Classical electrodynamics j d jacksom

✂  ✁☎✄✝✆✟✞✡✠☛✄✌☞✎✍✑✏✓✒✔✞✡✕✖✞✡✗✙✘✛✚✖✍✜✁✢✍✤✣✦✥✧✠☛✍✤★✩✕✖✞✡✪✫✄✬✣✭✠✮✍✤✪
✯ ✰✲✱✴✳✵✳✵✶✸✷✹✱✺✰ ✻ ✰✽✼✾✷✫✿❁❀❃❂❅❄❇❆ ❈ ✱❊❉ ✶✸✷✹✳
❋✽●■❍❑❏▼▲✵◆■❖◗€❙❘❚❋✔◆❑❯❲❱❨❳❲●■❏
✔★ ❩❭❬❪✏✤✄❴❫❵✞❛✠❝❜❞✏✤✁✢❡❢✚❤❣❥✐
❦❞❧♥♠♣♦q❧sr✜t✈✉♣r❑✇✧①③②♣❧✸④■⑤⑥❧s♠☛✉⑧⑦⑨❧s♠☛①
⑩ ❧s❶✮①❷r✖♦✖⑦⑨❧s♠❥♦❑✉❷t❹❸✲❧s✉♣❶⑥⑤✝❺✝❻✖❼❾❽s❻
❦❞✉⑧❿➀✉⑧r➁①⑧➂❴✉⑨➃❴❽➁⑤⑥✉✝✉⑧❿✙✉⑧t❨➄✎❼➀♠⑥❧➅❻
❸✲✉♣❿➀➂⑥❧s♠❲➆✛❦❑➇❪➈⑧➉⑧➊♣➉⑥➋

➃❴①❷⑦⑨❼➀➌♥➂⑥①❷♦
④■r✖❧➅❻✖❻

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qsqẽ

ẹềểsễếệìểsỉĩíịíòỏỏõ
sé óọ ồổổổ

sỗốộq
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sqqờsqsởsqssọ

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ỡ ớùợủũúợủụ

ừữửứỳựỷỹýỵự ỹứựỹ ựsỷỹ sựự

ỹỵứý ỷ þ❳✝♥✸♠ û③ü✽♦♣☎q✝❊rs✟t  ø❫✂✆☎✞✝✝ÿ❷ùsû❙✠ü ✟sù✁❴✡ ù☛  ÿ☞✟✿✉⑨õ

õ❊✈

✇✼✎❍✇①❜✫❅✩✕③②❯✕✥✗✚❅✩✬✼✦④✬❲✪♣⑤⑥◗▼✮❲❆✿✕❁✶✸❅✺✮☞✙✚❆✿✕☛★⑦✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

✍☛❭

✇✼✎❙●❣◆✯✹⑧✑✔⑨✼✕✥✙❨✖✘✛✧★❏✕❂✛✳✹❯❪❂✙✜✕✥✕✥✹❵❴ ★⑩❜✫❅✩✕☛✬☞✙✜✕✥◗

✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

✍✁❃

✇✼✎ ❬❚❜✫✴€✬✱✰✆✮❲✓✏❶☞✕✁★✫✬❲✪❷✮▼✶✸✬✿✹✺✦✼✻✺✖✘✗✚✛✏✹✩❆❝❇❊❉✩❅✩✕☛✙✚✛✧✖✥✮☞✓❵❇❊❅✩✕☛✓✳✓❖✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

✍✐●

✇✼✎✏✍☛❞❸◆❹✶✸✬☞✹✽✦✼✻✺✖✾✗✜✛✳✹✺❆❝❺✔✓✧✮✵✗✚✕✣✴⑩✛✳✗✚❅❯✮✱❻€✬✿★✜★❼✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

✇❲❞

✇✼✎✏✍☞✍✄❽❾✛✏✹✩✕❿✶✸❅✺✮☞✙✚❆✿✕☛★✫✮❲✹✽✦➀✗✜❅✩✕❁②❯✕✘✗✜❅✩✬✼✦❈✬❲✪✤⑤⑥◗✱✮☞❆☞✕✁★➁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

✇☞✇

✇✼✎✏✍☛❭❸❜✫✴€✬❝✶✸❑❊✓✏✛✳✹✽✦✼✕✥✙✲✰✆✮❲✓✏❶☞✕✁★€✮❲✗❂✶✸✬☞✹✺★❏✗✜✮☞✹❱✗⑩❺♣✬☞✗✚✕☛✹✿✗✜✛✏✮☞✓✏★③✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

✇✵❄

✇✼✎❍✇❲❭❸◆✷✰✯✬✿✓✳✓✏✬✵✴➂✶✸✻✺➃✩✛✏✖☛✮❲✓✤✶✸✬✿✹✺✦✼✻✺✖✘✗✚✬✿✙➄✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

✇❲➅

✸û ⑥ÿ❷ù✁  ÿ✿✝♥♠✸û❙ü✺♦♣☎q✝❊rs✟

❡✺➆

❭✩✎✏✍✒◆✯✹✺❆☞✓✏✕❁➃✽✕✥✗▲✴✸✕☛✕✥✹❯❜✫✴✸✬❝✶✸✬☞❉✺✓✏✮☞✹✺✮❲✙⑩■✆✛✳❉✠✬☞✓✏✕☛★➇✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

✇❲❬

❭✩✎❍✇①❜✫❅✩✕③❺♣✬☞✗✚✕✥✹❱✗✜✛✏✮☞✓✠✛✏✹❯②❯✻✩✓✳✗✚✛✏❉✽✬✿✓✳✕❿②❯✬☞◗✱✕✥✹❱✗❨★➈✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎

❭☞❞

❭✩✎ ❭❚❺♣✬❲✗✜✕✥✹❱✗✚✛✧✮❲✓➉➃❊❑➀❜✤✮✐❑❊✓✳✬✿✙⑩✑❷⑨✼❉✺✮❲✹✽★❏✛✏✬☞✹

❭✩✍

❡❣❢

✈①♠ ✵✡

✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❂✎❁✎✣✎❁✎❁✎✣✎❁✎✣✎❁✎
❭

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ýòỵ

ý ✆ý ☎ ✄ ✡
ÿ

✒✔✓✖✕✘✗✚✙✜✛✣✢✖✗✥✤✦✢✧✕★✓✖✩✫✪✭✬✯✮✰✛✲✱✴✳✵✮✰✓✑✓✖✮✠✶ ✷✸✮✰✹✺✩✼✻✺✗✚✙✽✮✰✛

✾❀✿❂❁❄❃✘❅❇❆❉❈❋❊●✾✽❍❏■❑❈▼▲◆❈✣❖◗€❋❘❏❅❙❅❯❚❄❃✘✾✜❘❏❱▼❅❳❲❨■❩▲❬❍❏❃★❅❯❚❄❈▼▲★❭✠❪★❊❫❍❴❈✣❘
❵❜❛✯❝❡❞❩❞✑❢❴❣❤❛❥✐❦❞❑❧♠❛♥❧♣♦✑❞✑q
r
s❩t✈✉①✇❯②✧③✏④
⑤❑⑥⑧⑦❤⑥⑩⑨
✐❋❶❏♦✑❷❩♦ r❹❸ ❞❺❧♣❶❏♦✫❻⑧❼❽❣❾❝❏❿❺♦✼➀♠❶➁❛⑧❷❩➂❽♦◗➃❏♦✧➄➁❞ ❸ ❧❑➅➆❛✯❸ ➄➁➃ ❸ s♣t ❸ ❞❺❧❩❶❏♦❂➇❡♦✑❷❩❿ ❸ ❧➈❧ ❸ ❻ ❸ ❸❧❑➅❨❼✯➉❜➉➊❷♣♦✧♦✫❞➈➇❡❛⑧➀✖♦ ⑦✦➋❸ ♦✼➌➍➄❏❼♥✐❬❸ ❧♣❶➁❛♥❧
➀✖❼❽➄➁➃❴❝➁➀✖❧❩❼❽❷♣❞✠❛✯❣❤❣❾❼♥✐✔➀♠❶➁❛✯❷♣➂⑧♦⑩❞❀➉➊❷♣♦✧♦❉❧♣❼➎❿❺❼♥❻⑧♦❉✐ ❧❩❶ ➄ ⑦❜➏ ❼➁➐❫✐❋❶❏❸♦✑➄✼➇❏❣➑❛⑧➀✖♦⑩➃ ➄❂❛✯➄✫♦✧➒➓❧♣♦✧❷♣➄➁❸ ❛✯❣✽❸❞❑❧♠❛♥❧ ➀✏♦✧❣❤♦✑➀➔❧♣❷ ➀❜→➁♦✑❣❤➃
➀♠❶➁❛⑧❷❩➂❽♦✑❞❜❿❺❼♥❻⑧♦➣❧♣❼✫❧❩❶➁♦✈❞❩❝❏❷➈➉↔❛❽➀✖♦➎❸ ❼⑧➉❀❧❩❶❏♦◗➀✖❼⑧➄❡➃❴❝➁❸ ➀➔❧♣❼⑧❷⑩➐✽➀✑❛✯➄➁➀✧♦✧❣ ➄➁➂✫❧❩❶❏♦↕♦✖➒➍❧❩♦✑❷❩➄➁❛⑧❣✣❸ →➁♦✑❣❤➃ ➄➁❞ ➃❴❸ ♦➣❸ ❧❩❶➁♦✈❸ ➀✖❼❽➄➁➃❴❝➁➀✖❧❩❸ ❼❽❷ ⑦
➙ ❶❏♦✑❷❩♦✧➉➊❼⑧❷♣♦⑧➐❳❛✺➀✖❼❽➄➁➃❴❝➁➀✖❧❩❼❽❷❜➀✑❛✯❷♣❷❩➅ ➄❏➂◗❼⑧➄❏❣❤➅❂❞➈❧♣❛♥❧ ➀❺➀♠❶➁❛⑧❷❩➂❽♦➛➀✑❛✯➄❄❶➁❛❥❻⑧♦➛➄❏❼✺♦✧❣❤♦✑➀✖❧❩❷ ➀➛→❡♦✧❣➑➃❂✐ ❧❩❶ ➄ ❧♣❞❜❿➣❛♥❧♣♦✧❷ ❛⑧❣➜➐
✐❋❶ ❸ ➀♠❶❺❿➛♦⑩❛✯➄➁❞✽❧♣❶❏♦❋❻⑧❼❽❣❾❝➁❿➛♦❋➀♠❶➁❛⑧❷❩➂❽♦✚➃❏♦✧➄➁❞ ❸ ❧❑➅ ❸ ❞✣➝✧♦✧❷♣❼❜❛✯➄➁➃➛♦✖➒❏➀✧♦✑❞♣❞➞➀♠❶➁❛✯❷♣➂⑧♦⑩❞➟❣ ❸ ♦❋❼⑧➄✰❧❩❶❏♦✘❞❩❝❏❷❩➉↔❛⑧➀✖♦❀❼⑧➉●❛❜➀✖❼❽➄➁➃❴❝➁➀✖❧❩❼❽❷ ⑦
➠ ✿➡❁➡❃★❅❦➢✫➤➈❅❳❊❫❍❴❘➁■➈❊➥€➣■❑❅➟➤➈❭✭■➈▲✠❲➓■❩❭✘❅①✾➧➦①❈▼➤➈➤➈❈❳➨➩❚❄❈▼▲★❭✠❪★❊❫❍❴❈✣❘

❶➋ ❏♦✑➄➫❧♣❶❏♦◗➉➊❷❩♦✑♦◗➀♠❶➁❛⑧❸ ❷❩➂❽♦➎❣ ❸ ❸ ♦⑩❞✰❼❽❝❴❧♣❞ ❸ ➃❴♦◗❧❩❶❏♦✺➀✧❛❥❻ ❸ ❧❑➅❹❸ ➀ ❸ ❷♣➀✧❝❏❸ ❿➛➉➊♦✧❷♣♦✧➄➁➀✧♦✑❸➃➯➭➍➅❹➀✖❼❽➄➁➃❴❝➁➀✖❧ ❸ ➄❏➂❄❸ ❿❺❛✯❧❩♦✑❷ ❸ ❛✯❣ ❸ ⑤ ❞❩♦✧♦✈→➁➂❽❝❏❷❩♦
❛ ➐●❵❜❛✯❝➁❞♣❞✧❢❡❣❤❛❥✐✔❞ ❿❺➇❏❣ →❡♦✑❞★❧❩❼↕➲➟❛✯➇❏❣➑❛⑧➀✧♦⑧❢ ❞❋♦✑➳➓❝➁❛✯❧ ❼⑧➄ ➄✺❧❩❶❏♦➛➀✧❛❥❻ ❧❑➅ ➙ ❶❏♦✰➀✧❼⑧➄➁➃❴❝❡➀➔❧ ➄❏➂➎❿➣❛✯❧❩♦✧❷ ❛✯❣➵➉➊❼❽❷❩❿➣❞★❛
❻⑧⑥ ❼❽⑦❤⑥ ❣❾❝➁⑨❿➛♦❜❼⑧➉✽♦⑩➳❽❝ ❸ ➇❫❼✯❧♣♦✧➄➓❧ ❸ ❛✯❣➸➐❴➭❡♦⑩➀✧❛⑧❝➁❞➈♦➺❧♣❶❏♦➻♦✧❣❤♦✑➀✖❧❩❷ ❸ ➀✠→➁♦✑❣❤➃ ❸ ➄✈❧♣❶❏♦❉➀✖❼❽➄➁➃❴❝➁➀✖⑦ ❧❩❼❽❷ ❸ ❞❀➝✑♦✧❷♣❼❺❛⑧➄➁➃
❸ ➄➁➀✖♦➺❧♣❶❏♦➻➇❡❼⑧❧❩♦✑➄❽❧ ❸ ❛⑧❣ ❸ ❞❀❛❺➀✖❼❽➄➓❧ ❸ ➄➓❝➁❼⑧❝➁❞➪➉➊❝❏➄➁➀✖❧ ❸ ❼⑧➄✫③①❛⑧➀✧✉❇❷❩❼➓❞❩➼★❞✚✇➣❛➛➽ ➀♠❶➁❛✯❷♣➂⑧♦⑩➃➎➭❫❼⑧❝❏➄➁➃➁❛✯❷♣➅⑧➐➓❧❩❶❏♦➻➇❫❼✯❧♣♦✧➄➓❧ ❸ ❛✯❣●❼❽➄↕❧♣❶❏♦ ❸ ⑤❑➄➁⑥⑧➄❏⑦➚➾⑧♦✧❷⑨
❞❩➏ ❝❏❸ ❷➈➉↔❛❽➀✖♦➻❸ ❼⑧❸ ➉➞❧❩❶❏♦✏➀✧❼⑧➄➁➃❏❝➁➀➔❧♣❼⑧❷✘❶➁❛❽❞❋❧♣❸ ❼➎❸ ➭❡♦➛➀✖❼❽➄➁❞❑❧♠❛✯➄➓❧ ❸ ⑦ ➙ ❶ ❸ ❞ ❸ ❞✘➄➁❼♥✐✔❛➎➇❏❷❩❸❼❽➭❏❸ ❣❤♦✧❿➶❞♣❛♥❧ ❸ ❞➈➉➊➅ ❸ ➄➁➂↕➲❳❛⑧➇❏❣❤❛❽➀✖♦❽❸❢ ❞❋♦⑩➳➓❝➁❛♥❧ ❸ ❼❽❸ ➄
✐ ❧❩❶↕➹ ❷ ❸➀♠❶❏❣❾♦✧❧▼❸ ➭❫❼⑧❝❏➄➁➃➁❛✯❷♣➅✰➀✖❼❽➄➁➃ ❧ ❼⑧➄➁❞ ⑦✜➘ ➄➎❞➈♦⑩➀➔❧ ❼❽➄ ⑥⑧⑦ ➴ ❼✯➉❙❸ ➷❽❛❽➀♠➌❴❞➈❼❽➄❙➐ ❧ ❞▼❞❩❶❏❼♥✐❋➄❺❧❩❶➁❛✯❧✣❧❩❶➁♦✠❞❩❼⑧❣❤❝❴❧ ❸ ❼⑧➄➛➉➊❼⑧❷▼❸ ❧❩❶ ❞
➇❏❷♣❼⑧➭❏❣❤♦✧❿ ❞✘❝❏➄ ➳❽❸❝➁♦ ⑦ ➙ ❶➁♦❉❸ ➀✖❼⑧➄❡❞❑❧♠❛✯➄➓❧✘❻♥❛✯❣❤❝❏♦➻❼✯➉✽❧❩❶❏♦✏❸ ➇❡❼ ❧❩♦✧➄➓❧ ❛⑧❣❙❼⑧➄◗❧❩❶➁♦➻❼⑧❝❴❧♣♦✧❷★❞❩❝❏❷❩➉↔❛⑧➀✖♦❜❼⑧➉➟❧♣❶❏♦✏➀✧❛❥❻ ❧❑➅↕❞♣❛♥❧ ❸ ❞➈→➁♦✑❞
➲❳❛⑧➇❏❣➑❛⑧➀✖♦❽❢ ❞✘♦✑➳➓❝➁❛♥❧ ❼❽➄✼❛✯➄➁➃ ❞❋❧♣❶❏♦✧❷♣♦✖➉➊❼❽❷❩♦➣➬➊➮❏➱✠❞❩❼⑧❣❤❝❴❧ ❼⑧➄ ⑦❀➘ ➄✼❼⑧❧❩❶❏♦✑❷✘✐✚❼⑧❷♠➃❏❞✧➐➁❧❩❶❏♦✰❶❏❼⑧❣❤❣❤❼♥✐❦➀✧❼⑧➄➁➃❴❝❡➀➔❧❩❼❽❷★❛⑧➀✖❧♣❞★❣ ➌⑧♦✏❛
♦✧❣❤♦✑➀✖❧❩❷ ❸ ➀✠→➁♦✑❣❤➃✺❞❩❶ ❸ ♦✧❣➑➃↕➉➊❼❽❷❀❧❩❶❏♦❉➀✑❛❥❻ ❸ ❧❑➅ ⑦
✃

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✜✛✞✢✤✣✦✥

✴✶✵✸✷✭✹✻✺✽✼

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✁  ✚✧★✝✪✩✠✩✫✝✬✥ ✫✟

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❴ß ➔ÿ ⑧à✣Ý ✧á✑à ❡ã ⑧ÿ❩á❽ä❳ÿ ❏á★á ❾á ➔ÿ❩à♣Ý ➁á ⑧ß❏ÿ ❩Ý ❴á
ÿ ➁á ❏ß ➔ÿ ⑧à ❴ß❏á➺ÿ ⑧Ý ➓ÿ ❽ß❏à ✧á★Ý ❩Ý ❴á❜Ý ✚Ý ❡ß❏á ✧á ❺ÿ ❏á ❫á ❳ÿ ❏á ❴ß ➔ÿ ⑧à ⑧ß
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✁  ❑✡✑✝✰✟✌❄ ✌✡ ✮✝ ❂❄
✫✟

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✫✟✌✗ ❃❄

✁✝✚✂☛☎▲✝ ✫✟ ❅✗▼✝

✮  ❅ ❆✝✪✩✠✩✫✝✬✥❇✡❈✝✰✟✞❄ ✌✡ ✮✝

✮✡

✫✟✌✗ ✫❄

❃✗ ✠✟✳◆

❃✗❉✟✌✝✰✟✳❊●❋

✑✟✌✡ ✜❄❖✛✻✔

✁✝ ✦❍❅✝

✮ 

✜✩ ✭✡

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✁  €✗✁ ✌✂◗☎ ❘✝✰✧ ✮  €✡❈✝✰✟✞❄ ✌✡ ✮✝ ✭✣❙✂✪✗■✔✰✝ ✆✡✑✂✰✟

✮  €✟ ✑❚ ❅☎ ✁✝✪✛❆✩ ✜❯

❱❳❲✯❨❬❩❅❭❫❪❵❴✕❛✌❭❜❱▲❝❆❴✕❞❢❡❣❞❉❤❏❝❆❩❅❭❫✐❦❥✕❭✦❱▲❝✻❛✞❴▼❱❇❧❏❴✕❭❜❥✁♠♥❞♣♦q❝❆r✻❴▼♠❅❭ts✶✉❬❞❢❡✈♠❘♦✈❱▲❝✳❞❉❛
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✁  ❑✙ ✜✩✫❄

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✁  ❸✡❈✝✰✟✞❄ ✌✡ ✮✝ ❿✖➀✗ ✭✡

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ó

ọồ
ổốỗ ộ ➴ ➓✜➝✽➑✁➒✌→◗➑❿➑✁➒✌➓❏➓✑➣✫➓✜➞✤➑✮➛✁↔❃➞✎➵✌➓✜➣✫➝❬↔❃➟❿➝✳↔✫➛✁➓✭➞✤➑✁➓✭➝❬➛✮→✪➝✳↔✫→✰➣✠➣✫➸❦➔✰➜❆➑ ➴ →✰➛✮➝✯➳★➛✁➔✪➧ê➑✮➒❆➓❷➞❈➓✜↕✪➑✮➓✑➛€➔✰➳
➑✁➒❆➓❿➟✁➠❆➒❆➓✜➛✁➓✭➟✑➭
ỉ

Ù❆➔✰➛ ➶✆ëtì ➥ ➺ ➢✞➓✜➒✌→✓Ư✰➓✭➟❘→✪➟✈↔✠➳♣➞✜→◗➜✌➟✁➓✜➝✯➢❙➸❦→❖➠✞➔✪↔✠↕❙➑€➞☞➒✌→◗➛✮➙✰➓☛➔◗➳❢➧❏→◗➙✪↕❆↔✠➑✁➜✌➝✳➓✎➔◗➳❢➑✁➒❆➓❸➑✁➔✰➑✮→◗➣➲➞☞➒✌→✰➛✁➙✪➓❸Øí➔✰➳
➑✁➒❆➓❿➟✁➠❆➒❆➓✜➛✁➓✪➥❆→✬➑❂➑✁➒❆➓€➔✪➛✁↔✫➙✰↔✫↕ä➭
Ø

ó
ï✰ð ➾ ➚ ➶✬đ❦ị

➺ỵ➻

ơ ➟ ➴ ➓☛➒✌→✓Ư✪➓☛➟✁➓✑➓✑↕③➓✜→✰➛✁➣✫↔✠➓✜➛✜➥✌➳★➔✰➛€→✏➟✁➔✰➣✫↔❃➝✽➟▼➠✌➒❆➓✑➛✮↔✫➞✜→◗➣➦➞❈➔✰↕✞➝✳➜✌➞✤➑✮➔✰➛❘➑✁➒❆➓✎➓✑➣✫➓✜➞❈➑✁➛✮↔✫➞❿➵✌➓✑➣❃➝✽↔✫↕✌➟✁↔✫➝❆➓❸↔❃➟✈➤✜➓✑➛✮➔③➨➀➟▼➓✜➓❿➵✌➙✪➜❆➛✁➓
➹✰➭ õ✪➫❈➭✎Ù✌➔✰➛€→➡➟▼➠✌➒❆➓✑➛✮➓ ➴ ↔ư➑✮➒❬→✆➒❆➔✪➧✎➔✪➙✰➓✜↕❆➓✑➔✪➜✌➟❘➞☞➒✞→◗➛✮➙✰➓✚➝✳↔✫➟▼➑✁➛✮↔✫➢❆➜✳➑✁↔✫➔✰↕③➑✁➒✌➓❏➓✑➣✫➓✜➞✤➑✮➛✁↔❃➞☛➵✌➓✑➣❃➝②→✬➑€➠✞➔✪↔✠↕❙➑☞➟❑↔✠↕✌➟✁↔❃➝✳➓✎➑✁➒❆➓
➟✁➠❆➒❆➓✑➛✮➓❏↔✫↕✌➞❈➛✮➓✜→✪➟▼➓✭➟ ➴ ↔ư➑✮➒ ➶ ụ ữợọq
ứ óồ

ỉ
ú
ù
ỡ ựũ

t




➓❏➜✌➟✁➓❖Û❑→◗➜✌➟✮➟✜Üä➣✫→ ➴

➺❘ï✰ð ➶ đ ➻

✆

➨✕➹✰➭ ➐ ➫

➹✬ú ➾✮➚✦û

đ✁ü
➚

û
➚

ü

➨ ó✬ÿ ➫ ủ
ò ò ò
ỷốý
ỵ







ệ

ệ

ở



ỵ
ỵ
ừ

ồ



ỵ
ừ ú ũ
✑➨ ✠✓✄

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✞

➨✕➹✰➭ ✔✪➫


✕

✖✘✗✚✙✜✛✚✢✘✣✥✤✧✦✩★✫✪✭✬✮✢✘✤✰✯✲✱✓✳✲✖✡✢✴✪✵✯✲✬✧✢✡✯✶✣✸✷✏✣✚✖✡✢✘✤✰✯✡✹✺✢✻✙✼✢✴✪✵✖✽✹

❁homogeneously charged

❂inhomogeneously charged: n=2

❂inhomogeneously charged: n=−2

❀

electric field strength

❃conductor

✾

0

a
distance from the origin

✿

❄✴❅❇❆❉❈✁❊●❋■❍✩❏ ❑✁▲✜▼❖◆❇€❘◗✵❙❯❚❲❱✑◗✲❳❖€❨◆❬❩❪❭❨❫❴❚✮❩✍❱ ❵✜€✵❚❛€❨❜✻❙❯◆❞❝❡◗❘❢✁❣✍❚❯❤❉€❘❩❥✐❧❦✁❢♠€❨❚●€❲✐♥❫✭❭♦❚●❣✩❩❴❱q♣✄✐❪r✟s❡t✉❢♠€■€❨◆❬€●◗✵❙❧❚❲❱✑◗✲❳✥€✵◆❇❩✈❫❴♣✇❙❯✐❲❱✑❩✩€✮❙①❢✁€
✐❧❦✁❢♠€❨❚❛€❨✐♦❱②✐✰❙q❢♠€✰✐✵❣✍③④€✥❭❨❫❴❚⑤❣✍◆q◆⑦⑥✸✐❲❱q❜⑧◗❘€⑤❙q❢♠€✰❙⑨❫❴❙⑨❣❴◆✏◗❘❢✁❣✍❚❯❤⑩€⑤❱②✐✜❶❷❱q❜❸❣❴◆q◆✏◗❘❣❴✐❨€❨✐✵s

❹✡❺ ❋❻❊❛❋
➀ r ➆✩➇✺➋
❽❿❾
➀❻➅❴➆✍➇✺➈➊➉✩➅ ❼ ➁❉➃✟➄ ❑
➎
➌✓➍
➀➂➁❉➃✟➄
❶♥➏ ➌✓➍ ❑❉➐
➏➑❍✩❏❬❍❻➒❉➐
➀ ❼
r ➆✍➇✺➋
➄
➁✩➃
➓→➔↔➣❻↕✍➙➛❋❻↕❉➜➑❅❬➝❬➞➠➟⑧❋✓➡✩❋❻❊❛❅❇➢♠❋➊➤➠➔ ❺ ↕❴➔⑤➥①➦✩❊ ➌ ❼➧➒✁➨ ❹ ❋ ❺ ↕➩➡✩❋✮➔ ❺ ❋❥➣✵↕❉➜➑❋♥➦✩➥✲➔ ❺ ❋ ❺ ➦✩➫④➦✩❆❉❋✵➙✁❋❻➦✩❈♠➜❛➝❇➞➭➣ ❺ ↕✍❊●❆✩❋➊➤➯➜❛➲ ❺ ❋❻❊❛❋
➏①❋➊➳⑩❈♠↕❴➔●❅❇➦❉➙■❍✩❏➸➵✍➐❨❏✏➺ ❺ ❋❖❋✵➝❬❋❻➣❨➔❛❊●❅❬➣➻➢♠❋✵➝②➤♦↕✩➜✴↕✡➥①❈♠➙♠➣❲➔●❅❇➦❉➙⑤➦✍➥⑧➤✇❅❬➜➑➔●↕✩➙♠➣❨❋❖↕✍❊●❋✸➲✁➝❬➦✍➔❛➔❛❋➊➤✰❅❇➙⑤➢♠❆✩❈♠❊❛❋✚❍✩❏ ❑✲➥①➦✩❊✏➔ ❺ ❋✲➣❨➦❉➙♠➤✇❈♠➣❨➔❛➦❉❊❻➨
➔ ❺ ❋ ❺ ➦✩➫④➦✩❆❉❋✵➙✁❋❻➦✩❈♠➜❛➝❬➞■➣ ❺ ↕✍❊●❆✩❋➊➤✓➜❛➲ ❺ ❋✵❊●❋✰↕✍➙♠➤❥❅❬➙✇➼ ❺ ➦✩➫④➦✩❆❉❋✵➙✁❋❻➦✩❈♠➜❛➝❇➞■➣ ❺ ↕✍❊●❆✩❋❻➤❥➜➑➲ ❺ ❋✵❊●❋❻➜

ẽéẹềễểếệỉìềếĩíẹếị

ò
ỏ

õ

ọồ ổỗ ố

ờộ
ở



ó
ỡ ❋á➣❻↕✍➝②➣❨❈✁➝②↕❴➔●❋✜➔ ❺ ❋✰íỵ↕✍➲♠➝❬↕❉➣❨❅②↕✍➙✺➨ ❹ ❋✚➦❉➟✇➔●↕✩❅❇➙✓➔ ❺ ❋❪➡✩➦❉➝❇❈♠➫✮❋
❹✡❺ ❋❻❊❛❋
➣ ❺ ↕✩❊❛❆❉❋áé ➤✇❋❻➙♠➜❛❅❞➔✭➞ ➨✇➔ ❺ ❊❛➦❉❈✁❆ ❺❡ï ➦✩❅②➜●➜➑➦❉➙✺ð ➜✥❋❻➳⑩❈♠↕✍➔❛❅❬➦✩➙
➄
➄ ❼ịđ ➈ à
➀
ã

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ýỏỳửựũử
ýử
ỳ











■
❪✱❣❜❤
❤
❛✔✬✱✪✧❡♦✍✯✘❋✦❊✕✏✎✒✪✧✑♣❫✧❴rqs✎❢✑t❆❂✛✧✦✷❀✸✍✏✪✧✑✟✉✈✘❜✗✰✛✇❄✧✘①✺②❪✷❆✿❣❜❫✧❴ ❤ ♥✔❫✇❈❊③

✺✯❫✧❴✒❫✲♥✭❈

④ ❨ ✺✄❫✹⑤✇■✣❈€❖❘◗☎❦ ❳♠⑥ ✺②■✹❈

✺✯❫✧❴✒❫★❦❂❈

⑦ ✪✧❡▼✽✔✎✒✑✔✎❢✑✰✓⑧✺✯❫✧❴✒❫✲♥❂❈❊❉♠✺✄❫✭❴❢❫✲❦❂❈✈✛✣✑✿✶⑩⑨❶✪✭✎✒✍✱✍✯✪✭✑♠❷ ✍❅✘❋❸❂●✰✛✹✕✱✎❢✪✭✑♠❉✸✉❅✘❜✓✭✘✴✕✝✩✫✪✧✬☎■✚❝❞❑
✺✯❫✧❴✒❫❋❹✧❈
◆ ✺✫■✣❈❅❖ ❱ ⑥ ✺✫■✣❈

✉☎✎❢✕✏✗✔✪✭●✸✕❜✦★✪✧✑✰✍✏✘✲❸❂●✔✘✲✑✰✦✴✘❋✍★❴✮➁✝✗✰✎✒✍✾✛✣✤✒✤❢✪✹✉✮✍✮✩✫✪✧✬
❺♣✘▼✦★✛✧✑❻❡s●✰✤❍✕✱✎❢✢✔✤✒❼❽✕✏✗✔✘✖✬✱✎❢✓✭✗✭✕✾✍✯✎✥✶✸✘s✪✧✩❾✘✲❸❂●✰✛✣✕✏✎✒✪✧✑❿✺✄❫✭❴❢❫✇❹✧❈✝✽✵❼
✛✖❡①✪✧✬✱✘✾✘✲✤❢✘✲✓✭✛✧✑✭✕☎✉✝✛✇❼➂✪✣✩❶✉☎✬✏✎❢✕✏✎✒✑✔✓✖✕✏✗✰✘✚✶✸✎✒✍✱✦✴✬✱✘✴✕✱✘✻✛✣✑✰✶✟✕✏✗✔✘✚✦★✪✧✑❂❩ ✕✏❬➀✎✒✑✵❭✭●✔❪ ✪✧●✿✍✝✢✰✛✣✬✏✕✱✍✈✕✱✪✧✓✧✘★✕✏✗✔✘✲✬
◆ ✺✫■✣❈€❖➄➃ ⑥ ✺②■✹❈❾◗ ❲✧❙❇❳ ■✹❯ ❨✰➅❻❱✹❩ ❬➀❭✭❪

✺✯❫✧❴✒❫✲➆✭❈

➁✝✗✔✘✟✶✔✎✒✍✱✦✴✬✱✘✴✕✱✘➇✢✰✛✣✬✏✕✚✬✱✘★✢✔✬✱✘✲✍✏✘★✑❂✕✱✍✻✕✏✗✔✘✟✍✯✕✱✛✣✕✏✎✒✪✧✑✰✛✧✬✏❼➈✢✔✬✱✪✣✕✏✪✭✑➉✉☎✎❍✕✱✗➊✦✷✗✰✛✣✬✱✓✧✘ ❴❻➋☛✬✏✪✭●✔✑✰✶♣✕✏✗✰✘➇✢✔✬✱✪✣✕✏✪✭✑➉✪✧✬✱✽✔✎❍✕✷✍s✛✧✑
✘★✤✒✘✲✦✴✕✏✬✱✪✧✑⑧✉☎✎❢✕✏✗➌✦✷✗✰✛✧✬✏✓✭✘➂◗ ❴☎➁✝✗✔✘s✦✴✪✭✑❂✕✏✎✒✑❂●✰✪✧●✰✍☎✢✿✛✣✬✏✕☛✪✣✩❶✕✏✗✰✘▼✦✷✗✰✛✧✬✏✓✭✘❜✶✔✘★✑✰✍✏❱ ✎❍✕✄❼⑩✩✫●✔✑✰✦✴✕✏✎✒✪✧✑❻✎✥✍✮❡①✪✭✬✏✘✚✛➇✍✯✕✱✛✣✕✏✎✥✍✄✕✱✎✒✦✲✛✣✤
✶✸✎✥✍✄✕✱✬✏✎✒✽✔●✸✕✱✎❢✪✭✑⑧✪✣✩✁✕✱✗✔✘✻✤✒✪✵✦✲✛✹❱✕✱✎❢✪✭✑⑩✪✧✩✜✕✱✗✔✘✻✘★✤✒✘✲✦✴✕✏✬✱✪✧✑♠❴
➍s➎❊➏

➐➒➑⑧➓✻➔➣→s↔✮↕➙➐❥➛⑩➜★➝✲➞⑧↕t➔❾➝✴➟☎➓✚➜➠➐❥➡✖➞⑧↕❻➢⑧➟✈➤❇➡s➔➣➥

➁✝✉✈✪▼❄✭✘★✬✱❼✖✤✒✪✧✑✰✓✖✦★❼❂✤✒✎✒✑✰✶✸✬✱✎✒✦✲✛✣✤➀✦✴✪✧✑✿✶✸●✰✦❊✕✱✪✧✬✷✍★❉✸✍✏✘★✢✰✛✧✬✱✛✣✕✏✘❋✶➂✽✵❼➇✛▼✶✸✎✥✍✯✕✱✛✣✑✿✦✴✘✻➦✰❉✵✩✫✪✭✬✏❡➧✛✖✦★✛✧✢✰✛✧✦★✎❍✕✱✪✧✬❋❴ ⑦ ❼✵✤✒✎❢✑✿✶✸✘★✬❜❫✾✗✰✛✧✍
✍✏●✔✬✯✩②✛✭✦✴✘☛✦✷✗✿✛✣✬✱✓✧✘✮✶✸✘✲✑✰✍✯✎❢✕✄❼➇➨❽✛✣✑✰✶①✬✷✛✧✶✸✎✒●✰✍✈➩✔➫✇❉✵✛✣✑✰✶➂✑✵●✔❡▼✽✿✘✲✬✝❵✚✗✰✛✧✍❅✍✯●✰✬✯✩②✛✭✦✴✘☛✦✷✗✰✛✧✬✏✓✭✘✮✶✸✘★✑✿✍✯✎❢✕✄❼⑧◗☛➨✟✛✧✑✰✶➂✬✷✛✧✶✸✎✒●✰✍€➩ ❨
✺②✍✏✘★✘❜➭✿✓✧●✔✬✱✘▼❫✭❴ ❦✵❈❊❴❾➁✝✗✔✘❜✘✲✤❢✘❋✦❊✕✏✬✱✎✥✦✾➭✰✘★✤✥✶➇✩✫✪✭✬☎✘✲✛✭✦✷✗⑩✪✧✩✜✕✱✗✔✘✚✦✴❼✵✤✒✎❢✑✰✶✔✘★✬✷✍✝✎✒✍✝✬✷✛✧✶✸✎✥✛✣✤✒✤✒❼✟✶✸✎✒✬✏✘❋✦❊✕✏✘❋✶✟✪✭●✸✕✄✉✝✛✣✬✷✶
λ

a1

-

0

λ

a2

d

P

❛❇✎❢✓✭●✔✬✱✘▼❫✭❴ ❦✿③✻➯✿➲✱➳➉➵✲➸②➺★➻➠➲✄➼❜➽➾➻€➲➂➚✴➪✹➶r➸➘➹➀➴✹➷❊➸②➚✷➬✹➶❶➚✷➲✹➹➮➴✣➱✰➚✴➽✃➲✹➷✷❐★❒➂➯➀❮✔➺✝➳✔➲✣➸➘➹✰➽✜❰♦➸✥❐❜➶❢➲✲➚✷➬✣➽❃➺✷➴➂➸➘➹t➽✫❮✔➺✝➳➮➶❢➬✣➹➮➺✖➚✷➲✹➹✰➹➀➺✷➚✴➽➾➸➘➹❂Ï
➽✫❮✔➺✖➬★Ð✵➺❊❐s➲✯➼❜➽➘❮✰➺▼➚★➪✹➶r➸➘➹➮➴✭➺✴➷✷❐★❒

ĐỊ❖

❵ ❳♠❧

➨
❂Ơ Ư
❤✭Ĩ Ơ✔Ĩ❾Õ

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✺✯❫✧❴✒❫✇q✣❈


ìỉ

ĩíĩịòõỏóọồịổỗốịọổồõịổềòộòĩịổờịịọờ

ởỡớợớ
ù ủũú ỡớợụừ ủ ụửửữừ ủ ợớứ ú ớừựỳ ú ởụợừỳỷ ủ úỹ ớứ ú ựợýỵụ ủ ỷtụ ự ủ û ó✆☎ ù✭û ó ì✔í✝✂✔ư✥ơ✣û✔í➂ø★ù✧û✔û✔í❋ø ✱ó đ û✁ 
ó ✰ì í✚ơ✟✸✞ ớ ũ ự ú ỡớứữử ủ ỷừớợ ũú ỡớớửớứ ú ỵ đ ø✍✌✰í★ư✥õ đ✒ị ✴ø ù✧û ị✄ó ỵ✏ú✰ø ó í❋õ✏✵✎ ữ ũ ỳớợự ũủúủ ựỷ
ì
ì

ì ý ì




ũ ủũ
ỵỡ
ớ ự ú ớỷ úủ ụửừ ủ ớợớỷứớớ ú ởớớỷ ú ỡớ ú ởựứữử ủ ỷừớợ

ì











ì


✼☞✽ ✲ ✴

✤ ✢
✢ ✣ ✤✭✥ ✢ ✧
✲✷
✗

✤✭✥ ✢ ✫❀✿ ✼☞✽ ✲ ✴
✟✘ ✙✓✚ ✛✦✾ ö❢û ✢ ✣ ö❢û ✩
✗
✤✦✥ ❁✁❃ ✫ ✒ö û ✤✦✥ ❁❅❄ ✫ ✥ ö✒❂
û ❁❅❄ ✿
✘✟✙✓✚ ✛✦✾ ư❢û❂❁✁❃ ✣ ✒ư û ✩
✣
✩

❇ ✠☛ë✈í✟ơ ü í✲ỵ✱ơ✡ ✧í ú ỡớợụừ ủủ ự ú ỡớứữử ủ ỷừớợ ũú
ự ❁✁❃ ✕ ❅❁ ❄ ✕ ❁➉ơ✣û✰õ❿ơ ị✏ị ú✁❉①í ✤❋❊
õ đ✯✮ í✲ỵ✏í✲û✰ø✴í đ✥ị
✜ ✤
✰ ✱✶✲●✴ ✥ ✳
✱ ✲✻✷✡✰✡❍ ✗
✙✓✚ ✛ ❢ư ỷ
ỵỡớứụ ụứ ủú ụỷứ
ớ ớợỳỷ ủú ửớỷ ó ì⑧ù✸✠ ó ì✔í ị ÷ ị✯ó í☞➧
❉ ù✸➣
✠ ø✴÷✵ư ủ ỷừớợ ũủũ ủỹ ớỷữ





✲●✴✬✰

✙✓✚ ✛
❢ư û ✤❑❏ ❁ ✫
✩

× ý ☞× ❆✬✫
✩

❁ ☛❶ó ì✔í✲û ó ì✰í✏➮
✂ ù ó í✲û ó✏đ ơ✣ư

× ý ✣✘ ỉ




ì ý ì

ỡ ớợớ ởớứụỷự ú ụ ủ û ó ì✔í➂õ đ ơ✸❉①í ó í★✭
ỵ ◆➂ù✡✠❅ë đ ỵ✏í✖û✔í✲ø★í ũũ ụợữ ú ựỡụ ỹ ớụứớợ ú ụ ủ ỷứụ ✂✰ơ✧ø đ❍ó ơ✣û✰ø★í ■ ơ ó ơ
✤
õ ✥đ ị✄ó ơ✣û✰ø★í ✒
❙❯❚ ❲
× ý ✘✡✘✡✫
◆ ✕ ✘ ❁ ❍ ✘ ✤✭❖☞€

ởỡớợớ ú ỡớ ớợ ủúúủỹủú ữ ủ ỷ ợớớ ũ ✂✰ơ✧ø★í ✚ ✛ đ✥ị ✪✁❩ ✪✬❬✸❭ ❖ ×✲Ø ✽ ❃❪❄☞❫ ❏❵❴ ý ❇ ✠ ■ ✕ ✬× ❩ ✘ ❖ ×✲Ø ✽ ❃❨❃●❫ ❏❵❴ ơ✧û✰õ
▼ ỵ✱ù✡❉

❛ ✤ ✕ Ø❂❩ ❬ ø●❉ ☛✸ó ì✔í✚õ đ ơ✸❉①í ó í★ỵ☎ù✡✠ ó ì✔í✻ë đ ỵ✱í đ✒ị Ø❂❩❢× ø✻❉❽ý
❛ ✤ ✕ ×✬❩ ❬ ø●❉ ☛✸ó ì✔í✚õ đ ơ✸❉①í ó í★ỵ☎ù✡✠ ó ì✔í✻ë đ ỵ✱í đ✒ị Ø❂❩ ❜ ø✻❉❽ý
❛ ✤ ✕ ❬ ø✻❉ ☛✵ó ì✔í✚õ đ ụớ ú ớợự ú ỡớở ủ ợớ ủũ ì ứý

qsrt

ỵởự ủ ỷỷ ủ ú ớợựỳỷừớừụợụửửớửứựỷừỳứ ú ủ ỷửụ ú ớ ũ ụ ợớ ũ ớụợụ ú ớ
ừ ữụừ ✥đ ị✯ó ơ✣û✿ø✴í ✤ ý❹❸ ì✰ơ ó✜đ✥ị♠ó ì✔í đ û✰õ✸ú✿ø✴í✲õ
ø✷ì✰ơ✧ỵ❨✭  íÜù✭û ó ì✔í✭✂✔ư✥ơ ó í ị✝đ ✠ ó ì✔í★ỵ✱í đ✒ị ơ❺✂➮ù đ û ó ø✷ì✿ơ✣ỵ✑ ✧í❷❻ đ û①✿✎ í ó ë❅í✲í★û ó ì✔í✭✔✂ ư✥ơ ó í ❽ị ❼
❾ ✂✔ư đ❢ó❾ó ì✔í♠✔✂ ỵ✏ù✬✎✔ư✒í✻❉ ú❂✂ đ û ó ë✈ù✚ø★ơ ị í ị ë ủú ỡ ú ỡớ ũ ụớớựớ ú ợữýỵỡ
ớ ợ ị✄ó❾đ✥ị➣ó ì✔í ị✏đ❍ó ú✰ơ ó✱đ ù✭û①ơ ị❾ị ÿ✧í ó ø✷ì✔í✲õ➀✵✎ ÷
➁ ✧ơ ø✷ÿ ị ù✭û✓➂ ó ë✈ù đ û❑✰
✌ û ủú ớửữửụợớợựỳỷừớừtứựỷừỳứ úủ ỷ ửụ ú ớ ũ ựỷớụ ú ✕ Ø ơ✧û✰õ⑧ù✧û✰ísơ ó♠➃ ✕ ✤ ị í★í ó ì✔í
ỵ ủ ỡ úũủ ừớự ỳợớ ì ý ý ❇ û➅✎✿í ó ë❅í✲í★û ó ì✔í✆✔✂ ư✥ơ ó í ị✝ó ì✔í★ỵ✱í đ✥ị ơ❺✂✿ù đ û ó ø✷ì✿ơ✣ỵ✑ ✧í✭①
❻ ơ ó♠➃ ✕ ý
ớở ủ ửửụửữ
ợớớ
ỷ ũ ợớứ ủ ợựứ ủú ữ ú ỡớựợớỳ ũủ ỷsụq ủ ỵ✱ỵ✱ù✧ỵ❽➋ ị í ó❨➌ ú❂✂♠ý ❇ û ó ì đ✥ị ớựớ ú ợữ ú ỡớợớ ủũ ỷựự ủ ỷ ú ø✷ì✰ơ✧❨ỵ  ✭❿
í ✎✔ú ó
ó ì✰í✭✔✂ ư✒ơ ó í ị ì✰ơ ü í✻➍
ơ ✌✁✸✞ í✲õ✄➮✂ ù ó í✲û ó✏đ ơ✣ư➏➎❶✾
❃ ơ✣û✰➐
õ ợớ ũ ớứ úủỹ ớửữ ũ ớớ ú ỡớửớ úũủ ừớự ỳợớ ì ý ý


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S3

S3

te 2

te 1

S1

te 2

te 1

Pla

Pla

Pla

Pla
S1

S2

S2
q

2

1

2

1

S4

S4
|

|

0

d

|

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0

x0

d

qẽéẹềééểqễéếệìỉềễềéễ
ẽĩễíẽéềệịễòễềễềéỏễềẽsễễí
ễéếẽéẹềệịễẽíềềéẽõễỏễềéẽéó

ọồễéẽổỗỏễẽéềệ
ố ộờ ởíỡớợùủũ ➧✡➳ ó✬➵✬ơ ëqì✑õ✸ì❨➲▲ë

ð ➧✡➳✑✏✸ó✬ơ
✁  ✂☎✄✝✆ ỉ✟✞ û ü û☛✞ ỉ þ✎✍
✞✡✠ ✞✡✠✌☞
✒➆í✁➲☛✡✓ ỵ✕✔➓➭✁ï❺➲ ➩❯ë❦ì✑í✁➲❺✗ë ❂✖ õ✙✘●✛➲ ✚✳➲●ì✢✜Ý➲✻➲☞é➅ì❨í❂➲☛✖✣❯✔ õ✟ì✑➲☞✤ë ✶✚ ỵ✬➭✁é✦✥❑➲✧✥★✚✎✩✄ì❨í✁➲➀ëq➭❂✗➯ ✪à✙õ ✘●➲
õ✸é✦✥
✚✶ỵ✬➭✁é✦✥➊ì❨í✁➲
✖✣❁ ✔❯õ✟ì✑➲☞ë❥õ✸✯é ✥ ✍✮✰ ÿ õ✸é✦✥ ✍✲✱ ➯✑➭✁é☛✪Ù➯❨ỵ✬ï✳✖✣✔❯õ✟ì❨➲ ➧ ì❨ỵ✴✖✣✔❯õ✟ì✑➲ ✏ õ✸✶ì ✵åõ✸✦é ✥✸✷✺✹✼✻✡➯❨➲▲✗ë ✳✖ ➲✽●✘ ì❨✾➩ ✡✓ ➲✿✍ ✔✾✩ ➳✛➳ ✍✬✒➆✫ í✁➲➆é✁ỵ✡➯✑ï✝✍✮✭ õ❀✔☎✥❑➲☞➯❨➩✾✟✓ õ✟ì❨➩✾✓✡➲
❁✧❂ õ✟ì➆ì❨í✁➲✆ë❨➭✁➯❃à✪ õ✕✘✻➲ ✍ ➩➓✌ë ✥❑➩➓➯✑✽➲ ✘✵ì✑➲✽✥✄ỵ✡➭✁ì✢✜Ýõ✡➯❄✥❅✪Ù➯❨ỵ✬ï ➩✯é✶ëq➩❆❑✥ ➲❷ì❨í❂➲❇✓✡ỵ✕➓✔ ➭✁ï❺➲ ÿ❈➳
❈åí✁➲☞é❋ì❨í❂➲❉✖✣✔❯õ✟ì✑➲☞ë➀õ✸➯✑➲③➫✡➯✑ỵ✡➭❂✦é ✥❑➲✽✥✲✻➥ì❨í✁➲❉✖✶ỵ✡ì❨➲✻é❮ì✑➩➓õ✕Ý✔ ➩➓é♦ì✑í✁❉➲ ✖✦✔➓õ✸ì❨➲☞ë➍➩❯ë✸☞❊ ➲✻➯✑ỵ ớợỡộỡừíở ợộỡộợở
ừợởởỡớ
ợộ ừởợợộ ì ừ
ộ
ợỡỡớừỡ
ỡớ ợỡộỡừí ừởộợỡ ợộỡộợởỡớ
ỡ ỹựổụ í
ợ ợìỡ ỵ♦ỉ■➩➓é☎ ❑❂◆ é✁❂❏ ➩✯ì✢✛➳ ✩ ➳✼▲ ◗ ì✝➩✯é✣❂◆ é✁➩✯ì❨➲★❑✥ ➩❯ë❪ì❽õ✸é✦✻✘ ➲✝Ù✪ ➯❨ỵ✬ï ì❨í✁➲❘✳✖ ỵ✡➩➓é❮ì③ëqỵ✬➭✁❄➯ ✻✘ ➲✕❶✻ ì❨í✁➲
✖✳ỵ✸ì❨➲☞é❮ì❨➩❯❀õ ✔✓➩❯ë❿❀õ ✔❯ëqỵ●☞❊ ➲✻➯✑ỵ ➺
✂✣✄ ổ ỷ ỵ
ụ



ớùừộộ ừỡợ ỡớở ừ ➲❷➩➓é❮ì❨➲✻➫✬➯✑✕õ ✔❲✻✘ õ✸é✝✳✚ ➲✭ï➀ỵ☎❑✥ ➩❳❂◆ ✧➲ ✄✥ õ✙✘✿✻✘ ỵ✡➯❨❑✥ ➩✯é❂➫✦ì✑ỵ③ị✬✙õ ✘❨❅❩ ë❨ỵ✡❬é ✻✙✖❂õ✡➫✡➲ ó✕❂❭ ➺
ð ➧✡➳✑✡✏ ➵✡ơ
✞ ỉ   ù❺ỉ❅❪✧❫❴  ü ❖ ❪✽❫
✒ í✁➲✭➲✽✯✔ ✧➲ ✘✵ì❨➯✑➩❆✘❵✶◆ ➲✿✔❆✄✥ õ✙✘●➯✑ỵ✬ë✑ë❘●õ ✳✚ ỵ✡➭❂é✦✁✥ õ✸➯❄✩❛❿✜ ✞✡➩✯ì❨✠ í➅ëq➭❂➯✗à✪ õ✙●✘ ❇➲ ✘❽í❂õ✸➯✑➫✡➲✴❑✥ ➲☞é❂ëq➩✯ì✢✩❝❜ ➩❯ë✭ðàị❮✕õ ✘❨❑❩ ëqỵ✬é✲❅✻ ✽➲ ❮❞ ➭❂õ✸ì❨➩➓ỵ✡é ➧✡➳✑✏✕✏✡ơ●➺
➆

ð ➧✡➳✑✏❀❭✬ơ
❫★❪ ð€❖✴❡❣❢ ❂✕❤❨✐ ❡❦❥€❢✗❧ ü ❖✤♠♥❢❃♦ ❤ ơ❍  ❜❬♣❱q❄r
s ỵ❱✜Ý➲✿✬✓ ➲✻➯✧❅✻ ➩✯é❂ë❨➩❆✥❑➲✺ì❨í✁✛➲ ✘✻ỵ✡✦é ❑✥ ➭✯✘✵ì❨ỵ✬➯t❖  ✼❏ ỡớ ợ

ụ
ỉ ỹ qr
ửữứ

ổựỳỷỹỷựỳổýỵ

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✧① ②
③⑤④✤⑥❵⑦✤⑧⑤⑨❙⑩❷❶✕❸❺❹✢❻❋⑧⑤⑩❇❼❾❽❝❿❾③✌⑧✺❹✿❼❾❻❷⑧✌❼➀⑨✶➁✮⑨✤③✌⑧⑤⑩❇❼✌➂✲⑧✯⑥t⑧✺❹✿③✬➂
➃➅➄✕➆✌➇✧➈✕➉❨➊✝➄❀➃✮➋❃➊✣➇❇➌✣➍❆➈❱➋❄➇✽➎✽➏❍➐❾➊✣➇✴➋❃➄✕➋❄➈✕➍✲➎✗➑✣➆❃➃€➈✕➉✿➇✴➒❳➓➔➋❃➇✽→✕➆❨➈❀➍➣➒✾➓✝➇✧↔➔➑✦➈❱➋❄➒❳➄✙➓ ① ➏ ②✕↕ ➒❆➎❾➋❃➊✦➇✿➓
➙☎➛✟➜❋➝❲➞
➛➔➦✮➜❍➧✣➨ ➧ ➛✕➲✺➜✬➳✦➨ ➳
➝✡➟❾➠☎➡➤➢➀➥ ➩❄➫ ➠✎➡❉➭➯➥ ➩❃➫ ➠☎➡
➵ ① ➏ ②❀➸✙➺
➻➉✿➓❺➈✕➓✦➉✿➉♥➈✙➇✽➎✗➍➷➇❝➏✬➬✤➄❀➃❾➎✗➒✾➋❃➓✣➊✣→ ➇❝➌✣➍✾➈❀➋❃➇✧➎✛➄❀➃✌➼✦➽✎➇✧➾➚➌✯➄✕➋❃➇✽➓✙➋❄➒✾➈✕➍ ➜✤➪ ➋❄➊✣➇❝➍✾➇✿→➔➎ ➡✮➶ ➈❀➓✯➾ ➡✲➹ ➊✦➈➴➘✕➇❛➄✙➌✣➌✯➄➔➎✗➒❳➋❃➇❝➌✯➄✕➋❃➇✿➓➔➋❄➒✾➈✕➍❙➈❀➓✯➾■➋❃➊✎➑✦➎
➛
➥ ➨ ➠☎➡★➢➀➮●➱
➵ ① ➏ ②❀✃✙➺
➋❃➊✦➇✛➎✗➑✣➆❃➃€➈✕➉✿➇✴➒❳➓➔➋❃➇✽→✕➆❨➈❀➍➣➄❀➃❍❐✉➆❄➇✿➇✿➓✯➎✟➋❃➊✣➇✽➄✕➆❄➇✿❒❮➒❆➎
➙ ➛ ➜ ➝❲➞ ①➴❰ ➩ ➫ ➜✶➧ ➛✙➦ ➜✬➳ ➛✙➲ ➺
➝✡➟✌➠✎➡❴➢ ➵ ➮ ➭ ➮
➵ ① ➏ ↕✕Ï✙➺
➻➃➅➆❄➓❴➇✿➇❇➋❃➊✣➉❨➇❋➊✦➈❀➘✕➆❄➄✙→✕➍❳➇✧➑✣➎✿❒●Đ ➇❋➒❳➓➔➋❄➇✿→✕➆❨➈❀➍✺➒✾➓❴➇✧↔✙➑✯➈❱➋❃➒✾➄✕➓ Ị❋➳ ➵ ① ➏ ②✕↕✙➺ ➪ ➋❄➊✣➇❋❒❋➒✾➆❄➆❃➄✙➆✉➉✽➈✕➎❃➇☛➄✕➃❍➋❃➊✣➇❛➉❨➊✦➈✕➆❃→✙➇✽➾❘Ð✡➄✕➑✦➓✦➾✣➈❀➆❄➒✾➇✽➎✤➒❳➓✦➉✿➍❳➑✯➾☎➇✽➎✴➓✣➄
➜ ➋❃➄❀➋❨➈❀➍✲➉❨➊✦➈✕➆❃→✙➇ ➺✗❰ ➩ ➫ Ï

① ➏ ↕✣①✧➺
✳
➢
✛
Ĩ
➵
➢
➵
Ơ ➌✦➌✣➍❳Õ✎➒✾➓✣→❝❐✴➈❀➑✯➎❃➎✽Ư☎➍✾➈➴×❚➋❃➄❋➋❃➊✦➇✛Ị❋➉✿➳ ➈✕➎❃➇✴×✌➒▼➋❄➊✝➋❃➊✣➇❇➌✡➄✕➒✾➓➔➋❵➉❨➊✦➈❀➆❄→✕➇✉→✕➒✾➘✕➇✧➎❙➑✯➎
➞ ➢ØĨ✛➵ ➋❄➄❀➋❄➈✕➍✲➉❨➊✦➈❀➆❄→✕➇ ➺✗❰ ➩❄➫ ➢ØĨtÙ ❰ ➩❄➫✿Ú ể

ì ĩíìé


ịểt ❰ ➩ ➫ Ú ➵€Û❅Ĩ■Û ➫ ➺ ➵€Û ➺ ➠✕ßà➢✳ĨtÙ ❰ ➩ ➫ ➵€Û ➫ ➺
➵ ① ➏ ↕✕↕✙➺
á ➄✙➆❾➋✢×❙➄●➌✣➍❆➈❱➋❄➇✽➎❾×✌➒❳➋❃➊✝➼✣➽☎➇✽➾✝➌✡➄❀➋❄➇✿➓➔➋❃➒❆➈❀➍❆➎ ➪ ➋❄➊✣➇❇➌✡➄❀➋❃➇✽➓➔➋❃➒❆➈❀➍✲➒✾➓âÐ✯➇✿➋✢×❙➇✽➇✿➓✝➒✾➎t➈❋➍✾➒❳➓✦➇✽➈❀➆❾➃➅➑✦➓✦➉ã➋❄➒❳➄✙➓
➜ ➫ ➺ ➜✶➧ ➜✬➳ Ĩ ➜✶➧ ➺ ① ➫ ➺ ➫ ➜❍➧ ➜✬➳ ① ➫ ➺
➵€Û ➢ ➭❚➵ ➠ ➵ Ĩ■Û ➠❋➢✼Û ➭ ➵ Ĩ❴Û
➵ ① ➏ ↕❀ä➔➺
❐✉➆❄➇✿➇✿➓❬Ư ➎✟➋❄➊✣➇✿➄✙➆❃➇✽❒❮➒✾➎t➓✣➄❱×❚➆❄➇✽➾☎➑✯➉♥➇✽➾❝➋❃➄●➇✧↔✙➑✯➈❱➋❃➒✾➄✕➓ ➵ ① ➏ ↕✙Ï✙➺ ➈❀➓✯➾❉➇✧↔➔➑✦➈❱➋❄➒❳➄✙➓ ➵ ① ➏ ↕❀ä➔➺ ➒✾➓ ➵ ① ➏ ↕✕↕➔➺ Đ
➜✶➧
➜✬➳ ➧❨➜✶➧ ➳♥➜✬➳
ĨtÙ☎➵€Û ➫ ➭å➵ ể ổ ổ
ỗ
ốết ➋❃➊✣➇✛➉❨➊✯➈❀➆❄→✕➇✽➎❙➄✕➓❉➋❃➊✦➇❇➌✣➍✾➈❀➋❃➇✧➎✌❒✸➑✦➎✗➋✌Ð✯➇
➧
➳
➮✛ỉ ➢✳ĨtÙ➴Û ➫ ➈✕➓✦➾ ➮✛ỉ ➢✳ĨtÙ☎➵ ① Ĩ■Û ➫ ➺
➵ ① ➏ ↕✕é✙➺

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ỳ
✄✠✆✏✎✒✑❑û❷õ✓☞✔❑
✜✣✢✤✜

✆

û❷✟
õ ✞
✝

✄✠✆☛✡

☞

✌❇ø

✛

✥✧✦✩★✫✪ ★✭✬✮✦✩✯✱✰✓✯✳✲✵✴✷✶✹✸✻✺✳★✕✼✖✦✩✸✻✽✾✺✿★❁❀

❂✭❃❅❄✂❆❁❇❉❈✩❊✾❋●❇■❍❏❋●❑▲❂✾▼❖◆€❍✠◗❘❑▲❙❁❇✔❋❚❆❁❇❱❯❳❲❨❆❁❇✷❩❬❇
❭✭❪❚❫❵❴❜❛❬❝❡❞€❢❚❣✐❤❦❥❱❫❵❴❜❴❡❫❧❥♠❫❧❣❵♥♦❝q♣r❞✻♣❡❪❬❤s❤✉t❚♥✈❥♠❛❬❣✐❤s❴❡❪❚❞①✇③②④❞€②④❛❬♥♦⑤€❤❦❴❏⑥✈⑦❚⑧❘⑥♦⑨❖♥✈②❬⑩④❶✈❷✻❞✈❸✷❹€♥€❺❼❻❘❴❡❞✈②■❽❾❭✭❪❚❤✠❤❿❣❧❤❦❺✤♣r❝❡❫❵❺✭➀❬❤❦❣❧⑩
⑩●➁❚❤✣♣r❞➂♥➃❛➄❞€❫✐②➅♣✿❺❼❪❬♥✈❝❡⑤€❤♠➆➇❫✐②➄❴▲❫❵⑩●❤④♥✩⑤✈❝r❞✈➁❚②➄⑩●❤❦⑩✂❺✉❞€②❬⑩●➁❬❺✉♣❡❫❧②❚⑤➈❴▲❛❚❪❬❤❿❝r❫❧❺❦♥♦❣q❴❡❪❚❤❿❣❧❣q❺❿♥✈②➉♥✈❣❧❴❡❞➃❢➄❤✱❺❿❝❡❤➊♥①♣r❤❦⑩➋❢➅➌➂♣❡❪❚❤
❛➍❞✈❫❧②€♣❁❺❼❪❬♥✈❝❡⑤€❤❨♥✈②❬⑩➃♥♦②➃❫✐❥④♥♦⑤€❤✻❺❼❪❬♥♦❝r⑤✈❤❨➆①➎➏❞✈②❚❣❧➌✈❽✾➐❬❞✈❝③❝r❤❦♥✈❴❡❞✈②➄❴❜❞✈❸➑❴❡➌➅❥✣❥✣❤✉♣r❝❡➌✱❫➒♣❁❫❵❴✭❤❿➓❘❫❵⑩●❤❿②➅♣✭♣❡❪❬♥♦♣s➆①➎➏❫❵❴✭❣✐❞●❺❿♥♦♣❡❤➊⑩

❞✈②➇♣❡❪❬❤❨❣❧❫❧②❚❤❖❺✉❞€②❚②❚❤❦❺✉♣❡❫❧②❚⑤♠♣❡❪❚❤✗❞€❝❡❫❧⑤✈❫❧②➇♥✈②❬⑩➇➆❘❽q❭✭❪❬❤❨⑤€❞€♥✈❣➍❫❵❴❳♣❡❞♠➀❬②➄⑩✱♣r❪❚❤✻❣❧❞❘❺❦♥①♣r❫✐❞€②➇♥♦②➄⑩➔♣r❪❚❤✻❥④♥♦⑤✈②❬❫➒♣r➁❬⑩●❤✗❞♦❸❾♣❡❪❚❤
❫❧❥✣♥✈⑤✈❤✻❺❼❪❬♥✈❝❡⑤€❤✈❽✮❭✭❪❚❤✻❤❿❣❧❤❦❺✉♣❡❝r❫❧❺✠➀❬❤❦❣❧⑩✩❺❿♥✈②✱♣r❪❚❤❿②✩❢➍❤❖⑩●❤❦❴r❺✉❝r❫❧❢➄❤➊⑩✱❢❘➌➇❴❡➁❚❛➍❤❿❝r❛➄❞➅❴▲❫✐♣❡❫❧❞✈②➃❞♦❸➑❛➄❞€❫✐②➅♣s❺❼❪❬♥✈❝❡⑤€❤❦❴❦→
➣❨↔➙↕■➛❜➜ ➝✈➞✷➟r➠€➡ ↕✩➆ ➢➋➤❳➡➍➥ ➝✈➞✷➟r➠€➡ ↕✩➆①➎ ➢➋➤ ➎ ➡
↔➧➦●❽❧➨➊➛
➩➫②➃➀❬⑤✈➁❬❝❡❤❖➦●❽❧➨✗➌✈❞€➁✩❺❦♥♦②✩❴▲❤❦❤✗♣❡❪❬♥♦♣❁↕➋❫❵❴✭♣r❪❚❤❖➓✈❤➊❺✤♣r❞✈❝③❺✉❞€②❚②❚❤❦❺✉♣❡❫❧②❚⑤④❞✈❝r❫❧⑤✈❫❧②➃♥✈②❬⑩✱❞€❢❬❴❡❤❿❝r➓➭♥♦♣❡❫❧❞✈②➃❛➄❞€❫✐②➅♣➊❽q➤➯❺✉❞€②❚②❚❤❦❺✉♣r❴
♣❡❪❬❤✳❞€❝❡❫❧⑤✈❫❧②❅♥♦②➄⑩➈♣❡❪❬❤♠➁❬②❚❫➒♣✻❺❼❪❬♥✈❝❡⑤€❤✿➆❘❽✿➐➑❫✐②➄♥♦❣❧❣✐➌€⑧➏➤■➎✮❫❧❴✠♣r❪❚❤♠❺❿❞✈②❚②❬❤❦❺✤♣r❫✐❞€②❅❢➍❤✉♣➲✇❳❤❿❤❦②➂♣❡❪❬❤✳❞€❝❡❫❧⑤✈❫❧②❅♥♦②➄⑩➈♣❡❪❬❤✳❫❧❥④♥♦⑤✈❤
❺❼❪❬♥✈❝❡⑤€❤✳➆①➎➧❽♠➳s❤✉t❘♣❦⑧✷✇❳❤✣✇③❝❡❫✐♣❡❤♠♣r❪❚❤✣➓✈❤❦❺✉♣❡❞€❝r❴✠❫✐②➋♣❡❤❦❝❡❥④❴✗❞✈❸❳♥➃❴❡❺❦♥♦❣❵♥♦❝✠♣❡❫❧❥♠❤➊❴❨♣❡❪❚❤❦❫✐❝✻➁❬②❚❫➒♣❖➓€❤❦❺✉♣❡❞✈❝✗♥♦②➄⑩➂❸➵♥€❺✤♣❡❞€❝❨♣❡❪❚❤
❴r❺❿♥♦❣❵♥♦❝❼❴❳➸ ➎ ♥♦②❬⑩➃➺➈❞✈➁❚♣✭❞✈❸❾♣r❪❚❤❖⑩●❤❦②❚❞✈❥✣❫❧②❬♥①♣r❞✈❝❼❴❿→
➝✈➞✷➟r➠
➆①➎➙➻①➝✈➞✷➟r➠
➣❨↔➵↕■➛❜➜ ➺✮➡ ➆✈➼❅➻①➢➾
↔➧➦●❽➹➦✈➛
➽➚ ➼ ➎ ➡ ➥ ➸ ➎ ➡ ➼ ➎ ➢➪➽✉➚ ➶ ➼✭➡
❭✭❪❚❤✠❛➄❞✈♣❡❤❿②➅♣r❫❧♥✈❣❬❸➙❞€❝❜➺➃➜✵➘✳❫❵❴❏➴❿❤❿❝r❞❬⑧✈❸➙❞✈❝✭♥♦❣❧❣❬❛➍❞€❴r❴▲❫❧❢❚❣❧❤✠❺❿❞✈❥✿❢❬❫✐②❬♥♦♣❡❫❧❞✈②❬❴❜❞♦❸■➼④➷❡➼❾➎➧❽✾❭✭❪❚❤s❥④♥♦⑤€②❚❫✐♣❡➁❬⑩●❤✠❞♦❸➏♣r❪❚❤s❫❧❥④♥♦⑤✈❤
❺❼❪❬♥✈❝❡⑤€❤✠❫❵❴
➆ ➎ ➜➾➢ ➸➘ ➆
↔➧➦●❽ ➬€➛
♥①♣❁⑩●❫❵❴▲♣r♥♦②➄❺✉❤
➸ ➎ ➜ ➘❘➸ ➮
↔➧➦●❽ ➝➅➛
➨❦➬

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sẽéẹểềễệếìỉsẹĩísịsỉéòẹìếịéỏõéịéẽẹìỏẽẽõỏóọ

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✭✖ ✥✫ ✯✧❊✢✚✫✗✫ ✕✧❇✍ ✥✫ ❤✍✤✡ ✭✢
✥✫✺✒✔✫✪✬✺✍✏✡ ✭✧✩✡❉✒
✟☞✜✒✔✫✪✬❄✍✏✡ ✯✖ ✥✫ ✯✧✄✢✔✫✗✫ ✕✧❇✍ ✘✫
❡ ✡
✍✏✡ ✐✢
✘✫❥✒✽✫✪✬❁✍✏✡ ❤✮✱✢ ✥✫❀✯

✍ ❦❧✴✶☞ ✑♠
✾ ❢❍ ✌☞✙✍✏✡ ✐✖ ✟✫ ✽✍✤✡♥✢✔✛♦✍✏✡ ✐♣ ✟✧❊✍✏✢ ☛✧✄✢✔✫✗✫ ✟✧❇✍ ✘✫ ❄✤✍




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➎ ➅➏

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ẽéẹềểễếẹểệìéẹỉểệìếéễẹĩíịìéẹòẹỏtểềìéẹệỏõếẹỏtếéễẹóểệọìéẹếểệỏõếìểễóẹồõìể
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éẽéẹềễểếẽìệỉếĩíịò
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✱✳✲✵✴✶✲✸✷✺✹✼✻✾✽❀✿✺❁✌❂❄❃✫❅❆✻❈❇✕✿❊❉✡✻❈❋❀●✤❍■❉✡✷❑❏▲❋✝▼◆❅€❖★✽✺❃★◗✡❏❘❉❄✿✺❁❆❅✳✽❀❃★❁❙❁
❚✛❯
❱❄❲❨❳❬❩❪❭✸❫❵❴✟❛€❭❝❜✫❛€❞✭❡✟❢❣❴★❜❤❛✳❩❪❭❥✐✄❦✛❡❙❧❪❞✙♠
♥✳♦q♣✡rts✾✉✳✈€✇②①✰③✳①❘♣⑤④⑦⑥⑨⑧✙♦②⑥❶⑩€❷✙❸❶♦②③❆❹❻❺✳❼ ❚❾❽q❿ ⑧✙❸➁➀➃➂✳⑥❶❸✵➄➅①✰⑧❈❷✓♦
➆✦❹✩r➅➇⑤➈ ❿ s ➉❣❺⑦➋✁➊ ➌✗➍ ➌➐➏✓➑ ❹✩r ➒r➓➒➁➔qr➓➒➁➔➓➈✄❿▲➣⑤➒ ↔
➎ ➎
➊➏ ➏
✫
➏
→
❚
s ↕ ➉➙➊➜➛ ➝ r ➒
➍
➊
➎
s ➉❊➟ ❚ ↕ ➠ ➡ ➏✫➊ → ➏✶➞
❹➥❺€❼ ❚✰➦q❿
➏★→ ➊ ➏➤➢
➧ ❲➩➨➫❜➭➨✁➯✺➯❀➲✳❴❙❧❪❞✭➳➵❡❑❛✳❞▲❴★❜
➸ ⑥❶❸➁✇q➺✶❷✙⑥❶➻➼♣✙①✰➽✡♣✙❸➁❷✙❸❶③✳✇➃①✰➾✶⑩➤④⑦❷✙❸❶♦②③❆❹❻❺✳❼ ❚❾❽q❿➪➚
r✶➒❶➔qr✶➒➹➔➓➈➅➒
❹➥❺€❼Ñ❺⑦✉ ❿
➆✦❹✩➶ ❿ s ❺⑦➋t❹❻r ➉➙➊ ❿ ➣⑤↔ ➌ ➍ ➌ ➏✓➑ ➘
✓
➣

↔
q
♦
➪
⑧
➹
❐
❒
❒
➎
➎
❚
➊➏ ➏
➏
★
➏
→
Ị❈➺✳①➼Ĩ€①✰③✳♦②➀➃❸❶③➤④Ơ❷✓♦②♣Õ❸❶③❬❷✙➺✳①Ư❸❶③✶❷✙①❘✇q♣✓④②⑥ ④②③➩×✄①➼④⑦➂✳➂➤♣✙♦✛؀❸❶➀➃④⑦❷✙①❾Ĩ❨→➷×➓➻❨➴⑤➬ ➮❘④❵➱ ➏ ×✳➴⑤❸❶➴ ➴⑤③✳➮✓➬➁♦q✃❰✌➀tÏ⑤➮ ❸➹④⑦⑥✟➱ ①❘؀➬✵❮ ➂➤Ð ④⑦③➤⑧✙❸❶♦②③✌❼➼Ị❈➺✳①➃➄➅♣✓⑧✭❷Õ❷✙➺✳♣✓①❘①
❷✙①✰♣✙➀Ư⑧❈♦②Ù❙❷✓➺✳①➙④⑦➂✳➂➤♣✙♦✛؀❸❶➀➃④⑦❷✙❸❶♦②③✤✇②❸❶Ú②① ✃
➆✦❹✩➶ ❿★Û ❺❪❹✎r ➉ ➡ ➏ ịòr í ❽ ❹✎r ➡✶á ❿ ❽ ❹✎r❚ ➡ ➏ r ➏ ❿
❹➥❺€❼Đ❺ ❚❾❿
➊
→
à
→
à
➊
➊
➊
➏★→ ➏ ➏

➏★→ ➏ ➏✳â
ã ⑥❶♦②③➤✇✝❷✓➺✳①➙④Ờ€❸➹⑧Õ❹✎rts✾✉ ❿ ❷✓➺✳➏★①Õ→ ①✢؀➂✳➏ ♣✓①✰⑧✓⑧✭➏➩❸❶♦②Ü③ä⑧✭❸❶➀➃➂✳⑥❶❸✵➄➤➏✫①❾⑧❈→ ❷✙♦ ➏
➆✦❹❻➈❙➇ ➊ ❿åÛ ➉ ❺ ➡ ➏ ➟ ❚ ↕❥ÞÝ ➡ ➏ ❽ ➡✶áá
❹➥❺€❼Đ❺②❺ ❿
Ị❈➺✳❸➹⑧✡❸➹⑧■❷✙➺✳①➙⑧✓④⑦➀➃①ỉ♣✙①❾⑧✭⑩➤⑥✵❷✡➽✡➺✳①✰③ä➽■①ỉ①✢؀➂➤④②③➤Ĩä①✢؀➂✳➊ ♣✓①✰➏ ⑧✓⑧✭❸❶♦②③❬❹❻❺€❼ ➊ ❚✰➏➦✶❿➪→➷➚ à ➊ ➢
➆✦❹✎r✄➇✓➈ ❿ s ➉ ➟ ❚ ↕ ➠ ➡ ➊
➊ ➏€➢ ↔
➡
→
➏
s ➉ ❚ ↕ ➟ ❚ ỗ
ỏ õ
ĩ

ẹ í ❿
Û ➉ ❺ ➏ ➟ ❚ ↕ ÝÞ ➏ ❽ ỏ


ốộờ

ởớỡùợủúũụừtửữứợựũỷỳợỹýỵ ỹ ửũ
ụ ửụụ

ó ể t ♦q③➤⑧✭❸➹⑧✭❷✓⑧å♦②Ù⑨❷▲➽✫♦❣➺➤④⑦⑥❶Ú②①❾⑧❘❼❄Ị❈➺✳① ⑩€❷✫➂➤⑥❶④②③✳①❀❸➹⑧å➂✄①❘♣✓➂➅①✰③➤Ĩ€❸ ⑩✳⑥➹④⑦♣✫❷✙♦❣❷✙➺✳①✺➺✳♦②➀➃♦q✇②①✏✒
③✳①✰♦②✃ ⑩➤⑧✫➄➤①✰✃ ⑥❶Ĩ❆❹✩⑧✙①❘①✦➄➤✇q⑩✳♣✓✃ ①ỉ❺✳❼ Ý ❿ ❼✟Ị❈✃ ➺✳①ỉ✇②♦✶④⑦⑥ ❸❶⑧■❷✓♦➃❸➁③➓Ú②①❾⑧▲❷✓❸➁✇✶④Ơ❷✓①❪❷✙➺➤①ỉ✃ Ù✎♦②♣ ①✦×➅①❘❷▲➽✫①✰①❘③✤❷✙➺✳①✦❷▲➽■✃ ♦t➺➅④⑦⑥❶Ú②①✰⑧■❸❶③✶❷✙♣✓♦➓Ĩ✳⑩ ①❾Ĩ
✃
✃

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✖✘✗✚✙✜✛✚✢✘✣✥✤✧✦✩★✫✪✭✬✯✮✱✰✚✲✍✙✜✤✍✳✵✴✷✶✸✙✜✹✜✮✱✣✑✛✵✤✭✬✺✪✺✹✻✣✥✼✾✽❀✿❁✰❂✣✥✹✻✣❃✖❄✢✘✤❅✬❄✽✻✢✩✙✍✢❆✿❇✖✆✽❉❈❉❊
^r

E0

z

E0

a

❋❆●■❍❑❏▼▲❖◆✚€✸◗ ❘▼❙✘❚❱❯❳❲▼❨▼◆✕▲❳●❬❩❇❭❫❪✩❩✏❴❑❵✩❛✸❏✩❩✏❜❳●❝❵▼❍❞❯❳❨▼◆❇❪❝❪✩●❝❵❡❭❢❨▼❴❫❣❤❴❫❍❑◆❇❵▼◆✕❴❫❏✩❯✘◆✕❪■◆✐❩✷❜❖▲❳●❬❩❄❥✩◆✕❪❝❛❡❛✸●■▲❖◆✕❩✏❜❳◆✐❛❤●■❵❀❜❖❨▼◆✜❦❇❧♠❛▼●■▲❖◆✕❩✏❜❳●❝❴❫❵♥◗
♦q♣ ❜❳❨✩◆✭●■❵✩❛▼❏✩❩✏◆✐❛r❩s❨t❭✉▲❖❍❫◆✕❯✕◗
✈✺❨▼◆✭◆✕❪■◆✐❩✷❜❳▲❖●❬❩✜❥t◆❇❪❬❛r❛▼❏▼◆❅❜❳❴✯❜❳❨✩◆✭●■❵✩❛▼❏✩❩✏◆✐❛r❩s❨t❭✉▲❖❍❫◆✕❯✄❴❑❵❡❜❖❨▼◆✇❯①❨✩◆❇❪❝❪❉●❝❯✇②③❯①◆✕◆❀④ €⑥⑤⑧⑦▼❲✻◗✵⑨ ✓✐⑩ ❙
❶❃❷❝❸❫❹✚❺ €✉❻ ❼❖❽♥❿❾

②⑧€✸◗➀€⑥➁ ⑩

➂✎❴❫❏r❩❇❭❫❵✡❯❳◆❇◆✍❜❖❨▼●❬❯❄❭❫❯✵❜❳❨▼◆❃▲❳◆✐❯①❏✩❪➃❜❖●■❵▼❍❞❥✩◆✕❪❝❛❡●■❵r❭❞❩✕❭✉❲✩❭❑❩✏●■❜❳❴❫▲✥➄❄●➃❜❖❨✡❴❑❵▼◆✜❴❫➅♥❜❳❨✩◆✚❲▼❪❬❭⑥❜❖◆✕❯✺❭⑥❜✺●❝❵✸❥✩❵▼●■❜ ♣ ◗✎✈✺❨▼◆❃◆❇❪❝◆✕❩✏❜❳▲❖●❝❩
❥✩◆✕❪❝❛✭●❝❵✩❯❳●❝❛▼◆✆❜❳❨▼◆✄❩✏❴❑❵✩❛✸❏✩❩✏❜❳●❝❵▼❍✚❯❳❨▼◆❇❪❝❪❫●❬❯✱❦❇◆❇▲❖❴✩◗✱✈✺❨▼◆❇▲❖◆✏➅➆❴❑▲❳◆✘❜❖❨▼◆✵◆❇➇➈❜❖◆❇▲❖❵✩❭✉❪❫❥✩◆❇❪❬❛✭❨✩❭❑❯❉❜❖❴ ♦ ◆✥❴✉➅✸❜❖❨▼◆✥❯❖❭✉❣❤◆✆❣❀❭✉❍❑❵▼●➃❜❖❏✩❛✸◆
②➉❯❳◆❇◆❅❥t❍❫❏▼▲❖◆❅€▼◗ ➁ ⑩ ◗
✈✺❨▼◆❅➅➆❴❑▲❖❩❇◆❃❴❫➅✻❜❖❨▼◆✭◆✏➇q❜❳◆✕▲❳❵t❭✉❪➊❥✩◆✕❪❝❛r❴❫❵✁❭✉❵r◆❇❪❝◆❇❣❤◆✕❵❑❜s❭✉▲ ♣ ❯❳❏▼▲①➅➉❭❑❩✏◆✭➋q➌➍❴❫➅✱❜❖❨▼◆✇❩✏❴❑❵✩❛✸❏✩❩✏❜❳❴❫▲✺●❬❯❇❙
➋❑➎✑❺❱❶❃➏➑➐✕➒➑➋❑➓✭❺➔❻❉€✉→ ❼ ➋✸❽↕➣ ↔
②⑧€✸◗➀€❫⑨ ⑩
❛✸●❝▲❳◆✐❩✷❜❖◆✕❛r▲❖❭❑❛✸●❬❭✉❪❝❪ ♣ ❴❑❏✸❜❁➄✺❭✉▲s❛❀➅➆▲❖❴❫❣➙❜❖❨▼◆✇❯❳❲▼❨▼◆❇▲❖◆❫➛ ❯❄❩✏◆✕❵➈❜❳◆❇▲✐◗✵❋✩▲❳❴❑❣➙❜❳❨✩◆✇❯ ♣ ❣❤❣❤◆✏❜❳▲ ♣ ➄✄◆✇❩❇❭❫❵✁❯❳◆❇◆❃❜❖❨✩❭⑥❜✚❭❫❪■❪➊➅➆❴❑▲❖❩❇◆✕❯
❩❇❭❫❵✩❩✏◆✕❪③⑦✸◆❇➇▼❩✏◆❇❲▼❜❄❜❳❨▼◆✇❩❇❴❫❣❤❲t❴❑❵▼◆❇❵➈❜❄●❝❵✡❜❖❨▼◆✇❛✸●❝▲❳◆✐❩✷❜❖●■❴❑❵✡❴❫➅✱❜❖❨▼◆✭◆✏➇q❜❳◆✕▲❳❵t❭✉❪➜❥✩◆❇❪❬❛❉◗➞➝
➟✺➠✾➡✑➢➥➤➦➢✚➧✩➨✍➟✘➩▼➫✵➭✻➯➳➲✺➨✜➭✻➵①➵

✈✺❨▼◆r❛✸◆❇▲❖●■➸⑥❭✉❜❳●❝❴❫❵➺❴✉➅✺❜❖❨▼◆❡●❝❵✩❛✸❏✩❩❇◆✕❛➍❩s❨t❭✉▲❖❍❫◆➻❛✸◆✕❵✩❯①●■❜ ♣ ❴❫❵✫❭➼❩❇❴❫❵✩❛▼❏✩❩✷❜❖●■❵▼❍➽❯①❲▼❨✩◆❇▲❖●❝❩✕❭✉❪✥❯❳❨▼◆✕❪■❪✥●■❵✫❭➼❨▼❴❫❣❤❴❫❍❑◆❇❵▼◆✕❴❫❏✩❯
◆❇❪❝◆✕❩✏❜❳▲❖●❝❩✕❭✉❪✆❥t◆❇❪❬❛➺➾❄❽➻●❬❯✭❍❫●❝➸❫◆✕❵➚②❳④ ❘✉⑤⑧⑦❆❲♥◗✁➪✉➁ ⑩ ◗✡✈✺❨✩◆➻❨▼❴❫❣❤❴❑❍❫◆❇❵✩◆❇❴❫❏t❯❃❥✩◆❇❪❬❛➶●❝❯✇❲t❴❑▲①❜❖▲❖❭ ♣ ◆✕❛ ♦➈♣ ❲t❴❑●■❵➈❜❞❩s❨t❭✉▲❖❍❫◆✕❯❃❴❫➅
❴❫❲✩❲t❴➈❯①●■❜❳◆❞❣❤❭❫❍❫❵▼●■❜❳❏t❛✸◆❞❭✉❜✭➹➘❭✉❵t❛➺➴➷●■❵✸❥t❵▼●➃❜ ♣ ◗❃➬✜◆✏➇q❜✕⑦➜❜❖❨▼◆❞❪❝❴✸❩❇❭✉❜❳●❝❴❫❵➼❭✉❵t❛☞❣❀❭✉❍❫❵✩●➃❜❖❏✩❛✸◆❢❴❫➅✎❜❳❨✩◆❢●❝❣❤❭❫❍❫◆❢❩s❨t❭✉▲❖❍❫◆✕❯
❭✉▲❖◆✭❩✏❴❑❣✯❲✩❏✸❜❳◆✐❛❉◗✎✈✺❨▼◆❅▲❳◆✐❯①❏✩❪➃❜✍●❬❯
②⑧€✸◗➀€✉➪

ẽéẹsềểễềếệìẹìỉễẽìệ ệésễĩíéỉìềịẽệịểềếòỏqõềịẽệịểềếếễỉễễệéễếỉễịế
ịẹsẽíìịềỉễếệéễíóọồễệìẽéẹsềểềếệìẽéếễệịỉễềẹsẽìỉễẽẹsịsễịéễếễỉễịẽổệ ĩẹsíéệ ỉễếỗốộờởỡớợ
ễệìệìéễsẹsếếễẽììếệéùẹsịìéợ

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ủũúũụừửữứựỳỷỹửýứỵử ỵụ
ỹữỷ ỵứựỹữỷựự

E ext



E ext
E ind

E ind

cavity

❜❯❞☞✿❀✧❯✶✷✐ ❣ ✍✚❦❥✙❧✎♠♦♥ ✿❀✧❯✶✷♣✎✐✫❜✩qsr
❱❳✚✠✜❨✚✕t✵❬
❧
✉▼✧▲❂✈❂❊✘❘✿✎✴✵✭❏✑✓✭❯✰✳✘✎✒✫✖❈✴▲✰✙✘✁✰✙✧❛✒✕✘❀✰☞✰✙✲✗✘❤✰✳✧✵✰❈✴✵✹❦✽❫✧✕✖✙✿❇✘✻✧✕✭✼✰✙✲✗✘♦✶✳✺✗✲✗✘❇✖✙✘✾✲✤✴✵✹❆✇✫✘◗✶❇✜①✏✤✖✳✧✕✪②✶✷❢✩✪✬✪✬✘❀✰✙✖✳❢✸❂€✘❘✿❇✴✵✭❙✴✵✹❑✶✳✧✬✶✳✘❇✘
✰✳✲③✴▲✰④✰✳✲✗✘✾✽❫✧✕✖✙✿❇✘✻✧✕✭❃✰✙✲✗✘❘✹✓✘❇✽⑤✰☞✲✤✴✵✹✓✽⑥✑❑✶④✧✫✺✗✺★✧✕✶✳✑✓✰✳✘✾✧✵✽⑥✰✳✲✤✴✵✰④✧✕✭✼✰✙✲✗✘✾✖✳✑❆✒✫✲❯✰④✲✤✴✵✹✓✽€❱⑦✶✷✘✎✘❤❍✤✒✫✔✗✖✙✘❘✚✠✜ ⑧✕❬❭✜s⑨✩✧✬❂€✘✾✑✓✭❯✰✳✘✎✒✫✖❈✴▲✰✙✘
✧▲✇✫✘✎✖€✰✳✲✗✘❘✖✙✑✓✒✕✲❯✰④✲③✴✵✹✓✽✆✴✵✭③❁✄✪✞✔✗✹✓✰✳✑❆✺✗✹✓❢✄⑩✩❢✸✰❶❂❊✧❛✰✙✧✸✒✫✘❀✰④✰✙✲✗✘✾✰✳✧✫✰✙✴✵✹❦✭✤✘❀✰☞✽❫✧✫✖❈✿❀✘✕✣
❞④❷ ❣ ✚☛❸ ♥✳❹ ❸ ❹✫❺✙♥ ✍✚❪❥✙❧✎♠ ♥ ✿❀✧❯✶ ♣ ✐✫❻ ♥ ✶✳✑✓✭✤✐✫❜✫✐✕❜❯❼❖❾ ❽
❧
❧ ❧
❣ ✍✵❿ ❻ ♥ ❥✳❧◗♠ ♥ ❸ ❹✫❺✙♥ ✿❀✧❯✶ ♣ ✐✫✶✷✑❆✭✤✐✕❜✫✐✼❾ ❽
❧ ❧
❣ ✍✵❿ ❻ ♥ ❥ ❧ ♠ ♥ ✌▲➂ ✢✕✿❇✧✕✶➄➃✎✐▲➅ ❹✫❺✙♥ ❾ ❽
❧✸➀❫➁
❧
✍
❱❳✚✠✜❨✚✵➆✕❬
❣ ✢ ❿ ❻ ♥ ❥✳❧◗♠ ♥ ❾ ❽
❧
➇➉➈➋➊➍➌④➎✁➏➑➐✷➐✞➒➔➓❶→✗➎↔➣❛↕①→✠➙①➐✸➛➜➎▼➙❵➝✗➞s➏➠➟
◆✯✲✗✘✎✭✄✰✙✲✗✘♦✶✳✲✗✘❇✹❆✹❪✲✤✴✕✶☞✴➉✰✙✧✵✰❈✴✵✹❪✿❈✲✤✴✫✖✳✒✕✘✾➡➢✑❄✰✁✿❈✲③✴✵✭✗✒✕✘✎✶€✰✳✲✤✘♦✿❈✲✤✴✵✖✙✒✫✘❤❁✠✘❇✭✤✶✳✑✓✰❶❢✼✧✵✽✆✘✎❚❯✔✤✴✵✰✳✑❆✧✫✭➜❱⑦✚✠✜❨✚✵➤❯❬☛✰✳✧
➡
➥ ❱❫✐✕❬ ❣ ⑧ ❥ ❧ ♠ ❧ ✿❇✧✕✶✷✐✻➦ ✢ ❿ ❻
♥

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❱❳✚✠✜❨✚ ✍ ❬

ẽéẹềểễếệìỉẹììệẽệẽếểĩếệẽí ịò ĩẽỏõóẹểếĩễĩệẽọếẽếíệồẽếĩề õóổ
ẹẽẽếỗếỗõốéộẽỏếĩế
ờởỡợớsù ủũúụừửú ự ú
ử ừ ỳý ỹ
í ị ự
ừữ ủứ ụừũ ú ữ ỷ
ứ
ỵếếĩềỗõệìệễễếẽỗếểẽõĩễỏõĩì ị ỵệìóĩ ììẽìéẽéềĩếểĩếệẽ
í ị ò éẽếìềềệìõĩễỏếệìóõĩễẹểẽệếềểóếốẽõếỗõệìệễễ ị







ệẽìẹõếệẽệếõĩẽìẽếĩếsếì ìếóỗệóĩễìĩìẹẹìỏệẽộễểí ịò ộếìếễóế
ĩẽỏếểẽỏĩ
õẽỏệếệẽìỗểẹềó ị õĩẽéệếếẹếẽếệĩềĩìĩỗểẽõếệẽỗếì
ỗểẹệẽếõĩễì ị ỵệìệìỏẽệẽ ĩõìẽíẹ ị ựị ếĩìếẽếỏếĩế ĩìếõìẽĩế
ệẽộẽệế
ếĩẹẹề
ếếóễẽểìõĩĩõếỗếộềỏ ị ỵẹếẽếệĩềõĩẽọếẽỏìõệỏ
ỉẹĩẽỏệẽ
ễ ếĩỏệõĩềìĩỗếỗĩõếệẽễểếế
ị

ú



ủứ ụ ừ ớ õì ữ ũ õì ỳ ữ
ú
ú ú
ỡ ử ừ ớ ũ ỳ õì
ú
ỵìểỗĩõõĩễỏẽìệế
ẽếììí ỡ
ũ Ư❑×
❯❤Ý❲❱❨❳❍❩

à ì

❜

ì
❬

ỡ

❝ ❯ ❞
❞
❝ ❱ ❞❞ ❡❏❢❤❣

ì ù ơ õ ử ừ õ ì

í ị ự

í ị ự

qrs

ỵếếĩềõĩễ
ứ

ẽếììệìóềtĩẽệẽếễĩếệẽ ĩềỗĩìẹéệếĩỏệểì ị✈✉
ø
ì

✇

ó❏①

✇

①✁②✙ó

ì

ù ơ✙õ✎ư☞õ
ì

ù ơ õ ư õ ➧ ❪đ ị✩ó✟⑦ ➧❛ ì ệẽ ú ú
ừ
ự ụừửừủũú

ừ

ừ

õì ũ ú ìệẽ

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í ị ù✫ù✕à


⑨❁⑩◗❶❨❷❊⑩❹❸✴❺❼❻✹❽☞❾➀❿✙❺❼➁✪➂€❽➄➃❅➅❉➆❤❸❃➁✛➇✥➈✖➂✧➁✛➉➊❸➊➋➌❻❼➍❁➍

➎❧➏

E0
P

P
r

r
0

q’ 0 -q’

-q

θ

z
a

q

θ

R

a

z

V
0

E0
D

➐✪➑t➒⑤➓❁➔❏→ ➎❧➣↕↔❧➙☞➛✙➜✟➝❲➞❁➟❃➠t➟➢➡✮➝➥➤➧➦✙➝❲➞❁➟❉➨⑤➟✮➩❨➫➭➟✧➝➲➯➵➳❙➩€➡✙➝❲➞❁➟✛➸✈➯■➩⑤➺✄➠t➟✧➫➭➻✹➝➲➼❉➩✶➽❏➩➾➜✈➚➾➪③➽✄➝➶➤➹➜❫➨✹➸✈➠t➘➾➝➴➟✄➦➷➦✧➟➬➸❁➘➾➯■➘❨➝➬➟✮➚❙➺✧➳➌➘✶➚❨➤➧➦➵➝➴➘➾➜✈➽✮➟
➮✃➱ ➛✹➜❐➟✶➩€➡✶➝➹➞③➟✹➸❐➠t➘❨➝➬➟✄➦★➞❁➘❒➦➄➘✟➞❁➟✧➫✒➤➧➦➲➸③➞❁➟✧➯➵➤➢➽♦➺✮➩❒➦✮➦➄➩€➡❙➯■➘✁➚➾➤➹➪❊➦☞❮ ➱♦❰ ➞③➟➭➟✄➠t➟✮➽✧➝➲➯➵➤➢➽✙Ï✙➟✄➠t➚➀➺✮➟✄➝➶➼❉➟✮➟✄➜❦➝➹➞③➟✶➝➶➼❉➩➌➸✈➠t➘➾➝➴➟✄➦
➤➧➦☞Ð❼Đ ➱ ➛✙➜❦➝➹➞③➟❙➯➵➤Ị➨❒➞❊➝✹➤➧➦➌➝❲➞❁➟✶➦✧➟✄➝✹➩€➡➄➽✮➞❁➘➾➯➲➨❫➟➵➦❙➝❲➞❁➘➾➝➷➤➹➫➭➘✧➨❫➟➄➝➹➞③➟➷Ï✙➟✄➠◗➚Ĩ➚❨➪③➟➄➝➬➩➭➝❲➞❁➟✒➽✮➩❨➜✈➚➾➪③➽✄➝➶➤➹➜❫➨➌➸✈➠◗➘❨➝➬➟➵➦ ➱❃Ơ
ểếệsìỉẽt ễ ếệíĩ

ịòỏõọóỏồổỗõọốộờỏõởỡớớợíùõỡồỡủộờũóỏồổỗõ
úụừửừứữụựụỳỷýỹỵỹỷụ ụựụ

ữểỳụỹ ỳỳỷ
tỳụ
ỹ ✍✈ơ✁➑◗ù❫ú✑✮✏ û③ü✁➔■➒⑤→❃ơ✁ù▲ü❙➒⑤➔■ơ⑤➓❁ù③÷❧→ ÷

✏✄ơ⑤ù③÷❧➓✒✏✄ú■➑◗ù❁✓
➒ ✍☞➧✝ ü❨ú■→✟õ❼➑tú■û♣ú■û③✔
→ ✡✈✕
ơ ✂✖✂ ➣✔✗ ➒⑤ü➾➑◗ù♣õ➷→✒✒
➓ ✂■→➄ú❏û❁✘
→  ✟→✄ú❏û❁ơ❧÷✃ơ✁✌➷✙➑  ✟ü✁➒✁✚→ ✂☞ú❏ơ✔➔■✞→ ✍☞✝◗✕
ü ✏✄→✒ú■û③→✛✂✢✜✣✂€ú❏→✤  õ❼➑tú■û
ú■û③→✥✍☞✝➧ü❨ú❏✥
→ ✡☛✜✔ơ✁ù③→✶→✧ù❫ú❏➑t➔❏→✤✝✙✜✦✄✏ ơ✁✄
ù ✂❍➑✧€✂ ú❏➑tù③➒Ĩơ★✌✩✍ýơ⑤➑tù❫ú✪✏✮û③ü➾➔❏➒✁✚→ ✂ ➣✪✫ û❁→✞✏✭❊
✬ ➑◗ù❁➒➭ú■û③→✥✡✈ơ✁➓❁ùý÷❁ü➾➔✖✜✦✏✄ơ✁ùý÷❧➑Ịú❏➑tơ⑤✒
ù ✂✮✝t→ ü✁÷☞✂ÿú■ơ
ú■û③→✯✂■ü✁ ✒→✘✂■→✄ú❙✁ơ ✌✰✌❲ơ✁➓③✱
➔ ✏✮û③ü➾➔❏➒✁→✚✂ÿü✕✂➌÷❧➔✮ü❒õ❼ù❦➑◗✲
ù ☎③➒✁➓❁➔❏→ ➎❧➣↕↔❧➣✘✳ û❁→✟ơ✁✒
ù ✝✟✜♣÷❧✵➑ ✴❐→✧➔❏→✧ù✄✏✄→✟➑✙✂➌ú■û③ü➾ú Ư ➑✙✂❙ù❁ơ➾ú✎✏✮û❁ơ✶❍✂ →✡ù
ü❨ú★➑tù☞③
☎ ù❁➑tú✷➀
✜ ú❏ơ✸✟
  ➑✙ ✒➑✧✶
✏ ú■û❁→➄û❁ơ✁ ✟ơ✁➒⑤→✧ù❁→✡ơ✁➓✒✂✹③
☎ →✤✝➧÷✺✠✻✡❁➓❧ú Ư✥Ú➊Üý➣✼✳ û❁→✱✍✈ơ➾ú❏→✧ù❫ú■➑➧ü★✝✪➑✙☞
✂ ú■û③→✥■✂ ➓☞✍ý→✡➔✢✍✈ơ✕✂■➑tú■➑◗ơ✁ù✖ơ✁✌✰ú■û❁→
✍✈ơ✁➑◗ù⑤ú✽✏✮ûýü➾➔❏➒✁→✼✶
✾ ü❨ú☞÷❁✙➑ ✂❍ú❏ü✁ù✒✄✏ → Ü ü✁ù③÷Ĩ➑tú✖✂❼ú■û❁➔❏→✧→➌➑✙ ➭ü➾➒✁→✼✏✮û③ü✁➔■➒⑤✞→ ✂ ➙
✿❁❀❃❂❅❄❇❆✕❈ Ú

❍
✾
➏

❉✁❊●❋ Đ
❀■❂❅❏▲❑ Ü ❏▲❑ ➎ ❂ Ü ✏✄ơ✶✂✷❆✕❈✖▼❇◆✖❏✸❖
❮
❖ Ü✥◗ ❂ ❏ ❑❙❘✭❚ ❑
❯✭❱

❏ ❘ ❱✢❲ ✄✏ ô✶✂❇❆✕❳ ▼✢◆✢❏
❯

ù ✂■➑Ịú✷➀
✜ ơ✁ù➀ú■û❁→✪✈
✡ ơ✕✂✖✂✹➑✙✂
✳ û❁→✎✮✏ û③ü✁➔■➒⑤→ÿ÷❧→✡✒

➏
❀❃❂€❏▲❑ Ü ❏
❖

➎ ❂ Ü ✏✧ơ✕✂✢❆✕❈✢▼✢◆✖❏

❮
❑

Ü✥◗ ❂ ❏ ❑❨❘✭❚
❯✭❱ ❖

❏ ❘ ✢❱ ❲ ✄✏ ✕
ô ✂❇❆✕❳ ▼❇◆✖❏✒❬❩
❯

❀ ➎❧➣ ❭ ❉✶❈

❪
✿

❋ Ñ✯❫

❀ ➎❧➣ ❭⑤↔ ❈
❂✛❴
❴ ❲✢❵ ❘
❴
❴
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❏❞❝❢❡
Ñ

❫

◆✖❏

✂❍➑◗☞
ù ❆ Ü ❆

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❀ ➎❧➣ ❭✁❣ ❈


❤✁❤

✐❛❥✮❦✽❧✮♠❛♥✩♦q♣✒r❢s✪t✔✉❞✈✮✇✹❦✽♦✹①✰②④③✣❦✽⑤✽✉❞♥⑥❧✰♦✪t✑s✑⑤⑦♥✩⑧⑩⑨✘❶✷✈❷♥✩⑤⑦♥❁✐❸♠❛♦✼t❸⑨⑦♠✒❦✹♠❹❶✤✐✆⑨✺❺✺❻

❼✑❽☞❾✘❿✣➀✟➁➂❾✞➃✢❾✞➄✶➅✢➀✧➆❅➅✢➀✙➇✁➄✲➇★➈▲❾✞➉✶➊✒➆★➅✢➀✙➇✁➄➌➋ ❤✣➍ ➎★➏☛➐ ➅✖➇✓➇✁➑✣➅✭➆★➀✙➄⑩➅✖❽☞❾✛➅✢❽☞❾✘➒✢➊☞➃✢➈❃➆✁➓➔❾✛➓✭❽✒➆✁➃✢→✕❾✔❿✣❾✞➄✒➒✢➀✵➅✷➣⑩➆✁➄✒❿⑩➅✢❽☞❾✔➈■➇✁↔✙↔✙➇❅↕❸➀✟➄☞→
➀✙➄✕➅✖❾✤→✕➃✖➆★➅✢➀✙➇✁➄✸➀✙➄✓❾✞➉✶➊✒➆★➅✢➀✙➇✁➄➙➋ ❤✣➍ ➎✁➛✶➐ ➆★➃✖❾❁↔✙❾➔➈➜➅❸➅✖➇✔➅✢❽☞❾✪➃✖❾✞➆✕❿✣❾✤➃ ➍ ❼✑❽☞❾✼➃✢❾✚➒❇➊☞↔✟➅✢➀✙➄☞→✔➅✢➇✁➅✖➆✁↔⑦➓✭❽✒➆★➃✖→✁❾❁➀✧➒✢➝
➞❷➟➡➠✹➢✯➤➦➥❸➠

➧

➝ ➠✲➨

éẽẹề

ểễếệểìỉĩíqểỉĩòịỏỉõọóồíỗổốểìọíộồểờìọíởỏỡ
ớ ợùợọủợủũủợợ
ủụúửừ ứ ứ
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❭✁❪❴❫❛❵✫❜✗❝❁❞❄❫❛❡❃❢❣❝●❤✷✐☎❡✕❥❃❝●❝●❦❯❧♠❵✘❢♥✐☎❫❛❝❨❢✛♦✧♣❨q✢❡❃r✰st❡❃✉❴✐❣❫✧❝❁✐☎❡✘✐❄❵✘r✞❞❄❫✔❵✘✉☎✈❃❝❃✇②①✗❵✘❞❄❥✏❢❣❡❃❤❚❞✫❵✘r③r③❢♥④ ✐♥⑤✁⑥❈✇♥❪✻⑦✔❤✧⑧⑨✐❣❫❛④③❢♥❞✫❡❃❤❊st⑩❛❢☎④③❤❛✈€❢❣④③❤❛❞●❝☞✐☎❫❛❝
❦❛✉☎④③♣✿❝✫⑧✕⑤❁❫✔❵✘❢❶q❋❝●❝●❤⑨⑩❛❢☎❝●⑧✬s✮❡❃✉❶✐☎❫❛❝❷④③♣€❵✘✈❃❝②❡✘s✞⑤❊✇

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❸✡❹t❺❋❺✶❹❼❻❶❽●❾✬❿➁➀②➂✕➃✬➄➆➅✿❿➈➇❲➃✬❾✕➉➋➊②➂✕❿✩➌◗❿✬➊②➂✭➍➎➉➏➍➎➐♠❽●➌◗➃✷➅✿❿➈➇

➑✢➒

➓❯➔❑→❑➣✕↔➙↕➜➛☞➝➞↔❴➟❨➝✡➠●➡☞➢
➤➎➥✡➦€➧✤➨✢➩✁➦✏➫✰➩✒➭❂➯✢➲✺➭✮➫✱➧✤➨❋➲❂➯✢➳❨➵✗➨❬➨❋➳✘➸➞➭t➫✞➯✔➩✁➦❊➺②➭❂➺❁➺✒➭✮➻▲➧✡➲t➼✭➯✷➺✒➽✡➧✤➦✏➳✁➧✺➨✰➺✫➭✮➩✒➭t➨❋➫▲➨❋➾✤➩✁➥✡➦€➲t➭✮➫✞➦✬➵✘➥✞➯❋➳✒➚✶➦➈➪✱➯❋➫✞➸✭➩✒➥✡➦✕➭✮➻✱➯✢➚✶➦✿➲✮➭t➫✡➦
➵✘➥✞➯❋➳✒➚✶➦✬➪✡➶❳➹✿➭✮➩✒➥➜➩✁➥✡➦❚➵✗➨✶➫✞➸➞➭✮➩✒➭t➨❋➫✞➺✿➯✶➺➎➧✡➳✁➨❋➧✤➨✶➺✒➦❊➸◆➭t➫➘➺✫➦✧➵❃➩✁➭✮➨✶➫➴➯✞➷❷➤➎➥✡➦⑨➳✒➦✧➺✫➽✡➲✮➩€➭❂➺
➪

➬➆➮✛➱✔✃✁❐✻❒❁❮

➮✛Ĩ⑨Ơ❊➱❛Ơ➈Õ×Ư✘Ø✕Ù

➲t➫◗Ị

❰❋Ï❶Ð✁Đ

➑ ➱❛Ĩ✷Ư❃Ơ✏➵✗➨✶➺✘❐✻❒

Ĩ Ơ ➮❈➱ Ơ Õ×Ĩ Ơ Ù

➮ ➑ ➷

ể

ĩíịịểể ễ ệ ỉ ể ễ tò ỏ
tõ


ó

ẽéẹ

ễổỗ

ốộ
ễ ố
ờ
ộ

ể ễ ồ

tọ

ể Ơ ➮✫å✿Ù

➮ ➑ ➷ ➒❋ë ❒

➤➎➥✡➦⑨Ý✞➳✘➺✫➩➎➨✶➳✁➸✡➦✏➳✿➤ì➯❛➼❬➲t➨❋➳➎➦✗í➞➧✞➯❋➫✞➺✒➭✮➨✶➫❇➭❂➺
➪

➬➆➮❈➱✔✃✘❐✻❒ỵã

❰✶Ï❶Ð Đ
➪

ã

❰✶Ï❶Ð Đ
ã

➑ Ư Ơ

➲t➫◗Ị❶➮●å✿Ù
➲t➫

Ị ➮●å❨Õ

➑ Ĩ
Ị

➪

➮✛Ĩ Ơ Ù♠Ư Ơ ❒

➑ Ï❶Ð✁Đ

Ĩ✬➱

➑ Ĩ

➵✗➨✶➺✁❐✻❒✗➮●å➎Õ

Ĩ➆➱
➱

➱
➑ Ư Ơ

➵✗➨✰➺✒❐❲Ù

Ĩ➆➱

➵✗➨✰➺✒❐

➵✏➨✶➺✁❐✤❒
➵✏➨✶➺✁❐✤❒

Ú

Ú✕Ú

➮✛➽✞➺✫➭t➫✡➚➙➲✮➫ì➮●å❨Õ❼ï✤❒❁ãðï✤❒

➮ ủ

ũ úụừử ũ ỡừứữửựỳ ũ ỷựỹỵý




é
ẹ







ỡò ➑ ➷ ➒❋Û ❒➈➯❋➫✞➸❇➺✒➽✡á✞➺✫➩✒➭✮➩✒➽✡➩✒➭t➫✡➚◆➱⑨❮
✂ ➮☎❐✻❒
❮

❮

✏ð➥✡➦❊➫➜✍
Ĩ ❋
✌ Ư➈❮

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Ù

➪
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➑ Ư❃Ĩ Ơ Ù

➮✛Ĩ✍✌❋Ư✗❒ Ơ Ù
å✿Ù

➮ ➑ ➷ ❰✞å✧❒

✆

✆ é✞✝ ỉ
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➑ Ĩ⑨Ư Ơ ➵✗➨✰➺✁❐

Ĩ Ơ ➮ ➑ Ư❁Ù
Ù

☛ Ĩ⑨➵✏➨✶➺✒❐
➑ Ư☞✗

Ĩ Ơ Ư Ơ Õ❼Ĩ Ơ Õ❖Ư Ø Ù
➮☎Ĩ✎❋
✌ Ư✗❒ Ơ Õ

✆

➑ Ĩ➆➵✏➨✶➺✁❐

Ĩ Ơ ➮☎Ư Ơ Õ×Ĩ Ơ Ù

➑ Ĩ✷Ư❃➵✗➨✰➺✫❐❨Ú

å

➮ ➑ ➷❰ ➑ ❒

➑ ➮✛Ĩ✍✌❋Ư✗❒●➵✏➨✶➺✫❐❨Ú

➑✒✑ ➩✁➥✡➦✷➭✮➫✺➸➞➽✞➵✗➦✧➸➜➵✘➥✞➯✢➳✁➚❋➦⑨➯❋➺✿➯✼➾❈➽✡➫✞➵✗➩✒➭t➨❋➫➜➨✢➾❷❐➘➭❂➺
➪

➒

✂ ➮❣❐✻❒✔✓ è✕✝ Ơ✁ỉ ❮➁Ù ➑ Ï❴Ư Ị ✖ Ùà❰✶➵✗➨✰➺✒❐❨Ú
✏ð➥✡➦❊➫❀➩✒➥✡➦◆➧✤➨✶➺✒➭✮➩✒➭t➨❋➫❀➨✢➾➈➩✒➥✡➦❲➲✮➭t➫✡➦◆➵✘➥✞➯❋➳✒➚✶➦✭➪❀➭❂➺⑨➾❈➨❋➽✞➳❚➳✁➯✶➸➞➭t➭☞➾❈➳✒➨✶➻

➩✁➥✡➦◆➵✗➦❊➫✶➩✁➦✏➳❚➨❋➾❨➩✁➥✡➦❲➵✏➼✰➲t➭t➫✞➸➞➦✏➳

➵✘➥✞➯❋➳✒➚✶➦➆➸➞➦❊➫✞➺✒➭❍➩●➼◆➭❂➺

✂ ➮❣❐✤❒✗✓ è✕✝ Ø✘ỉ ❮
Ù

➪
➑ Ï❴Ư

Ị

å
å✙✬
✘ Ù

➤➎➥✡➦✷➚✶➳✁➯❋➧✡➥✞➺❨➾❈➨❋➳✿➦❊➭❍➩✁➥✡➦✏➳€➵❊➯❋➺✒➦⑨➯❋➳✒➦✷➸➞➳✘➯❛➹✿➫❲➭t➫➴Ý✞➚❋➽✞➳✒➦ ➑ ➷✚✘❬➷

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✖
Û ➵✏➨✶➺✫❐➈Ú

➮ ➑ ➷❰ ➒ ❒

✑ ➩✒➥✡➦◆➺✒➽✡➳✒➾✛➯❋➵✗➦
➮ ➑ ➷ ❰❋❰✰❒


✛✢✜

✣✥✤✧✦✩★✧✪✥✫✭✬✯✮☎✰✲✱✎✳✵✴✷✶✧✸✹✦✩✬✹✺✼✻☞✽✒✦✩✾✩✴✷✫✿★✼✬✎✳❀✱❀✾❁✫✭❂❄❃❆❅❇✶❈✫✭✾❁✫❉✣❊✪✥✬❋✳❊❃❁✪☎✦✹✪●❅✔✣❍❃✕■✕❏

1

3

2

4

5

6

φ (rad)

-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

R/b=2

-3

R/b=4

σ (τ /2 π b )
❑●▲◆▼€❖❘◗✞❙ ✛❘❚❱❯✒❲❁❳❀❨ ❊
❙ ❩❬❙ ☎
❨ ❭✙❪ ▲❴❫❵◗✥❫✁❛❬❜ ❨ ❙❀❝❞❖❘◗❞❛ ❭❵❡ ❙ ❢❡ ❨❣❭ ◗✞▼❵❙❀❤✒❙✔✐☎❝❞▲◆❜❇❥❧❦♥♠❊▲◆❜ ❨❆❭ ✐❘▼❵♦❴❙♣❛q❫❵◗✥❜❇♠♣❫❋❤❘▲✡rs❙✔◗✞❙✔✐t❜❍◗ ❭ ❜❞▲❴❫€❝●❩❬❙✉❜❇♠♣❙✔❙✔✐
❜ ❨ ❙✎◗ ❭ ❤✒▲◆❖❣❝❀❫✁❛❁❜ ❨ ❙ ❡ ❥✈❴♦ ▲◆✐❣❤✒❙✔◗ ❭ ✐☎❤✇❜ ❨ ❙✍❤✒▲①❝②❜ ❭ ✐ ❡ ❙❉❜❞❫③❜ ❨ ❙✎♦◆▲❴✐❘❙ ❡❢❨☎❭ ◗❞▼€❙ ❚

④✍⑤⑦⑥⑦⑧✩⑨❶⑩✹❷❹❸☎❺s⑨✯❷✼❻❽❼❘⑧✹⑨❶❾❧❿②❻✩⑨➁➀➂⑧✹➃✥❸❘➄❹⑨
❳❀❨ ❙❋❛q❫€◗ ❡ ❙❉➅❬❙✔◗❊➆③❙✔❜❞❙✔◗✩❫❵✐✇❜ ❨ ❙✎♦❴▲◆✐☎❙ ❡❢❨☎❭ ◗✞▼❵❙✧▲❴❝✧➇✭❫€❖❘♦❴❫❵➆❧❩❁➈ ❝❀♦ ❭ ♠ ❲
➉✿➊➌➋❘➍➏➎➑➐➏➒✞➓€➔❹➊➁→

➋❘➣
➜
✛✢↔➙↕✞➛ ➎➑➐ ➣ →➂➝ ➣ ➔❵➟➞

➅❬❙✔◗❊➆③❙✔❜❞❙✔◗

➎ ✛✒❚ ✜t➠ ➔

♠ ❨ ❙✗◗❞❙ ➟ ①▲ ❝❉❜ ❨ ❙③❤❘▲◆◗✞❙ ❡ ❞❜ ❙✗❤➡❛q◗❞❫€➆➢❜ ❨ ✵
❙ ❜ ❨ ❙ ❭✢➤ ▲❴❝✧❫✁❛✭❜ ❨ ❙ ❡ ❥t♦❴▲❴✐☎❤✒❙✔◗❉❜✞❫♥❜ ❨ ❙③♦◆▲❴✐❘❙ ❡❢❨☎❭ ◗✞▼❵❙€➥❣➅❬❙✔◗✞➅❬❙✔✐☎❤✒▲ ❡ ❖☎♦ ❭ ◗❋❜❞❫✇❜ ❨ ❙
➞
♦❴▲◆✐❘❙ ❡❢❨❣❭ ◗✞❵
▼ ❙ ❭ ☎
✐ ❤♥❜ ❨ ❙ ❡ ❥✈♦◆▲❴✐☎❤✒❙✗◗ ❭✢➤ ▲❴❝ ❚

➦③➧✗➨❉➩

➫➯➭➳➲➸➵➯➺✇➻✗➼✔➽➚➾➶➪✹➹➴➘➬➷✍➻✉➮➏➪✹➱➢➷❉✃❐➵➳➲➏➽➚➱❁✃●➷✍➽③✃➢❒✯➲✎✃✥➪✩➽✵✃✥➼✔➷✍➻✉➱

➃❀⑤❄⑥❮⑧✹⑨❶❰➚❷❍❼✒⑨❁❻✭❼✒❿②➃❍Ï❧❿②❻✧Ð✈❿②④✹⑨Đ❼❘⑧✹⑨Ị➀❄Ĩ✹Ï②❿❞❻✩④✹⑨❁❸
Ợ✐③❜ ❨ ▲❴❝ ❡✔❭ ❝❞❙✍➎Ư❝❞❙✔❙❀×❣▼❵❖❘◗✞❙ ✛✒❚ Ø ➔✷❜ ❨ ✔❙ ◗✞❙ ❭ ◗✞❙❀✐❘❫✎❛q◗✞❙✔❙ ❡❢❨☎❭ ◗❞▼€❙✗❝✥▲❴✐③❜ ❨ ❙ ❭ ◗✞❙ ❭ ❫✁❛✕▲❴✐€❜✞❙✔◗✞❙✗❝②❜ ❚✥❳❀❨ ❙✔◗✞❙✉❛q❫€◗❞❙♣❜ ❨ ❙✹➅❬❫✁❜❞❙✗✐t❜❞▲ ❭ ♦
Ù➌▲◆✐☎❝❞▲①❤✒❙❉❜ ❨ ❙ ❡ ❥t♦❴▲❴✐☎❤✒❙✔◗❊❫€❩❣❙✗❥✒❝✹Ú ❭ ➅❘♦ ❭€❡ ❙€➈ ❝♣❙✗Ût❖ ❭ ❜❞▲❴❫❵✐ ❲
Ü ➣ ÙÝ➊➌➓

➎ ✛✒❚ ị

ò t ❡✔❭ ♦ ❡ ❫✈❫❵◗❢❤✒▲◆✐ ❭ ❜❞❙á❝ ❭ ✐☎❤à❝②❙✗➅ ❭ ◗ ❭ ❜✞❙❉❜ ❨ ❙ ❪✢❭ ◗✞▲ ❭ ❩❘♦❴❙✗❝ ❲
Ù❉➎Ưâ❣➒❢ã❬➔✭➊✿➐③➎qä✁➔❇å❆➎ỉãs➔

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➎ ✛✒❚ ✜✈❯ ➔


ỗốộỏờốỡởớùợềủũúụừửữứựũỳửỷựởợụỷởựụởỹợởửụởúựũỷ

ýỵ

ý

ý
❀ ✎✒✗✘✞❆✛✜❇❆✲ ✹❉❈ ❀ ✩❆✹❉✻ ❀ ✯❋❊ ❀✖● ✑✝✎✡✛❍❇❆✲ ✹■❈ ❀ ✩❑❏
❀❂❁❄❃✁❅
◆✄✠☞✑✍❖€✕✒ ✄✗✚✎◗☎✍✂✡✑✍❖❘✂❙✕☞✠✒❚❯✗✘✕❱✗✚✎◗✑✍❲★❳★✗✘✑✝✓❋✎❨✕✒ ❋☛❂✕❩☛❬✕✁✕✒ ❋✂ ● ✂✟✞✸✕☞✂✟✠◗✯ ✴❪❭ ✕✒ ✄✂✣✎✒✑✍✌✔✓✖✕✒✗✔✑✍✞❫❖❯☛✪❚❴✞✄✑✍✕❱❲✄✌✘✑❬❵❛✓✄❜❞❝❋✎✒✑ ✫
✭✮✛✜✯✱✰✳✲ ✩✵✴

✛ ý✖✤ ▲✝❣✝✩

✻ ❀ ✴❛✻✳✷❡✴❢❭

ÿ✁ ✄✗✚✎◗✠☞✂✡✎✒✓✄✌❤✕✳✎✁✗✘✞✐☛❘❜❥✑❂✕✒✂✡✞✸✕✒✗✚☛❂✌

✶ ✷ ✹ ✿ ✽ ✶ ❀ ✯ ❀

V1

ýỵ

P
r


b

V2

ý ▼❋✫rq ✠☞✑✝✎☞✎♥st✎✒✂ ● ✕✒✗✔✑✍✞✉✑✍✈❆✕✇❵✺✑ ● ❚★✌✘✗✔✞❋♦✖✂✡✠◗ ❋☛❂✌✔❳✍✂①✎✁❵◗✗❤✕☞ ✐✠☞☛✝♦✖✗✘✓✱✎ ✻ ☛❂✕ ● ✑✍✞❋✎♥✕☞☛✍✞✸✕✁❜❥✑❂✕☞✂✟✞✸✕✒✗✚☛❂✌✚✎❩② ❃ ❂☛ ✞❋♦✐②✱③ ✤
✭✮✛ ✻ ✰☞✲ ✩④✴ ②❋③ ✴❪✶ ✷ ✹⑤✿ ✽ ✶ ❀ ✻ ❀ ✎✒✗✘✞❄✛❍❇❆✲ ■
✹ ❈ ❀ ✩ ❍✈ ✑✍✠⑥✛✇⑦◗⑧❄⑨ ý❶⑩ ✲ ⑩ ❄⑧ ⑨ ý✍✩
❀✍❁❄❃
✭✮✛ ✻ ✰✳✲ ✩④✴ ② ❃ ✴❪✶ ✷ ✹ ✿ ✽ ✶ ❀ ✻ ❀ ✎♥✗✔✞❆✛✜❇❆✲ ❉
✹ ❈ ❀ ✩ ❍✈ ✑✝✠❷✛❍⑧❄⑨ ý
ý


ýỵ

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