n
13.2
13.3
Generating function for Laguerre polynomials
13.2
13.4
Alternating expression for the Laguerre polynomials
13.3
13.5
First few Laguerre polynomials
13.3
13.6
Orthogonal properties of Laguerres polynomials

13.4
13.7
Expansion of a polynomial in a series of Laguerre polynomials
13.5
13.8
Relation between Laguerre polynomial and their derivatives
13.6
13.9
Solved examples
13.7
14. Hypergeometric function
14.1 – 14.18
14.1
Pochhammer symbol
14.1
14.2
General hypergeometric function
14.1
14.3
Confluent hypergeometric (or Kummer) function
14.1
14.4
Hypergeometric function
14.1
14.5
Gauss’s hypergeometric equation
14.2
14.6
Solution of hypergeometric equation
14.2

14.7
Symmetric property of hypergeometric function
14.3
14.8
Differentiation of hypergeometric function
14.3
14.9
Integral representation for hypergeometric function
14.4
14.10
Gauss theorem
14.5
14.11
Vandermonde’s theorem
14.5
14.12
Kummer’s theorem
14.6
14.13
More about confluent hypergeometric function
14.6
14.14
Differentiation of confluent hypergeometric function
14.8
14.15
Integral representation for confluent hypergeometric function
14.8

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14.16
Kummer’s relation
14.9
14.17
Contiguous hypergeometric functions
14.9
14.18
Contiguous relationship
14.9
14.19
Contiguous relationship for confluent hypergeometric function
14.9
14.20
Solved examples
14.10
15. Orthogonal set of functions and Strum-Liouville problem
15.1 – 15.25
15.1
Orthogonality
15.1
15.2
Orthogonal set of function
15.1
15.3

Orthonormal set of functions
15.1
15.4
Orthogonality with respect to a weight function
15.1
15.5
Orthogonal set of functions with respect to a weight function
15.1
15.6
Orthogonal set of functions with respect to a weight function
15.1
15.7
Working rule for getting orthonormal set
15 . 2
15.8
Gram-Schmidth process of orthonormalization
15 .2
15.9
Illustrative solved examples
15.3
15.10
Strum-Liouville problem
15.10
Eigen (or characteristic) functions and eigen (or characteristic) values
15.10
15.11
Orthogonality of eigenfunctions
15.10
15.12
Reality of eigenvalues

15.12
15.13
Solved examples
15.13
15.14
Orthogonality of Legendre polynomials
15. 21
15.15
Orthogonality of Bessel functions
15. 21
15.16
Orthogonality on an infinite interval
15. 22
15.17
Orthogonal expansion or generalised Fourier series
15. 22
Objective problems on chapter 15
15. 24
Miscellaneous problems on this part of the book
M.1 – M.4

PART-II
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
CHAPTERS
PAGES
1. Origin of partial differential equations
1.3 – 1.19
1.1
Introduction
1.3

1.2
Partial differential equation. Definition
1.3
1.3
Order of a partial differential equation
1.3
1.4
Degree of a partial differential equation
1.3
1.5
Linear and non-linear partial differential equation
1.3
1.6
Notations
1.3
1.7
Classification of first order partial differential equations
1.4
1.8
Origin of partial differential equations
1.4
1.9
Rule I. Derivation of partial differential equations by the elimination of
arbitrary constants
1.4
1.10
Solved examples based on rule I of Art. 1.9
1.5
1.11
Rule II. Derivation of partial differential equations by elimination of

arbitrary functions  from the equation (u, v) = 0, where u and v
are functions of x, y and z
1.11

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1.12
1.13

Solved examples based on rule II of Art. 1.11
Cauchy’s problem for first order equations
Objective problems on chapter 1

1.11
1.17
1.18

2. Linear
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18 (a)

partial differential equations of order one
2.1 – 2. 40
Lagrange’s equations
2.1
Lagrange’s method of solving Pp + Qq = R
2.1
Working rule for solving Pp + Qq = R by Lagrange’s method
2.2
Examples based on working rule of Art. 2.3
2.2
Type 1 based on rule I for solving (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.2
Solved examples based on Art. 2.5
2.2
Type 2 based on rule II for solving (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.4
Solved examples based on Art. 2.7

2.5
Type 3 based on rule III for solving (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.8
Solved examples based on Art. 2.9
2.8
Type 4 based on rule IV for solving (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R
2.16
Solved examples based on Art. 2.11
2.16
Miscellaneous examples based on Pp + Qq = R
2.26
Integral surfaces passing through a given curve
2.27
Solved examples based on Art. 2.14
2.27
Surfaces orthogonal to a gvien system of surfaces
2.31
Solved examples based on Art. 2.16
2.31
Geometrical description of the solutions of Pp + Qq = R and the system
of equations (dx)/P = (dy)/Q = (dz)/R and relationship between the two
2.33
2.18 (b) Another geometrical interpretation of Lagrange’s equation
2.34
2.19
Solved examples based on Art. 2.18(a) and 2.18(b)
2.34
2.20
The linear partial differentil equation with n independent variables
and its solutions

2.35
2.21
Solved examples based on Art. 2.20
2.35
3. Non-linear partial differential equations of order one
3.1 – 3.83
3.1
Complete integral (or complete solution), particular integral, singular
integral (or singular solution) and general integral (or general solution)
3.1
3.2
Geometrical interpretation of integrals of f(x, y, z, p, q) = 0
3.2
3.3
Method of getting singular integral directly from the partial differential
equation of first order
3.3
3.4
Compatible system of first-order equations
3.3
3.5 A particular case of Art. 3.4
3.4
3.6
Solved examples based on Art. 3.4 and Art. 3.5
3.5
3.7
Charpit’s method
3.11
3.8 A. Working rule while using Charpit’s method
3.12

3.8 B. Solved examples based on Art. 3.8A
3.12
3.9
Special methods of solutions applicable to certain standard forms
3.33
3.10
Standard form I. Only p and q present
3.33
3.11
Solved examples based on Art. 3.10
3.34
3.12
Standard form II. Clairaut’s equations
3.44
3.13
Solved examles based on Art. 3.12
3.44

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3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17

3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25

Standard form III. Only p, q and z present
Working rule for solving equations of the form f (p, q, z) = 0
Solved examples based on Art. 3.15
Standard form IV. Equation of the form f1(x, p) = f2(y, q)
Solved examples based on Art. 3.17
Jacobi’s method
Working rule for solving partial differential equations with three or more
independent variables. Jacobi’s method
Solved examples based on Art. 3.20
Jacobi’s method for solving a non-linear first order partial differential
equation in two independent variables
Cauchy’s method of characteristics for solving non-linear partial
differential equations
Some theorems
Solved examples based on Art. 3.23 and Art. 3.24

3.49
3.49
3.50
3.57
3.57

3.63
3.64
3.65
3.74
3.76
3.79
3.79

4. Homogeneous linear partial differential equations with constant coefficients 4.1 – 4.34
4.1
Homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear partial differential equations
with constant coefficients
4.1
4.2
Solution of a homogeneous linar partial differential equation with constant
coefficients
4.1
4.3
Method of finding the complementary function (C.F.) of linear homogeneous
partial differential equation with constant coefficients
4.2
4.4 A. Working rule for finding C.F. of linear partial differential equations with
constant coefficients
4.4
4.4 B. Alternative working rule for finding C.F.
4.4
4.5
Solved examples based on Art. 4.4A and 4.4B
4.5
4.6

Particular integral (P.I.) of homogeneous partial differential equations
4.6
4.7
Short methods of finding P.I. in certain cases
4.7
4.8
Short method I. When f(x, y) is of the form (ax + by)
4.7
4.9
Solved examples based on Art. 4.8
4.9
4.10
Short method II. When f (x, y) is of the form xm yn or a rational integral
algebraic function of x and y
4.18
4.11
Solved examples based on Art. 4.10
4.19
4.12
A general method of finding the P.I. of linear homogeneous parial
differential equation with constant coefficients
4.25
4.13
Solved examples based on Art. 4.12
4.26
4.14
Solutions under given geometrical conditions
4.32
4.15
Solved examples based on Art. 4.14

4.32
Objective problems on chapter 4
4.34
5. Non-homogeneous linear partial differential equations
with constant coefficients
5.1 – 5.30
5.1
Non-homogeneous linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients 5.1
5.2
Reducible and irreducible linear differential operators
5.1
5.3
Reducible and irreducible linear partial differential equations with
constant coefficients
5.1
5.4
Theorem. If the operator F ( D, D) is reducible, then the order in
which the linear factors occur is unimportant
5.1

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5.5

Determination of complementary function (C.F) of a reducible nonhomogeneous linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients
5.2
5.6
Working rule for finding C.F. of reducible non-homogeneous linear
partial differential equations with constant coefficients
5.3
5.7
Solved examples based on Art. 5.6
5.4
5.8
Method of finding C.F. of irreducible linear partial differential equation
with constant coefficients
5.5
5.9
Solved examples based on Art. 5.8
5.6
5.10
General solution of non-homogeneous linear partial differential equations
with constant coefficients
5.9
5.11
Particulars integral (P.I.) of non-homogeneous linear partical differetial
equations
5.9
5.12
Determination of P.I. of non-homogeneous linear partial differential
equations (reducible or irreducible)
5.9
5.13
Solved examples based on Art. 5.6, Art. 5.8 and Art. 5.12.

5.10
5.14
General method of finding P.I. for only reducible non-homogeneous
linear partial differential equations with constant coefficients
5.26
5.15
Working rule for finding P.I. of any reducible linear partial differential
equations (homogeneous or non-homogeneous)
5.27
5.16
Solved examples based on Art. 5.15
5.28
5.17
Solutions under given geometrical conditions
5.30
6. Partial differential equations reducible to equations with constant coefficients 6.1–6.11
6.1
Introduction
6.1
6.2
Method of reducible Euler-Cauchy type equation to linear partial
differential equation with constant coefficients
6.1
6.3
Working rule for solving Euler-Cauchy type equations
6.2
6.4
Solved examples based on Art. 6.3
6.2
6.5

Solutions under given geometical conditions
6.10
7. Partial differential equations of order two with variables coefficients
7.1 – 7.14
7.1
Introduction
7.1
7.2
Type I
7.1
7.3
Solved examles based on Art 7.2
7.2
7.4
Type II
7.4
7.5
Solved examples based on Art. 7.4
7.4
7.6
Type III
7.7
7.7
Solved examples based on Art. 7.6
7.7
7.8
Type IV
7.11
7.9
Solved examples based on Art. 7.8

7.12
7.10
Solutions of equations under given geometrical conditions
7.12
7.11
Solved examles based on Art. 7.10
7.13
8. Classifiation of partial differential equations Reduction to cononial
or normal form. Riemann method
8.1 – 8.50
8.1
Classification of partial differential equation of second order
8.1
8.2
Classificationof partial differential equations in three independent variables
8.2
8.2A. Solved examples based on Art. 8.2
8.2

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PART-III
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS

AND
THEIR SOLUTIONS BY SEPARATION OF VARIABLES
CHAPTERS

PAGES

1. Heat, wave and telegraph equation. Method of separation of variables
1.3 – 1.18
1.1
Introduction
1.3
1.2
Derivation of one dimensional wave equation
1.3
1.3
Derivation of two-dimensional wave equation
1.4
1.4
Derivation of one dimensional heat equation
1.5
1.5
Derivation of Fourier equation of heat conduction
1.6
1.6 A. Laplace’s equation
1.7
1.6 B. Laplace’s equation in plane polar coordinates
1.8
1.6 C. Laplace’s equation in cylindrical coordinates
1.9
1.6 D. Laplace’s equation in spherical coordinates

1.10
1.7
Derivation of telegraph (or transmission) line equations
1.11
1.8
Boundary value problms (B.V.P.)
1.12
1.9
Method of separation of variables or product method
1.12
1.10 A. The principle of superposition
1.13
1.10 B. Notations
1.13
1.11
Solutions of boundary value problems
1.13
2. Boundary value problems in cartesian coordinates
2.1 – 2.98
2.1
Introduction
2.1
PART I: Problems based on one-dimensional heat (or diffusion) equations 2.3 – 2.27
2.2 A. General solution of one dimensional heat flow equation by the method
of separation of variables
2.3
2.2 B. Solved examples based on Art. 2.2A
2.4
2.3 A. General solution of heat equation when both the ends of a bar are kept
at temperature zero and the initial temperature is prescribed

2.5
2.3 B. Working rule for solving heat equation when both the ends of a bar
are kept at temperature zero and the initial temperature is prescribed
2.6
3.3 C. Solved examples based on Art. 2.3A and 2.3B
2.7
2.4 A. General solution of heat equation when both the ends of a bar are insulated
and the initial temperature is prescribed
2.15
2.4. B. Working rule for solving heat equation when both the ends of bar are
insulated and the initial temperature is prescribed
2.17
4.4 C. Solved examples based on Art. 2.4 A and Art. 2.4B
2.18
2.5
Solution of heat equation when only one end is inslated
2.20
2.6
Miscellaneous examples based on heat (or diffusion) equation
2.23
PART II: Problems based on two-dimensional heat (or diffusion) equation 2.27 – 2.33
2.7 A. General solution of two-dimensional heat (or diffusion) equation
2.27

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2.7 B. General solution of two-dimensional heat (or diffusion) equation
satisfying the given boundary and initial conditions
2.28
2.7 C. Working rule for solving two-dimensional heat (or diffusion) equation
2.29
2.7 D. Solved examples based on Art. 2.7A, Art 2.7B and Art 2.7C
2.30
PART III: Problems based on three-dimensional heat (or diffusion) equation 2.33 – 2.35
2.8 A. General solution of three-dimensional heat (or diffusion) equation
2.33
2.8 B. Solution of three-dimensional heat (or diffusion) equation satisfying the
given boundary and initial conditons
2.34
PART IV: Problems based on one-dimensional wave equations
2.35 – 2.64
2.9 A. General solution of one-dimensional wave equation
2.35
2.9 B. Examples based on Art 2.9A
3.36
2.10 A. General solution of one-dimensional wave equation satifying the
given boundary and initial conditions
2.37
2.10 B. Working rule for solving one-dimensional wave equation when both the
ends of a string are kept fixed and initial deflection (or shape) and
velocity are prescribed
2.39
2.10 C. Working rule for solving one-dimensional wave equation when both the
ends of the string are fixed and initial velocity of the string is zero,

i.e., the string starts from the position of rest
2.39
2.10 D Working rule for solving one-dimensional wave equation when the ends
of the string are kept fixed and the initial deflection of the string is zero
2.39
2.10 E. Solved examples based on Articles 2.10 A to 2.10D
2.40
2.10 F. Miscellaneous solved examples based on one dimensional wave equation
2.54
2.10 G. Derivation of one-dimensional wave equation in another form and its
solution for a hanging chain suspended vertically from one end
2.61
PART V: Problems based on two-dimensional wave equation
2.64 – 2.68
2.11 A General solution of two-dimensional wave equation
2.64
2.11 B Solved examples based on Art. 2.11A
2.67
PARTVI: Problems based on three dimensional wave equation
2.68 – 2.70
2.12 A. General soluton of three-dimensional wave equation
2.69
2.12 B. Solved examples based on Art. 2.12 A
2.69
PART VII: Problems based on two-dimensional Laplace’s equation
2.70 – 2.90
2.13 A. General solution of two-dimensional Laplace’s equation
2.71
2.13 B. Dirichlet problem in a rectangle
2.71

2.13 C. Solved examlpes based on Art. 2.13B or problems similar to the problems
based on Art. 2.13A and Art. 2.13B
2.73
2.13 D. The Neumann problem in a rectangle
2.81
2.13 E. ‘‘Mixed problems’’ in a rectangle
2.83
PART VIII: Problem based on three-dimensional Laplace’s equation
2.91 – 2.93
2.14 A. General solution of three dimensional Laplace’s equation
2.91
2.14 B. Solved examples based on Art. 2.14A
2.91
PART IX: Prolems based on telegraph (or transimision) line equation
2.93 – 2.95
3. Boundary value problems in polar coordinates
3.1 – 3.24
3.1. Introduction
3.1
3.2 Solution of Laplace’s equation in polar coordinates
3.2

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3.3 Temperature inside a circular plate
3.4 The viberation of a circular plate
4. Boundary value problems in cylindrial coordinates
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Solution of Laplace’s equation
4.3 Circular harmonics
4.4 Solution of heat (or diffusion) equation
4.5 Solution of wave equation
5. Boundary value problems in spherical coordinates
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solution of Laplace’s equation
5.3 Solution of heat (or diffusion) equation
5.4 Solution of wave equation

3.22
3.23
4.1 – 4.20
4.1
4.2
4.7
4.9
4.13
5.1 – 5.22
5.1
5.2
5.12
5.17

PART-IV-A
LAPLACE TRANFORMS WITH APPLICATIONS

CHAPTERS

PAGES

1. The Laplace transform
1.3 – 1.54
1.1
Introduction
1.3
1.2
Laplace transform. Definition
1.3
1.3
Working rule to find Laplace transform
1.3
1.4
Piecewise (or sectinally) continuous function
1.4
1.5
Functions of exponential order
1.4
1.5 A. Solved examples based on functions of exponential order
1.4
1.6
Functions of class A
1.5
1.7
Sufficient condition for the existence of Laplace transform
1.5
1.8

Linearity property of Laplace transform
1.6
1.9
Laplace transforms of some elementary functions
1.6
1.10
Table of Laplace transforms
1.9
1.10 A. Solved examples based on Art. 1.8 and Art. 1.9
1.9
1.11
First shifting (or first translation) theorem
1.16
1.11 A. Solved examles based on Art. 1.11
1.17
1.12
The unit step function or Heaviside’s unit function
1.21
1.13
Second shifting (or second translation) theorem
1.21
1.13 A. Solved examples based on Art. 1.13
1.22
1.14
Change of scale property
1.23
1.14 A. Solved examples based on Art. 1.14
1.23
1.15
Laplace transform of derivatives

1.24
1.15 A. Solved examples based on Art. 1.15
1.27
1.16 Multiplication by positive integral powers of t. Derivatives of Laplace transform. 1.29
1.16 A. Solved examples based on Art. 1.16
1.30
1.17
Division by t. Theorem
1.34

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1.17 A.
1.18
1.18 A.
1.19
1.20
1.20 A.
1.21
1.21 A.
1.22

Solved examples based on Art. 1.17
Laplace transforms of integrals

Solved examples based on Art. 1.18
Initial value theorem and final value theorem
Laplace transform of periodic functions
Solved examples based on Art. 1.20
Evaluation of integrals
Solved examples based on Art. 1.21
Laplace transforms of some special functions
The error function
1.22 A. Solved examples based on error functions
The sine integral
The cosine integral
The exponential integral
The Laguerre polynomial
The Dirac’ delta function
The Bessel function
1.22 B. Solved examples based on Bessel function
1.23
Table of some Laplace transform theorems for ready reference
Objective problems on Chapter 1
2. The inverse Laplace transform
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Inverse Laplace transform. Definition
2.3
Null function. Definition
2.3 A. Uniqueness of inverse Laplace transforms
Lerch’s theorem
2.4
Inverse Laplace transform of some elementary functions

2.5
Linearity propety of inverse Laplace transform
2.5 A. Solved examples based on Art. 2.4 and Art. 2.5
2.6
Method of partial fractions
2.6 A. Solved examples based on Art. 2.6
2.7
Heaviside’s expansion theorem (or formula)
2.7 A. Solved examples based on Art. 2.7
2.8
First translation or first shifting theorem
2.8 A. Solved examples based on Art. 2.8
2.9
Second shifting theorem or second translation theorem
2.9 A. Solved examples based on Art. 2.9
2.10
Change of scale property
2.10 A. Solved examples based on Art. 2.10
2.11
Inverse Laplace transform of derivatives
2.11 A. Solved examples based on Art. 2.11
2.12
Inverse Laplace transform of integrals
2.13
Multiplication by powers of s
2.14 A. Division by powers of s

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1.35
1.38

1.39
1.40
1.41
1.41
1.43
1.43
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.52
2.1 – 2.58
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.9
2.11
2.15

2.15
2.17
2.18
2.28
2.29
2.32
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.35
2.36
2.37

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