smithells metals reference book 7e pptx

Smithells
SEmH
EDITION
EDITED BY
EA
BRANDES
&
GOBo
B
Smithells Metals Reference
Book

Smithells Metals Reference
Book
Seventh Edition
Edited
by
E.
A.
Brandes
CEng,
BSc(Lond),
ARCS,
FIM
and
G.
B.
Brook
DMet(She$),
FEng,
FIM

UTTERWORTH
EINEMANN
Butterw orth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford
OX2
8DP
225
Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA
01801-2041
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
-@A
member of the Reed Elsevier plc group
OXFORD AUCKLAND
BOSTON
JOHANNESBURG
MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
Fmt
published
1949
Second edition
1955
Third
edition
1962
Fourth
edition
1967
Fifth
edition
1976

Reprinted
1978
Sixth edition
1983
Seventh edition
1992
Paperback edition (with corrections)
1998,
1999
Q
Reed Educational and Pmfessiond Publishing Ltd
1992
All
rights
reserved.
No
part
of
this
publication
may
be
reproduced in any material
form
(including
photocopying
or
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in any medium by electronic
means and whether or not transiently

or
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to some other use
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holder
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Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988
or
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England WlP 9HE.
Applications
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permission
to reproduce any
part
of
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publication should
be
addressed
to the publishers
British
Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A
catalogue record for
tl&
book
is
available
from
the British Library
Library
of
Congress Cataloguing in Publication
Data
A
catalogue record for

this
book
is available from the Libmy of
Congress
ISBN
0 7506 3624 6
Printed and
bound
in Great Brihin by The Bath Press, Bath
Contents
Preface to the Seventh Edition
Acknowledgements
List of contributors
xv
xvi
xvii
1
Related specifications
1.1
Related specifications
Related specifications for steels
Related specifications for aluminium alloys
Related specifications for copper alloys
Related specifications for magnesium alloys
1-1
1-1
1-1
1-7
1-8
1-9

2
Introductory tables
2-
1
2.1
Conversion factors
2-1
SI
units
-
Conversion to and from
SI
units
-
Temperature conversions,
IPTS-49
to
IPTS-68
-
Corrosion conversion factors
-
Sieve
Nos
to
aperture
size
-
Temperature scale conversions
Algebra
-

Series
and progressions
-
Trigonometry
-
Mensuration
-
Co-
ordinate geometry
-
Calculus
2.2
Mathematical formulae
2-12
3
General physical and chemical constants
3-1
Atomic weights and atomic
numbers
-
General physical constants
-
Moments of inertia
-
Periodic system
Radioactive isotopes and radiation sources
Positron emitters
-
Beta energies and half-lives
-

Gamma energies and
half-lives
-
Nuclides for alpha, beta, gamma and neutron sources
3.1
3-5
4
X-ray analysis of metallic materials
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Excitation
of
X-rays
X-ray wavelengths
4.3
X-ray techniques
X-ray diffraction
-
Specific applications
-
Crystal geometry
4.4
X-ray results
Metal working
-
Crystal structure
-
Atomic and ionic radii
V

4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
1
4-36
vi
Contents
4.5
X-ray fluorescence
4.6
Radiation screening
Definitions
-
Concrete screening
-
Lead screening
442
444
5
Crystallography
5- 1
5.1
The structure
of
crystals
5-1
5.2
The Schoenflies system
of

point- and space-groups notation
5-3
5.3
The Hermann-Mauguin system of point- and space-group notation
5-3
Translation groups
-
Symmetry elements
-
The point group
-
The
space group
Notes on the space-group tables
6
Crystal chemistry
6.1
6.2
Structural details
Structures
of
metals, metalloids and their compounds
6-1
6-1
6-36
7
Metallurgically important minerals
7-1
7.1
Ore grades and sources

7-2
8
Thermochemical data
8-1
8.1
Symbols
8-1
8.2
Changes
of
phase
8-1
Elements
-
Intermetallic compounds
-
Metallurgically important
compounds
Elements
-
Intermetallic compounds
-
Selenides and tellurides
-
Intermetallic phases
Liquid binary metallic systems
Borides
-
Carbides
-

Nitrides
-
Silicides
-
Oxides
-
Sulphides
-
Halides
-
Silicates and carbonates
-
Compound (double) oxides
-
Phosphides
-
Phosphides dissociation pressures
-
Sulphides dissociation pressures
Elements
-
Alloy phases and intermetallic compounds
-
Borides
-
Carbides
-
Nitrides
-
Silicides

-
Oxides
-
Sulphides, selenides and
tellurides
-
Halides
Elements
-
Halides, oxides
8.3
Heat, entropy and
free
energy
of
formation
8-8
8.4
Metallic systems
of
unlimited mutual solubility
8-16
8.5
Metallurgically important compounds
8-21
8.6
Molar heat capacities and specific heats
8-41
8.7
Vapour pressures

8-54
9
Physical properties
of
molten salts
9-1
9.1
Density of pure molten salts
9-1
9.2
Densities
of
molten salt systems
9-7
9.3
9-19
9.5
Electrical conductivity
of
molten salt systems
9-28
Density
of
some solid inorganic compounds at room temperature
9.4
Electrical conductivity
of
pure molten salts
9-20
Contents

vii
9.6
Surface tension of pure molten salts
9.7
Surface tension of binary molten salt systems
9.8
Viscosity of pure molten salts
9.9
Viscosity of molten binary salt systems
942
945
9-5
1
9-52
10
Metallography
10-1
10.1
Macroscopic examination
10-1
10.2
Microscopic examination
10-1
Etching reagents for macroscopic examination
-
Plastic for mounting
-
Attack polishing
-
Electrolytic polishing solutions

-
Reagents for
chemical polishing
-
Etching
-
Colour etching
-
Etching for
dislocations
Aluminium
-
Antimony and bismuth
-
Beryllium
-
Cadmium
-
Chromium
-
Cobalt
-
Copper
-
Gold
-
Indium
-
Iron
and steel

-
Cast iron
-
Lead
-
Magnesium
-
Molybdenum
-
Nickel
-
Niobium
-
Platinum group metals
-
Silicon
-
Silver
-
Tantalum
-
Tin
-
Titanium
-
Tungsten
-
Uranium
-
Zinc

-
Zirconium
-
Bearing metals
-
Cemented carbides and other hard alloys
-
Powdered and sintered metals
Transmission electron microscopy
-
Extraction
-
Replica techniques for
industrial alloys
-
Thin
foil techniques for industrial alloys
-
Scanning
electron microscopy
-
Electron spectroscopy
10.3
Metallographic methods for specific metals
10-22
10.4
Electron metallography
1M2
10.5
Quantitative image analysis

1M9
10.6
Scanning acoustic microscopy
10-70
11
Equilibrium diagrams
11-1
1
1.1
1
1.2
Equilibrium diagrams
11.3
Acknowledgements
11.4
Ternary and higher systems
Index of binary diagrams
Binary systems
11-1
11-7
11486
11496
12
Gas-metal systems
12-1
12.1
The solution of
gases
in metals
12-1

Dilute solutions
of
diatomic
gases
-
Complex @-metal
systems
-
Solutions of hydrogen
-
Solutions of nitrogen
-
Solutions of oxygen
-
Solutions
of the noble
gases
-
Theoretical and practical aspects of
gas-
metal equilibria
13
Diffusion in metals
13-1
13.1
Introduction
13-1
13.2
Methods of measuring
D

13-4
Steady-state methods
-
Non-steady-state methods
-
Indirect
methods,
not based on Fick’s
laws
13.3
Mechanisms of diffusion
13-7
Selfdiffusion in solid elements
-
Tracer impurity diffusion coefficients
-
Diflusion in
homogeneous
alloys
13.4
Chemical diffusion coefficient measurements
13-70
viii
Contents
13.5
Grain boundary self-dimusion
13.6
Self-diffusion in liquid metals
13-116
13-118

14
General physical properties
14-1
14.1
The physical properties
of
pure metals
Physical properties
of
pure metals at normal temperatures
-
Physical
properties
of
pure metals at elevated temperatures
14.2
The physical properties
of
liquid metals
Density
-
Surface tension
-
Viscosity
-
Specific heat, thermal
conductivity and electrical resistivity
Aluminium alloys at normal temperatures
14.3
The physical properties

of
aluminium and aluminium alloys
14.4
The physical properties
of
copper and copper alloys
14.5
The physical properties
of
magnesium and magnesium alloys
14.6
The physical properties of nickel and nickel alloys
14.7
The physical properties of titanium and titanium alloys
14.8
The physical properties of zinc and zinc alloys
14.9
The physical properties of zirconium alloys
14.10
The physical properties
of
pure tin
14.11
The physical properties of steels
Normal and elevated temperatures
-
Low temperature properties
of
steels
14-1

14-45
14-14
14-16
14-19
1422
14-25
14-26
1426
14-26
14-27
15
Elastic properties, damping capacity
and
shape
memory alloys
15-1
15.1
Elastic properties
15-1
Elastic constants
of
polycrystalline metals
-
Young's modulus
-
Rigidity modulus
-
Bulk modulus
-
Poisson's ratio

-
Elastic compliances and elastic stiffnesses
of
single crystals
-
Room temperature
-
Cubic systems
-
Hexagonal systems
-
Trigonal
systems
-
Tetragonal systems
-
Orthorhombic systems
Specific damping capacity of commercial alloys
-
Anelastic damping
Mechanical properties of shape memory alloys
-
Compositions and
transformation temperatures
-
Titanium-nickel shape memory alloy
properties
15.2
Damping capacity
154

15.3
Shape memory alloys
15-36
16
Temperature measurement
and
thermoelectric properties
161
16.1
Temperature measurement
161
16.2
Thermocoude reference tables
16-4
Fixed
points of
ITS90
-
Thermal electromotive force
of
elements and
some binary alloys
-
Absolute thermoelectric power
17
Radiating properties
of
metals
17-1
Total and spectra emissivity

-
Temperature measurement and emissivity
-
Emissivity values, spectral and total
-
Emissivity
of
oxidized metals
Contents
ix
18
Electron emission
18-1
18.1
Thermionic emission 18-1
Elements
-
Adsorbed layers
-
Refractory metal compounds
-
Practical
cathodes
Photoelectric work functions
-
Emitting surfaces
Emission coefficients
-
Oxidized alloys
-

Photocells
-
Insulating metal
compounds
18.2 Photoelectric emission 18-4
18.3 Secondary emission 18-5
18.4 Auger emission 18-7
18.5
Electron emission under positive ion bombardment
18-8
18.6 Field emission 18-9
19
Electrical properties
19-1
19.1 Resistivity 19-1
19.2 Superconductivity 19-7
Pure metals
-
Alloys
-
Specific copper alloys
-
EC
aluminium
Transition temperatures and critical fields
of
elements
-
Superconducting compounds
20

Magnetic materials and their properties
20.1 Magnetic materials
20.2 Permanent magnetic materials
Steels
-
cast irons
-
Alnico alloys
-
Ferrites
-
Rare earths and cobalt
alloys
-
Neodymiun
iron
boron
-
Bonded materials
Silicon iron alloys
-
Ferrites
-
Garnets
-
Nickel iron alloys
-
Amorphous alloy materials
20.3 Magnetically soft materials
20.4 High saturation and constant permeability alloys

20.5 Magnetic powder core materials
20.6 Magnetic temperature compensating materials
20.7
Non magnetic steels and cast irons
-
Units and definitions
20-1
20-1
2&2
20-9
20-1 7
20-17
20-17
20-18
21 Mechanical testing
21-1
21.1 Hardness testing 21-1
Brinell
-
Rockwell
-
Rockwell superficial hardness
-
Vickers
-
Micro-
hardness
-
Hardness conversion tables
Test piece dimensions

-
standards
21.2 Tensile testing 21-8
21.3 Impact testing
of
notched bars 21-10
Izod
-
Charpy 21-10
21.4 Plane strain fracture toughness testing 21-12
Test pieces
-
Calculation and interpretation of results
-
Plane stress
COD
-
Recording test results
x
Contents
22
Mechanical properties
of
metals and alloys
22-1
22.1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys
Alloy and temper designation system
-
Mechanical properties at room,
elevated and low temperatures

-
Creep and fatigue
Standard specifications
-
Mechanical properties at room, elevated and
low temperature
-
Fatigue
-
Impact
-
Creep
-
Tough
pitch copper
-
Silver alloys
22.2 Copper and copper alloys
22.3 Lead and lead alloys
22.4 Magnesium and magnesium alloys
Mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures
-
Creep
-
Fatigue
-
Impact
-
Heat treatments
Standard specifications

-
Mechanical properties at room, elevated and
cryogenic temperatures
-
Fatigue
-
Creep
Specifications
-
Mechanical properties at room, elevated and low
temperatures
-
Creep
-
Fatigue
-
Impact
Mechanical properties at room temperature
Mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures
22.5 Nickel and nickel alloys
22.6 Titanium and titanium alloys
22.7 Zinc and zinc alloys
22.8 Zirconium and zirconium alloys
22.9 Tin and its alloys
22.10 Steels
Mechanical properties forged and rolled room temperature
-
Micro
alloyed
-

Hot tensile
-
Fatigue
-
Creep
-
Sub
zero
-
Tool
steels
22.11 Other metals of industrial importance
22.12 Bearing metals
22-1
22-26
2248
22-5 1
22-65
22-82
22-94
22-94
22-96
22-100
22-159
22-162
23
Sintered materials
23.1 The PM process
23.2 The products
23.3 Manufacture and properties of powders

23.4 Properties of powder compacts
23.5 Sintering
23.6 Ferrous components
23.7 Copper based components
23.8 Aluminium components
23.10 Mechanical properties
of
sintered components
23.11 Heat treatment
of
sintered steels
23.12 Case hardening
of
sintered steels
23.13 Steam treatments
23.14 Wrought PM materials
23.15 Spray forming
23.16 Injection moulding
22.17 Hard metals
23-1
23-1
23-1
23-2
234
23-4
23-7
23-1
1
23-1
1

23-12
23-14
23-14
23-22
23-22
23-26
23-27
23-28
24
Lubricants
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Friction, wear and boundary lubrication
24.3 Characteristics
of
lubricating oils
Viscosity
-
Boundary lubrication
-
Chemical stability
-
Physical
properties
24.4 Mineral oils
24-1
24-1
24-1
24-2
24-3
24.5

24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9
Emulsions
Water-based lubricants
Synthetic oils
Greases
Oil additives
Contents
xi
24-6
24-6
24-6
24-8
24-10
25
Friction and
wear
25-1
25.1
Friction
25-1
Unlubricated
-
Static
-
Very hard solids
-
Sliding

-
Polymers
-
Lubricated surfaces
Definitions
-
Wear resistant materials
-
Materials for abrasion
resistance
-
Wear rates
-
Hardfacings
-
Ceramics
-
Carbide composites
-
Wear performance
-
Erosive wear
-
Cavitation erosion
25.2
Wear
25-9
26
Casting alloys and foundry data
261

26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
Casting techniques
Patterns
-
Crucibles
-
Fluxing
Contraction allowances
-
Materials
-
Dressings
-
Fluxing and
inoculation
Aluminium alloys
Copper base alloys
Nickel base alloys
Magnesium alloys
Zinc base alloys
Steel castings
Casting characteristics

-
Heat treatment
-
Typical properties
-
Pressure purposes
-
Weldable tubes
-
Aerospace
-
Investment cast
Classification
-
Typical analysis
-
Properties
-
Pig irons
-
Alloying
elements
-
Microconstituents
-
Malleable iron
-
Nodular iron
-
Compacted iron

-
Special purpose irons
Cast irons
26-1
26-10
26-20
26-32
26-44
2648
2660
26-62
26-74
27
Engineering ceramics and refractory materials
27-1
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5
27.6
27.7
27.8
Physical and mechanical properties of engineering ceramics
Prepared but unshaped refractory materials
Aluminous cements
Castable materials
Mouldable materials
Ramming materials
Gunning materials

Design of refractory linings
27-1
27-6
27-7
27-12
27-12
27-12
27-12
27-12
28
Fuels
28-1
28.1
Coal
28.2
Metallurgical cokes
28.3
Gaseous fuels, liquid fuels and energy requirements
Liquid fuels
-
Gaseous fuels
-
Energy data
28-1
28-9
28-15
xii
Contents
29
Heat treatment

29-1
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
Chemistry of controlled atmosphere processes
29-1
Heat treatment equipment
29-5
Steel
-
Normalizing
-
Hardening
-
Case hardening
-
Carburizing
-
Nitriding
29-7
Cast iron
-
Malleabilizing
-
Nodular

29-17
Aluminium alloys
-
Annealing
-
Stabilizing
-
Hardening
29-17
Copper alloys
-
Environments
-
Annealing
-
Stress relief
29-20
29-21
Nickel and cobalt alloys
29-23
Magnesium alloys
-
Safety
-
Environment
-
Casting alloys
30
Laser metal
working

30.1
Introduction
30.2
Lasers
-
Basic principles
30.3
Process considerations
30.4
Cutting
30.5
Drilling and engraving
30.6
Welding
30.7
Transformation hardening
30.8
Surface cladding and alloying
30.9
Safety
30.10
Bibliography
30-1
30-1
30-1
304
30-7
3&9
30-10
30-12

30-13
30-13
3&14
-
31
Guide
to corrosion control
31.1
Introduction
31.2
Bimetallic corrosion
31.3
Crevice corrosion
31.4
Corrosion/erosion resistant materials
31.5
Cavitation
31.6
Corrosion fatigue
31.7
Stress corrosion cracking
3 1.8
Hydrogen embrittlement
3 1.9
Fracture toughness under corrosive conditions
31.10
Atmospheric corrosion
31.11
High temperature oxidation resistance
31.12

Contact corrosion
Types
-
Environments
-
Accelerating factors
31-1
31-1
31-3
31-5
31-5
31-6
31-8
31-7
31-9
31-10
31-12
31-13
31-13
32
Electroplating and metal finishing
32.1
Polishing compositions
32.2
Cleaning and pickling processes
32.3
Anodizing and plating processes
32.4
Electroplating process
32.5

32.6
Electroplating process parameters
32.7
Miscellaneous coating processes
32.8
Plating formulae for non-conducting surfaces
32.9
Methods
of
stripping electroplated coatings
32.10
Conversion coating processes
Phosphating
-
Chromating
-
Colouring
32.11
Glossary
of
trade names for coating processes
Plating processes for magnesium alloys
32-1
32-1
32-2
32-7
32-9
32-17
32-18
32-19

32-20
32-21
32-22
32-24
Contents
xiii
33
Welding
33-1
33.1
Introduction
33.2 Glossary of welding terms
33.3
Resistance welding
33.4 Friction welding
33.5 Fusion welding
33.6 British standards relating
to
welding
33-1
33-1
33-5
33-10
33-13
33-40
34
Soldering
and
brazing
34.1

Introduction
34.2 Quality assurance
34.3 Soldering
34.4 Brazing
34.5 Bibliography
34-1
341
34-1
34-2
34-9
34-14
35
Vapoar deposited coatings
35.1 Physical vapour deposition
35.2 Chemical vapour deposition
Evaporation
-
Sputter plating
-
Ion cleaning
Elements
-
Oxides
-
Nitrides
-
Carbides
35-1
35-1
35-2

36
Superplasticity
36-1
Non-ferrous systems
-
Iron and steel systems
-
Powdered material
systems
37
Metal-matrix composites
37-1
Index
I-
1

Preface to the Seventh Edition
This edition has been prepared with major assistance from co-editor
G.
B.
Brook. The general
presentation of previous editions has been retained and
SI
units have been
used
throughout.
The values for formulations given are selected by the contributors as the most reliable but for
a particular review the reader should consult the references. In the case of mechanical properties
data the values are for general guidance only; for design purposes it is essential to consult the
relevant specifications.

To minimize bulk, the First Aid section has been omitted but a new chapter on related
specifications has been added.
Also
added
is
a chapter on Metal-Matrix Composites.
The Equilibrium Diagrams section has been considerably updated and extended and the Magnetic
Materials, Sintered Materials, Heat Treatment, Engineering Ceramics, Soldering and Brazing,
Shape Memory, X-ray Analysis
of
Metallic Materials and
Lasers
have been rewritten.
Other chapters have been reviewed and updated as required.
E.A.B.
Chalfont
St
Peter,
Bucks
Acknowledgements
Assistance given by the following organizations is gratefully acknowledged:
British Ceramic Research Ltd
Bureau International des Poi& et Mksures
Copper Development Association
Culham Labs UKAEA
Fulmer Research Institute Ltd
Imperial College of Science and Technology
IMI Titanium Ltd
International Tin Research Institute
Lead and Zinc Development Association

Magnesium Elektron Ltd
Manganese Centre
Amersham International
University of Birmingham
University
of
Dundee
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
The Editors and Publishers thank all those who have authorized the reproduction of diagrams
and tables and in particular the following:
American Society for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio
American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
British Standards Institute, London
Institute of Gas Engineers, London
Genium Publications Cop,
N.Y.
International Atomic Energy, Vienna
Maraw-Hill
Book
Co Inc., New York
Contributors
Editors
E.
A.
Braodes,
CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM
G.
B.
Brook,
DMet(Sheff), FEng, FIM

Contributors to this edition Chapter
L.
C.
Archibald,
BSc(Nott), PhD
B.
J.
Boden,
CEng, BSc, PhD(Nott), MIM, FRIC, FICorrT
E.
A.
Braodes,
CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM
G.
B.
Brook,
DMet(Sheff), FEng, FIM
N.
J.
Archer,
BA(Cantab), PhD
35
32
31
1,
2, 3,
11,
14.1,
6,
10,

14.3, 14.6,
15.2, 15.3, 22.1,
22.5, 22.11, 36, 37
14.4, 22.2,
34
22.10, 29.3-29.8
V.
A.
Cahtt,
CEng, FIM, MIQA
J.Campbell,
MA(Cantab), MMet(ShcE), PhD(Birm), DEng(Birm), FEng, FIM,
14.2, 26
W.
C.
Campbell-Heaelwood,
CEng, BSc, FIMC, FIM, FInstP, FINDT
14.11
S
K.
Cbatterjee,
CEng, BSc(Calc), FIM
22.9
A.
R.
Chivers,
MA
14.8, 22.7
20
J.

W.
Cotton,
BSc, FICeram
27
21
A.
G.
Dowsoo,
CEng, MA, PhD, FIM
23
M.
Fidao,
BSc, MInstP
3.1, 4.7
15.1
P.
J.
Foster,
CEng, BSc Tech, PhD, MIChE, MInstE
28
T.
I.
Fowle,
BSc(Eng), FIMechE
24
R
Freeman,
BSc(Lond), MInstP
19
33

A.
M.
Gothrie,
CEng, BSc(Wales), MIM
29.2
B.
H.
Haasoo,
BSc(Lond)
14.7, 14.9, 22.6,
22.8
B.
A.
Hatt,
MSc(Lond)
4.14.6
D.
Inman,
CEng, BSc(Lond), PhD, DSc, DHonsCausa, MIMM, FRSC
9
R.
0.
Jdm,
ARCS, DIC, PhD, FInstP
18
J.
F.
J&g,
CEng, BSc, MIM
14.5, 22.4

A.
D.
Leclaire,
BA(Cantab), FInstP
13
J.
H.
Megaw,
BSc(Qub), PhD, MInstP
30
25
7
16
8
12
14.8, 22.7
5
17
G.
R.
Campbell
22.12
FIBF
A.
G.
Clegg,
MSc(Lond), PhD
M.
Deighton,
CEng, BSc(Dunelm), PhD, MIM

I.
Fitep.trick,
CEng, BSc, PhD(Manc)
T.
G. Gooch,
BSc(Lond), MSc(Eng), PhD, FWeldI
M.
A.
Moore,
CEng, BSc(Met) (Wales), PhD
A.
Page,
BSc, PhD(Lond), DIC
T.
J.
Quino,
BSc, DPhil, MInstP
R
A.
Sbelton,
CEng, BSc(Lond), PhD, AMIMM
R.
Smith,
BSc(Birm), MINucE
22.3
A.
J.
Wall,
B$c, PhD
M.

J.
Wheeler,
BTech, PhD, FInstP
D.
E.
J.
Talbot,
CEng, MSc(Wales), MIM
N.
A.
Waterman,
CEng, BSc(Wales), PhD, MIM, MInstP
Xvii

1
Related specifications
Tables of related specifications are a guide to correspondence and should not
be
taken as exact
equivalents.
In
all cases of doubt the national specification should be consulted. For more detail
the references
in
some cases give more information.
Unified number designations-UNS are five-digit numbers prefixed by a letter that characterizes
the alloy system as shown below.
UNS Letter Designation'
A
C

u
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
NI
N
P
R
S
T
W
Aluminium and aluminium alloys
Copper and copper alloys
Specified mechanical properties steels
Rare earth and rare earth like metals and alloys
Cast irons and cast steels
AISI and SAE carbon and alloy steels
Cast steels (except tool steels)
Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys
Low melting metals and alloys
Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys
Nickel and nickel alloys
Precious metals and alloys
Reactive and refractory metals and alloys
Heat and corrosion resistant (stainless) steels
Tool

steels
Welding filler metals
AISI H-steels
gelated specifications for steels are given for seven countries
in
Table
1.1
with subsections for steels
of
different types. For cast aluminium alloys
see
Table 22.1 and for wrought aluminium alloys
Table 1.2. Table
1.3
gives related copper alloy specifications subdivided into high-conductivity
copper, brasses and nickel silvers. Magnesium cast and wrought are in Table
1.4,
while
for
nickel
alloys Table 22.26 and for titanium alloys Table 22.32 can
be
used.
Table
1.1
RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL
1.1.1
Carbon
steels
Nominal

BS970
AISIISAE
composition
(En)
(UN9
UK
USA
W.
Germany
France
DIN
AFNOR (WkNo.)
C
<
0.06
Mn
<
0.3
CS0.08
Mn0.2/0.4
c
G
0.08
MnO.
110.4
CGO.08
Mn0.4J0.6
CO.OS/O. 13
MnO.Sl0.7
015A03

1005
(G10050)
030A04
1006
(G10060)
MA04 1008
(2A, 2B) (G10080)
050A04 M1008
(ClOOSO)
060A10 1011
(G10110)
Fd5 D6-2
-
D7-1
FdTu2
UQ
St36
Fd3
U
St14
XClO
U
St36
(1.03 14)
(1.0313)
(1.0204)
(1.0336)
(1.0203)
Japan
JIS

G405145
-
-
-
SPHTl
SBC
Sweden
SIS
14 11 60
-
-
14 12
25
14 13
32
USSR
GOST
IOS&-M)
1-2
Related specijications
Table
1.1
RELATED SPECIFICATIONS
OF
STEEL-continued
UK
USA
W.
Germany Japan USSR
Nominal

BS970
AISIISAE France DIN JIS Sweden GOST
composition (En) (UNA') AFNOR
(Wk
No.)
G4051-65
SIS
105060
C0.1/0.15 MOA12
Mn0.3/0.5
CO.13/0.18 080A15
Mn0.7/0.9 080M15
C0.15/0.2 040A17
Mn0.3/0.6
CO.18/0.23 050A20
Mn0.4/0.6 (2C, 2D)
C0.25/0.3 080A27
Mn0.7/0.9
(5A)
C0.28/0.3 080A30
Mn0.7/0.9 (5B)
CO.33/0.38 080A35
Mn0.7/0.9 (8A)
C0.38/0.43 080A40
Mn0.7/0.9 (8C)
C0.43/0.5 080M46
Mn0.6/1
.O
C0.45/0.55 OXOM50
Mn0.6;l

.O
C0.6/0.65 080A62
Mn0.5/0.7 (43D)
C0.7/0.75 080A72
Mn0.7/0.9
CO.7/0.9 080A83
Mn0.7/0.9
C0.95/1.05 060A99
Mn0.5/0.7
1012
(G10120)
1016
(G10160)
1017
(G10170)
1020
(G10200)
1029
(G10290)
1030
(G10300)
1035
(G10350)
1040
(G10400)
1045
(G10450)
1050
(G10500)
1060

(G10600)
1070
(G10700)
1080
(G10800)
1095
1.1.2 Carbon-higher manganese steels
Nominal
BS970
AISIISAE
composition
(En)
(UNA')
UK
USA
xc12
AF37C12
XC18
c20
-
-
XC32
XC42H1
XC4Wl
xc45
-
xc60
XC68
xc75
XClOO

France
AFNOR
CklO
(1.1121)
Rst44.2
(1.0419/01)
Ck15
(1.1141)
C22
(1.0402)
-
cq35
(1.1172)
Ck34
(1.1181)
Ck40
(1.1 186)
Ck45
(1.1191)
Ck50
(1.1206)
Ck60
(1.1221)
Ck67
(1.1231)
Ck75
(1.1248)
CklOl
(1.1274)
W.

Germany
DIN
(
Wk
No.)
-
SM58
-
-
S28C
s30c
s35c
s4oc
s45c
-
S58C
-
-
SUP4
Japan
JIS
-
13
50
-
14
50
-
-
15

12
-
16 72
-
16 78
17 70
17 74
17 78
18 70
Sweden
G4051-65
SIS
-
-
-
20
-
30/m
35
40
45
50
60,60G
-
-
-
USSR
GOST
105O-60
CO.15/0.23 120M19

Mn1.0/1.4
CO.15/0.23 150M19
Mn1.35/1.7 (14Aj14B)
C0.24/0.32 120M28
Mn1.0/1.4
C0.24/0.32 150M28
Mn1.3/1.7 (14A/14B)
C0.32/0.40 120M36
Mn1.0/1.4 (15B)
1.1.3 Carbon-free cutting
UK
Nominal
BS970
composition
(En)
1518
(G15180)
1524
(G15240)
1526
(G15260)
1527
1536
(G15360)
steels
USA
AISIISAE
(UNA')
20M5 20Mn6
(1.1169)

-
-
-
GS-24Mn4
20M5 20M6
35M5 36Mn5
(1.1136)
(1.1 170)
(1.1167)
W.
Germany
France
DIN
AFNOR
(Wk
No.)
SMnC420
-
SCMnl
-
2120 3562
35GL
Japan
JIS
Sweden
G4051-65
SIS
18G2
18G2S
-

USSR
GOST
105060
Ci0.15 220M07 1212 S250 96Mn28 SUM21 14 19 12
-
Mn0.9/1.3 (1A) (1.01715)
C<0.15 240M07
-
S3OOPb 96Mn36 SUM25
-
-
Mnl
.
l/
1.5 5300 (1.0736)
C0.24/0.32 216M28
- - -
SUM41
-
-
Mn1.1/1.5
Related
spcijications
1-3
Table
1.1
RELATED SPECIFICATIONS OF
STEEL-continued
UK
USA

W.
Germany Japan
USSR
Nominal
BS970
AISl/SAE France DIN
JIS
Sweden
GOST
composition
(En)
(UNS) AFNOR
(Wk
No.)
G4051-65
SIS
1050-60
1957
-
C0.32/0.4 212M36 1140 35MF36
35920
-
C0.40/0.48 212M44
1144 45MF6 45920
_.
-
Mn1.0/1.4 (8M) (G11400) (1.0726)
Mn1.0/1.4 (8M) (G11440) (1,0727)
1973
-

1.1.4 Direct-hardening
alloy
steels
UK
USA
W.
Germany Japan
USSR
Nominal
BS970
AISI,/SAE France
DIN
JIS
Swe&n
GOST
composition
(En)
(UNQ AFNOR
(WkNo.) G405I45
SIS
1050-60
C0.36/0.44
Mn0.7/1
.O
Ni0.7/1.0
C0.410.45
Mn0:7/1.0
NiO.7/1
.O
CO.55/0.65

Mn0.5/0.8
C0.36/0.44
Mn0.6/0.9
cno.s/o.s
503M40
-
(12)
(12C)
503M45

426M60
(11) 5160
53011140 5130/2/5
(18 %A-D) 5140
Cr0.911.2
C0.95/1.1 535.499
Mn0.4/0.7 (31)
Crl.2p.6
C0.26/0.6 605M30/36
Mn1.3/1.7 (16
&
16D)
Mo0.22/0.32 Water
C0.36/0.44 64OM4O
Mn0.6/0.9 (111)
Ni1.1/1.5
C0.33/0.44 MA35
Rest
as
&OM40

CO.2710.35 653M31
Mn0.45/0.7 (23)
CrO.9f1.2
Ni2.75/3.25
C0.36/0.44 708M40
Mn0.7fl.O (19A)
CrO.9/1.2
Mo0.15/0.25
CO.35/0.4 708.437
Mn0.7/0.9 (19B)
CrO.9/1.2
MOO. 15/0.25
C0.4/0.45 708.442
Mn0.75/1.0 (19C)
Mo0.15/0.25
C0.2/0.28 722M24
Mn0.4510.7
(40B)
Mo0.45/0.65
hardening
Cr0.5/0.8
Cro.9f1.2
cr3j3.5
E52100
4032/7
(G40320/70)
40N3
40N3
-
32C4

38C4
100c6
18MD4.05
3140
3130

4137140
4135137
4142148

-_
30NC6
30NC11
42CD4
35CD4
42CD4
30CD
12

-

38Cr2 SCr2 142245 30KHRA
(1.7033/5) 35KHA
100Cr2 SCr5 1422 58 KH
(1.3505) SHKHl5iR
13MnMo6 5
-
(1.5426)
40KH
4ONiCr6 SNCl

-
40KHlr;
36NiCr6
-
-
__
(1.5710)
31NiCr14
-
14
25
34 3OKNKBA
(1.5755)
42CrMo4
-
14
22 34 35KHM
(1.7225)
CS-34CrMo4 SCM3H 14 22 34 34KHN
(1.7220)
50CrMo4 SCM4H 142232
-
(1.7228)
-
32CrMo12
-
-
(1.7361)
1-4
Related specijkations

Table
1.1
RELATED
SPECIFICATIONS
OF
STl?l?L-conrinued
UK
USA
W.
Germany Japan
USSR
Nominal
BS970
AISI/SAE
France
DIN
JIS
Sweden
GOST
composition
(En)
(UNS)
AFNOR
(Wk
No.)
G405145
SIS
1050-60
C0.36/0.44 816M40
Mn0.45/0.7 (110)

Cr1/1.4
Ni1.3/1.7
Mo0.1/0.2
C0.36/0.44 817M40
Mn0.45/0.7 (24)
Crl/l.4
Ni1.3/1.7
Mo0.2/0.35
C027/0.35 826M31
Mn0.4510.7 (25)
CrO.5/0.8
Ni2.3/2.8
MoO.45/0.65
C0.27/0.35 830M31
MnO.45/0.7 (27)
Ni2.7513.25
Mo0.25/0.35
C0.26/0.34 835M30
Mn0.45/0.7 (30B)
Cr 1
.l/
1.4
Ni3.9/4.3
Mo0.2/0.35
C0.27/0.35 905M31
Mn0.4/0.65 (41A)
Cr1.4/1.8 Nitriding
Ni3.9/4.3
A10.9/1.3
cro.9/1.2

4340 35NCD6 36CrNiMo4
-
142541 40KHMA
(1.651 1/82)
34CrNiMo6 SNCH9
-
40KNMNA
(1.6582)
-
-
32NiCrMo104 SNCMZ
-
38KHN3MA
(1.6743)
-
30NCD12/15 32NiCrMo145
SNCM5
14
25
34
-
(1.6746)
-
35NCD16 30NiCrMo166 SMCM25
-
-
(1.6747)
AMS6470E 30CAD6-12 34CrA16
(1.8504)
-

14 29
40
38KHMYUA
1.1.5 Case hardening
steels
UK
USA
W.
Germany Japan
USSR
Nominal
BS970
AISI/SAE France DIN
JIS
Sweden
GOST
composition
(En)
(UNS)
AFNOR
(Wk
No.)
G405145
SIS
1050-60
C0.12/0.17 523A14
Mn0.3/0.5 (206)
CrO.3/0.5
CO.17/0.22 527A19
Mn0.7/0.9

(207)
CrO.7/0.9
C0.14/0.2 637M17
Mn0.6/0.9 (352)
CrO.6/1
Ni0.85/1.25
CO.l/O.l6 655M13
Mn0.35/0.6 (36A)
CrO.7/1
Ni313.75
C0.13/0.18 659M 15
Mn0.3/0.5 (39A)
Crlp.3
Ni3.9/4.3
C0.14/0.2 655H17
Mn0.35/0.75 (34)
Mo0.210.3
Ni1.512
CO.2/026 655A22
Mn0.35/0.75 655M23
Mo0.2/0.3
(35
&
35A)
Ni1.5/2.0
5015
18C3 15Cr3 G4104
(1.7015)
5120 18C3 2OMnCrS
(1.7147) SO22

-
16NCD5
-
-
3316 12NC15 14NiCr 14
(1.5752)
-
-
12NC15 14NiCr18
-
(1.5860)
4617 20NDB
-
-
4620
20ndb
-
-
-
20KH
-
20khn
-
12KHN3A
-
-
15NMA
14 25
20
-

20NM
Related
specijicntions
1-5
Table
1.1
RELATED
SPECIFICATIONS
OF
STEEt conrinued
UK
USA
W.
Germany Japan
USSR
Nominal
BS970
AISIISAE
France
DIN JIS Sweden
GOST
composition (En) (UNSJ
AFNOR
(Wk
NO.)
G4051-65
SIS
l050dO
C0.14/0.2 805M17
Mn0.6/0.95 (361)

Cr0.35/0.65
MOO. 15/0.25
Ni0.35/0.75
C0.17/0.23 805M20
Mn0.6/0.95 (362)
Cr0.35/0.65
MOO.
15/0.25
Ni0.35/0.75
C0.22/0.28 805M25
Mn0.6/0.95 (363)
CrO.35/0.75
MOO. 15/0.25
Ni0.35/0.75
C0.14/0.2 81511117
Mn0.6/0.9 (353)
CrO.8/1.2
Mo0.1/0.2
Nil .2/1.7
CO.14/0.2 820M17
Mn0.6j0.9 (354)
MoO.l/O.2
Nil.512
C0.1/0.16 832M13
Mn0.35/0.6 (36C)
Mo0.1/0.25
Ni3i3.75
CO.l2/0.18 835M 15
Mn0.25/0.5 (39B)
CrlJl.4

Mo0.15/0.3
Ni3.9/4.3
CO.07/0.13 045M10
Mn0.3/0.6 (32A)
CO.l2/0.18 080M 15
Mn0.6/1 (32C)
CO.12/0.18
Mn0.9/1.3 210M15
CO.12/0.18 130M15
Mn1.1/1.5 (201)
C0.12/0.16 214M15
Mn1.2/1.6 (202)
cm.8/1.2
cm.7/1
(32M)
-
8620
8622
-
1
AMS6260E
1
1009 1010
1012
1015
1016
1114
1115
-
1118

-
-
2lNiCrMo2
-
(1.6523)
-
20HCD2 21NiCrMo2
(1.6523)
- -
-
-
21NiCrMo22
- - -
(1.6543)
16NCDS
-
-
14 25 11 2OKHN
-
-
-
18NCD6
-
14NiCrMo134 SNCMS
- -
(1.6657)
15NiCrMo165 SNCM25
-
-
(1.6723)

XClOF
St
35.8
ClOD C12D (1.0305)
(1.0345)
xc12f
-
(1.0419)
12MF4
-
(1.0723)
~
-
20MF4
-
1.1.6
Stainless,
heat
resisting
and valve steels
UK
USA
Nominal
BS970
AISIISAE
France
composition
(En)
(UNS)
AFNOR

CO.1ZMax 302325 302 Z12CN18-10
Mn0.5/2
(%A)
Cr17/19
Ni8/11
C0.12Max 305321 303Se Z10CN18-09
Mn1/2 (58M)
Crl7/ 19
Ni8/11
SO.15jO.3
-
14 13 31 10
14 13 32
S15C 14 13 70 146
1421 01 156
14 19 22
-
-
-
14 14 31 146
14 14 32 156
14 1422
-
-
W.
Germany Japan
USSR
DIN
JIS
Sweden

GOST
(Wk
No.)
G405145
SIS 10.50-60
X12CrNi18
8
302 14 23 30 KH189NE
(1.4300) 14 23 31
X12CrNiS18
8
303Se 14 23 46 KH18NlOE
(1.4305)
1-6
Related specifcations
Table
1.1
RELATED
SPECIFICATlONS
OF
STEEL-continued
UK USA
W.
Germany Japan USSR
Nominal
BS970
AISIISAE France DIN
JIS
Sweden
COST

composition (En) (UNS) AFNOR
(Wk
No.)
G405145
SIS
1050-60
C0.06Max 304S15
Mn0.5/2 (58E)
Cr17.5119
Ni8jll
C0.07Max 215S16
Mn0.5/2
(58HI
Cr16.5118.5
Ni9/11
Mo 1.251 1.75
C0.06Max 320817
Mn0.5/2
(587)
Cr16.5/18.5
Ni11/14
Mo2.25/3
C0.4/0.5 401345
Mn0.3/0.75 (52)
si3/3.75
Cr7.5/9.5
C0.09/0.15 410S21
MnlMax (56A)
Si0.8Max
Cr11.5/13.5

NilMax
C0.14/0.2 420329
MnlMax (56B)
SiO.8Max
Cr11.5/13.5
NilMax
CO.1Max 430315
MnlMax (60)
Cr16/18
NiOSMax
C0.12/0.2 431829
MnlMax (57)
Cr15/18
Ni2/3
304
-
316
-
410
S41000
420
S42OOO
430
S43000
431
S43100
Z6CN18-09 X5CrNilB 10 304 14 23 33 OKH18N11
(1.4301)
-
XSCrNiMol8ll

-
14 23 40
-
(1.4420)
Z8CNDTi1712 XlOCrNiMoTi 316 14 23 43
-
(1.4571)
-
X45SrSi93
- -
-
(1.4718)
Z10C13 G-XlOCrl3 410
-
EFChl3
12C13 (1.4024)
Z2OC13 X20Cr13 420J1
-
En25Ch12-40
(1.402 1)
Z15CN 16-02 X6Cr 17 430
-
08Ch 17T
(1.4016)
Z8CD17-01 X22CrNi17
-
(1.4057)
1.1.7 Carbon and alloy spring
steels
UK USA

W.
Germany Japan USSR
Nominal
BS970
AISI/SAE France DIN
JIS
Sweden
COST
composition
(En)
(UNS) AFNOR
(Wk
No.)
G4051-6S
SIS
105040
C0.5/0.55 080A52 1050 xc53
-
-
14 1606 50, 55
Mn0.7/0.9 (43) 1055
C0.5/0.7 080667 1065 XC65 C67
Mn0.7/0.9 (43E) (1.0603)
C0.7/0.75 070A72 1074 XC80F
-
-
Mn0.6/0.8 (42) 1080
C0.5/0.57 250A53 9255 5557
38517
5up6

14 20
90
55S2
Mn0.711 (45) (~370) 5539
Si1.7i2.1
C0.58/0.63 250A61 9260
-
-
5up7
-
6052a
Mn0.7/1 (45A) (1.0971)
Si1.1/2.1
MnO.l/l (48)
Si0.1/0.35
Cr0.6/0.9
65
-
80
-
-
5up9
-
50CH
C0.55j0.65 527A60 5147 Mc4
-