Nghiên cứu thành phần, tỉ lệ phối trộn bầu ươm hữu cơ và ứng dụng trên cây trồng

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC HÙNG VƯƠNG
KHOA KHOA HỌC TỰ NHIÊN
---------***---------

NGUYỄN THỊ CHI

NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH PHẦN, TỈ LỆ PHỐI TRỘN BẦU ƯƠM
HỮU CƠ VÀ ỨNG DỤNG TRÊN CÂY TRỒNG

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP ĐẠI HỌC
Ngành: Sư phạm Sinh học

PHÚ THỌ, 2019


TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC HÙNG VƯƠNG
KHOA KHOA HỌC TỰ NHIÊN
---------***---------

NGUYỄN THỊ CHI

NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH PHẦN, TỈ LỆ PHỐI TRỘN BẦU ƯƠM
HỮU CƠ VÀ ỨNG DỤNG TRÊN CÂY TRỒNG

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP ĐẠI HỌC
Ngành: Sư phạm Sinh học

GIẢNG VIÊN HƯỚNG DẪN: TS. TRẦN TRUNG KIÊN

PHÚ THỌ, 2019

i

LӠI CҦ0Ѫ1

Trong thӡLJLDQQJKLrQFӭXYjKRjQWKjQKNKyDOXұn, em xin gӱi lӡi cҧm
ѫQFKkQWKjQKQKҩt tӟi thҫ\JLiRKѭӟng dүn TS. TrҫQ7UXQJ.LrQ ÿmKѭӟng dүn
tұQWuQKTXDQWkPYjÿӝQJYLrQHPKRjQWKjQKNKyDOXұn.
(P[LQEj\Wӓ lӡi cҧPѫQVkXVҳFÿӃQFiFWKҫ\F{
WURQJ7UXQJWkP&{QJ
nghӋ sinh hӑFWUѭӡQJĈҥi hӑF+QJ9ѭѫQJFQJWRjQWKӇ FiFWKҫ\F{JLiRWURQJ
khoa Khoa hӑc Tӵ QKLrQWUѭӡQJĈҥi hӑF+QJ9ѭѫQJÿmWҥRÿLӅu kiӋQJL~Sÿӥ
ÿӇ em thӵc hiӋQYjKRjQWKjQKNKyDOXұQQj\
CuӕLFQJHP[LQJӱi lӡi cҧPѫQÿӃQJLDÿuQKEҥQEqQKӳQJQJѭӡLÿm
OX{Q ErQ FҥQK ÿӝQJ YLrQ JL~S ÿӥ em trong suӕW TXi WUuQK WKӵc hiӋQ Yj KRjQ
WKjQKNKyDOXұn tӕt nghiӋp Qj\
(P[LQFKkQWKjQKF̫P˯Q
3K~7K͕, QJj\ WKiQJQăP
6LQKYLrQthӵc hiӋn

NguyӉn Thӏ Chi


ii

LӠ,&$0Ĉ2$1
7{L[LQFDPÿRDQVӕ liӋXYjNӃt quҧ QJKLrQFӭXWURQJNKyDOXұQQj\OjFӫa
ULrQJW{LFiFNӃt quҧ QJKLrQFӭXÿѭӧFWUuQKEj\WURQJNKyDOXұn OjWUXQJWKӵc. Mӑi
sӵ JL~Sÿӥ cho viӋc thӵc hiӋQNKyDOXұQQj\ÿmÿѭӧc cҧPѫQYjFiFWK{QJWLQWUtFK
dүQWURQJNKyDOXұQÿmÿѭӧc chӍ U}QJXӗn gӕFYjÿѭӧFSKpSF{QJEӕ.

3K~7K͕QJj\ WKiQJQăP
6LQKYLrQWKӵc hiӋn

NguyӉn Thӏ Chi


iii

DANH MӨC CHӲ VIӂT TҲT

Ĉ&

Ĉӕi chӭng

CT1

&{QJWKӭc 1

CT2

&{QJWKӭc 2

CT3

&{QJWKӭc 3

CT4

&{QJWKӭc 4

iv

D$1+0Ө&%Ҧ1*
Bҧng 3. 1. ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDEҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫWӟLWӕFÿӝWăQJWUѭӣQJFKLӅXFDRFӫD
Fk\&~FYjQJ3KDOrWURQJJLDLÿRҥQYѭӡQѭѫPFm) ........................................ 26
Bҧng 3. 2. ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDEҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫÿӃQVӵUDOiFӫD ............................. 28
Bҧng 3. 3. ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDEҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫÿӃQFKLӅXGjLOi ............................. 30
Bҧng 3. 4. ҦQKKѭӣng cӫa bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫWӟLÿѭӡQJNtQKOi .......................... 32
Bҧng 3. 5. ҦQKKѭӣng cӫDJLiWKӇ hӳXFѫÿӃn tӍ lӋ sӕQJVyWFӫDFk\&~FYjQJ
3KDOrEҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSJLkPFjQK .................................................................. 34


v

DANH MӨ&+Ỵ1+
+uQK6ӵҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDEҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫWӟLWӕFÿӝWăQJWUѭӣQJFKLӅXFDR
FӫDFk\&~FYjQJ3KDOrWURQJJLDLÿRҥQYѭӡQѭѫPFP
.................................. 27
+uQKҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDEҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫÿӃQVӵUDOiFӫDFk\&~FYjQJ3KDOrOi
..28
+uQK. ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDEҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫÿӃQFKLӅXGjLOiFӫDFk\&~FYjQJ3KDOr...30
+uQK&KLӅXGjLOiFk\&~FYjQJ3KDOrVDXWXҫQ ...................................... 31
+uQKҦQKKѭӣng cӫa bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫWӟLÿѭӡQJNtQKOiFk\&~FYjQJ3KDOrFP
33
+uQKĈѭӡQJNtQKOiFk\&~FYjQJ3KDOrVDXWXҫQ.................................. 33
+uQK. ҦQKKѭӣng cӫDJLiWKӇ hӳXFѫÿӃn tӹ lӋ sӕQJVyWFӫDFk\&~FYjQJ
3KDOrEҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSJLkPFjQK ................................................................. 34

vi

MӨC LӨC

Trang

1. 7tQKFҩp thiӃt cӫDÿӅ WjL .................................................................................... 1
2. MөFWLrXÿӅ WjL ................................................................................................... 2
éQJKƭDNKRDKӑFYjWKӵc tiӉn........................................................................... 2
é QJKƭDNKRDKӑc............................................................................................ 2
éQJKƭDWKӵc tiӉn ............................................................................................ 2
PHҪN II: N,'81*1*+,ầ1&U ................................................................ 3
&+1*T1*48$17ơ,/,U ............................................................... 3
1.1. Gii thiu v bXPKXF........................................................................ 3
9DLWUzFa bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫWURQJVҧn xuҩWQ{QJQJKLӋp ........................... 3
1.1.2. Cҩu tҥo bҫXѭѫP ......................................................................................... 3
7KjQKSKҫn phӕi trӝn ruӝt bҫXѭѫP.............................................................. 5
1.2.1. Than sinh hӑc (Biochar) .............................................................................. 5
1.2.2. MөQ[ѫGӯa. ................................................................................................ 7
1.2.3. Humic acid .................................................................................................. 8
ĈiSHUOLWH ..................................................................................................... 9
1.3. ĈһFÿLӇm vӅ &~F9jQJ3KD Or ................................................................... 10
1.3.1. Giӟi thiӋu chung vӅ Fk\KRD&~F............................................................ 10
1.3.2. ĈһFÿLӇm chung vӅ KRD&~F ................................................................... 10
1.3.3. 7uQKKuQKVҧn xuҩWKRD&~FWUrQWKӃ giӟLYj9LӋt Nam .......................... 14
1.3.4. ĈһFÿLӇm chung vӅ &~F9jQJ3KDOr ..................................................... 17
1.3.5. Mӝt sӕ SKѭѫQJSKiSQKkQJLӕQJKRD&~F............................................. 18
1.4. 7uQKKuQKQJKLrQFӭu ................................................................................. 19
1.4.1. 7uQKKuQKQJKLrQFӭXWKjQKSKҫn, tӍ lӋ phӕi trn bXPKXF ....... 20
&+1*,7NG, N,'81*9ơ3+1*3+ẩ31*+,ầ1&U..... 22

2.1. LWQJYjSKPYLQJKLrQFu................................................................ 22
2.2. NLGXQJQJKLrQFu .................................................................................... 22
3KѭѫQJSKiSQJKLrQFӭu .............................................................................. 22
3KѭѫQJSKiSEӕWUtWKtQJKLӋP .................................................................. 22
3KѭѫQJSKiSWKXWKұSVӕOLӋX .................................................................... 24
2.3.3. 3KѭѫQJSKiS[ӱ OêOLӋu ............................................................................ 25


vii

&+1*. KT QU 1*+,ầ1&89ơ7+O LUN .............................. 26
3.1. QKKng ca WKjQKSKn hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫtӟi tӕFÿӝ WăQJ
WUѭӣng chiӅu cao cӫa Fk\&~FYjQJ3KDOr ........................................................... 26
3.2. ҦQKKѭӣng cӫa WKjQKSKҫn hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫÿӃn sӵ UDOiFӫa
Fk\&~FYjQJ3KDOr ............................................................................................ 28
3.3. ҦQKKѭӣng cӫa WKjQKSKҫn hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫÿӃn chiӅXGjLOiFӫa
Fk\&~FYjQJ3KDOr .............................................................................................. 29
3.4. ҦQKKѭӣng cӫDWKjQKSKҫn hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫWӟi chiӅu rӝQJOi
Fk\&~FYjQJ3KDOr ............................................................................................ 31
3.5. ҦQKKѭӣng cӫDWKjQKSKҫn hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫÿӃn tӹ lӋ sӕQJVyW
cӫDFk\&~FYjQJ3KDOrEҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSJLkPFjQK .................................... 33
.ӂ7/8Ұ19¬.,ӂ11*+ӎ............................................................................. 35
1. KӃt luұn ........................................................................................................... 35
2. .LӃQQJKӏ ....................................................................................................... 35
7¬,/,ӊU THAM KHҦO
PHӨ LӨC


1

PHҪN I: MӢ ĈҪU
1. 7tQKFҩSWKLӃWFӫDÿӅWjL
Sӱ dөng bҫu trӗQJFk\ÿһc biӋt loҥi bҫu hӳXFѫWӵ WLrXOj[XKѭӟQJÿmYj
ÿDQJ ÿѭӧFiSGөng rӝQJUmLÿӕi vӟLFiFORҥLFk\WUӗng cҥn ngҳQQJj\QKѭQJ{
FiFORҥLFk\UDXKRDFk\FҧQKFyJLiWUӏ [5]. Nhӡ sӱ dөng bҫXFiFKӝ Q{QJGkQ
FyWKӇ chuҭn bӏ Fk\FRQFk\JLӕQJÿ~QJWKӡi vө, giҧi quyӃWFiFNKyNKăQWKӡi
tiӃW NK{QJ WKӇ khҳc phөc khi gieo trӗQJ FiF ORҥL Fk\ WUӗng cҥQ +jQJ QăP ӣ
Qѭӟc ta cҫQKjQJWULӋXFk\JLӕQJÿӇ phөc vө trӗng mӟi: khoҧQJWUrQWULӋXFk\
ăQTXҧWUrQWULӋXFk\FKqJLkPFjQKYjWULӋXFk\JLӕQJOkPQJKLӋSĈӃn
QD\FK~QJWDPӟLÿiSӭQJÿѭӧc cho sҧn xuҩt khoҧng 50% sӕ OѭӧQJFk\JLӕng
ăQTXҧ, khoҧng 70% sӕ OѭӧQJFk\JLӕQJFKqYjFKӍ FyVӕ OѭӧQJFk\JLӕng
Q{QJQJKLӋSFyFKҩWOѭӧng tӕt [11].
Hҫu hӃWFiFORҥLFk\JLӕQJWUrQÿѭӧc sҧn xuҩt trong bҫXѭѫP7X\JLiEҫu
ѭѫPFKӍ chiӃm khoҧng 8 ± JLiEiQFk\JLӕnJQKѭQJQyFyêQJKƭDUҩt lӟn,
Yu Fy  EҫX ѭѫP WӕW Yj ELӋQ SKiS FKăP EyQ KӧS Ot VӁ tҥo ra nhӳQJ Fk\ JLӕng
khӓe, quyӃWÿӏQKQăQJVXҩWFk\WUӗQJVDXQj\
ViӋc sӱ dөng bҫXѭѫPVӁ JL~SKҥt giӕng nҧy mҫm nhanh, tӹ lӋ Qj\Pҫm
FDRKѫQ Tҥo rӉ YjJL~SQKDQKOLӅn sҽo vӟLFk\ÿѭӧFJLkPFjQKFk\FRQÿѭӧc
ѭѫP WURQJ EҫX ѭѫP KӳX Fѫ SKiW WULӇn vӟi bӝ rӉ khӓe mҥQK NKiQJ QJӯD VkX
bӋnh tӕt. Sҥch sӁ, tiӋn dөQJYjGӉ GjQJѭѫPFk\JLӕng kӇ cҧ vӟLQJѭӡi mӟi bҳt
ÿҫXYuEҫXѭѫPFyVҹn chҩWGLQKGѭӥng, giӳ ҭm tӕWYjFiFÿLӅu kiӋn tӵ QKLrQFҫn
thiӃt cho sӵ SKiWWULӇn cӫDFk\WUӗng. BҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫÿѭӧc thiӃt kӃ nhӓ gӑn vӟi
PjQJEDRYҧLNK{QJGӋWSKkQKӫy sinh hӑFQrQNKLWDÿHPÿLWUӗng NK{QJFҫn
phҧL[pWiFKPjQJOѭӟLYuQyÿѭӧc thiӃt kӃ ÿӇ rӉ Fk\PӑF[X\rQTXDGӉ GjQJYj
sӁ SKkQ hӫ\ WURQJ ÿҩt trӣ WKjQK FKҩW GLQK GѭӥQJ QX{L Fk\ VDX Qj\. ViӋc thay
KRjQWRjQEҫXѭѫPnilon truyӅn thӕng sӁ JL~SJLҧP{QKLӉPP{LWUѭӡng.
Ӣ Qѭӟc ta, phҫn lӟn bҫXѭѫPFzQQKLӅu mһt hҥn chӃ: thӇ trӑng lӟn, khҧ
QăQJJLӳ QѭӟFYjGLQKGѭӥQJNpPQJX\rQOLӋXNK{QJәQÿӏQK&KtQKYuYұ\QrQ
WKjQKSKҫn hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXOjPӝt trong nhӳQJQKkQWӕ quan trӑng ҧQKKѭӣng
rҩt lӟQÿӃQVLQKWUѭӣQJFk\FRQWURQJYѭӡQѭѫP>11]. Hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫu tӕt phҧi

2

ÿҧm bҧo nhӳQJÿLӅu kiӋQOêWtQKYjKyDWtQKJL~SFk\VLQKWUѭӣng khӓe mҥQKYj
nhanh. Mӝt hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫu nhҽ WKRiQJ NKt NKҧ QăQJ JLӳ QѭӟF FDR QKѭQJ
QJKqRFKҩWNKRiQJFNJQJNK{QJJL~SFk\SKiWWULӇn tӕt [7].
Ĉm Fy Pӝt sӕ F{QJ WUuQK QJKLrQ Fӭu vӅ bҫX ѭѫP KӳX Fѫ tu\ QKLrQ FiF
F{QJ WUuQK QJKLrQ Fӭu vӅ WKjQK SKҫn, tӍ lӋ phӕi trӝn loҥi bҫX ѭѫP KӳX Fѫ Vӱ
dөQJW~LEҫXOjPjQJFHOOXORVHKҫXQKѭFzQUҩWtW9jÿһt biӋWFKѭDFyQJKLrQ
cӭXÿiQKJLiKLӋu quҧ cӫa loҥi bҫXѭѫPQj\YӟLFk\WUӗng.
'RÿyFK~QJW{LOӵa chӑn thӵc hiӋQÿӅ WjL³1JKLrQFӭXWKjQKSKҫQWӍ
OӋSKӕLWUӝQEҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫYjӭQJGөQJWUrQFk\WUӗQJ´.
2. 0өFWLrXÿӅWjL
7UrQ Fѫ Vӣ ÿiQK JLi TXi WUuQK VLQK WUѭӣQJ SKiW WULӇQ FӫD Fk\ KRD &~F
WURQJEҫXѭѫPYӟLFiFF{QJWKӭFSKӕLWUӝQUXӝWEҫXNKiFQKDX[iFÿӏQKÿѭӧF
F{QJWKӭFSKӕLWUӝQUXӝWEҫXYӟLWKjQKSKҫQWӍOӋWKtFKKӧS.
éQJKƭDNKRDKӑFYjWKӵFWLӉQ
3.1éQJKƭDNKRDK͕F
KӃt quҧ QJKLrQFӭu cӫDÿӅ WjLFXQJFҩp dүn liӋu khoa hӑc vӅ WKjQKSKҫn,
tӍ lӋ phӕi trӝn bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫYjOjFѫVӣ khoa hӑc cho viӋc ӭng dөQJWURQJFk\
trӗQJQ{QJQJKLӋp.
3.2éQJKƭDWK͹FWL͍Q
KӃt quҧ QJKLrQFӭu cӫDÿӅ WjLVӁ bә VXQJWKrPWjLOLӋu khoa hӑc phөc vө
FKRQJKLrQFӭu khoa hӑc vӅ WKjQKSKҫn, tӍ lӋ phӕi trӝn bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫ
*ySSKҫn mang lҥi hiӋu quҧ kinh tӃ FKRFiFÿӏDSKѭѫQJKӝ JLDÿuQKNKL
sӱ dөng bҫXѭѫPKӳXFѫWURQJVҧn xuҩWQ{QJQJKLӋp.


3

3+1,,1,'81* 1*+,ầ1&8
&+1*71*48$17ơ,/,8
1.1. *LLWKLXYEXPKXF
9DLWUz FDEXPKXFWURQJVQ[XWQ{QJQJKLS
Hu hWFiFORLFk\WUQJWUFNKLDUDUXng sn xuWu qua giai
RQYQP*LDLRQQj\JL YDLWUzTXDQWUng trong viӋc cung cҩp cҩy
con giӕng phөc vө cho sҧn xuҩWVDXQj\1yҧQKKѭӣng rҩt lӟQÿӃQQăQJVXҩt sҧn
phҭm cuӕLFQJ[4].
BҫXѭѫPFk\ÿmYjÿDQJÿѭӧc sӱ dөng rҩt phә biӃn trong sҧn xuҩWQ{QJ±
lkm nghiӋSWUrQWKӃ giӟi QyLFKXQJYjWҥi ViӋW1DPQyLULrQJ ѬѫPFk\ FRQOj
F{QJWiFTXDQWUӑQJYjSKӭc tҥp. ChҩWOѭӧQJFk\FRQWӕt hay xҩu ҧQKKѭӣng trӵc
tiӃSÿӃn chҩWOѭӧQJYjQăQJVXҩt cӫa Fk\WUӗng. ViӋc sӱ dөng bҫXѭѫPVӁ JL~S
hҥt giӕng nҧy mҫm nhanh, tӹ lӋ Qj\PҫPFDRKѫQ Tҥo rӉ YjJL~SQKDQKOLӅn sҽo
vӟL Fk\ ÿѭӧF JLkP FjQK Fk\ FRQ ÿѭӧF ѭѫP WURQJ EҫX ѭѫP SKiW WULӇn mҥnh,
NKiQJ QJӯD VkX EӋnh tӕt WUiQK Ok\ ODQ VkX EӋnh, tҥR P{L WUѭӣng VLQK WUѭӣng
KRjQKҧRFKRFk\NKӓDKѫQ. BҫXѭѫPFyVҹn chҩWGLQKGѭӥng, giӳ ҭm tӕWYjFiF
ÿLӅu kiӋn tӵ QKLrQ Fҫn thiӃt cho sӵ SKiW WULӇn cӫD Fk\ WUӗng. BҫX ѭѫP KӳX Fѫ
ÿѭӧc thiӃt kӃ vӟi NtFK WKѭӟc nhӓ gӑQ QrQ Y{ FQJ GӉ GjQJ WURQJ YLӋc vұn
chuyӇQÿL[DTuy QKLrQFiFORҥi bҫu hiӋQQD\WKѭӡQJÿѭӧc chӭDWURQJFiFW~L
nilon, khay hoһc vӍ xӕp, bӏ giӟi hҥn vӅ NK{QJJLDQFKӭa.
&̭XW̩RE̯X˱˯P
1.1.2.1. V͗ b̯u
Vӓ bҫXOjNKX{QJLӳ cho ruӝt bҫXÿӏQKKuQKYjәQÿӏQK1rQFKӑn vӓ bҫu
NK{QJJk\Fҧn trӣ sӵ trao ÿәLQѭӟFYjNK{QJNKtYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJ[XQJTXDQKYj
NK{QJ OjP ÿӝc hҥL Yj PDQJ VkX EӋQK FKR Fk\ FRQ khi vұn chuyӇQ Fk\ FRQ
NK{QJEӏ vӥ bҫu, sau khi trӗng vӓ bҫXFyNKҧ QăQJWӵ hoҥi tӕWWURQJÿҩWQJX\rQ
liӋu rҿ tiӅn, tiӋn lӧi [3]&iFORҥi vӓ bҫu:
- Vӓ bҫu bҵQJ1LORQ3(
Ĉk\OjORҥi vӓ bҫu hiӋQQD\ÿDQJÿѭӧc sӱ dөng

rҩt phә biӃn ӣ nhiӅXFѫVӣ sҧn xuҩWFk\FRQWURQJFҧ Qѭӟc, bӣLYuWtQKѭXYLӋt


4

cӫD  Qy Oj EӅQ ÿӏQK KuQK ÿѭӧc ruӝt bҫu tӕt, gӑn, nhҽ NKL ÿyQJ Fk\ Yj Yұn
chuyӇQFk\ÿL[DWLӋn lӧLYjNK{QJGӉ vӥ7X\QKLrQKҥn chӃ lӟn nhҩt cӫa loҥi
vӓ bҫX Qj\ Oj NK{QJ Wӵ hoҥL ÿѭӧF WURQJ ÿҩt sau trӗQJ NKy WUDR ÿәL QѭӟF Yj
NK{QJNKtYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJErQQJRjLGӉ tҥo ra hiӋQWѭӧng bӭc nhiӋW.tFKWKѭӟc
W\WKXӝFYjRWXәLQX{LFk\Pjÿӏnh.
- Vӓ bҫu bҵQJÿҩWUѫP7KjQKSKҫn gӗPÿҩt thӏWSKkQFKXӗQJKRDLUѫP
rҥOkQ
ÿѭӧFGQJNKX{QÿyQJWKjQKYӓ FyNtFKWKѭӟFW\WKXӝFYjRWXәi cӫa
Fk\7ӹ lӋ SKDWU{QNJGҩWNJUѫPUҥ NJSKkQFKXӗng loҥLWURQJÿyFy
SKkQOkQ/Rҥi vӓ bҫXQj\FyWKjQKSKҫn chҩWGLQKGѭӥQJFKRFk\GӉ OѭX
WK{QJQѭӟFNK{QJNKtYұt liӋu sҹQ7X\QKLrQWKӡLJLDQQX{LFk\NK{QJÿѭӧc
OkXNKLYұn chuyӇQÿLWUӗng nһng nӅ, dӉ vӥ nӃXQX{LFk\OkXUӉ ÿkP[X\rQTXD
vӓ bҫu. Mӝt sӕ QѫL FzQ Vӱ dөng vӓ bҫu bҵng tre, nӭD ÿDQ &y WKӇ tұn dөng
ÿѭӧc nguӗQ QJX\rQ OLӋu sҹQ Fy WҥL ÿӏD SKѭѫQJ Yj WKӡL JLDQ QKjQ UӛL ÿӇ OjP
1JRjLUDWUrQWKӃ giӟi hiӋn nay mӝt sӕ QѭӟFWLrQWLӃQFzQVӱ dөng vӓ bҫu bҵng
giҩ\FyQKLӅu tiӋn lӧLVRQJJLiWKjQKFDRVRYӟLFiFORҥi vӓ bҫXNKiF
- Vӓ bҫu hӳX Fѫ ORҥi vӓ bҫX Qj\ ÿѭӧF OjP Wӯ WKkQ Oi phө phҭP Q{QJ
nghiӋS QJX\rQ OLӋu tӯ FiF Vҧn phҭm phө Q{QJ QJKLӋp dӗL GjR QKѭ UѫP Uҥ Yj
WKkQOiFk\WUӗng sau khi thu hoҥch. KӃt quҧ thӱ nghiӋPEDQÿҫu cho thҩy, loҥi
vӓ bҫu hӳXFѫFyWKӇ sӱ dөng tӕWÿӇ trӗQJFiFORҥLFk\KjQJQăPYjOjPEҫu cho
FiFORҥLFk\OkPQJKLӋp. Sӱ dөng vӓ bҫu hӳXFѫF{QJQJKLӋp FKRSKpSWtFKKӧp
nhiӅu tiӃn bӝ khoa hӑc kӻ thuұt mӟLQKѭVӱ dөQJELrQSKkQQpQFiFORҥLSKkQ
chұPWDQFiFORҥi chҩt giӳ Qѭӟc, giӳ ҭPFyWKӇ trӗng bҵQJPi\'RÿѭӧFWtFK
hӧSFiFF{QJQJKӋ, bҫu hӳXFѫF{QJQJKLӋSFyFiFѭXÿLӇPQKѭJLҧm sӕ lҫQEyQ
pKkQWѭӟLQѭӟc, vӟi mӝt sӕ loҥLFk\WUӗng ngҳQQJj\NK{QJFҫn phҧLEyQWK~F

sau khi ra bҫu.
1JRjL KDL ORҥi vӓ bҫX FKtQK ӣ Qѭӟc ta FzQ Vӱ dөng vӓ bҫX OjP Wӯ giҩy
hoһc gieo trӵc tiӃSWUrQNKD\ Fy Oӛ. Nhӳng loҥi bҫX Qj\ WKѭӡQJ tWVӱ dөng do
WtQKѭXYLӋt cӫa nyKҥn chӃ.
1.1.2.2. Ru͡t b̯u


5

Ruӝt bҫX Oj P{L WUѭӡng trӵc tiӃS QX{L Fk\ WKjQK SKҫn ruӝt bҫX WKѭӡng
gӗPÿҩWYjSKkQEyQĈҩWOjPUXӝt bҫXWKѭӡng sӱ dөQJÿҩWFyWKjQKSKҫQFѫ
giӟi nhҽ hoһFWUXQJEuQKSKkQEyQOjSKkQKӳXFѫÿmӫ KRDLSKkQYLVLQKYj
SKkQY{Fѫ7\WKHRWtQKFKҩWÿһFWtQKVLQKWKiLKӑc cӫDFk\FRQPjWӹ lӋ pha
trӝn hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXFKRSKKӧS9tGө: Hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXÿӇ JLHRѭѫPFk\
.HROjÿҩWSKkQFKXӗQJVXSHOkQ+ӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXѭѫPFD\0ӥ
OjÿҩWSKkQFKXӗng + ÿҩWKXQVXSHOkQĈҩWÿyQJEҫXQrQ
chӑQÿҩWFiWSKDKRһFÿҩt thӏt nhҽ ÿҩt tҫng mһWFyÿӝ sҩu tӯ 0 ± 30cm.
1JRjLUDFyUҩt nhiӅu loҥi hӛn hӧp ruӝt bҫXNKiFW\WKXӝc tӯng loҥi giӕng
Fk\WUӗng QKѭFiFFKҩt hӳXFѫÿmFKӃ biӃn tӯ phӃ liӋXQ{QJQJKLӋp QKѭYӓ lҥc,
PQFѭDPөQ[ѫGӯa, trҩu hun... Ĉӕi vӟi bҫXѭѫPFKRFk\[RjL3
ӣ SKtD
nam sӱ dөng bҫu gӗPFiFWKDQKSKҫQÿҩt + 50% mөn dӯa + 20% trҩu +
 SKkQ GѫL   OkQ
 ӣ SKtD BҳF  ÿҩt + 35% hӳX Fѫ   SKkQ
chuӗng). Ruӝt bҫXNK{QJQrQÿyQJTXiFKһt hoһFTXiOӓng, ruӝt bҫu phҧLÿҧm
bҧRÿӝ xӕSÿӝ ҭPĈӝ xӕp cӫa ruӝt bҫu 60 ± NtFKWKѭӟc bҫu phҧLSKKӧp
tuәLFk\QX{L>3].
1.2. 7KjQKSKҫQSKӕLWUӝQUXӝWEҫXѭѫP
7KDQVLQKK͕F%LRFKDU

Theo tә chӭc IBI (International Biochar Initiative ± 6iQJNLӃn Than sinh
hӑc Quӕc tӃ
WKuWKDQVLQKKӑFOjPӝt chҩt rҳQWKXÿѭӧc tӯ TXiWUuQKFDFERQKyD
sinh khӕi. Than sinh hӑFFyWKӇ ÿѭӧc bә VXQJYjRÿҩt vӟi mөFÿtFKFҧi thiӋQFiF
chӭFQăQJFӫDÿҩWYjJLҧm sӵ SKiWWKҧLFiFNKtQKjNtQK&K~QJFyêQJKƭDOӟn
trong viӋc cӕ ÿӏQK FDFERQ WKHR FKX WUuQK WXҫQ KRjQ Yұt chҩW FDFERQ WURQJ NKt
quyӇn [25]. %LRFKDU Oj Vҧn phҭm cӫD TXi WUuQK SKkQ Kӫy nhiӋt chҩt hӳX Fѫ ӣ
nhiӋWÿӝ FDRWURQJÿLӅu kiӋn yӃPNKtmӝt loҥi than rҩt xӕSÿѭӧFOjPWӯ vұt liӋu
hӳXFѫFyKҥt mӏQÿѭӧc sҧn xuҩt bҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSQKLӋWSKkQWӯ QJX\rQOLӋu
FyQJXӗn gӕc sinh khӕi thӵc vұt hay phө phҭPQ{QJQJKLӋSNKiFYӓ WKkQEҳp,
vӓ ÿұu phӑQJGăPJӛ, trҩXYjFҧ SKkQJLDV~FSKkQFҫP«
+LӋn nay nhiӅu
YQJ WUrQ NKҳp thӃ giӟL ÿm iS GөQJ EyQ WKDQ VLQK KӑF FKR ÿҩt, than sinh hӑc
ÿѭӧc sҧn xuҩt bҵQJSKѭѫQJ SKiSQKLӋW SKkQ ӣ nhiӋW ÿӝ tӯ 5500C - 7000C vӟi