8 tập huấn xây dựng ma trận, đặc tả môn TIN THCS

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

TM WU TAP HUM GIAO MEN 1111UNG HOC CO Se
XAY DUNG MA IRAN, II4C TA
BE KIEM TRA BINH Id
MON: TIN HOC

Ha N0i, nam 2022



MIX LVC
Phan I. NHUNG VAN DE CHUNG VE KIEM TRA DANH G1A
I. Ma tran de kiem tra

5
5

1.1. Khai nie'm ma tan de kiem tra

5

1.2. Cau truc met bang ma tran de kiem tra

5

1.3. Thong tin co ban dm ma tran de kiem tra:

6

1.4. Vi du minh hoa mAu ma tran de kiem tra

6

II.Ban d4c to de kiem tra

7

2.1. Khai niem ban d4c to

7

2.2. CAu frac ban d4c to de kiem tra

7

III.MOt so km y d6i voi viec viet cau hoi teac nghiem khach quan nhieu lira
9
chon va to Juan
3.1. Vai tre cua trAc nghiem

9

3.2. Phan loai cac dang thirc cau hoi kiem tra danh gia

10

3.3. So sanh tric nghiem khach quan voi to Juan

11

3.4. Nguyen tac sir dung cac dang thirc cau hoi

12

3.5. Trac nghiem khach quan nhieu lira chon

12

3.6. Tric nghiem to Juan

18

Phcin II. HUONG DAN XAY DUNG MA TRAN VA BAN DAC TA

23

I. Huang dan xay (twig ma tran de kiem tra

23

II. Throng can xay dtmg ban d'ac to de kiem tra

24

III.Gioi thieu ban d4c to cua cap h9c

25

3.1. Bang me to mirc dO danh gia mon Tin hoc lop 6

25

3.2. Bang me to mirc do danh gia mon Tin hoc lop 7

30

3.3. Bang me to mac c19‘ danh gia mon Tin hoc lop 8

35

3.4. Bang mo to mirc do danh gia mon Tin h9c lop 9

39


Phan III GIdI THIEU MOT SO MA TRAN, BAN DAC TA VA DE KIEM
TRA DINH KI MINH HOA
44
I.Tin hoc lop 6
44
1.1. Ma tan a ki'e'm tra cu6i ki 1

44

1.2. Mc to a kie'm tra cuO'i ki 1

46

1.3. Huang clan ra a ki'e'm tra theo ma tan va dac to

51

1.4. De kie'rn tra, dap an va huang dAn chain minh hoa

56

II.Tin hoc lap 9

66

2.1. Ma tan a ki"e'm tra cu6i ki 1

66

2.2. Mc to a kieln tra cuiii ki 1

68

2.3. Huang dAn ra

a kie'm tra theo ma tran va d4C to

2.4. Da kie'm tra, dap an va huang da'n cham minh h9a

4

72
76

Phan I. NHUNG VAN DE CHUNG
VE KIEM TRA DANH GIA

I. MA TROT DE KIEM TRA
1.1. Khtii ntem ma trip de kiem tra
- Ma tran de kiem tra la ban thiet ke de kiem tra china dung nhting thong
tin ve cau triic co ban eila de kiem tra nhu: thei lugng, s6 cau hoi, clang thirc
cau hoi; link vue kien thirc, cap dO nang lue cita tong cau hoi, thuOc tinh cac
cau hoi timg vi tri...
- Ma tran de kiem tra cho phep tao ra nhieu de kiem tra cc') chat luting
tuong duong.
- CO nhieu phien ban Ma tan de kiem tra. Mire dO chi tiet cua cac ma
tran nay phu thucle vao mue dich va de;i Prong sir dung.
1.2. Cilu true mot bang ma tran de ki'Jm tra
Cau true 1 bang ma tran de kiem tra g6m the thong tin nhu sau:
Ten Bang ma tan- KST hieu (neu can)
- Cau true timg phan (Prompt Attributes)
+ Cau true va tS, trong tong phan
+ Cac cau hoi trong de kiem tra (items)
✓ Dang thfre cau hoi
✓ Linh vue kien thire
✓ Cap dO/thang nang lue danh gia
✓ Thai gian lam du kien cua timg cau hoi
✓ Vi tri cau hoi trong de kiem tra
- Cac thong tin h"6 fro khac


1.3. Thong tin co. biin ctia ma trap de !dim tra:
- Mix tieu danh gia (objectives)
- Linh vuc, pham vi kin thirc (Content)

- Thed luting (ca de kie'm tra, timg phAn ki6m tra)
- Ring se; cau hoi
- Phan b6 cau hoi theo linh vuc, pham vi kin thdc, mirc d6' kilo, mix
tieu danh gia.
- Cac hru )", khac...
1.4. Vi dy minh h9a mita ma trip de kiam tra
"

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II. BAN DAC TA DE KIEM TRA
2.1. Khai nifm ban d(ic to
Ban dac to de kiem tra (trong ti6ng Anh goi la test specification hay test
blueprint) la mot ban mo to chi tie4, c6 vai tro nhu mot hating clan de viet mot
de kiem tra hoan chinh. Ban dac to de kiem tra cung cap thong tin ve eau true
de kiem tra, hinh fink cau hoi, so luting cau hoi a m8i loci, va phan bo cau
hOi tren mgi muc tieu danh gia.
Ban dac to de‘ hem tra giup nang cao dO gia tri cua hoat dOng danh gia,
giup xay dung de kiem tra danh gia dung nhang muc tieu day hoc du dinh
ducfc danh gia. NO cung giiip dam bao sv d6ng nhat giira cac de kiem tra dimg
de phvc vu ding mot muc dich danh gia. Ben canh loci ich doi voi hoat dOng
kiem tra danh gia, ban (lac to de kiem tra co tac dung giup cho hoat dOng hoc
tap tit( nen pi)" rang, c6 muc dich, c6 to chirc va c6 the kiem soat &roc. Ngueyi
hoc c6 the sir dung de chi' dOng danh gia vi'c hoc va to cham diem san pham
hoc tap cua minh. C6n ngued day c6 the ap dking de trien khai hating dan cac
nhim vv, kiem tra va danh gia. Ben canh do, no ding giiip cac nha quan li
giao due kiem soat chat luting gido dvc ciia don vi minh.
2.2. du frac ban d(ic to de kiem tra

MOt ban dac to de kiem tra can chi ra muc dich cua bai kiem tra, nhimg
muc tieu day hoc ma bai kiem tra se danh gia, ma tran phan bo cau hoi theo
not dung day hoc va muc tieu day hoc, cu the nhu sau:
(i) Muc dich czia de kiem tra
Phan nay can trinh bay reS de kiem tra se &roc sir dung phvc vu muc dich
gi. Cac muc dich sir dung dm de kiem tra có the bao gom (1 hoac nhieu hon
1 muc dich):
- Cung cap thong tin mo to trinh dO, nang lac cua nguoi hoc tai thai
diem danh gia.
- Du down sir phat trim, skr thanh cong cua nguai hoc trong tucmg lai.
7


- Nhdn biet su khac biet gicia cac nguoi h9c.
- Danh gia viec thuc hien muc tieu giao dtic, day hoc.
- Danh gia ket qua h9c tip (hay viec lam chii kien thin, ki nang) cua
nguoi hoc so voi muc tieu giao duc, day hoc da de ra.
- Chin doan diem math, diem din tai cua nguiyi h9c de c6 hoat dOng
giao dix, day hoc phi' hop.
- Danh gia trinh dO, nang luc cua ngtrai h9c tai thei diem bat du va ket
thiic mOt kh6a h9c de do luting su tin bO cua nguoi h9c hay hieu qua cila
khoa hoc.
(ii)He muc tieu day hoc/ tieu chi danh gia
Phin nay trinh bay chi tit muc tieu day h9c: nhiing kien tilde va nang
luc ma nguoi hoc can chiem rinh va se dugc yeu cau the hien thong qua bai
kiem tra. Nhimg lieu chi de xac dinh cac cap dO dat dugc cua ngued h9c doi
voi timg muc tieu day hoc.
Co the sir dung cac thang nang luc de xac dinh muc lieu day h9c/ tieu
chi danh gia, ching han thang nang lye nhin thirc oh Bloom...
(iii)Bang de:ic to de kiem tra

Day la mOt bang co cau triic hai chieu, voi mOt chieu la cac chii de kien
thirc va mOt chieu la cac cap dO nang luc ma nguoi h9c se dugc danh gia
thong qua de kiem tra. Voi m8i chii de kien thirc, tai mOt cap dO nang luc,
can cu muc tieu day h9c, ngueyi day dim ra mOt tS, trong cho
h9p.
(iv). Cau trac de kiem tra
Phin nay mo to chi tiet cac hinh thirc cau hOi se sir dung trong de kiem
tra; phan bo then gian va diem so cho timg cau h6i.

8


Vi du minh hpa mju ban cis.* ta de kiem tra

MoN•

Tr

1

Nei dung
kiln that

MAt BANG D4C TA DE KAM TRA
- Mtn GIAN LAM BAP
Mac de his that, ki 'tang
cen bean tra, dish gia

Dan vi kik that

Nei dung 1

SO can hit &to mat de alien this
Thong
Vin dung
Nitin
Veil dung
biet
hies
Can

INilien kilt:
Then' hies:
I.1

Vin dung:
Vin dung can:

1.2

2

Ntii dung 2

'1
2.2

Tim

III. MOT SO LUV 17 001 VOI VIEC VIET CAU H6I TRAC NGHIEM

KHACH QUAN NHIEU LVA CHON VA Ti' LUAN
3.1. Vai trb ctia triic nghiem
Trac nghiem trong giang day dugc xem nhu mot ding cu de thgc hien
cac phep do luong, danh gia trinh dO, nang 11;re ding nhu ket qua hgc tap dia
nguiyi hoc. Mac du khong phai la mot phuong phap danh gia tr‘rc tiep, trac
nghiem dugc sir dung tar rat lau dog va rang rai trong lich sir gido dvc va day
hoc, nh6 sir thuan tien va tinh kinh te, cang nhu viec de dang can thiep bang
cac ki thuat phu hgp nham tang cuong tinh chinh xac va do tin cay cda thong
tin ve nguari hoc ma trac nghiem mang lai.
hinh thanh nen mot bai trac nghiem, chung ta can có cac cau hoi, tar
don gian den phirc tap, nham thu thap thong tin chi tiet ve timg kien thirc, ki
nang, hay tong khia canh nang luc cu the ma nguiyi hoc lam chil. Ngued ta
chia cac loci hinh cau hoi trac nghiem thanh hai nhom: khach quan va chu
quan. Cau trac nghiem Ichach quan la nhang cau hoi ma viec chum diem hoan
9


town khong phu thuOc chit quan cita ngugi danh gia cho diem. MOt s6 dang
thirc dien hinh cita cau trAc nghiem khach quan nhu cau tra 16i Dimg/Sai, cau
nhieu lya chon, cau ghee doi, cau dien khuyet. Ngugc lai, chimg ta co mot s6
loai hinh cau hoi ma ket qua danh gia co the bi anh huang bai firth chit quan
cua ngugi chAm diem. Dien hinh cho nhom nay la cac loai cau hoi to luan:
cau hoi ma ngtrgi hoc phai to minh viet ra phAn tra 16i, thay vi chon cau tra
16i tir cac phuong an cho san.
Mac du c6 sit khac biet nhu vay ve mirc dO khach quan cua danh gia,
nhung khong vi the ma nhom cau hoi nay dugc sir dung rOng rai va ph6 bien
han nhom cau hoi kia. Ca hai nhom cau tric nghiem khach quan va to luan
deu c6 nhimg diem manh rieng, va chimg ta can CO du hieu biet ve moi loai
hinh cau hOi de co the khai thac sir dung mot cach phit hop va hieu qua nhat.
3.2. Phan logi cac clang that eau /lei kiem tra dank giri

Tric nghqm tg loan
- Hoi tong quat g(ip nhi&I
- Cung cap dap an

Tric nghqm khich quan
► - Hoi tirng
- Chcm dap an

Dung - Sai Nhieu Ira chon

1

1

Dien giii

Tien Win
Khoi luau

10

I
Luin yin
Lu'in an

Ghep dill Dien khuyet


3.3. So stinh triic nghiem khach quan voi ttt lufin
Trim nghi4m khich quan

Tn. lu#n

Chem bai nhanh, chinh xac va khach quan.

ChAm bai mat nhieu thai gian, kho chinh
xac va khach quan

Khong the sir citing cac phucmg tien hien
CO the sir dung cac phucmg tien hien dai dai trong chAm bai va phan tich ket qua
trong chAm bai va phan tich ket qua kiem tra. kiem tra. Cach chAm bai duy nhAt la gido
vien phai dgc bai lam oh hoc sinh.
CO the tien hanh kiem tra danh gia teen dien MAt nhieu thai gian de tien hanh kiem tra
ten dien reng
reng trong met khoang thai gian ngin.
Bien sop kho, ten nhieu thai gian, them chi Bien sop khong kho khan va ten it thai
gian.
sir dung cac phan mem tren de.

a

,
•
Bai kiem tra co rat nhieu cau h6i nen c6 the
kiem tra dugc met cach he thong va toan dien
kien thirc va ki Wang ciia hoc sinh, tranh &rot
tinh tang hoc tii, day tii.

Bai kiem tra chi c6 met so rat han the cau
• •

•
•
hOi a met so phan, so chucmg nhat Binh nen
• •
chi co the kiem tra &roc met phAn nh6 kien
thirc va ki'nang cila hoc sinh, de gay ra tinh
tang hoc tii, day tii.

Tao dieu kien de HS to danh gia ket qua hoc Hoc sinh kh6 c6 the to danh gia chinh xac
bai kiem tra dm minh.
tap dm minh met cach chinh xac.
Co the danh gia dugc kha nang dien dat, sir
Khong hoec rAt kh6 danh gia dugc kha nang
dung ngon ngir va qua trinh to duy dm hoc
•
•
dien dat, sir dung ngon ngfr va qua trinh to • •
de di den cau tra lai.The hien a bai lam
duy ciia hoc sinh de di den cau tra lm.sinh
dm hoc sinh
Khong g6p phAn ren luyen cho HS kha Wang
trinh bay, dien dat S, kien dm minh. Hoc sinh G6p phAn ren luyen cho hoc sinh kha nang
khi lam bai chi co the chon cau tra kri dung trinh bay, dien dat Si kien dm minh..
co san.
Su phan phei diem trai tren met phe rAt reng Su phan phei. diem trai tren met phe hop
nen co the phan biet dugc r6 rang cac trinh nen kho c6 the phan biet dugc r6 rang trinh
do cila hoc sinh.
do ciia HS.
HS co dieu kien bac 10 kha nang sang tao
Chi giai han so suy nghi ciia hoc sinh trong

cua minh met cach khong han cho, do de
•
met pham vi xac dinh, do do han thevies
•
c6 dieu kien de danh gia day du
d kha nang
danh gia kha nang sang tao ciia hoc sinh.
sang tao dm hoc sinh.

11


3.4. Nguyen the sie dung (Tic dung Mire eau h6i

a

Dang cau hoi tfAc nghi6m khach quan c6 tru the do luting danh gia
kien thirc (VD: kien thirc ve mot mon hoc) trong qua trinh hoc hay khi IC&
thuc mon hoc do u cac mire nhAn thirc thAp nhu nhAn biet, hieu, ap
Dang cau hoi to luAn c6 tru the de do lugng danh gia nhang nhAn thirc
muc do cao (cac ki nang trinh bay, din dat... cac kha nang phan tich, tong
h9p, danh gia...).
Ca hai deu co the dung de do luting danh gia nhang kha nang tu duy
mire dO cao nhu giai quyet vin de, tu duy sang tao hay li luAn phan tich...
Hinh thdc thi nao va clang cau h6i thi nao cling co nhimg uu diem va
nhugc diem nhit dinh do do sir dung clang cau h6i thi nao php thuOc vao ban
chit cila mon thi va muc dich cua ky thi.
3.5. Trtic nghiem khdch quan nhidu Iva ch9n
Cdu frac cau hoi tric nghiem khdch quan nhidu Ilia ch9n
Cau hOi tric nghiem nhieu lira chgn c6 the dung thAm dinh tri nha, mire

hieu Wet, nang luc ap dung, phan tich, tong hop, giai quyet vin de hay ca
nang luc tu duy cao hon.
Cau hoi trac nghiem nhieu lira chgn g6m hai phAn:
Phdn 1: cau phat bieu can ban, ggi la cau dan (PROMPT), hay cau hoi
(STEM).
Plidn 2: cac phuong an (OPTIONS) de thi sinh Ilia chon, trong do chi c6
1 phuong an dung hoc dimg nhit, cac phuong an con lai la phuong an nhi6u
(DISTACTERS). Thong thuang cau hoi MCQ co 4 phuong an Ilia chgn.
* Cau
co chirc rang chinh nhu sau:
✓
✓
✓
✓
12

DAt cau hoi;
Dua ra yeti cau cho HS thuc hien;
DAt ra tinh hu6ng/ hay yin de cho HS giai quyet.
Yeu cau co ban khi viet cau dan, phai lam HS biet rOlhieu:


✓ Cau hoi can phai tra lm
✓ Yeu cau can thuc hien
✓ VAn de can giai quyet
* Cac phuang an lira chon: cif) 2 loai:
- Phucmg an &mg, Phucmg an tot nhAt: The hien sv hieu biet cila hoc sinh
va sir hra chon chinh xac hoc tot nhAt cho cau hoi hay van de ma cau hoi
yeu cau.
- Phucmg an nhieu - Chirc rang chinh: La cau tra 19i hop li (nhung khong

chinh xac) d6i voi cau hoi hoc van de du9c neu ra trong cau dan.
+ Chi hop li d6i voi nhang hoc sinh khong có kien thirc hoc khong doc
tai lieu day du.
+ 'Chong hop li d6i voi cac hoc sinh cc') kien thirc, chiu kho hoc bai.
Vi du:

Phudng An nhie'u
(distracters)

Trong cau hoi tren:
-Dap an la D.
- Phucmg an A: Thong nhAt dAt nulk.
- Phucmg an B: Chien tranh Wen gioi Viet — Trung.
- Phuong an C: Dai hOi dai bieu toan qu6c lAn thir VI dm Dang COng san
Viet Nam

13


b. D'Oc. tinh cua cau hoi triic nghifm Ithich quan nhtdu lrra chpn
TT

CAp di)

MO to

1

Nhan biet

HOC sinh nha cac khai niem ca ban, c6 the neu len hoac nhan
ra chimg khi dugc yeu cau

2

Thong hieu

HOC sinh hieu cac khai niem ca ban va c6 the van (king
chimg, khi chimg dugc the hien theo cach Wang to nhu cach
gido vien da giang hoac nhu cac vi du tieu bieu ve chung tin
lop h9c.

3

Van citing

Hoc sinh c6 the hieu dugc khai niem a met cap do cao han
"thong hieu", tao ra &roc sg lien k'et logic gifra cac khai niem
ca ban va co the van dpng chung de to chirc Iai cac thong tin
da dugc trinh bay gi6ng v6i bai giang clia gido vien hoac
trong sach giao khoa.

4

Van citing cao

HOC sinh c6 the sir citing cac kien thdc ve mon hoc - chi' de
giai quyet cac van de mai, khong gi6ng vai flitting dieu
da dugc hoc, hoac trinh bay trong sach gido khoa, nhung or
mire de phii hcrp nhiem va, voi ki nang va kien thdc dugc

giang day phi' hop voi mire de nhan thirc nay. Day la nhung
van de, nhiem vu gi6ng vai cac tinh hu6ng ma H9c sinh se
gap phai ngoai xa hei.

c.

a

di'dm va nhw,c dilm cua eau triic nghlem nhib chpn

• U'u
- CO the do dugc kha nang to duy khac nhau CO the dung loci nay
kiem tra, danh gia nhcmg muc tieu giang day khac nhau.
- Nal dung danh gia dugc nhieu, c6 the bao quat dugc toan b9 chuong
trinh hoc
- DO tin cAy cao hon, y6u to doan ma may rid giam Ion so vOi cau hal
c6 2 Iva chon (cau hai dung sai)
- Do gia tri cao hon nho, tinh chAt cc!, the dung do nhimg mirc nhAn thin
va to duy khac nhau va or bAc cao.
- Viec chAm bai nhanh hon, khach quan hon.
- Khao sat dugc s9 lugng lon thi sinh

a

14


• Han chk
- Kho va term thqi gian soan cau hoi/cac phuang an nhieu.
- Cac cau hoi de rai vao tinh tang kiem tra viec ghi nha kien thirc neu

vitt 116i hqt;
- Cac cau trac nghiem nhieu hp chon c6 the kho do duqc kha nang phan
doan tinh vi, kha nang giai quyet van de mOt cach kheo leo va kha nang dien
giai mOt cach hieu nghiem bang cau hOi loci to Juan.
d Nhiing kilu cau &lc nghiem nhieu lira ch9n:
- Cau hra ch9n cau tra liyi dung: trong cac phuang an dua ra de thi sinh
hp chon chi co duy nhat mOt phuang an dung.
Cau lua ch9n cau tra loi dimg nhat: trong cac phucmg an dua ra co the c6
nhieu han mOt phuang an la dung, tuy nhien se c6 mOt phuang an a dimg nhat.
- Cau lira chon cac phuang an tra lai dung: trong cac phuang an hp chon
co mOt hoac nhieu han mOt phuang an dung, va thi sinh duqc yeu eau tim ra
tat ca cac phuang an dung.
- Cau lira chon phuang an de hoan thanh cau: vOi loci cau hoi nay, phan
than cila cau h6i la mOt cau khong hoan chinh; phan khuyet c6 the nam trong
hoac nam cuOi cua cau dan va thi sinh dugc yeu cau kra chon mOt phuang an
phu hop hoan thanh cau.

a

- Cau theo cau truc phu dinh: cau hoi kieu nay co phan than cau hoi chira
mOt tir mangy ngliia phu dinh nhu kh8ng, ngoai
- Cau ket h9p cac phuang an: vOi kieu cau nay, phan than thuong dua ra
mOt se) (nen la 3 — 6) menh de, thueng la cac btrac thuc hien trong mOt quy trinh
hoac cac str kien/ hien Wong din ra trong mOt trinh to thqi gian...., sau do, m8i
phucmg an ltra chon va mOt trat to sap xep cac menh de da cho.
e. Mot so nguyen tic khi hien sogn cau ink nghiem nhi'eu ltra chon
- Phan dan can bao gom mOt cau hoac mOt so cau truyen dat mOt y hoan
chinh, de ngtroi h9c doc het phan dan da c6 the nam duce sa bo cau hoi dang

15

kiem tra van de gi; dOng theri cac phuang an lua chgn can ngAn ggn. Nguyen
tAc nay cling giup chimg ta Wet kiem dien tich giAy de trinh bay cau had teen de
thi, dOng thai tiet kiem thafi gian dgc cau hoi cua thi sinh.
- Mofii cau hoi nen thiet ke c6 4 den 5 phuong an Iva chgn. Cac cau hoi
trong cung mot de thi nen thOng nhAt ye s6 lugng phuang an lua chgn de
thuan tien trong chain diem. Tn.rong hop trong cling mot de thi co nhieu cau
trAc nghiem nhieu lua chgn va so lugng cac phuang an khong th6ng nhAt thi
can sAp xep thanh cac nhom cac cau co cung s6 lugng phuang an.
- Cau hoi ding nhu cac phuang an lua chgn can khong co dau hieu kich
thich thi sinh doan me dap an. Hai tac gia Millman va Pauk (1969) da chi ra
10 dac tnrng lan ma cau trAc nghiem nhieu lua ch9n c6 the cung cap &Au hieu
de ngueri du thi doan mo dap an, do la:
1.Phucmg an dfing dugc din dat dai bon nhUng phuang an con 14i;
2. Phucmg an dung dugc mo to chi tiet va day du, khien cho nguoi ta de
dang nhan ra nher tinh chinh xac cua phuang an;
3.Neu mot phuang an lira chon chira to khoa dugc nhAc lai tir phan dan
thi nhieu kha nang do la phuang an dimg;
4. Phuang an dfing co tinh phO bien va quen thuOc han nhang phuang
an con lai;
5.Ngueri ta se it khi dat phuong an dau tien va phuong an cuOi ding la
dap an; Neu cac phuang an dugc sap xep theo mot tat to logic (vi du:
n6u la cac con so thi sap xep tir be den lam), nguoi ta se c6 xu huong
sAp xep dap an la cac phuang an 6 gift;
6.N'L cac phuong an deu mangy nghia cu the, chi c6 mot phuong an
mangy nghia khai quat thi nhieu kha nang phuang an khai quat nhat
se- la dap an;
7.Neu CO hai phuang an mangy
tuang to nhau hoac do'i lap nhau

thi mot trong hai phuang an nay se la dap an;
8.N6u cau h6i c6 phuang an cu6i ding kieu "tat Ca cac phuang an tren
deu dimg/sai" thi c6 the dap an se rgi vao phuong an nay;

16


9. Viec sir dung ngon tir ngay ng8, de dai, khong phu hip van canh c6
the la dAu hiau cua phucmg an nhiaw,
10.Neu chi c6 mot phuong an khi ghep vai phan dan tao nen mot chinh
the ngiz phap thi day chinh la dap an.
- Phuang an nhiau khong nen "sai" mot each qua 10 lieu ma can c6 sir
lien he logic nhat dinh toi chu de va dugc din dal sao cho c6 ye dimg (c6 ye
hop li). Li Wong nhat, cac phuong an nhiau nen dugc xay dung dtra tren loi
sai cua ngueri hoc, chang han cac con s0 biau thi kat qua dm nhimg each tu
duy sai (khong phai la nhang con so dugc lay ngau nhien).
- CAn rat than trgng khi sir dung cau co phuong an lira ch9n kiau "tat ca
cac phuong an tren dau dimg/sai". Trong cau trac nghiam lira chgn phucmg
an dung nhat, viac sir dung lira chon "tat ca cac phucmg an tren dau sai" can
tuyet dOi tranh. Trong mot de thi cfmg khong nen xuat hian qua nhiau cau hoi
c6 lua ch9n kiau nay.
- Han the sir dung cau phu dinh, dac biet la cau c6 2 Fan phu dinh. Viec
sir dung cau clang nay chi la r0i tu duy cua thi sinh khi suy nghi tim dap an.
Sir dung cau clang nay lam tang d0 kho cau hoi, ma d0 kho Ay lai khong nam
o tri third nang ltrc can kiam tra ma nam 6 viac dgc hiau cau hoi cua thi sinh.
Neu nhat thiat phai dung cau clang nay thi can lam not bat tir phu dinh (bang
each in hoa va/hoac in dam).
- Cac phuong an lira chon can hoan toan d0c lap voi nhau, tranh trimg
lap mot phan hoac hoan toan.
- Neu c6 the, hay sap xap cac phuong an lira chon theo mot tat tu logic

nhat dinh. Viec lam nay se giam thiau cac d'au hiau kich thich thi sinh doan
me dap an.
- Trong ding mot de thi, s'8 cau hoi c6 vi tri dap an la phuong an thir
nhAt, thir hai, thir ba,... nen g'an bang nhau. Tranh mot de thi c6 qua nhieu
cau hoi co dap an dau la phucmg an thir nhat hoac thir hai
- Cac phucmg an lira chon nen dng nhat vai nhau, co the ve y nghia, am
thanh tir vung, d0 dai, thir nguyen, loci tir (danh tu, d0ng tir, tinh tir...)...
17


- Trong mot so truong hop cu the, can chit y tinh thoi sir hoac thoi diem
cita dir lieu dua ra trong cau hoi, nham dam bao tinh chinh xac cita du
va khong gay tranh cai ve dap an.
- Phai chac chan c6 mot phucmg an la dung.
3.6. Tr& nghiem trr lu(m
a. Kb& niem
Theo John M. Stalnaker (1951), cau trac nghiem tir luan "la mot cau hoi
yeu cau thi sinh phai tir viet ra phan bai lam cita minh vai do dai thong thuong
la mot cau hoac nhieu hon mot cau. Ve ban chit, ngued viet cau hoi khong
the liet ke sdn cac kieu tra loi dugc cho la dung, va vi the sir chinh xac va
chat lugng cau tra lei chi c6 the dugc danh gia mot cach chit quan bai mot
ngtroi day day mon hgc"1.
Theo cach dinh nghia tren, cau trac nghiem tkr Juan c6 4 diem dac trtmg,
lchac vai cau trac nghiem khach quan, nhu sau:
+ Yeu cau thi sinh phai viet cau tra lot thay vi lira chgn;
+ Phan tra lai cita thi sinh phai bao gom tir 2 cau tra len;
+ Cho phdp moi thi sinh c6 kieu tra lei khac nhau;
+ Can c6 nguoi cham diem di' nang lirc de danh gia sir chinh xac va chat
luting ctia cau hoi; danh gia nay mang sir chti quan ctia ngtroi cham diem.
Mac dit ggi la cau trac nghiem tir luan nhung ching to co the sir dung

loai cau nay g tat ca cac mon hoc, tir nhom cac mon hoc xa hOi den cac mon
khoa hoc t-tr nhien, ke ca toan hoc (chang han, kiem tra each to duy va lap
luan cua thi sinh thong qua viec trinh bay cac buoy de giai mot bai toan).
b. Liu &dm va km the caa cau trac nghiem tu.
* Iru diem
- Danh gia dugc nhang nang lirc nhan thirc va to duy bac cao, nhu nang
lirc thao luan ve mot van de, nang lirc trinh bay quan diem, nang lirc mieu to
Stalnaker, J. M. (1951). The Essay Type of Examination. In E. F. Lindquist (Ed.),
Educational Measurement (pp. 495-530). Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta.

18


va trinh bay theo quy trinh hoac he th6ng, nang 1pc than dien nguyen nhan
va trinh bay giai phap...
- Phu hop d danh gia qua trinh to duy va lap luan cua thi sinh.
- Mang lei trai nghiem thirc to cho thi sinh: Cau hoi t r luan thuang mang
lai b6i canh de thi sinh the hien rang 1pc gin vai dgi song hon la cau trac
nghiem. Nhimg ki nang pha hop \led danh gia qua trac nghiem tkr luan nhu ki
nang giai quyet van de, ki rang ra guy& dinh, ki rang lap luan bao ve quan
deu la nhung ki nang mangy nghia song con vai cuOc song.
- Co the danh gia dugc thai dO cna nguai h9c thong qua viec tra 16i cau
trac nghiem to luan, dieu nay rat kho thirc hien khi sir dpng cau trac nghiem
khach quan.
* Han chk
Chi danh gia dugc mot pham vi not dung nhdt dinh, kho dam bao tinh
dai dien cho nOi dung can danh gia: bgi vi cau trac nghiem to luan can c6
thai gian de thi sinh tra 16i cau hoi, nen mot de kiem tra kh8ng the bao gam
qua nhieu cau to luan, tir do dAn den khong the bao phu toan bO nhung not
dung can danh gia, va kho dam bao dO gia tri cua cau hoi.

Voi loai cau hai nay, thong thuong viet cau hoi thi nhanh nhung viec
chdm diem thi ton th6i gian va dei hoi ngugi chdm diem phai thanh thao
chuyen mon. Viec chdm diem cung kho tranh khoi chi) quan cua ngugi chdm,
anh huang den do tin cay cua ket qua danh gia. Trinh dO, rang 1pc, hieu biet
ve thi sinh, them chi ca trang thai tam li cua nguei chdm diem deu co the anh
huong den diem s6.
Nhin chung, cau trac nghiem to luan sir dung phit hop nhAt de: (i) danh
gia mirc dO nAm \rang mot nOi dung kien thirc thuOc mon h9c; (ii) danh gia
kha nang lap luan cna ngugi h9c, sir dung kien thirc mon h9c.

c. Cdc dgng clan trac nghqm tyquein
CO the phan loai cau trac nghiem luan thanh hai nhom: Cau to luan co
cau truc va Cau to luan mg. Dm% day la hai vi du:

19


d cau tp luan nay, thi sinh dugc yeu cAu viet bai luan có do dai gioi han
2 trang, va nOi dung giai han 45. viec so sanh. Cac yeu cAu cu the han ve not
dung cling duck dua ra, the hi'n cua viec lien he vai trai nghiem thirc to cua
nguei h9c. Ngoai ra, dau bai cling neu nhang tieu chi cham diem quan trong:
mac do rei rang, giai thich diem gi Ong
'
va khac nhau, each lien he...
Vai cau to luan duoi day, thi sinh hoan toan to do trong viec the hien
quan diem, to do trong viec lira ch9n thong tin de dua vao phan tra lai, to do
sap xep cac y, va to do 1pa chon tir ngir va cach din dat de trinh bay cau tra
Loai cau hoi to luan ma rat pha hop de khuyen khich ngued h9c phat trien
nang luc sang tao.
Cau to lucin

Co nguoi not cong thirc cua tinh ban: "MEt muZing cua sir chia se, hai mutIng
cua sir quan tam, mot muting cho str tha thir, trEn tat ca nhang did nay lai vai
nhau... se tao nen ngtroi ban mai mai". Hay binh luan ve cau not nay. Hay dua
ra mot cong thirc cua rieng minh va dung kinh nghiem, str trai nghiem cua minh
de thuyet phyc mgi ngtroi.
Thai gian lam bai: 40 phut.
Cciu to lucin co cau frac:
ViEt mot bai luan ngan khoang 2 trang, so sanh hai khai niem "vi tha" va "ich
kS/". Bai luan can lien he vai (a) mot bEi canh hoac tinh hung cu the ma mot ngtrgi
có tinh "vi tha" hay "ich ky" gap phai; va (b) nhimg ngtreri ma h9 gap.
Bai luan cila ban se dtrgc chAm diEm dua tren mire dE ro rang dia viec giai
thich diem giEng va khac nhau glib hai khai niem tren, va cach lien he vai (a)
boi canh, tinh huEng, va (b) nhirng nguai cu the.
Thai gian lam bai: 40 phin.
Cau tu luan có cAu truc phu h9p de danh gia cac b'ac nhan thirc nhu Nha,
Hieu, Van citing, Phan tich, va kha nang to chirc, sap xep thong tin...
Cau to luan ma phu hop de danh gia cac bac nhan thirc Hieu, Van dung,
Phan tich, Danh gia; cac van de mang tinh tich hop, toan cau; cach thirc t6
chirc, sip xep thong tin; kha nang thuyet
20


M(4 so luu y khi viitf c&u tr& nghrem tlr lufin:
- Chi nen sir di,ing cau to luan de danh gia nhung muc tieu day hgc ma neu
danh gia bang cau trac nghiem khach quan thi se co nhitu han cht (vi du: nhcmg
nang luc nhan thirc bac cao nhu phan tich, danh gia, sang tao). DAc bitt voi cau
to luan ma chi nen khai thac dt danh gia nang luc dank gia, sang tao.
- DAt cau h6i phai dam bao nham dtri yeu cau thi sinh tht hitn Wang luc
nhu muc tieu day h9c da dat ra. Ntu sir dung cau to luan co cau true, phai
dam bao sir dung dOng tir phii hop vai dOng tir da sir dung a muc tieu day

hoc. Ntu la cau to luan moi, phai dam bao cac tieu chi danh gia danh gia dugc
muc tieu day hoc.
- Yeu cau cua cau hoi can dugc lam ro toi nguai hoc thong qua van phong
ro rang va ngAn gun. Sir dung nhimg tir chi hanh dOng cu tht nhu mieu ta, giai
Tranh dung nhimg &Ong tir ma
thich, so sanh, neu uu ditm va nhugc
hO, trim tuong nhu "van dung", vi nguai hoc c6 tht kh8ng bitt can lam gi khi
dugc yeu cau "van dung". Vai mot so muc tieu danh gia ky v9ng ve so lugng
lap luan hay van dt ma nguai hoc can trinh bay, cau hOi ciing cAn neu 1'6 so
luong nay. Vai cau to luan co cau truc, nguai day nen ding nguai hoc xay
dung bai mau, hoc cac tieu chi danh gia de nguai hoc hitu ro cau hoi hcm va
vitc cham ditm ding se khach quan hon.
- Vbi cau trac nghitm to luan, khong nen cho phep thi sinh Iva ch9n cau
h6i gifra cac cau hoi tuang duang nhau. Vic sir dung cau to luan da lam
giam tinh dai din cua not dung danh gia, vitc cho phep thi sinh lira chgn cau
hoi mot Fan nira lam giam tinh dai din nay. Hon nira, m6i thi sinh có tht co
hung thii voi cau hoi nay han la cau hoi khac, vitc cho thi sinh lira chon cau
hoi se lam cho vitc danh gia tra nen thitu cong bang.
- Can nhac de giao du thai gian lam bai cho moi cau hoi. Teen eft Icitm tra
nen ghi ro khuytn ngh1 thai gian lam bai va dO dai phAn tra loi cau hoi (ntu CO
tht). Can tinh toan de thi sinh c6 du thai gian dgc de bai, suy nghi va vitt cau
tra loi. Khong nen co qua nhitu cau hoi to luau trong mot de kitm tra.

21


- Cong viec chAm diem bai hr luAn co the bi anh huong bai mot so yeu
to gay thien kien nhu: chinh ta, cach hanh van, chit VIET, cach lAy vi
hieu biet cua nguai chAm diem ve thi sinh...
giam thieu sit anh huang

nay, viec chAm diem can tap trung vao nwc tieu day h9c ma chtIng to can
danh gia, sir dung cac lieu chi danh gia da thong nhAt tir tnrac. Vai cau to
luAn tra lai co cau true, co the xay dung lieu chi danh gia va thang diem tren
mot bai tra lai mau. DOng theyi, nen d9c phach bai kiem tra tnrot khi chAm
diem. Tien hanh chAm diem toan b0 bai lam cua mot cau hoi (a tat ca cac bai
kiem tra) truac khi chuyen sang cau tiep theo.
nhimg bai kiem tra mang
)", nghia quan tr9ng d6i vai thi sinh, nen CO 2-3 ngued chAm diem ding danh
gia mot bai kiem tra.

22


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24

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— Phan bi t cluvc thOng tin vai vat mang tin
— N han bi 6t duvc sir khac nhau giaa thong tin vadalieu.

25

— Neu dirge cac Int.& co ban trong xix Ii thong tin.