Mấy vấn đề về lược khảo văn học (3. Nghiên cứu và phê bình văn học) - Phần 1

Be H 0
•

VANH
3. NGHIEN

•

e

cau VA PHE BiNH VAN HQC


Tront chU'O'ng trinh Vi?t dq.i
Khoa, chUng toi phg. trach

Cfl'fYftg ,;.

mpt giiJ'

lOp lJ'tl' hi

vI! Van ht;c T3ng quae.

ChIing toi dil nhiY dip giang dq,y tren d! say nghi
van dl lien quan den van hl}c

if.

not ck:tng va van

s.

kpe ViII

nam noi rieng.
Trong hai t4p Llrq'c Khao 1, II, chUng tOt dO. triM

iay ve dink nghia, cong dltng cia van ht;Jc va loq.i tli'
1'an "hQc

thuyet, kich thO'). Tront

t4P

III nay, dank

etto van de Nghien ctru va Phe bin" van ht;Jc.
ChUng toi khOng phai la nM phi binh van hfl',
khOng phdi

din,

121 nM nghien czru van. hf)c vi khOng «U kh,

nhrrng chi 121 ngzriri hay muon suy luqn ve mf!.C flick,
tang ml}i S1f, nen cling muon tim

nhz tang cua vdJI

eua c8ng trink nghien czi'u viz phi binh van h9c.
Nkfi:ng suy ngki nh¢n xet trong tq.p nay, neu co b_
ham m{Jt quan

gi thi ding chi cO mf!.C dick nhdm g(fi
y den viii

j, nlur mpt gid thuyet nhiim gki to-i nhfi:ng ai

de, va

nhfit

Nn iJ.¥&.

ia

glh to-i nhii'ng nha nghien

am vi! phi


Khi nh1n vao sinh hogt pM binh vtfn Tz!'c 6- Vi'! nom
(fir

trU'tYc (ten nay chUng tM nhqn tMy sinh ho(}t tren

phe binlz tay phll'O'ng -

.d¥,a vew nhfi'ng q11an

rna chung

!Juan

tM glli

la

nhfi'ng

eli so v6'i nhii'ng quan

hifn aaf 6' tay phU'O'ng chtra du:fJ'c ti" dq.ng vao pM binh van
nam - nhii:ng qu.(l-n

h9C

nay (nhrr phi binh gido

khoa, tam ly xQ. Mi••• ) deu abi hOi nhii'ng kien thu-c lich

ve tae gid, tac phlim, th?ri aq.i, th?Yi
dieu

khOng'

nghien

Ct1'U

szr

sang tac nhu: ml)t

khong co. Chinh vi. dM hoi tren, ma

van h9C tro' thank quan tr.;mg, din thilt.

Nhl1'ng nhin vao tinh trq.n.g van
gid, tac phiim, th?Yi dq.i, thiYi

6' Vi?t nam

tUe

sang tdc, ngU'l/i ta khOng

khai Jail 1(m'!. nhq.n t!z:]v:
-

Hoar; til chtillR dm "iIi liqu gi. Va vinh viln chdt;

kh8ng tim ra QU'(yc,
-

Hoqc Iii Can ehUt it, nl:cmg clura du:r;rc

chli'n,

x6c dang.

Chll'a noi den nhii-ng quan ni?m p1,e binh eli ,,', iflInE

nay sai, cM n6i (Un c6 tH "he blnh thea nhii:Ji"

';'.?'

nif,n

trb! kh1ng trong hoan cinh thiJ'1 ad U¢u haije,:' .f;;"

Ch1JNA

dll'!rC ki?m clzli'ng? Lam soo c6

qua guy'!t g

Du trong rruy¢n [{ieu khi chu'a xac Ci{'l!l

1'(:

dim 5,1"

tho;


sting tac tTuyijn K teu Ltl Imb'c hay saa khi nhO. viln T4'
tam quan l1tj-inha NguyJn? Lam sao dam phtin tam hlJc HlJ
xudn HU'O'ng khi chU'a biet chac chtin

xadn HuO'ng,

va

co

hay khOng

m

nhfi:ng thO' tem ra phdn tach c6 thf!c S(l'

Ii« da HO xutin H uO'ng hay khOng '?
z.- N1u ci1.r. _c l' vuo nhii'ng dOi hoi chink xdc khoa

"""i
1u}c, c6 Ie phdi xet ....

1 fie

nhi'eu nhii:ng cong tTinh bien soq.,.

.

l1iln h{Jc szi- vet pM binh viln ht)c til' tTU'6'c (ten nay,
trrrirng h{Yp xet lq.i ma thf!C ra la khong

va

trong

thOa miin aU'p'c-

nhii'ng toi hOi tren, phdi chiing nghien Ctt!Z va pM binh rO'i
Vclo tinh cdnh M tite ?
Th"c ra khOng phdi Ii phi binh van hoc M tiic ma chi
mQt

so quan

pM binh bi bl tac, nhii:ng quan ni?m dOl

hOi ki€n thli'c lich szi-

ve tac gia,

tac phlim, thiri dq.i .•• nhU'

d,i'eu kifn khOng tM thieu. V t,Zy nel/. co nh:ii:ng quan nifm pM
binh

kltae

khOng aM hoi kien thttc lich szi- nhU' il.{eu ki?TI.

tlIt)'lu, vi chi yeu cEiu bam sat vaa chinlz tac pMm va tim
m{Ji Sf! (tam
quan

ly, xii Mi, tTilt iy v.v.) til' tae phlim, nhii:ng

tren c6 the 411't)'c coi nhU' mQt IOl thodt eho phi-

binh viln hf)c khOng, dq.c bift III pM binh nhii:ng tac pMm v(}
dank, kkuyet dank? Trong viin tU'f)'ng pM binh khong d"a vaQ
nhii:ng gicii thfch tac phtim Mng lich szi-, thi

tU't)'ng vti-


IcMn.t A&a IG "'" , . .
ngu'lJn tir mvt quan
l1iln A9c? '

4anht khuyet danh pluJi chang ci1ng

.xot dang dec, vl no Mt

Lam Sao c6 tM khdo dfnh hi4u dink cbtnh x.c khi ....

van khong phdi vi ella tM hay 4fIQ I'iin ma lil do . . fIMII

sang tac, ve van chuO'ng t vl nhiJ. vdn t:Da "grri 1f.lZGI

nicm

•• -Ngay cd trong trulmg h{J'p co vdn Ula 4trlJ'c. kilza
-t=hlhzgt c6 the. pM blnh dling tac giat tac pUnt khlJag"

Van dl khOng con phdi' III tili

rna

Ia chink kba n8DI

cua pM binh, 116Jz iR chan 1y Cua tde phhtn t1l4o
Chang hq.n, gid thu: chUng ta

tac

gid.

tim tflzv£ nkitat tili li#ta

kMng
eMi clii nhtr nh4t kjt di cao ghi 7tb4n qad thQ:t
Nguy'in Du co My to tam s'F Hoai I.e trOllf trllYfIC Ki"El1, thi
(/6 £iing ehtra M.n th'l!c S'I! Nguy'in Do 4{J c9 •
..
vi
.c6
Nguyln Du khOng c6 tdm s'F tren JIiIrrIIg . . ghi ill

.co nham

h9 cha minh sau nay;
{;(l/tIli
chUng ta tf€u khOng co cti£h ncio xac. 71:lz4n *rc ,.. 11 czia

lac

ph?im thea tcit: gid.

to.

Jim

Nhung phe blnh phdi chang chi cIJ 7Rf!C did-day nldit

chan

ly cua

tac ph?im theo ta(: &ii miJ e6 th.,

kh ol1g baa gilr dQt d1r,t}'c hay elm

ly eua tac ph1i.m ? N6i
nMc
lin qua

Mm tim hilu nhi'tng

cMn ,

each khac phe binh kh6ng phdi ia _

:

mQt qua quyei Ifl.i nhiing gi ttk gid dO muim nil f

lac phlim,

ma elm

za

nhii'ng sang

tflO

tir

tac pM",_ '


co

Vall

hibJ drin: kp-c tdm lj

tee Iii

",ollf viln tU'Q'nt trhc,,,.. tlNnh ."tIn de c6
sf!: ttii gi& qUI! t£',1i3ttc

iMfl'

9IIll tac ph_

can *n

lfdI lay nMt.

•

caa

,ke. bmh,r
V an

trin citi tW eft! gidl tuytt 1trf"C hang c6.ch dln
chinlt ttic pMnt 'nIut: mit kiift ttQl; ltioff. Rgi-.
ti!ta
trin se My to
_

i

,nfhra clia

dinh ,ki Wni long

,

dink giU' htpl, oda 1ffI)i phi Mtti.

;,oat

,£)o la mf1y y kien then rMt m4 chliIlt t6i _6tt My iii

lIong tqp S&;h

nuy. C1urung mpt

niU lin nhiJ:ng kit.

khan 'lien qUQn den phllit nghien cli'U van 1u)c. Chu:O'ng hal"
gitH
sf) quan
cii,
su-a S0tl.1l dft:.
vifa ttl y nghia va gigi hrpz. coo mlli quan
phi binh

_&It

cTr«-uRe .. .


La! MO BAU
VAN

DE

-. QUAN DIEM.
van chtrO'ng c6
dung de chi dinh nhfrng

"de ph?im do nM van sang
mQt cuon
m9t
bai thO', mQt vcy kich. Van chU'O'ug bicu. 19 sinh
laID van tren binh
sang taco Suy
nghien cfru,
phe bioh van chu-O'ng lil sinh
van h<;>c.

Nha nghien ciru van hQc chuyen ve kb:io d1n11,
dinh, cM giai tac ph'tim; aha phe binh van hQc
nMm phe phan t:k pharo v&i ttl' each la m!}t t:k pham
Nha lam van hQc str thU'o-ng kiem luonca
hai cong lac tren : nghten Ctl'U ve lich SU- va phe blnh
Vf ngh?
NhU'ng dli Mn, nghien ctru, phe binh, deu kh6ng
Q:tr<;YC phai dl}"a vao nhfrng tieu
hay can
Ctt tren m¢t quan
vo dnh hay hfru y ; vi
dii khOng co y chit tnrO'ng mQt quan
nao hay
khOng y thu-cdtrQ'c Sl!
khOng
dU'Q'c pha;
<11,1'3 vao
quan
tbi khi lam cong tac nghicn
CttU, I'M blah, van hQc sUo.

d\1'a vao mQt
quan
nhfrng tieu
DaO <16. Nha It
van
hQC suy nghive sinh hO;lt, nghien cu-u, phe blnh trel'l :
nit ra nhfrng tieu
quan
xet.pMn, xac dinh y nghia,
ttj giCYi
ciia nhfrng
tie" ;;"JnJ!ln. quan
phf bInh, nghien clru•.•

va


NGUytN VAN TRUNG-

10

duQ'c
ra va trinh
quan diem Iy
van hQC (x).

sau day

la

&-

•
B1NH VAN HOC.
Phe binh van hQc 1a phan doan tMm dinh gia tri_
mqt t3c
Nhung nha phe binh can cit V30. nhfrng
tieu
nao '?
a) lieu
tf"lU$t ; nghia la nhfrng tieu
lien can den
xay d\t'ng cau van, dlu
hinh anh,
dch cham cau, gieo
van v.v... Nhung tieu chuan.
nb do ai de ra '?
x) Do chfnh tac gia de ra va bao ham trong
tac
Trong truCrng hgp nay, pM binh chi rut'ra nhfrng tieu
va pM phan xem Hc
co
duQ'c nbfrng tieu
ngM
do chinh t:k
giii de fa khong,
the
dugc t6'i m{rc dQ nao '?
N6i
khac, nha pM binh nMn

tieu
cua tac gia
phe phan tac phamcua tac
2)
do mQt
my h9C khach quan, ph1)
bien. Nha pM binh can cir vao nhfrng tieu chui:ln t()ng
quat chung cho ci mQi nguo-i de dauh gia tac
oeu.a mQt nguo-i.
b) TifuJ
kh6ng phai ngM
x) Van hQc sUo (.luh huo-ng eua nhfrng nha

van di tnr6'c : nguOn gec, xuat xU- du van, y tuang),
(I) Xem tll-im : Yin chu-O'ng vin hQc. Chu-aDi

i:lalo \'Ia

IaQC I)

I

(Lu-O'c:


iNGON NGU VAN CHuaNGããã

II

2) Mirc dQ phan anh xa hÂi y t3m lY. Tac pham

co phan
th1,,1'c
hay khong ? Mot each linh d¢ng y
trung thanh hay vvng ve giH04C c6 phan auh
mQt
mQt khat vQng rua giai cap, the ky,
th&i
?.v.v.•.
3) PhVc vt;1 mQt If tU'C:"ng luan Iyy ton giao,'
chlnh tri.•• ,Tac
nha,m de cao gia trj d,?,o dirc,
·tinh than hay de dQa
dirc, ton giao '?
x

x

x

Til' khi co pM binh van hQc, v5n co nhiing sinh
phe binh d1,,1'a vao nhfrng quan
phe binh
khac nhau. Nguo'i nhan m;lllh vao nhfrng tiel! chuan
thuan tuy
thu3t, nguCrl nhan m'?tnb vao nhfrng
tieu chu1in khOng pMi
va trang m6i khuynh
hu&ng Ion tren, ngU'oi ta COn dua ra nbicu 16i uhin
'khac n.ilau.

Tuy nhien, neu cae uha pM binh khong dong y
nhau ve quan
,phe biun, h9
dong y v&i nhau
ve mQt diem din ban ; co phe binh van h0c, co thl
pM binh.
Chinh nhfrng tien de tren QU'yC coi nhu St!
hien nhien, chan It ro ding, din phai dug'c xet l?i,
thanh van de nghien ciru : pM binh van hQc Ia gi '?
Co the phe binh dU'9'C khOng '? Vi ch1 khi nao tim hieu
v5n de: c6 the c6 phe binh van hQc, m&i
:thay du9'c
sao :

nen tan,

a) C6 nhieu quan
phe binh khac nhau,
nghia 1a clc nha pM binh luon luon kbOng dong
y vOi nhau ve quan diem phe binh.


12

NGUytN VAN TRUNa:

h) Luon luon co
co nhii'ng quan
blnh mo-i, mQt each vo
c) Luan

co
c6 nhii'ng ngQ
tac gia va nhii'ng nha pM blnh..

pM:

phe blah dU"Q"c khOng dU"a t&i van;t
Van de c6
de bao quat hoon : co
du-Q"c ngU"eri khac khOng,
hay giii'a ngU"o-i v&i ngU"Cri co
thOng dm v&i nhau..
4U"Q"c khOng'? DU"&i nhieu hlnh thirc ma van chrrO"ng
chi la mpt trong nhii'ng hinh thirc tren. Hinh thit'c'
thOng cam Mng van ch1.fO'ng fa ngon ngii', chii'
MQt nMn xet can ban ve th3ng cam la ngU'eri ta.<.
khOng
tU"O'ng giao mQt each tlV'C" t-iep, ma b6 buQc.:
phai qua nhii'ng trung gian. Bat cit' cai gi!ci'ing c6 the
tam trung gian : the gi&i S'l!
mQt crr chi,. mQt hanh
d{\ng t
the than xac, leri noit chii' viet, va ngay d.
S'l! im
th1). dQng. Tat d deu co the tro- thanh ky
dau
ngii'
ChUng ta song'1:1"ong mQt vii .
trl). dau
va thong cam v&i nhau qua trung gian

nhii'ng dau
Do -do van de faxac dinh ban
chat cua vii trl). dau
va kha nang clla tirng
dau hi?u : den mQt mirc ,dQ nao, dau
bay to
trung thanh y ngh1a tlnh cam, sir
ciia ngu-&i grri '?
Dau
phai chang t\1' ban chat.13. ham hO va co kha.
nang sang
nhii'ng Y nghia m&i '? '
Trong
tU"t]'ng do, tim
y nghia va khii
chU"O'ng trong vai tro chuyen.
nang ciia ngon ngii'
cng va bay to y nghia cua tac phrim,:
thay GU"Q'C'.


NG(jN Haft V AN CHuaNO•.•
nguyen nMn ooa stf
co nhiett quan
pM blnh
khac nhau va m9t each vo h,n, clla S'l!
ngQ
,iii-a tac gii va nha phe blnh, dong thOoi sau citng d!

Xoc dinh

".' •

giai

etta mOi quan

ph! binh.

NGHIEN CUu VAN HQC.

Neu phi binh chi holm toan can cu- vao tac
khOng ra khOi tac phram thi van de nghien ctru van hQc
khong
ra. NhU'ng hatt het nhfrng phU'O'ng phap pM'
blnh tir tnr6'c den nay deu lien
tac ph5m vai t:k gici,
va th&i
ella ticgia: Chang
nhfrng quan
pM binh nhan
vao nhfrng tieu chuan khOng thuan
t6y
thuit (b) ke tren (phan .lnh
1y tac ga, xa
Mi, th&i d,?-i•.).
Nhfrng ph1.wog phap nay doi hOi phai biet to va
each x:k th1,fc do-i song ttc gia, thoi diem sang tac
cua cac tac
tb.O-i
ella t:k gia, chu cich cua,

t:ic gia khi xay d1}'og t:k
...
neu thieu nhfrng
sulien quan den nhfrng doi hoi tr(;n. khong
phe blnh nghiem chinh dU'Q'c, Trang hoian doh van hltc
S\!' thieu s6tstr
ql'C ky nghiem tr9ng.
KhOng nhfrng thie1.1 sir Ii?u ve chi! dlch sang tac rna
con thib ca ':e tac gia, tac
th&i
C6
de phlm, nhU'ng khOng con nguyen ban. Co tac ph::tm
nhU'ng khOng co hay khOng biet to ai Ia tac gia, dIng
khOng biet d1!t'9'c lam fa 0- t1"ong hoan dnh naG, nham
clrii dfch gi !
Lam sa. ngU'o-i ta dam pM blah Ho· xuaR IW-• •


NGUY!:N VAN TRUNG

J4

ve thO' Ho
HuO'ng khi chua biet roc6 Ho iulln
HU'O'ug hay khOng va -thO' gan cho nli' si c6 th\fc S\f
ella Ho xuan HuO'ng hay khOng '? ±>em phan tam hQc
eua Freud "ao
phan tach con ngU'Cri Ho xuan
HU'O'ng qua thO' dU'Q'c gan cho Ho xuan
IDQt

phU'O'ng pMp doi hoi phai biet tU'Crr g
deri song
tinh dm tham kin ella ngU'Cyi bi Phan tach trong khi
nhfrng dieu ta biet ve Ho xuan HU'O'ng chi la giai
truyen vi ehU'a co bang e& lieh Str nao xac
th\fc va chinh thtrc ve tieu Str nft S1, phai chang 130 lam
cc,ng tac pM binh mQt each moo
lieu Hnh va thieu
nghiem tue?
Do do, tfU'&e khi pM binh phai xac dinh tac
pham co ph:ii la ehinh tac
dinh pM binh hay
khOng, co phai la ella ehfnh tac gia
dU'gc' cong
n h?n hay khOng'? N oi each kh:k, phai khao dfnh va hieu
dinh tac pham, tac gia mQt cach khoa hQc. nghia
d\fa vao nhfrng sil'
xac th\fc, chtr khOng phai vao

]y

Nhtrng trong trtt'erng hgp khOng hy vQng tim fa
str li?u lien quan den tac
tac
nhtr trU'Crng
h9'P van chU'O'ng vo
khuyet danh thi phai nghi
t6'i !lImng phU'O'ng pMp nghien etru va phe binh
tranh o'(1ng phai) nhfrng kho khan ve str
khOng

vU'gt qua dttgc & tren ?
de nghien cuu qch sUo ve van hQc Ya doi hOi
tranh khOi nhii'ng k1a6
khan do nhu ·diu Str
gay nbt
can thiEt
nam.
trong tinh caub van hQc

V

tim ra nhfrng phuO'ng phap


CHtTO'NG

ClfU VAN HQC.

I :

Chung ta tim
tinn tr*ng thieu sUo
ve tae
lac
thai
ve .flho-i
sang tac va clui
.Uch sang t:k trong van hqc
nam, nhat la van kQc
vi nhirug van

neu len til' nhung kh6 khln vl
.ir
tren.

en

.a,

CHU"O'NG II: PHE BINH VAN HQC.
ChUng ta sE tim
1) NhO'ng quan

:
binh cO nhu :

-

PM binh lu!in If :

-

PM binh xi

-

A l y'
Phe" b'm htam

-

Phe binh giao khoa' (theo Lanson).

2) NhO'ng quan
'p dvng veo trong

(theo Taine, Mac xit).

1

thea phan tam
hQCo
,
theo dnh tmh hQc.

binh
hoc

d"i, chua duQ'c
nam nhu:

-

TAm phAn hQc
sinh (psychaaalyse e.istentielleY ciia Saltre.

-

TAm phAn hQc vtt cMt (psych. matt!.
riellet
G. Bachelara.

cu.


1

"(,

'

:,

:

- ,TS. pllAn bh! .w.u (M4he eatilC}'t1e}
<

,.

:?.

-

Pl\e blJlh chid! {«itique tite.atiquet

•
P. Weber. J. P.·Richatd.
- --1IiW blah Co- cia:
structurale}
R. Bartl1es.

. - L.

0I!."
GIMQI PHE BiNW
VAN HQC : ..g&n Itgil' "'"
.huang va phi hIM v5n hQc•
phe biah dtrvc khan: ,

.C6

.Phai daIaa
_hi

-91· pile blah rot-cl#lC

a ."-at
Clii Abia
.... '. t";: .' -".

chti quan
.. •
tI6e plila ar.a iIIuiJ'i
Gl6i

(...

•

,-

eh JB9i
....

,"" - -

.•'w.a

.

.

.

can etr

cla ngon ngfr

va.

tRt,t'C t"i haa

.6!i• ..., kie-

... '?

bl, to JIlQt tMt

•

hay a4ib

silth hottd

....... pee ......... .,


f:HUGRQ z

1. THVC

vA £.01 HOI
phe blnh van hQc b
d5i ven nhfrng tic
gii, tac
thai
chit dfch sang taco

la
\'Ie tac

13 khong cbn

ham thvc kh6 killS.,
.i. thiEu su lite
thai eti!m sang. va
gil hoan toan thit

cht'rng.

lIlat tich ho?c con chut it nhtrng chtra dtrQ'c

MQt phan kha quao' trQng van chtrO'ng
Dam
tbtlQC vao
vo danh hay khuylt danh, cMng

"an chU'O'ng truyen
N gay mQt 55 tac pblm hill
hoi cling khOng biEt 1'0 ai la tac gia, dU'Q'c tam vao
riIO'i ky nilo,
chU dich gi, c6 con hay chi dtrQ'c
woi den trong mQt tai
van, sir nao d6, va
con,
eo phii lil nguyen 'b2n hay bi rO'i vao doh canA
tam sao tMt ban ?
c6 ghi tac gia, theri
a3£, c6 tac
nhung c6 dung thvc la tic gia, thai
diem, tac
mu()n tim khong ?
nhii'ng cong trinh nghib ct'ru
vb 1M)c
nam,
nghiem khitc dbi hoi theo nhuug
uh chuan khoa hQC, qua th\1'C c6 rat
caDI. trish

nghirn cir\! mQt cieh khoa hQC, va do d6 co. Ie f'hB-i
duyet tit
.fhag gi rigU'cYi ta da viet
tac

sir

ca


NGUY£N VAN TRUNG

16

, de phlm, Dh5t 11 -ctia Db1i'D, thai ky xa xua (I). Vi
'phli ChHg hlu hEt: nh1i'Dg
Dguo-i ta bift ve do-i
.6ag tie gia, vi thttc ra biEt rlt it, deu chi la giai
tho,i, t.,c
Chung ta chua he thay
cuon
bil\\ khao nlo ve alta sit mQt nM van nhu
Du,
Cao- bi Qu6t; thuong thU'o-ng ve tilu sUo m6i nha van
DgU'ai
khao chi
4uQ'c 1'ai trang va nhieu khi
chua c6 M1i'Dg stf lieu chac chan
chu-ng tinh <:oich
ide thttc t1hii'ng

the rna eu- phan tach giai
thich c:uge 4bi tac ,ii nhU'
thau suot ca nhii'ng khia
qnb Ida dao, tbam kin cua
tam 8\1' 1 Di nhien
nguoi ta c6 th6 neu len nhii'ng gid thuyet; nhU'ng
thuo-ng thU'o-ng nhii'ng gia
d6
dU'Q'c coi nhu
8\1'
nhien va tro- thanh t.,c
«kh3 kinh» ! !
Khong n6i den nhii'ng tac gia xa xOi lam gi, ngay

cl nhli'ng tac gii cin dii va dti'O'Dg thai doi khi ding
kh6
dU'Q'c :Dc th\l'c
sUo. than the, S\1' nghi?p,
va nblt 11 4bi s6ng doh cam, tv rieng ctia hQ.
khi Le van TrU'C'ng mat, ngU'\:i ta phai viet ve
Le vln TruO'ng, nhU'ng khong biEt ro ngay sinh thllc
811 cua nha van, vi ang c6 den hai ba the
tra (2).
(I) Trong
ttl,?,n8 do co Ie khong nen than:lam m¢t minh viet
ci
vlin hgc sUo. vi lAm nh... the chI la cop
I,i cua nhirng DgU'o-i
d1 Inr60c va su-a
Ihem bot chl11 fl. lrat i,i, nen di sau vao tiJ>ng tac

gia. lac
\,

giai quycl lung van de nh ... kieu.ong Hoang XUbD Hin !am.

(2)
Iranb lin I. tl9ng IreD, co Ie nen th'!c hi¢D sang tie"
chu-c I fop be;
Dhhg . .6 vlill giA lio co. s6nt blng cacb tiep 'clic
v"i chtnb Uc Iii dA Itin sDb lie Iii. va Ilhi-Dg cLi tiEl lien qu.a .leD
doi .&ng cOlOl. Ill, vA den s¥'
lim "in cua bg ho,c pheng ,,58
hg va Ibll 9ft mar gbi i",. de sail kbi It", qu:! dai, cO lai
dfch It'C

'0'

ma Ihauh . . . -he

aalti ftn.

'


NOON NGtt V AN CHUaNO•••
Do
dinh chinn, su-a chua nhfrng nmm Ian,
ngQ
thien kien th;t Ill; can thiet dai ViH ngu-iri
lam v.an hQc sunam.

A) TINH TRI)NG
NAM.·
.

str

LI$U VAN BQG VI$T

Tinh
sir
van hQc
nam
ngbeo
nan vi mat mat EJua
va phan' con
ebUt it tMt
dang nghi ngo- vi co nhieu nham 11nt gia .
Co
nhieu
nhan giai tbieh tinh
tren. CMng
:

XUAT BAN AN LOAT THO
THIEN: Tbuo- Xtr3, ch1.1'a c6 ky ngM an 10att trir aha

chUa va
dinb co phU'O'ng
an loat thO SOOt

con trong dan chung chi luu truyen bf1ng each chep
tay. Den khi btlt ehU'Qoc Trung quac cai tien ng-he
kMc van in, cling khOng pM!
duQ'c 13 baot
vi phi ton qua d:\t. Van tot hO'n ca 130 van gO c'ay thi
cO chat chat nen mQt kho ant nn;U'ug cac nba hang sach
it van chi kMc vao van ga xaU t va ciing chi kMc du'Q'c
mQt so ban nbat dinh. NhU' bay gio-t in
hai ba
nghin cuon, ma miYi ba ch1;tc nam sau (fa kh6 kiem,
phU'O'ng chi chi 13 chep tay hay is kMc vai ba ban.
13m sao khOi
mat '?
2 . - TiNH
BAo QUAN:
in ali
kJiong 4U9'C
bien. tinh
bao qulin I:]i Tat sO'
eli. S4cb chep tay vao gi5y ban hay
vao ga rat d!
bi moi mC}tt
tnap lam hU'
khOng duQ'C cat gifr


20

NGUYSli, V

TRUNG

trQng nhil'ng nM deu
g6'; Ui-a 1ijt iiji Hoa
la; li'Qx(t'
'hO'h'nita
hay
chien ciing thU'Crng
"d
.ticn thu.
s'cli
ve 'Tau nay dot ai.
thOti Min..
TrU'O'ng
sai va vet 'sach vCr" ctia ng11'oi
dtra ve
DCri
thanh Tontruyen.linlt
cho sU'u' tam, gop
;sach va cii nhU'ng
ra
chien l;li hi dot
•. Th.mQt
chuye.
vien viet sii' nh11' Le qui Don, Ppan huy CM da
. than tha sach va khOng con dU'Q'c· bao nhieu.

xay

NGUY:EN NaAN CHU.QUAN : CO le.ngwi.
n6i ehung:vanha van n6i rieng
Y fMc lick
sUo, nen kl:i6ng
van ,de "bao quan. it ng11'-Oi
nghi den
giit
J'J.hfrng
de sau nay lam.
di tich 1ich sU-o KhOng'co t<> chit-I:: t.bU'
qui mo nhu-My gixet5
soat..
dem in
pho bien,
tae
quae van (noJD) clpg hi re rung, chIco ·mQt·dia vi
thuQc ngang hang v6'i « thU danh tO,tom, hay 130 uong
nU'c:Yc che' d'u ) nhtr ong Hoang xuan Han da nhan xet.
(1) thi clng' it ngU'Cri
t1im'sU'u tam, 'oao v? •
Corl nhfrng
li?u gift dU'Q'c, nhu-og thU'Crng tam.
sao that ban, la vi Ie 10i ghi chep diu th<'i va 'thoi quen
khOng' biet ton trQug S\1' thVe. .
)
h9'P rat hieJ:!l vi It' d{ t.OR giao, gia, (I) Tto'oI, baic BG'i yai .hA, khoa
... th'1c ••

11I61 S8 106 (Saigon):' •

lilu ett"c.


NG6N NGU V AN CHUaNG•••
dlnh, Ilen tic ph:it:n du9'c in chep
$Oat kha din
th4n,
«phan 16'n' la cae nha xuat ban tv ({em kh:k
ban lay 1kh6ng biet gl Qen taC gii. HQ phan
l6'n khOng
hQc I\1'C de kiem seat van. Th9'
cang
kem c<\ng lam sai lam them. Ttiy ban chep c6 t\1'a, co·
co
tac gi:i, hQ, phan nhieu bi bO
de dO' ton
Ban
mon thi hQ khiic
c<\ng khk l q.i
cang
sai, dng bO b6't nhfrng phan pht;t tl}uQcll (HXH, ban.
trieh dan).

au

he

Neu khong in, chi chep tay, ding diu tha. nhtr
khOng
ten tac gia, thiYi diem sang tac,_
holjc tlf
stra chfra van cua ngtrcyi khac, bien tac
pham cua ngtriYi kMc tbanh mQt tb;{r «tan
Thoi quen khOng t<'-n trQng nguyen ban ph:H chang
cOn
nguon tir mQt quan
coi van cbtrO'ng 1:\
ella chung thien
nen mM ngtriYi c6 bon pMn dong
g6p stra chfra, bo khnyet cho leri van hay them '?

de

hO'n nth 130 gan bira van cOa ngtr&i nay cho
ngt.reri kia ma khOng din dlfa- V?lO mQt bang chq.ng nao
cMc ch£n :
bai thO' nao quan
den dt;1c dnh thi
cbo III dta Ho xuAn Htrong. He tho nao ra giQng de
vuO'ng tbi cho 13 cua Le thanh Ton.
chi tOl c6
thay chCp tho Le thcinh Ton
fll (HXH). Nhfrng
nham
thU'erng xay ra
do dQc sai chep sai,
in, khac sai. Nnat 130 trtrerng hgp chii' nom, vi 13 mQt

tou. chri' chU'a hgp ly, chtra dtrge
chinh va dU'gc
coi Ia chinh thu-c. nen chU'a _e6 stl th5ng nhat gifra.
cae dia phU'ong tchii- _abo m6'i la chinh tbire), do
m6i nai
mQt l(ji. dQc mQt
tieng kh6. kiem,


NGUY2N VAN TRUNd
chtra ra chih thl g£n gMp
chfr Hb. Chinh vi tU
ma phai doan, eM' kMng dpc chir
va di nhien
cung tri.h
phai 1.3 ngtreri cung dja phU'O'ng, quen
hQc van mai dob tU'ang d6i dung.
thv, khlc vi khong sMn ra
chfr, nen
«chfr tae danh ra chfr
chii' ngQ danh ra chii' qudl.
Sau khi in, cung khong c6 th61 quen nhU' ngly nay
lam ban dinh chinh.
Cuoi cunll 13 eai hQa gian
gii
C6 nhii'ng
da
sgtreri viEt van. muon dtrQ'c nhieu ngtrai biet
tl1 gan van Minh cho nhfrng
dash vQng, hay vi

tbam
nha' trltang hQ'P cuon II: Link nam d4t sUo D
ma ong Han v1 ang Bui van Nguyen da niu len (I)
Thtr
Bac c& trtrac cUy mua sach c& tri gia theo cU,
mai, nen c6 ke
lItO'n1
bja
sich eu,
each lay sach mai, them niin
ten dc gii
ban dtrQ'c gia cao.

ra

Cu6n «Link nam dqJ sd-:I II mOt
Tau
dai nha Thanh, va ke Itru manh «da d&i ten
ten
ngtreri it nhieu, r()i them t\1'a ctia Tran
Dutt .dl
bien n6 ra mOt
thuyet nU'ae 13 ve deri Tran danh
cae dan MU'erng Man.
rna sach dtrQ'c dich dang
trong nhieu s5 bao Nam Phon: v1 dlt9'C coi nhU' 1.3 mOt
cbiru
(H.X.H).
Neu thir so sanh v6i van hcpe

qu6c, nha'

va.

( I)
008 HiD, sem bii trlelJ diD trh. VI: Bui VB NallY"
s.m hai : .BiDb cbinb vliD thO'
86p t kil!a VE SJ! nUm 11. dli wi
_\It so tac pham, tac gii va dic. Iii·. N,bien cii-u v.....
th'"K
.12-1961, H. Nqi.
.
/


NG6N NGtJ" VAN CHUaNG.••
hQC Phap ch1ng
nhil'ng nba
vl[n hQe
Viet nam cMc h£n them muon hoau canh
dang cia.
dn hQc Phap. Nha van hQC Phap khang nhii'D, c6
tim thlv
ban ma cOn d nhii'ng bah iihap; bia
va hoon nua ca hoan canh, m& tt'U'bng sang ticcua nha. van. N gU'o-i ta da co
giir Iii nlZuyb .
rnai nha. din phong cua nha van, nhii'og do dung. quen
thuQc,' do <16 nba
CtrU c6
den qi ch6 d.'

tim
nba van :iii sang' tac bai thO' do tir mQt hoaD<
canh song. mQt phong caoh thlsn nhien nao•••
Ngoai ra
li?u lien quan
cam 'ham kin,
tbtr tin.
tau trir (y thu-

ngU'ai ta cling giir c1U'(}'c nhii'ng tAt
den dcyi song cong, tU', dcyi
dnh
dai s6ng van ngM cia nha van. CMngnhtt ky cua nha van, sach bao thai 40van kh5 ..

Nba nghien CtrU van hQc khong
xae djnh mOt.
cach dtrt khoat cAK. dick sang tae cua tac gia
khang can Ctr vao nhii'ng thU' tin,
ky, di cao Ja,
nhii'ng phU'oong
tac gia bay to tam S\1'. clau t
cUa minh vCri
be, gia c.'tinh hay
nnh.
C6 bao gicy nha nghien cuu
Nam xtdt baa'
dU'(}'c mQt bQ thU' tin n&U' cUa K. Marx (9
hay
mQt cuon bien khao
dM mQt tae gii 1

ChullI ta dung trtrCrc tinh canh, ho4e khang bilt

Ii Mt ve tole gia,

bilt dt it ma thtro-ug chi II
tiai
con tie
khang con, ho4e cb...
allU'Da kh&1l1 phai nguyen ball.


, NGVyhN VAN TRUNG

24

B) K1MO EJINH VA H1$U DINH.

6'
nam, v,iec iblmdinh tic gia, tac
mQt
"k.hoa h9c
13 oon rnai
Rat it nguoo lam
no'i den ch6D vi ding chua c6
chu-e
each qui
mo, phan cang hVp lY. Thvc ra tro- thanh rnQt' nha nghien
eU-u van hqc kb6ng phai dL. MQi nha "nghien cuu
d>
Ii nba phe binh. NhU'ng nha phe binh cO

chi lam dU'Q'c
phe binJ:1: Vi tiJuoo ngbien cuu, phai
khong" nhirng chfr nom, chii' nho, sir ky
thOng
thU phap
co,
d, vln, ma COn ph:ii
, am tU'o-ng nhii'ng nginh khoa h<;>c lien
nhU' van tV
IIQc, bUt phap h<;>c, tu tir hQc, ngfr pUp hQc Y••V ••
'.
cach C\1
clc nha nho thong th\lo
van nhttng
khong biet pbU'O'ng pUp nghien" cUu mQt each khea
nhfrng nguo-i tan hQc, c6 th! biet. phU'O'ng phap
van, su- kyo Do do
nghien cuu, iii thieu s6t von
1IJt6 kiem ngtto-i Mi du hai dieu kien tren.
am
.,wrng khoa hQc lien quan den ngii' ngan, bUt phap rat
thiet vi trong truo-Dg hQ'p khang
tim ra sir
. de
dinh" .c6
d1,fa do"
d6i chieu, kbao sat
bUt phap
dU'a ra rnQt gia thuyet tin
dtrQ'c•

me.

lieu

• _

10'

•

NhU'Dg" d6i vai nha khAo .dinh va hien dinh, thi
chung hung
nh«t v!n Ia van lieu, do d6 c&rlg
__ chU yeu Ia tim ra vln
va ph! pllan, d'ala
gia nbii'ng van
d6.
\
"

lieu

4,

ã

nham
gia, tac pna.. Tac

'.

Fa

/,"

diub

Ơ

v!ndu,9'c_

\

.

"

ogt;,lY:
ã


lfG()N NGtt VAN CHUaNG•••

as

viin dtrQ'c n6i den c6 dfch th"..c khOng? Tac gii•.
tac -pharo minh muon tim co thit hay khOilg ?
chinh Iy ban van, nghia Ii slb
chfra nhfrng sai lam Mng each dc5i chieu nhieu ban yaa

.ham
hoi nguyen ban.
Co y kien ph:in dei
sit-a van, vi ngU'eri trU'6'c da stra, bay gi& nha nghien ciru Iii !ira
tili chi sai them nhU' Nguyen ngu f aa pM phan phtrO'ng
pHp
dinh ctia ang Hoang xuan Han: «Rat tiec
Ia ong
vap phai mQt dieu rna chUng t6i cho la kf
cho nhitng ai theo con dU'o-ng ella ong; tv j minh sa-a
bO van cO
v6'i cai ly lakhOng hay, 610-,.
djch khOng dung nguyen van, cUi lam
lie, Y M.p.
(BK so 83).
.
V5n
tren khOng dung vi m9C dich &thvall
ctta nba nghien ciru bay gier kha<: Mn ctianM dn
xU'a. MQt dang sfra van
lam cho du 'rift hay
hO'n mQt dang stra nhfrng chit, cau vo nghIa,
sal
.guyen y de ph1/-C hoi nguyen
t:ii lip baA chin••
Nha nghien ciru co van au-ng trtro-c mQt bey
.hieu
ve mQt t,le
khOng biet

nae ga..
liO'n cl vo-i nguyen
du-ng trtr&c mQt tOOt
chii' trong cau thO' khong hQ"p Iy vi ngU'&i dQc da
rem
chfr, ngtreri viet da chep lam, phien am la.,
ngtro-i thQ' ali khac lam, phai chinh I§,
d·iiil1
can thO', hai van.
Di nhien, sit-a chfra l&i van,
dinh khong ph3i
.Ill "eo y rieng minh, nhU'ng Ii pkai theo m9t phtt'IYn.g.


NGUYEN VAN TRUNG

:26

phap, can C\r vao nhii'ng tieu
nbat dinh (I) CMng
ong Hoang xuan Han da trinh bay phuO'ng pMp
dinh ctia ong' trong lai noi da u sach Thi van V 1ft
Nam (Song Nhj, HanQi, 1951) nhu sau :
« Con ve van tit', thi toi rat coo trQng
giii' duQ'c
nguyen c(l van. 51}' 11y rat kho vi phan 16'n cac van
bi phien am that each,
con chfr nom, nhung da bi
sao
nhieu Ian. Cac nguCri phien am hay sao thuCrng

tieng co, nen t1}' y chfra di. Toi da co tim
"khong
nhfrng ban nom, cil duQ'c chit'ng nao hay chit'ng do,
tim nhieu ban goc khac nhau, de so sanh. T 6i da
"ke cac tieng co thanh t1}' vj. roi vin vao each viet nc fi,
y trong eac cau van rna doan am va nghia. V&i S1}' kinh
ay, tai da dQc va hieu duQ'c nhieu tit' ngii' xtra.
"Roi tai yin vao t1}'
va am, vao nghia. de tai p dtrQ"c
nguyen
Tuy
lam ay co tfnh each hap benh,
nhung tai tin
da
dtrQ'c rnQt phan m"(1c dich )).

trong «Chinh phil- ngdm bi khdo

D :

« Tru&c het, dQc diu van di€n ca, xem trong du co
chii' nao tai nghia hay sai nghia. Neti
chii' nhtr
-thi toi tim each hieu hay xet xem chfr nem co sai lam
chang. Trong luc xet, tai so v&i cac ban
v9'\

-«lan

(I) Ve lieu chultn va r huO'o!! phip

d'fnh, xem Thri- gfa! quyet
ca Chinh pill
1'\gU) En van DltO"ng. chlto ng III

ae

(ti?u dfnh Itong ttuyen IhOng Trueg quoe). va phan ph,! I'!c (hi?u druh
eta
van T6, K,eu van Que. Hoiing xu,;n Han), hay
boi c; a
'1"8 1'9ull Hi?p • Bpc cUDn • Hf{u chu Bleh cau Kg ngtl » cua Gug
.HXH B;ch Khoa .6 205 den hel ,6 2( 8 ( 1965) oha 1. so 207 Itln!>
lbiiv phuO'u!! ph.p hi?u dfoh u"i
v. cua C'lR Hoang xua, Han,