Mấy vấn đề về lược khảo văn học (3. Nghiên cứu và phê bình văn học) - Phần 2

BG()N NGfJ" VAN CHUa-Ne

In

CHUaNG II

, Pitt 'BiNH VAN HQC
binb vall AQC cUngo nhU' nghien CtfU van hQc la
tU'<}'ng rat m6'i me,o.
Phe blnh da
chi trCr thanh mQt sillh
v&i I&p ngU'o-i. dau tieR
chiu anh hU'o-ng giao dQc va van hoa
phU'O'ng,
van hoa Phap.
Vao khoang 1934-35, co d mQt cai «djchll phe binb
MU' Le Thanh da ghi
trong "Cuon
van hQc lt :
·.gio. nhii'ng
chi, nhii'ng to- bao, xuat ban vao
nhan nhan nhii'ng bai phe binh)).
nhfrng nam ay, ta

so'

pbe binh nhfrng
sach trong cae
chi, chu-a co nhfrng tac
pM bioh va ciiog chtra co nhii'ng ly thuyet,

Sirih
bAi
quan

pM binh 1'0

Nhfrng bai pM binh trong cac bao thU'o-ng chi
S1h5.m mQc dich gi6-i
sach m&i xuat ban, khOng
phai do nhfrng ngU'o-i chuyen hiln ve pM binh, ma do
chinh nhfrng nba van bien
N6i cho dung, hau het nhiing bai diem sach nay
Qiing khOng dAng gQi la pM blnh vi m9c dichthU'O'ng

hay nhiing It dO clui quan
Wn tluh each dn hOc-

ca

thU'o-ng

U


ph! Mrth bing tfch khen bay ch! ,A
kJien.. ch! tUy nhtl" tac 8ii cuOn
c6 cUng pbe alnh.
ta

thieU 'eam'-ha,

1I\J theo tac

ty

D&i khi liri qua tiing Itti -glh cae
u(jo,tQbh: ahitDB
.•lIUJIg tr$a chli-i baLm"t sat -oh,au .m9t
-1ICaohf..

-C6ag khuyah

hri..,

chi khoDl
btit
•

.;de

Diy g1lr· khi' nghi den ,nft&ng NM't Linh!
f)to.. Lan
Nguyin 00'" Hoan v.•
chuag ta chi
elHl biit nhfrng tic ph. cU3.he}; nhung neu {dQc tp
llbiing to- bao rna h9 ch1i t1'U'O'llI _1
tk;va
hQ to
sat nbau

khoi
'nh.:en
.1 Mung nha van rna ta Jilu-y
Pllv-C' J$ic6
1hl nhO nhen,
tien.
c;ic.h, -pi
dell
(thE.
4p khi nghi
y:{1 ll}).•it ,chien.
,1!ifb nq6m 1\t' ,I¥"(:
:v:6i,dt
pA&ne'
,..
tih6m_. ' . --,' ,

ca

VaQ
'1»li phe,bmh dUng

blilh th1}"C
Nhihlg
fAy
bay gic7,

sti

qUaD

via con'

mien
cttoD

tra cfi. m6'i thvc SV c6 nhitnw
din ya
-<:6
tac
thuyet pM binb.

It

phe

't1\o-

liay
npontir
PWp; Va clio d&

etuve xu. d1lJ2g.

yin cbVa .qua ml!t» dU'VC
tia,:Dtrimt quallg
nbA

Naill. ngtf;Oi

c1ia Vii ng9C

HAm,
tl.


J,TGON NGD" VAN CHUaNG
Kieu cua
bach Khoa; con (y ngoai Bac,
chU'a
thoat khOi thu- duy
gUo dieu, khOng phai de ra
ltboi Mn chu nghia duy
nhU'ng it ra de vU'O'n t,H
rnQt thu- duy
((Sang suot» coi mOo kieu Lukacs,
hay Goldmann.
Dieu
cbtl y la 0- mien Nam, c6 dieu ki?n tiep
tnu nhu ng quan
meri cu a tay phuO'ng tir nai mU'O'i
nlrn nay ho-n, ma
kh6ng co nhfrng TrU'O'ng 'fuu,
Vfi ng'Qc Phan khac ap
nhfrrg quan
meri d6
vao van hQc

MQt

(0

Ie te gan day

De

cua
Tuyen, ve Chinh phlJ ngam,
long Van v6i «Nguon uU'6c
trong thO' Hi) xuan
HuO'ng) ehU'a phai Ia nhfrng ap
thanh cong hay
mhfrng cong trinh dang
rna loi thoat khOi 1'lhfrng
.(;l.n dl1'Crng moD.
Mt;1c dieh chU'O'ng nay Hong ph.ii nhiim trinh bay
lieh sir phe binh van hQc Vi?t-nam, ding kh3ng phit
nham gi6i
tat cd nhfrng quan
van hQc cua
the gio i nhU'ng de 5th
cho van de
ra & ehU'O'ng
ba: Ngon ngiT Van chlrO"ng va phe
van hQc :
qua sinh ho.t phe binh, qua nhfrng quan
phe blnh.
£6
phe binh dU'Q'c khOnl!' the n?iO la phe blnh t va
la gi6i

etia.mc;>i phe binh ?.
N6i each khac khong phai dirng

aquan diem phe biah

van hQc de trinh bay lieh su pM binh van hQc, nhtrng
'" quan diem

ly

van hQc de phe binh pM blnh van


NGuyh¥

vAN TRUNG

..
nhlm. tim hi'u bin cbitt,
tang cU. pht.
bleh van hQ(: qua
quaa niem ph! blnh vln h9C
sinh hott phi "mh.
,
Trong vien ttrQ'ng d6, chU'O'ng nAy se chi
sO nhung quan
ph! binh cii eta dU'g'C ap d(tng
vie vin h9C
va m9t so nhii'ng quan
m&i

etang
bien 0- Au-Ch£iu nhU'Dg chU'a 4U'Q'c apdQ.ng 00
van
gi&i
eli&lIl9i phe blah trong chU'O'ng ba.
Nhii'ng quan niem pM binh ci1 nhU': ph! binh
phe binh an tU'9"ng chu quan giao dieu, phe:
binh gUo khoa, ph! blnh tam Iy va ph! blnh xa Mi.
phe binh m&: nhU' pMn tam hQC
Jdta slob e4a Same. t&m phan h9C vtt cMt ella
Bac1telard, tim phan
binb. etia C. Maul'On, phC binb

luSn

Nh...,

coo dl, pile blnh

CO'

ciu...


r lVG6N NGO' VAN CHUaNG

PH1N I

quan

pile blnh

cO

Phi blnh 6n-tU'C]'ng chu quan, g160
PM biob. an tU'gng la mQt hU'&ng phe bioh khOng
chit dich tim hi€u if nghia gia trj khach quan eua
tac
nhwng Ul hay to nhfrng phan ang chu quan
c·,ja ngtr<'ri dQc, tac
ngU'&i phe binh di tim minh
trong tac

eua ngU'&i khac nMn dQc tok

eua ngU'Cri khac, bay to nhfrng tUc mk,.

tam,

nhfrllg yeu thich eua chfnh minh nhU' Anatole de
France da n6i: «nba phe binh gioi la ngtr&i
llhfrng cUQc phieu
Phe binh

IU'u

eua long

minh qua

cae

tU'gng dU'a den thai dQ thU'Crng

ngU'&i dQc chi muon t?O dU'gc nhfrng cam giac khoan
khoai ve tinh thlM1 bay ve
tac

my khi tiep xuc vo-l

Do d6 pM binh an ttrQ'ng c6 tinh each sang
vi nha pM binh gop them y kien, cam xuc ctia

minh v&i tac gia.

:qi nhien trong khi

bay to nhfrng cam tU'Crng,

phe binh an tU'Q'ng khong tranh khOi st}' khen che, d

thea che khong

khOng can cit.' va-o nhiing tieu


11'6

ttOl1g ahi't111 tl!u. chulu cbinh phil U9'P vcYi

chuln.
4bi hOi

40. thU'o-ng ngoJtl

.

khi n6 t$o' d\t9'c

tung

cam

ca

h!n dt

, NhU'ug

Ii: «tac phlm hay

nghe

nhirng tieu chuln cua nb"

phe binh an tU'Q'ng

chu quan. vi rUSlg

cam

If

thuQc sO- thfch chu quan cua m&i ngU'o-i.
PM blnh an tU'Q'ng c6 dnh each giao di!u· khi dl
pM blnh muon gan cho nhiing cam tU'ang phe phaa
d"a do cM. quan cua mlnh mQt gia trj phl> bien. dic

quan trQng phan

quan

pM binh
tU'9'ng vo-i tat ca nhirng quan
1a aha pM biGh
tU'Q'ng hob t03n Qu-ng trong lanh
V1!C

van chU'O'ng. khong dung nhfrng ylu tiS .ngoai

chU'O'ng nhU' cuQC dai. tac gi:i. tho-i
xi Mi

tanh

V1!C

Iy,

gi:ii thieh van chU'O'ng. Noi each

pM binh chi eM y den tic
1'a khoi

tim

v.an

tach van chU'csg

sir. xli h9i tho-i dii cua tic gao ]);rng Iii {T
binh chi muon nhia

vlbt chU'O'ng, nha

dinh cau van hay

dO-, cOt

khOng h9'P Iy, tuy

phe blah

sao. d\ta tren m9' qUail nitm 030
hay ve thttc 1$i,

11.

xl

&fl.••

dUitg ..,
.

giai thfeh . .

,

ncU'


: NOON NGfJ" VAN CHUaNG
net tren ctia 16i pM blnh an tlrQ'ng Co
tim thiy 0- no-i m¢t so nha phe blnh cfa u tien nhU' Baoduy Anh,

Thieu Son, Hoai Thanh, Vfi ng9c Phan,

T ftr0'ng Chinh..•
Ong f)ao duy Anh

mqt nha n ghien cu-u dl1

nhU'ng kbi di vf10 phe binh ong
t1.rQ'ng.

Oug

dinh

Str tU' ttro-ng cua

theo quan

Kieu, !1ghien cu-u
Du, nhU'ng khong dung nhii'ng
giai tJ:tich van chU'O'Tlg tt

s1!

kien thu-c do

trM

oag chu trtrO'ng mQt· thai dQ thU'o-Dg

van chtfO'ng
ta sO- di yeu chuQng
lam
skh

dQc

50

Kieu
khi

Kieu nhU" ong· da viet: (,{chung
Kieu khOng phii vi no Co

Iy cho d&i, rna chi vi trong

sich 5y
Du da dung nh frog Uri van
de rung dQng tam hon ta.. ,» ma lai van than
5y
theo hQ Bao «khOng ai la khOng cam thOng! NhU'ng
biet
het cat hay 5y Ia
dieu rat khO, m a

giai thich cho ra het cai tinh vi

khUc ay la dieu

kh6 nUal).

Ong Thieu SO'n trong «(PM bloh d Cio

(I9'Jt

rie dinh mt;1c dich ctia phe binh Ia a:dqc dum cho ngtriri
khac', nghIa 13 n6i len cai nghia ly eua cau
h;1Y dO- ella lai
car.. C1Z V20 diu

van,

cai

nhtrng Thieu Soon khOng cho biEt

Dc djnh

cai

hay dir, nghia

It va vi


·n8

NGuyt.N VAN TRUNG'

Iy ella rn9t tae
pM phan,

N6i deh khac, nhu-ng
Soon de ra chi cO dnh cach

C' ;;

dinh
quan

va gi;io dieu. N goai' fa. trong tae

phe bin!

'Soon llhlm pM binh nhiing nhin

nha val" .hl'o'ng

th6'i, nhU'ng Thitu SO'n
ty mi
sir, than

dt it cM j
va s't!

Thieu

den' ,; , gi&i
cua ,...\ van

va nhat la khOng dting nhfrng kien thtrc ve : ':u sir,
·than the lOt;'
gidi thick van chttcyng eu: lC gii.

Nha phe binh di vao tac gil. !ac pham nhu'
tim
mQt stf
gO'
doi
va doi
chut," -panh
llhfrng \Ian de rna chinh nha pM bioh th:ie mftc,
y.
Thieu Soon da ehi coi tae gia minh pM binh nh11' m¢t

-cO' h9i
eng neu len m<}t van de, m<}t van de rna e6
tae gia da de
va nha pM blnh lay
ban them
tAn rQng, de roi bay to quan diem. cia mlnh
'1,
khOng dong y v&i tac gia, hay ca t'(1ng tae
hoic dinhehfnh bi) khuyet nhiing

y

gia

t11'o-ng da tac

gii ma nba phe blllh cho la ihieu x6t, hay khong h9'P IY.
Thieu SO'n khOng nham tdnh bay m9t each eo'M
thong mq.ch l:;le eM trUOODg cua mQt tac gia,
phan
nhfrng diem
cUa m9t nha van, lam n6i
b$t
th't!c. dQc dao cua m6i tac gia; trai
chi 19'i d'(1ng nhfrng tac pham cia ngU'o-i khac

. w.

va bay to thai

4i ollg neu len.

de

8ng,
suy

cam nghi cua ong ve nhfrng van


NG()N NGtt VAN CH iTaNG
Hoai Thanh tho-i
trU'O'ng quan
nay thuo-ng dti'a
thcH
tbU'o-ng

ebti-

Ia mQt

vi
thu3t. Quan
15i nhln !in
dati qlUll
ve phuO'ng dien pJae

Tach van chU'O'ng ra khoi
ca nhii'nl Il kh5ng
iioi biet

pbai yan chtrO'ng, coi van chuO'ng itbt, mQt
m9t cu-u dnh t\1'

1:>6 13. quan

npe 1flu3t

vi
va ding la quan
phe bloh
ter9'ng,
Nha phe blnh khong
mn tac pUm vo-i lich air van
hQc,
su- tac
thM d:'j.i t?C gil va dung ahii'ng kiln
thu-c ve van hQc sir J tMn tM tac
tho-i
.c gii
gi;ii thfch van chuO'ng. Khi viet «Thi nhan Yitt-nam»
Hoai Thanh tuy c6 cho' ta hiet qua loa ve tieu sir 811'
d6 vao

cua nba thO', nhung khong dung nhii'ng S1!
tim hieu tho' cua hQ.

Trong nhfrng hM hao viet
ngM
phe hlnh
dang 0- cae

chi Trang an, Tieu thuyet th'U' bay v.v.
nhat la nhung hai
troog cUQc tranb
ve nghe
vi nhan sinh hay vi ngM
hoi I935-I936.
HoM Thanh (fa hay to res
quan di!m vi nght
va pM blnh 5n tU'9'ng.
bai thO' nhu
Kieu,
Trtr6'c rnQt tac
Hoai Thanh cho rang khOng nen giai thich dt nghia.
nhit 12 giai thfch cb nghia Mng nhfrng Iy do,
Wag phdi
ding dirng tim cong

t6
m\lC


NGuyAN vAN TRUNG

,

dieh khong phai
C'lia hal thO', de
ma
chi nen rung cam. boa dong vi g;ai thieh dt nghia

Se tieu
bang

chat. thO', chat
trong

van

ehtrO'ug:« Chat thO'

can phai dtrQ'c cam tMy

deh hOn nbien. -Cir phan tach, giang giai n6 se tan die
mn day phai im hO'i phii
btr6'c meri hong nMn
thay cli
khi diu dang thuy
khi traug
huy
ho}ng».
Trong bal {( van
phe binh» Hoai Thanh .quan
: «PM blnh va
eu.ng mQt
dieh,
mQt tfnh akh : tim cai
tim cal
trong tlJ'
nhien lao
tim cli dô;p trong

13
binbããã
ôNita van pbai 00 mQt tam hon gi3U tinp cam
I JH1g dQng tr1.!Vc mQi cai
t\1'nlden; nhl phe' blnh
lng ph3i e6 m9t tam hon guu tin,b cam hilt rung
truO'c cai dl;P trong van
Rup.g
mQt cacb t\1

e

t\;

&hi@n. Kh6 la 0- eM nay. Ch4ng
phaD
deu
m:ang
nhfrng thanh
nbir.:,g
qQin·do hoan
. dnb. do sach vb tlem nbiem tir }Au
UtrCrng c6
chenb t.ch.

ve

doin vi tht

muon pb@' binil mQt

thO' hay m¢t' .yln
hltta phii qutn mQi thinh kien. ,phaidQc

tfUtYC

mQl each t\1' nhitn;

_h

phai It tim tri.minh.

tv nhitn. Xe.m van nhtr t,W.mbi dsn

..


NG6N NGt! VAN CHUaNG
L11c dliu khang nen tim uguyln nhlo vi sao 1$1 hay ; c6-

t

tim m6i cam se hcic lit lSi, hoij,c khong th1,fc))

T.T, thu- 7-s6-35 :. 26-II-Ig3r
Va c1u sau day bAy to thai
16i phe blnh

cua-

thuo-og

tU'9'ng : «Van chU'O'ng muon gi thl gi,

ding phai 11 van chU'O'ng da., MQt bai van

trU'O'c

a mQt bong hoa. Lam sao ngU'Cri ta l:;ti cU' ep bong
boa phai thanh qua 1a ngbia Iy gi "? MQt ti hU'O'Dg man

hay

mac luc canh trU'cYng, nhii'ng m!u xinh tU'O'i rung rinh
dU'6'i anh

treri -khi ban s6':n khien cho kbach giang

ma tron"g

ho
nbii'ng n6i nh9c
nhfrng phut say sU'a, nhU'

cb6c lat huo-Dir
ch£ng du cho
4..i.

hoa hay sao)) (Trang an 15-8-35)'
'(rong mQt bai bao khac, Holi Thanh cbi tclch
ahfrng ngU'o-i pM binh

dai qua, chi biet

ciu khen chf' r6i trich m Qt
va doi hOi nha phe binh
cua

«

Jam d5n chirrg

pMi

van, ph3i n6t 1'0

Yden

can phai
kh6ng


y den ))

nhung

thay coli

sk

van ay hay each

ahfrag phan dong dQc gi3 xem qua.
ding dn

phai co sang t$O :.

nhu-ng y kiea cUa nha phe bi nh CO khi chlnh tac gia
sach kh8ng ngh; den

14- 9-1935).

1I

(TT thit' bay so 63


NGUYEN V.4.N TRUNG

.U'..

110M
khong cho biet phai can ett
do
t!eu chuan
giai thich cat
-hay _ca· 4.p,
nhfrng deu chu5n d6 c6 gia tri pho
haly kht>ng.
T.ng th\fc te

"lnb, Hoai Thanh ding 'chi biet
,d\fa va. di can tIVC qu n, khieu th1m my chU quae ctta
minh •
dinh khen che rna thai.

000
V.. DI»
ma
aay C1 mien Nam
con dtrQ'c trQng dt;1ng.
lh\fc ra Vii ngQc Phan chi c6 rotlg dl
mQt bQ sach
day du gj{Yi
cal' Dba van
thai tien
chien. Thf thOi.
quan
pM binh va
dinh
-pM binh trong bg sach co mQt gia tri dit dang nghi
,nglY,
la d6i v&i chUng ta agay nay.

000
Vii llg9C Phan da chi chu tr9ng den van chtrO'ng
van chtrO'ng ra khoi nhfrng gi:ii thich tjm
'va ding
ly, X3 Mi,ljch 811-. Chinh vi the rna Vii ngQc Phan phan
phe blt:\h kMc v&i var. hQc sfr. Van hQc S1X d\n xet

sir, than "the cu¢c diYi nha van, cOn pM binh
't6'i
vi chi
l' d€n
nhat III taC pbZim hi? \'1 d?J,
khOng can xet t6'i
siX, CU9C Oal nha van. Trong
Nha van hi?n
trtr tam anh eu;> 11M van


fNOON

NGtJ'

Tl'iN' ciiuaNG

!Vii ngQc Phan khong cho dQc gia biet gi ve ngay s;nh.
,qua
tieu
cu¢c
thM
eua nha vanva chi gi6'i thi?u ngay tac
cia
van.
R<>i (ft'rng trong Hinh vtyc thuan

tuy van

Vii ngQc Phan ding chi

y pM ph:in cAu van hay
c5t
kheo hay v"(l.ng, hoJe xet xem nha van

.

van c6 dung van
chlnh tci hay khOng, quan
tat ma ta c6 dung lI1f th1!c hay kh6ng, di VaG nhfrng
chi tiet dt v"(l.n
ma khang nhtm pb:lc 1193
khung clnh
nhu-ng dV dinh tong quat can ban
ella nha van.

Vii ngQc Phan da ue! 0< dau
gf{ri
11t:a
b1:nh phU'Q'ng ph?p phe blnh cia miuh: «Oli
phtrO'ng phap cot yeu ctia nha pM binh chan chinh va
c6 tai Ia
trong m9t
v-an nhu-ng dl hay va
nhu-ng cai der t pMi noi C·) ro
SaO mlnh eho la hay
va

sao minh eho Ia

roi

phai n6i neu da thi

ca·a pMi lam nhtr the n 3(':o <:\:0 hay, vi neu (fa hay thl
can 13m the naG cho h;"':! hO'Il nih. Ba
quan
nay trong phep pM blnh [,";0 gify cung pMi. dl sat vai
nhau thi S1f pM biah m,:':-j c6- the coi l.a &y ati. Mqt
nha pM bloh Anh (fa t6m ift ba dieu
trQng ba chii'
nay: What, Why va How, ,Ra sao,
sao, va g m the
11aO 1I
trang Is8 :,'; :j1 van HE>)
Trong th1fc te phe bLh! ngtro-i ta tMy qua tMt
Vii ngQc Phan da chi eM j d(n cau van hay
do-


r;GTJYEN VAN TRUNG
.cot
dung hay
phu.ng
la Vii ngQc Pha..n
da din c{r V2.0 nhii'ng tieu
co
pM ph;1n
(van phai can xu-ng: deo gQt, tam 11 thOng thU'o-ng),
,cng ·d'ing chi
long khen che roi trich van n;la

giai thich q.i sao, nMt la
thich theo
quan
nghe thtp..t Mn hoi va cIS tinh cachkhoa hQc cMng
cAu van hay vi hinh anh da J:tU'Q'c cau
nhU' 1M nao.
tthifng chcr da dU'Q'c ghep lam sao, can c{r vaO nhih.g
qui lU4t nao cua
tUm
tu tit hQC.

Vu ngQc -Phan khong c6
I, thuilt phe blah vl
t:ung c!l.tng theo h£n mOt 11 thuyet oao r5 ret,
cng hay lien he nhii'.,g
dinh cua eng vao
pMn doan cua cac nba phe blnh tay pbU'ong va lam cho
ngU'nba phe blnh tay phU'O'ng lam Heu. chuln
pM p!l:an
nhfi'ng nha van Vi?t nam.
Lay mQt vi
pM bloh KMi HlJ'ng.
khai Vii
rgQc Phan da Iv Q'C ke nhu--ng
ctia Khai Htfng
va phe bang nhfrng c'u nhtr : « Trong mii khOn6 dU'Q'c
thilt th\1'c, nhU'ng ai da dQc diog d.eu phai chu y
lo-i van tr:k
trich mQt

trac

va bat ngatcua KhaiHU'ng. «Roiong
-chirng, rna khong gioii thich uong a6

bat ngat b c:.h6 nao va the nao.

ong Hen
doi chien eiu van ly tU'o-ng cUt
de gia v6-i mgt -eauvan y tr&ng
d6 cua mQt nha
van tay phU'O'og : «Cai 161 lip mgt y cao nhU'
ng.trQoi


"NG 6N NGtJ' V AN CHua KG
ta thU'Crng thay trorg n' tl'ng
ng:b c&a Ana-E>fe
Fral ee, cua Hoffm:m l1,
loan khii'ng nha va
chti t 12'0'118 roai l:ghi ». ( ;jp. trang 34).
N6i each
nhfrng
xet phe phan coa Vi]
ng-Qc Phan ve cot
1&! van hlu ret c?cu gili chu rrhfrng dm tU'o-ng, phan trng cr,u quan
cUa ngtt'Ooi aQC va nhfrng cau van trich vinkhOng ph;»
t:Sch mot deh khoa rQc,
mQt quan

tI1U?'
rna chi de
hI'( c};o
ell-m
t\fo-ngt phan {rng chu qu::m ".ita l1},a pH binh.

de

000
T r l1'O'ng Chf.nh cling theo mQt 15i pM bloh fU'e'''V t1,t'
cua Thieu 50'n : 19'i d {lr g tac pI
ella ng'i'O'i kha
bay to nhfrng van de, nhfrng tinh cam rua minh, ·oi
la se tan dong qu.n ni{ m (ua tac ga vi phtl J1Q'p
"Yo-i quan
cua mir h,
Ja eM bai, hay ban rqog
them
de tac gia neu len, de nban nJq,nh "lao tam
quan trQng. tinh each tr)im trl;lDg ctia n6. cM: g
khi
TrU'O'ng Chinh phe binh «f)oq,n
cua N-a' Linh hay
«Thanh nien S.OSo eua T1U'O'ng Tim, eng bay tb s1,t'
y eua ang ve nhfrng van de xa hQi tn', Nhat Linh
va TrU'O'ng Tu-u, da neu len, nhfrng van Se ding lam c-ho
ang ban khoan,
mai, va pM blnh 0doi v60i
,ilng chi la gi6ng them
tieng chuong cho van de tro

-tbanh
trQng, cap bach hO'n : II

de

Van

de

tbanh nien trQ,Y Iq,C, vi the

Ja

van di


NCUYEN VAN TRUNG
.. can pbaigiaiquyet ngay, No lien
thiet dtn tt'O'ng tai nei giong ta :ll' {Dtt'&i
t:ang 13B.

quan

toi,

()()o

M(>t
eua
..!

pH binhan tU'(tng,
ella quan, gHo dieu Iil 1 i,:, '1"; dlJ'a vic nhfrng yeu t5
ngoaivan ":HrO'ng de tim "1(;' va giai t1;;:ch van chU'O'ng
(dn etr v> an -hQc sir, v;; \"','- Geri, t1;« Qq.! tac gia, vilo"
"
y'"''
1u aAn l'
y :?:,' ,y,
a h6"
_,1 v,V. _, t",ng kh" !lu;?ng
quan nl'A_
phe binh g:"J khoa, luan ly, 't :'rr> Iy, Xa-)to
van c',:i-',:tng de tim
van eh'lO'Dg. Nha p:le bi:nh da dJi din e-tr vao.. p h'"am va twng tac
,.
'.
f ..
,
. .,
kh\,1-a
h
....c
pnam
em
xet
{1l-n
Quan
phe blnb chi C?;1 cu- VaG tac ph!im-k-hong
dung, ciing khong sai, vi la ffi'?t !l;a dlQU m'}t quan

trong nhieu quan
M¢t
quat?- ni(m phe hinh
(phe biah chii de" C:i,i.Ci etC
pM binh
CO' cau cititique structurale) (-Ling chi din elf vao tac
Nhu'ng nh'fng quan
phc b nn nay that:
lSi phe blnh
tU'gng dl ,rC .hai U'U \ii:m :
I..-

Tren phtt'O'ng

b9

giiii thich
ngfr
Ij tuo-ug ttt'Q'og 511'

tIlQt dch khoa.hQc; din cu- vao n,'.2'ng

1:9c, n 5tr 'phap", -but phap hQc,
-binll thana mQt van hh, S\f
(-I)

.e --nei den a phln n

kiev 'thu-,c ve

t<}-o mgt -cau van.

"l'


.NOON NOU VAN CHUaNG
Tren phU'O'ng
nQ.i dung: hQ ding khOng
b6 Hm ly, .Xii MiT Triet 19 'Ii hQ
tim
Iy
Triet Iy X3 hQi, nhU'ng la tir tac
khOng phii lay
t:lm 19 Xli-h9f, triet It khaeh quan
giai thieh tac
Ghi nhu- mQt philn aon cua nhung th1fe
khOng ph2i
-van ehU'O'ng,
2.-

Trai
qual'\"
3a tU'9'ng
13 aii chi
ltlng bay to nhn ng dm ttro-ng rung dQng eua nha phl
blnh khi dQe fa:
13 gicii thich theo nhii'ng
tieu
ehU quan cO dnh each giao
Hoon nih

bO nhii'ng lib
cue t:k ph11m v6'i tac gia, theri
la
nMn gi..'l'i
tim
nhat)a d6i v&i nhii'ng
uha van
khOng phai la nllirn.
de gia khuyet danh hay vo dat,h.


Phi binh 9160 khoa
ta :nQt loi phe binh c6n rat thfnh Mnb. Hau het
Rhung sach giao
vanhQc sUo, hay sac\} pM
binll
tfic gia
nay deu it nhieu' d1!a tren quan
phe bloh nay. ThO'i tJcn chien, m9t so nha'
binh nhtr Tran thanh
Le Thanh, Kicu thanh
DtrO'ng qcang
cii,ng eta: ap d\lng nhfrng doi hi?i
cua phtrO'ng phap phe binh giao
diem eua phU'O'og phap nay la dung van 1i9c'
sUo, Cu9cdclla t.k gia
tim
va;
.

cua
gia. Do d6 pM bloh giao khoa khac v&i phi
blnh :lti tUQ'ng vi lien
tac pharo v6'i tac gia, th(ri
nhtrng cflng khac nhfrng phtrO'l1gphap dt}.'a vao Tim It,
Xli hQi h9C, Triet bQc, nghia ta nhfrng yeu to khOng phac
van chtrO'ng de gi3i thich, clt nghia van chuO'ng.
NgtrCri tieu
hO'n ca cita phU'O'ng phap phe \:'Ii ...
gi30 khoa la Lanson taC
van hQc sir Phap II
tHistoire de 1a literatune francaise) xuat ban vao
the ky XIX va
nay cflng \' h con dU'Q'c dung trong
cae nha trU'nhung doi hoi, nhu-ng
lam cbinh cua nba phe 'binh.

Y dinh eua Lanson rl1t khiem ton:
giup d i'
ahu-ng ngtroi mM btr6'c vao dia
van hQc (hQc sit,h
sieh vien) hieu van chU'O'ng va hieu Mng each giai thich
Ijeh sir van hQc. nghla 13
tac
tac gia V30 trong.
van hQc sUo. Htr6'ng t;p1 hilu chia lam hai.


, lfG6N NGfJ' vAN CHUO'NG

x.-

Tim

d6'i s(Sng t!c gia

ma

Lanson cho-

dng co lien M den tac
2 . - Bloh van bang each tim hieu xuat xtr, nguiln
goc ban van, xac dinh
htrlrng t;ac gil da nMn dU'Q'c
vl y va 1<'ri Van.

anh

Tinh th3n pM blnh la
tim lzieu hO'n H ph!
ph:5n doan. Noi each khac, co going trinh bly
each tbanh blnh, khach quan vai thai dl? rnl?t ngU'&i
aghien ctru. M\1c dieh
dung nhirng S1,1'
lien quan den'

1a chi

l:)m sao xac djnh dU'Q'C

va tim ra dU'Q'c
nhieu 511"
dlu
tac
ve Y tU'o-ng,

c6t
l&i van, ma khOng co
tac pharo
nhirng 1y do quan
d1,1'3 vao lam 1y, xa hOi hQC).

v<;>ng ci1:t nghia
ngoai vb ohtifO'Jlg

Trong tinh than tim cho dtrQ'c nbieu
I\t'

chi

81;1'

va

xac dang, nha pM binb se eo
tim nhfrng
trong do-i song tac gia, nhitng bien ci5 da xay

ra trong cUQc deri tac gia,
nhfrng hOaD dnh song

vai nhfrng ngU'&i,
chung quanh tac gia, d1i lien
quan the 0;;0 den nhfrng y ttl-ang, nhirng khung canh:
hay nhfrng tinh t1,1'
gia rno ta !rong tac pham.
nhtr m¢t cai cO-, cal dip
cho tac gia lam bat
thO' do, hay cai khung cho t:k gii xay d1,1'og cat!1
d6 ; nha pM bioh eung se danh taft
nl9
nhii"ng diem toi, nghi va.

flhfrng thien
d&i song tAc lia


NGUytN V4N TRUNG
v e ngay sinh, nO'I sinh, ten

hoan dnh gia dinh, giAo
d\1c nhii'ng bien c6 1o-n ve tinb cam, sinh
nghe
chi ah tri.·.· Hm
nbfrng
chU'a ai
blng eacb tim ra dU'Q'c nhfrng tat
mo-i; xac th1J'c
do-i song ,ac gil. Tat ca nhfrng S\1' kien d6 se giup
nha phe binh glai thich
sao nha van da

tac ph1m
et6, diu van do. hay lily rot I' U \
do. Ho?c nha ph e binh
dm nbfrng s\1'
xac dmh nguon goc, xuat xli' diu van
va anh hU'Crng nha van aa nMn : .Tac pham c6 phai a dung tac pham v)in dU'Q'c nhin
!thIn kh6ng, c6 phai la dung cua dc gia van dU'Q'c gan
gbep khong, nha phe binh dU'a ra nhfrng cii
mM
doi chieu, pM phan nhfrng y kien da pMt
lien quan
den tac
tac gia b1ng ca<:h co tim dU'Q'c nhfrng ban
VaD chU'a ai tim rae Roi trong chinh diu van, xac dinh'
anh hU'Crng ctla nha van da
uy d\fng c3U ,vall
CMng
ve y tu:&ng nay. tac gia da dQc dU'Q'c .(y tac

,gill nay. Cr cuon sach kia,

16i

van nhU' tbe nay

Ia vi da chju anh hU'o-ng cu.a nhfrng tac gia nay ma
nba van U'a thich. Nha pM biah se trich
de minb

chu-ng nhfrng qua quyet tren cua minb. chir kbOhg phai

dli dU'a ra nhfrng qua quyet co dnh each vo
flo 13
mQt cong trinh nghien ctru tim kiem khoa hQc, d\fa vaG
lich sir
giai thich s\1' hlnh thanh va cau
tac pham.

ti; Ly ttrCrng Ia tim ra dU'Q'c nhieu s\1'
moi van

xac dang cho

de neu len nhlt' Lanson da vi& : « Um sao Mlam


NGON NGfJ' vAN OHUcnlG
dU'mQt y nghi ali rung dQng
de gia ».

13x

ban van hay
tei hay oc tU':Yng tU'
8\1'

ly

Di nhien, nba pM

phai la mQt nha hac hQc
thong th?o van chU'O'ng
kiD} trong nu-6'e, va
van
hQc sUo the gie-i, nbat ta nhfrng van hQc Str lien
den
van hQc Str quoc gia cua minh, biet nhieu eO ngfr va
ngfr, am
nhfrr.g khoa hQc lien M den phe binh van
hQc nhU' ngfr hQc, ngfr pbap, tu tir hQe, but phap hQc v.v
co
tim xuit xU-, qui djnh anh hU'cYng,
d6i
so sanh phe pMn.

ca

Loi phe binh giao khoa khOng aU'a ra nhfrng Iy
thuyet van ngM to tat
giai thfch van ehU'O'ng, ma.
chi khai thac nhfrng
thu-c Itch' sUo lien quan de n
tac
(thuQC
db'i song tac gia, hay thuQc ve van
hQc sir)
giup cho ngU'b'i chU'a quen thuQc van
chU'O'ng, hieu van chU'O'ng.
Phe blnb giao khoa ding thU'o-ng oU'a oen
G1!ng van hQc sir vi oa

chi co the tim hieu
tac pUm neu
tac
vao ttong Ijch 'Str
b? lac
cua tac gia, va
toan bQ dc
t:.ic gia vao trong mQf tlao IU'u,. mQt giai
hQc sir.

xiii
mQt
ctra
van

thanh M:}i trong nhii'ng cu6n
khao Traa ,
XuO'ng, Han mic Ttr ali theo Ioi phe bloh khoa h9c'


NGUYEN VAN TRUNG
\:hacb quan. eli tir.l nbirng
lien quan
do-i
s5ng lac gia de glal lhieb mQt 811
van chtrO'ng
nbtr eng da
(y hai t11a euon Han
Trr :
IV &i nhirng phtrO'ng pMp m6'i. xu-a nay cbU'a tirnl

-c6 trong ljch sUo vap h9c nam, toi da pMn dch ra
1:itng crr chi. tirng Hnb tinh CUl nha thi s1. -tirag giai
1:hoq.i trong deri ngU'eri, nhirng cai ay rna be ngoai IU'o-nl
keo cho dai dong t\fU truog c.1lu
nhU' YO btl feb, va chi

an

obip vo-i nhau nhtr nhfrng vbng -cua
sQ'i
-ehuyen
rna anh hU'o-ng den cai dich cua ng11"o-i viet
<:uon sach muon di t&i, cat ngbia tbi ph1im nba thO', khODJ
thau ro het nhfrng cii
vanh tMc
trong deri mOt
oba lhi 81 thi khOng sao
het dU'Q'c thO'
ngU'Cri ay
phU'O'ng phap tren,
thanh
,Hi khao
-cuu boan dnh dia ly, gia dinh
Ttr, theri kt
hQc banh, ra lAm bao, va
dau ';viet van, cUQcs6ng
1:?{ dau thU'O'ng va nhfrng moi dnh cua thi si,
minh
chu-ng
trong tac

nhfrng tinh' (am,y' ngh! ,ua Han M?c Tuda bi chi phOi manh
bOoi nhfrng Diem

'tin ton gUo, nhung

trOo cua 'Ahfrng cUQc t;lnh duyen

va nbat 13 nhfrng dau khl), tuyet vQng do
1lgheo tung gay nen.

"

NbA phe blnh da thu gop' hrQ'm
nhu:ng giai tho,i
-chi tiet cu9c d&i Han
Tu- de lam cho dQc gia
.ha thO' . dii sang dc bia thO' d6 trODg hOaD
tam
nao, va
sao d3 sang tac nhtr the v.v•••


mGON NGU vAN CHUCYNG
tbanb
4a c6 c&n. mu&a
khung canh song cua
vln blnl
sbfrng 8\1'
giai tho:;li

giup
gia hieu ro thO'
van tL1!c ra €lug cotra lam
tren v6'i mQt tin!:l than
khoa hQc vi nbtrvg 811
da trinh bay chtra dtrQ'c '
kiem chtrng, va nhihg tru'&ng hvp ong D.eu len CIS
,do 6c tuo-' g trr9'ng ctta flog xep
hO'n Ia c6
..Dbat 1<\ trong cuon «Trong glong song Vi ll.
Tuy
-phac hQa

000

Le Thanh ding theo kbuynh htr6'ng tim
t:k
.qua cUQc dlYi cua tac gia, nhtrng thay vi StrU t1m nhung
"$11
thuQc SU
nhfrng nha van d1 mat nhU'
'Tran t',anh
Le Thanh suu tam nhfrng S1f
v2
nhfrr.g nha van hay con song,
cach trtlc tiep Mng
nhfrng cUQc phong van chfnh nba van•••

.

PhOt1g van nMm tim
hoaD. canh gia dinh" g'iao
Q(yi sOng lam an, dcyi song dnh cam, d,thtrc aa anh htrong va chi phOi nhU' the nao deri song
viet van clla tac gia.
Phc:ng van se cho
"'thO' <16, da viet cuon

gia hiet nha van d1i
bai
d6 ttong trlolo-ng hVp nao

aa
nhii'ng kb6 khan gi khi:
mham m1;lc ':;sang tac,
da dung phuO'ng pnap sang laC nao, tti
chiu anh htrang nh11'ng nba van nao' ali U'a thick 498


nh&ng-dc phlm

vA e6 hM !bng hay Waang

da xu't ban, phan u-ng the nao tnr60c pJae blnh, sau,
dInh gi trong tlfO'ng lai.••

Cl)ng. .c;:o dl1
van
ib,

C6 Ie La TIwdl ta ngtrM dau tien d6ng 16i phong
gitip ngtro-i tim
nha van m9t each vu-a sAu;
linh d9ng, DC thvc.
trong II mOt gier v60i Tti M&

11

Bng d1'

thlnh cong bUQc duQ'c Tti M& bay to tim SlF dM mlnh

tit ltic con thO' «u, cuOt dai hQc hmh ctia T 11 M& nhii'ng
ang thay Dao da anh hu-ang den Tti MO', nhii'ng
van.
nlo d1i nang dO' buo-c dU'ong
ctta Tti MO' nhii'ng
khL
sach nao Tn MO' U'a dQc, nhii'ng kh6 khan
sang tac... Qua c* phong vat;t, ngu-o-i dQc tMy Tti MOo
chiu anh huo-ng Tti XU'O'ng, Tan f)a 13. nhii'ng nha thO' rna
Tti M& kinh
u-a thich, hoic Hoang ngQc Phach
tuang Tam la nhii'ng ngu-M dii chi dlln
tren con duo-ng
S11 hgM
trong

I

CuQ<: phOng dn cac

nba van»

Thanh di phong v«U tam nha dn hitn
Nhii'ng chi
lien qnan d& eUOc dai nha van khong phM
c:£t
aghia van chU"O'ng nhu-ug chi
giup ta
to hoan
dah sang tic,
trU'ang, mt;1c dich, ngl;< y sang tac,
nghia Ia
nhii'ag van
chung quanh tac
va"
ahu-ng
SlF
chung
quanh
tac
dIng
rat
can.
,
J
dUDh W:
hay La Thanh <.'tv

.NGON NaG"

viN CHUaNG

dQc gia thay CU9C dbi thO' l1u cua
ngQ<:
Phach nhfrng ong
nba van
gioio,
trU'&ng
.hQ'p nao Hoang' ngQc 'PMch da viet TCS Tam, va da call
.ell' vao nhfrng tai
nao de viet cuon tieu thuyet d6,
.Le Thanh con hOi nba van ve ci nhfrng quan
cua
cnha van d6i vai van. hQc, gia dinh, xli hÂiããã

000

ca

Kieu tbanh Que giong Le Thanh (y diem
hal
tam
tfnh s& van hQc de dQC gia c6 mQt cai ohin
t&llg quat
mQt nam hay mQt thoi ky van hQc. NhU'ng
!Cieu thanh

di xa hO'n trong d\t' dioh mu.hQa lich trinh di€n tien" van hQc cUa
mQt dan t9C.

ca

Thay vi tim hieu mQt tac gia nhU' mQt vii trQ co
..(foc,
nhl phe blnh
tac gii trong mQt khuynh
hmYng, tn¢t tb&i ky van hQc, va tim hieu olc
trong
"khung dnh chung cua mQt nen van hQC.
Trong «Ba mU'O'i nam van hQCftCuQc
hoa van hQc
nam» Kit:u thanh Que da
'l'han chia nhfrng the van va gi6'i
S1f hinh thanh,
tien Clla tirng the van v6'i nhfrng tac gili
.tieu bieu hO'n 00',
cng cIa
chia van hQc theo
.-chfr iet: van hQc chfr han, van hQc chfr nom, van hQc
...chfr quac ngfr, roi khlo sat ngu?>n gcc, phOi thai va s11
othinh suy cUa m6i
van