Hỏi đáp hóa học vô cơ

.*r,\

Fs$. NSUYEN SUC VAN

TTIING

H$(
l*?
pH{}
,t

THONG


i,)A

PGS. NGUYEN DUC VAN

,L,

TRUNG HO( PH 0 THOHG
(Sach dung chofrp, , inh THPT
Sinh vi6n cac trtwng DAi hec, Cao dang)

l

NHA XUAT BAN GINO DUC VIET NAM
t,


Chiu tr6ch nhi0m xu1t bin :

Chri tich HDQT kiOm Tdng Gi6m d6c NGO rnAN Ar
Ph6 Tdng Gir{m ddc ki6m Tdng biOn mp NGUv6N eUV rHAo
Td chrlc bin thao vi chiu tri{ch nhiOm nOi dung :
Ph6 Tdng bion rAp rHAN xuAN rHANH
Gi6m dOc CTCP Dich vu xuAt bin Gi6o duc HA NOi PHAN
Bi0n qp nQi dung vh siia bfrn in
PHAM TTdU DUYEN

rf

ruAr

:

Bi0n Bp kT thuQt :
PHAMQUANG VTET
Tr)nh biy bia

:

PHAI\{ IITJOI\G

Chd bin :
PHAM QTJAI\G VIET

C0ng ty cd phdn Dich vu xuat bin Gi6o dqc He NQi
NIhA xuat

t

60-2009/cxB/ 1 9-

bin Gido
1

8

3/GD

-

dUc ViOt Nam gifr quydn cOng bo t6c phdm

MA so : C3H03H9 - CpD


tdi ndi ddu
..;.....,.........,.,

l}.,.,.......,...,..

Bqn dgc thiln m6n !

od giAi d6p nhtrng th6c m6c vd Ho6 hoc v6 co 6 trinh d0'
trung hoc phd th6ng, t5c gi6 xin gtli ddn ban doc cudn s6ch
Hdi ddp Hod hgc v6 co Trung hgc phd th6ng du6i dang
c6u h6i vi tr6 loi. Mdc dir trong t6m s6ch 6 trinh d6 trung hoc
pfrd tfrOng nhr/ng trong s5ch c6 nhidu c6u h6i hodc trA ldi 6 mrlc
dO cao hon dd m6 r6ng vi n6ng cao tdm hidu bidt cho ban doc.
Ndu mudn hidu biSt th6m xin ban doc tham kh6o th6m cac s6ch

c0a cirng mQt t6c giA sau ddy :
1. Hoii hoc v6 co t6p l. C5c nguy6n td phi kim, Nhd xudt bAn
KH&KT- Ha N6i 2008.

2.Hoit hoc v6 co

tQp

ll. C6c kim loai didn hinh, Nhir xudt b6n

KH&KT- Ha Noi 2003.
3. C6u h6i vi bii tdp ho5 hoc v6 co
b6n KH&KT- Ha NOi 2007.

4. C6u h6i
b5n).

- Phdn kim loai Nhi xudt

vi bii tdp ho6 hoc vO co -

Phdn phi kim (s5p xudt

TAc gia rdt mgng nhan dugc cac y kidn g6p t, c0a b?n dgc dd
cudn sach dUgc hoan thiQn hon.

Xin trdn trong c6m on

!

I ac

-r.,

gta
a
a

J


PHAN il
?t
MC,DAU
)s.1. cHAr vO co ve cuAr Hfrr-r co
su

ufN pdl ri Hgc vA Hoe Hoc

l.

Cfrdt v6 co vd chdt hfru co kh6c nhou 6 didm ndo ? M6u c0o dQng vOt thu6c
Iooi chdt v6 co hoy chdt hfrr co Z fn0y tinh plotstic vd th0y tinh d0ng Idm kinh
crlo ld chdt v6 co hoy htrr co ?

-

Ngubi ta dd quy u6c ch0t hftu co ld nhfrng hgp chdt cira cacbon vdi cdc nguy0n
td kh6c (tru cacbon oxit, cacbua kim loai, cacbonat kim loai ...) nhu ancol, ete,
protein, lipit ..

-

Chat vO co li nhfrng don chAt vI hgp chAt tao ra ttr c6c nguyOn to kim loai, phi
kim, c6c oxit, bazo, axit, muOi ...

-

Mdu cira dOng vat le h6n hgp gdm nhidu ch6t hfru co vi v0 cg, ching han :
hemoglobin li chdt hfru co, NaHCO, (chat duy rri pH cira miiu) li chAt v0 co.
Tht y tinh platstic ld mQt loai chAt d6o trong sudt thuOc lo4i hqp chAt hfru co ;
thiry tinh dr)ng lim kfnh cfra, chai lo... duo. c chd tao tt crit (SiO2) thuoc loai

-

chdt v0 co.

2,

4

I hgc vd btdn adi no6 hgc crio c6c chdt kh6c nhou 6 ddm ndo ?
Sg bidn ddi noa hgc lh su chuydn hori tt chdt niy thlnh chdt khiic, chuydn ho6
phxn trl chat nly thdnh phAn trl chAt khdc. Trdi lai, khi xiy ra su bidn ddi lf troc
thi phan trl cdc chdt kh6ng thay ddi. Vi du, A 10000C phan ttr HrO b6t ddu ph6n
hriy thinh phAn tt chAt mdi le khf H, vi Or, thuoc qu6 trinh bidn ddi ho6 hoc ;
nhmg b 1000C dudi 6p sudt khf quydn, nudc chuydn tir rrang th6i l6ng sang
trang rhi{i.hoi, phAn tr} kh6ng thay ddi, ld bidn ddi li hoc.
sU bldn ddt

3. Oua lrinh t6ch proton ro kh6i hot nhdn nguy€n t& vd qu6 trinh i6ch electron ro
rn6i pndn v6 nguyOn t& td qu6 trinh bi6n adi I frgc hoy ho6 hoc ?
NguyOn

tii clo hAp thu notroh theo phuong trinh

:

?ict + fn -+ ?is * lp
Nguy6n trl clo dd bidn ddi *rann nguy0n trl luu hu!'nh, cAu tao vi tfnh chdt cira
luu hu!,nh vi clo khdc nhau. Hoac khi nguyOn trl clo t6ch I electron kh6i phdn
nguyOn tir, clo dd bidn ddi thinh ion Cl+: Cl
Cl* + le

+

Ci hai qu5 trinh trcn ddu lI bidn ddi noa hoc vi d5 bidn ddi thhnh nhfrng

ch6t

khdc trudc.

)s.2. NGrryEN

TO

HoA Hoc - DdNG vI - pdrvc
KIM LoAr

-

PHr KrM

rudl

- nAN rrvr

4. tlguyen td ho6 hoc ld gi ? C6 6 dau ? Nhfrrrg nguy6n t6 ho6 hoc ndo c6 ndm
luong pnd ol6n nhdt trong v6 tr6tgdt z

-

Theo dinh nghia chfnh x6c thi : NguyOn tO ho6 hoc li qp hqp c6c nguyOn tt c6
diOn tich hat nh0n Z bfung nhau vd phAn bd electron gidng nhau & c6c lop vi
phan lop.

-

Nguy0n td ho6 hoc c6 trong thlnh phdn ph6n tit cdc don chAt vh hgp chAt.

li oxi.
+ PhAn tr? hqp chAt HrSOo gdm 3 nguyOn td li hidro, luu huj'nh vi oxi.

+ Phin tir don ch6t 02 chi c6 mOt nguyOn to

-

C6 9 nguy€n td chidm hon 997o khdi luong v6 Tr6i Dat li oxi, silic, hidro,
nhOm, s6t, canxi, natri, kali, magie. C6c nguyOn td cdn lai chi chidm chuaddn l7o.

lai d6 c6 dQ phd Uicn kh6c nhau nhu c6c nguyOn td hidm c6
hhm luong trung binh nh6 hon lA-a%o ; ciic nguyOn td phAn ti{n khOng c5
kho6ng chat ricng mh tdn tai du6i dang tap chdt trong khotlng chat ctra nguyen
td kh6c. Oxi vi silic lh nhfing nguyOn td chidm uu thd vd sfi luong tren hdnh tinh
chring ta, cbn hidro vd heli lai la thenh.phdn chinh trong vfr tru.
Cdc nguyOn td cbn

5.

ruguyen t6 ho6 hoc td nh[ng nguyGn t0 c6 cr)ng sd

-

MQt.nguyOn td ho6 hgc c6 thd gdm nhfrng nguyOn ttr c6 cirng sd Z nhmg khOng
cing sd kh0i, n6i chfnh xdc hon li kh6ng cirng sd notron trong hat nhAn nguyOn
tr}. Nhfrng nguyOn trl d6 duoc goi
cdc ddng vi crta cing m6t nguyOn td ho6
hoc. Vi du nguyOn td oxi c6 3 ddng vi ddu cing sd Znhrmgkh6ng cing sd khdi :

li

fndi hoy kh6ng cirng s6 khdi

?


Ddng

ri

Ddng

ui

Ddng

ui t[O trong hat nhAn c6 8 proton + l0 notron c6 sd khoi bang 18.

'3O trong hat nhAn c6 8 proton + 8 notron c6 so khdi bang 16.

tlo trong hat nhin c6 8 proton + 9 notron c6 sd khdi bang 17.

VAy mOt nguyOn td hor{ hoc c6 thd c6 nhidu gi6 tri kh6c nhau vd sd khdi.

Nhfrng nguy€n ttr kh6ng ctng sd Z t(tc kh6ng cirng sd proton trong hat nhAn
nhmg b[ng nhau vd sd kh0i duoc goi l]r c6c chdt ddng kh1i. Vi du cap ddng

khdi

f!n'

"a {$rc.

VAy nhidu nguyOn td ho6 hoc kh6c nhau c6 thd c6 cing giri tri vd sd khoi.

6. odng vi vd ddng khdi kh6c nhou

6 didm ndo ?

Ddng vi ld nhfrng nguyOn trl c6 sd Zbingnhau nhrmg s6 A kh6c nhau.

Ddng kh1i ld nhfrng nguy€n tfr c6 sd A bang nhau nhrmg sd Zkhdc nhau.

7.

Xim tooi ld gi ? Trong b&ng tudn hodn c6c nguy6n t6 ho6 hoc, nhfng nguy6n
td ndo ld kim looi? Ld b6n kim ?

Kim loai

li

nhfrng nguyOn td ho6 hoc 6 trang th6i tu do tao ra nhfrng don chdt
chrla liOn kdt kim loai.

-

Trong bing tudn holn, dai da sd cric nguyOn td

li kim loai g6m

:

+ Cric nguyOn td khOng chuydn tiOp nh6m IA, IIA, IIIA, mOt phdn o nh6m IVA
(Sn, Pb) vi nhSm VA (Bi).

+

C6rc

nguyOn td chuydn tidp ddy thrl nh6t thuOc chu ki 4

tt 6 2l

(Sc) nh5m

IIIB

ddn 6 30 (Zn) nh6m IIB.

+ Cdc nguyOn td chuydn tidp ddy thrl hai thuOc chu
ddn 6 48 (Cd) nh6m IIB.

ki 5 ttr o 39 (Y) nh6m IIIB

+

Cdc nguyOn td chuydn tidp d6y thrl ba thuOc chu ki 6 vd 14 nguyOn tO ho
lantanit tir 0 57 (La) nh6m IIIB dOn 0 80 (Hg) nh6m IIB.

+ Cdc nguy€n td chuydn tidp thu6c chu ki
(Th) ddn 0 103 (Lr).

I

vit 14 nguyOn td ho actinit

tt

O 90

-

Trong bing tudn hodn, c6c kim loai duoc xOp phdn bOn trdi, phfa dudi cira bing
vd gidi han lh c6c nguyOn td Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po. Phdn b6n phii, phia tr€n li cdc
nguyOn tO phi kim vh gidi han lh cr{c nguyOn tO B, Si, As, Te. Ranh gidi giira2
ddy d6ld Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At duoc goi li c6c nguyOn to b6n kim.

8.

co s6 ndo dd ph6n bi6t c6c kim looi nhg, kim looi n6ng, kim looiden,
kim looimdu ?
Ngodi c6ch phAn loai nhu trong bing tudn hoin, ngudi ta cdn phAn biet kim loai
theo khdi luong riOng, theo miu s6c :

6

Orlo tr€n


5

c coi ld cdc kim loai

-

Nhfrng kim loai c6 khoi lugng riOng b6 hon
nhe, l6n hon Ih c6c kim loai n[ng.

-

Trong ki thuxt, sit vd c6c hqp kim ctra s6t lh gang, th6p ddu gqi ld kim loai den.
Tdt cL c6c kim loai cdn lai ddu goi li kim loai mdu.

9.

-

glcm3

duo.

prri kim ld

gi ? Trong bdng tudn hodn nhring nguy6n td ndo ld phi kim ? C6c
khi hidm c6 ph6i ld phi kim kh6ng ?
Phi kim li nhfrng nguy0n td ho6 hoc tao nOn nhfrng don chAt & trang thdi tU do
kh6ng c6 tfnh chdt hod li cira kim loai.
Cdc khf hidm cfrng li cdc phi kim. Trong bing tudn hoin c6 22 ngryAn td phi
kim li :

BCNO
SiPS
As

Se

Te

10.

CO ronh

H FIe
FNe
Cl Ar
Br Kr
IXe
At Rn

gi6i16 rQt gifro kim looivd phi kim kh6ng

?

Kh6ng. Mac dir c6 c6c nguy€n to bdn kim nhmg d6 khOng phii ld ranh gidi 16
r6t gifia kim loai vi phi kim. C5 nhidu nguy€n td duo.c coi lir phi kim nhmg lai
c6 tfnh chat cira kim loai hodc nguoc lai, ching han silic ln phi kim nhrrng lai li
chdt b6n d6n diOn, tfc le c6 tinh chat cira kim loai ; nhOm, k6m ...1i kim loai
thuc su, c6 tfnh chdt vat h didn hinh ctra kim 1o4i (d6o, ddn di0n, d6n nhiet ...),
trong dung dich nudc tao ra cdc cation Al3*, Znz* nhmg lai c6 khi nang tao ra
c6c anion

I

I.

AlOt ,ZnO22- thd hion tinh

xlm togic6 nh0ng tinh chdt

chdt cira phi kim.

d{c trung ndo

?

C6c kim loai ld nhfrng chat r6n & nhiOt d0 thuong (trir thiry ngAn & trang th6i
l6ng), khOng trong sudt, c6 khi nrng phin xa cdc tia s6ng tao ra 6nh kim, d6o,
din diOn, ddn nhiOt tOt.
Cdcion kim loai mang diOn tfch duong, trong dung dich tao racdc cation dang Mn*.


)s.3. IoN - TRANG nrAI pLATMA
NctryEN

12.

pnan ffi

h gi ? c6

chdt d6 kh6ng

-

PhAn trl

rrl rn6r - MoL xndr LUct{G MoL

prr&i mQt ph6n rrl c0o mQr chdr s6 c6 ddy arj iinh chdr c0o

?

li phdn tri nh6 nhat cfra mOt chAt c6 nhfrng tfnh chdt hod hoc cira chit.

Khong hoin toin nhu v6y ! c6 thd n6i nhu thd vd tinh chat ho6 hoc nhung
khOng phii vd tfnh ch1t li hoc, vi da sd t(nh chit lf hoc nhu nhiOt d0 n6ng chiy,
nhi€t d0 sOi, dO nhdt, d0 ctlng ... cfra cdc chdt ddu gay ra b6i t4p hqp m6t so lon
ph0n trl chAt d6.

I3.

-

CO phdi looi chdt ndo c0ng do c6c phdn trl cdu too n6n kh6ng ? C6 nhrirrg
cndl ndo ph6n t& ld don nguyOn trl ?
P-han trl du-o. c cau tao tir c6c nguyOn tr}, n6i dring hon ld tir cric hat nhAn nguyen
trl bao quanh boi c6c electron bOn trong, cbn c6c electron ngodi cing tham gia
hinh thenh c6c liOn kdt hor{ hoc tao thdnh fhan tir, nhtmg khong phii chat n}o

cfrng do c6c phAn

-

-

tt

chat d6 tao nOn.

Thuong chi n6i ddn phan trl trong pham vi ch0t khi, m6t s6 lon chat l6ng hay
chat hba tan, ddi vdi nhidu ch6t ran 6 dang tinh thd l4i khong phii do cac pnan
trt cflu tao non. ching han mudi [n kh6ng 6 dang ph6n tir Nacl, nudc 6 trang
th6i r5n gdm nhftng phan tft lien ho-p (Hzo)s, kim loai 6 trang th6i ran hoac l6ng
khong & dang nguy€n tft mi & dang ion Mn*, c6c polime gdm c6c monome li6n
kdt vdi nhau thinh ph6n t& mach dii khOng x6c dinh...
chi c6 cdc khi hidm phan trl gdm ci{c don nguyOn tt, rrong rrudng ho.p d6 kh6i
niOm nguy0n trl vi phln trl li ddng nhAt.

I4.

Ion ld gi ? Vi soo lon iich diQn duong dugc ggi td cotion, ion t'rch diQn 6m ggi
ld onion ?

-

nhftng hat mang diOn, lh nhfrng nguy0n (t nuy nh6m nguy0n tfr li6n kct
ho6 hoc vdi nhau, c6 sd electron thidu (cation) hoac thta (anion).

-

Do c6c ion mang di0n nOn khi diOn ph0n, nhtng ion tich dion duong chuydn
dOng vd phia catot nOn duo. c goi ld cation; nhfrng ion tfch di0n Am chuydn d6ng
vd phia anot nOn duo. c goi lh, anion.

Ion

li

I5. pntmo Id gi ? Chdt 6 trong th6iptotmo rhudng gip 6 d6u ?
- Li trang thdi thr, tu cira vdt ch0t (r6n, l6ng, khi, platma), khi ion ho6 khi bang
crlch cho nhtng electron c6 ndng luong cao di qua khf, ching han khi ddt n6ng

8


chat kh{ t6i hing ngin hoac h}ng triOu d0, c6c phin tr} mdt bdt electron tao
thdnh khf ion ho6, khi 6 trang th6i d6 goi lh trang thdi platma (trang th6i khi da

bi ion hod). Vi dg 6 thuong tdng khi quydn c6 cic ion phln
phin trng

tt N; , Of do c6c

Nz+Ni+le

:

O2-+ Ol + le
V6y platma

tt,

li h6n hqp gdm ciic nguyOn tt, electron, ion duong vh ci hat nhin

nIy lu6n lu6n chuydn dOng.
Platma & nhi€t d0 10-100 ngin dQ goi li platma lanh, & hdng triOu dQ goi lI
platma n6ng. Trong platma n6ng'kh6ng c6 nguyOn trl trung hba, chi c6 ion
nguyOn

cdc phdn trl

duong, electron vd hat nhdn nguy€n tir.
Trong tohn kh6i platma ld trung hba diOn nhmg d5n

-

du-o.

c diOn.

Trong didu ki€n 6 bd mat Trdi DAt, ch1t & trang thdi platma duoc sinh ra trong
tia s6t, trong hd quang, trong dng ddn hu}nh quang khi ph6ng diOn, trong ngon
hla ddn khf...

I6.

Tinh chdt c0o c6c ion c6 phdi ld tQp hop tinh cndt c6c nguy6n l& loo ro ion
d6 kh6ng ?
Kh6ng phii. Tinh chdt cria c6c ion khrlc hin vdi tinh chat ctra c6c nguyOn tft ban

ddu. Ch8ng han, ion amoni

NHf

hoac ion hidroxit OH- chi tdn tai trong dung

dich nudc mi kh6ng tdn tai & trang thr{i tu do ; ion sunfat SO ?- t6c dung vdi ion
Ba2n tao ra kdt ttra tring nhung S vd O khong c6 khi nang d6.

17. Vi soo dung dich NoCt ho{c NoCl n6ng ch&y ddu d6n diQn nhung NoCl kh6
loikh6ng c6 khd ndng d6 ?
Mnc dir tinh thd mu6i an duoc cAu t4o b&i c6c ion Na+ vi ion Cl- nhtmg trong
tinh thd NaCl kho cdc ion khong duo. c tu do di chuydn. Phii ph6 vd mang tinh
thd beng c6ch hda tan hoac lim n6ng chiy mudi, cdc ion b6t ddu chuydn dQng
tdi cdc diOn cuc, mudi an mdi c6 khi nang ddn diOn.
18. uoud gi ? Kh6i luong motld gi

-

?

li

luong chat c6 chita 6,022. tO?3 trat vi m6 (nguyOn tfr, phln tr}, ion, proton,
noffon, electron ...).
Khdi luong mol li khfii luong m6t mol ch0t tinh bang gam c6 ctng tri sd v6i
nguyon t& khdi hay phAn tft khdi chat d5, ttlc li khoi lugng cia 6,022.1023 hat vi
m0. Vf du :

Mol

+ Nguy0n ttr khdi cira Fe le 55,85 thi khdi luong mol nguyOn trl cira s6t
55,85 g/mol.

lA


+ Phan tft khdi cta H2Soo
g/mol.

li

98 thi khdi luong mol phan tir cria H2So4 le 98

+ Khdi luong mol ion, mol proton, mol notron, mol electron ... cfrng tfnh
tuong tu.

I9.

duoc gi6 tr!tuyQr d6ic0o mQr hgt vi m6 bdt ki kh6ng ?
c6 trrd. Bang cr{ch lay khoi lugng mol chat d6 chia cho sd Avogadro hoac
bang cr{ch lay khdi lugng tfnh bang dvc nh0n vdi khcii luong I dve tinh b[ng
gam (l dvC = 0,166.10-" g). Vi du :
CO thd tinh

Khoi luong I nguyen ttr H
Hoac khdi lugng

I

nguyOn

= 6,022.10"'
, ,':901rr?

Khdi luong I phan tir H,SO*
Khdi luong

I

=0,167.t0-23 (g)

H = 1,008 x 0,166.

10-23

- 0,167 .t O-" (g)

= , , i8 .- = ]6,ZJ3.L0-" (g)
6.022.10"'

ion SO 2q- =gOx 0,166.10-23

- fi,g36l0-" (g)

b.4. cHAr NGuytN cHAr - DCt{ cHAr
Tiurt rsu HINH, DA HINH, pdNc Hiurr
HOp CrrAr - pdNc o,ENc - odrrlc pHAN - pHUc cnAr
20. rnd ndo ld chdt nguy6n chdt

? Duoc di6u ch6 b&ng c6ch ndo ? Top chdt
6nh hu6ng nhu thd ndo ddn tinh chdt c0o cndt ?

-

Nguy0n chxt li mor kh6i niOm quy udc. MQt chdi dtoc coi ld nguy€n chdr ni'u
trong d6 rap chdt khang dnh hrdng (d mtc dQ c6 thd nhdn thdfl dah cdc tinh
chdt li hod cila n6 nh* ti khbi, d6 rdn, nhiat d6 n6ng chdy, nhi€t d6 s6i, d6 ddn
di2n, chi s6'khilc xa ...

Cic ch0t c6 d0 nguy€n chAt khdc nhau theo quy udc nhu: ChAt c6 d6 tinh khidt
ki thuat, tinh khidt ph0n tich, tinh khidt ho6 hoc, tinh khidt quang phd ... Hien
nay, trong ki thuat b6n din ngudi ta su dung cdc chdt sieu nguyen ch6t, trong d6
lu.gng tap ch0t cho ph6p chi li I nguyOn tii trong I tri€u nguyOn trl ctra nguyOn
to cho ph6p.

10

Dd tao thinh chat nguyOn chdr, ngudi ra dd ding nhidu phucmg phr{p kh6c nhau
nhu loc, cdt,kdt tinh phnn doan, chi€t ... hoac phuong ph6p phrlc tap nhu c6c
phuong ph6p sic kf, thang hoa rrong chAn kh0ng ...


-

MQt sd t+p chdt thim chi vdi luong rat nh6, cfing ldm thay ddi khi nang phin
rlng cta ch1t. Ching h+n, ducrng nguy€n chAt khOng chr{y nhmg khi thOm vdo
mot luong rat nh6 oxit hoac hgp chit nio d6 cfra coban, mangan thi c6 thd ddt
ch6y d6 dlng ; Them mot luong rat nh6 chi tetraetyl (C2H5)4Pb c6 thd lhm tang
d6 ddng chi sd octan ctra nhiOn 1i0u dOng co ...

2l

. oon chdt td gi

?

Don chat lh nhfrng chat mi phAn tii chi do m6t nguy0n td cdu tao nOn. N6i c6ch
kh6c, su kdt hAp c6c nguy0n tfr cing loai dd tao thhnh phdn tt don chdt do d6

don chdt ld hinh thtc t6n tai cila nguyAn to hod hoc d dang n't do.
O didu kien thudng, da sd don chAt 6 trang th6i r6n. Cdc don ch1t & trang th6i

khf gdm hidro, heli, nito, oxi (vh ci ozon), flo, neon, clo, agon, kripton,
xenon, vd radon. Chi c6 brom vb thiry ngAn ld 2 don chAt tdn tai dang l6ng &
didu kiOn thudng.

22.m6 ndo ld tinh th0 hinh ? finh do hinh ?

-

Sd don chAt l6n hon nhidu so vdi so nguy6n t6 ho6 hoc hi€n da biet. D6 la khe
n[ng cria mOt sd nguyOn td ho6 hoc tdn tai 6 dang hai hay m6t sd don chdt, kh6c

nhau vd cau tao phdn tir vI tfnh chdt. HiOn tugng d6 duoc goi li tinh thil hinh.
Vi du kim cuong, graphit, cacbin li ba dang thir hinh cta cacbon ; oxi (O2) vh
ozon (O:) ld hai d4ng thtr hinh cira oxi...
C6 nhidu nguyOn nh0n gdy ra su tdn tai cdc dang thi hinh, hodc do sO nguy€n tri
trong phAn trl nhu 6 oxi (O2) vh ozon (O:) ; hoac do cdu tao khr{c nhau nhu luu
huj'nh : dang thi hinh Ss c6 c6u tao dang vdng, 56 c6 c0u tao mach thing.

Ddng thdi vdi tfnh tht hinh, ngudi ta cbn bidt tinh da hinh. D6 ln khi nang cira
cirng mot don chat tdn tai 6 nhidu dang tinh thd khdc nhau. Vi du sat c6 khi
nf,ng tao ra4 dang tinh thd duo.c kf hi0u lh cr-Fe, F-Fe,Y-Fe,6-Fe. Bdn dang
don chat d5 tdn tai o nhfing nhiOt dQ kh6c nhau vi c6 kich thudc tinh thd kh6c
nhau. Vf du cr-Fe t6n tai du6i 7700C, khi nung Odn 7700C tdn tai dang B-Fe,
nung ddn 9100C chuydn thinh dang y-Feve 13900C & dang &-Fe. Khi nung ddn
15390C (nhi6t do n6ng chiy) Fe mdi chuydn sang dang l6ng.

23. rnd ndo ld chdt ddng hinh ?

li c6c chdt ddng
nh6m
mudi d6ng hinh
hinh crtanhau. Vi dq KCI vh KBr ; KMnOa vi BaSOa ; c6c
li cdc loai phEn nhu : K2SOo.Al2(SO+)r .24H2O vi K2SOa.Cr2(SOa\.24H2O :..
Phdn trl nhi6u chat kh6c nhau c6 cAu tao tinh thd gidng nhau goi

c6 m?ng ludi tinh thd gidng nhau nOn m6t chdt ddng hinh nly c6 thd gAy nOn
su ket tinh mot dung dich qu6 bdo hba cira chdt kia vl.trong dung dich b6o hba
d6, tinh thd tidp tuc 16n lOn blng c6ch boc th0m m6t ldp ch0t thfi hai.

Vi

1l


Do d6 trong tinh thd KMnoo c6 i6n cdc tinh thd BaSoo. cdc hat KMnoa phan
phrii kh6p tinh thd nOn khi rfra, kOt ttra BaSOo kh6ng bi m1t mdu.

24.

r.rnfng didu kiQn co b6n ndo gdy ro hiQn tuong ddng hinh ?

Nhfrng didu ki€n co bin dd gay ra hiOn ruong d6ng hinh ld

:

+ Thlnh phdn phan t& c6c cau trl gay ra hicn tuong ddng hinh phii c6 cau tao
cilng dang.

+ Td blo nguyOn td ctra c6c ciu

.

tt phii cd c1u r4o giong nhau.

'

+ Td bio nguy0n td phii c6 kich thu6c bing nhau hoac gdn bang nhau.

Vi du : Ddy LiCl (a = 5,14A), NaCl (a = 5,63A), KCI (a = 6,2gA) trong d6 a li
canh ctra td blo tinh thd dang lap phuong. Trong qu6 trinh.kdt tinh, NaCl tao ra
tinh thd h6n tap vdi LiCl vi vdi ci KCI hinh thdnh dang Na*Lircr**, hoac
Na*K,cl **, nhung nguo. c lai khOng thd kdt tinh ddng hinh Licl vdi KCI vi kfch
thudc cira rinh thd 2 t€ bho khi{c nhau.

25. xqp chdt ho6 hoc ld gi ? c6 ph6i khi too rhdnh rdr c6 c6c chdr ddu k6m
theo

-

sqt

thu nhiQt hodc ph6t nhi6t kh6ng ?

Nhfrng chat mi phan tfr duoc cdu tao ru nhfrng nguyOn tir cira hai hay nhidu
nguy€n td ho6 hoc liOn k0t ho6 hoc vdi nhau goi ld hop chd't.
Ngdy nay cdc nhi b6c hoc dd bidt vi phan bi0t duoc khoing tron 200 nghin hqp
chat vO co vi khoing 5 tri€u hgp chat hfru co.

-

Sy t4o thdnh hgp chdt hod hoc luon lu6n kdm theo giii ph6ng hoac thu nang
lugng nhtmg khong nhat thidt c6 giii ph6ng hoac thu nhiet, ching han trong
acquy vi pin, su tao thinh hqp chXt hoi{ hoc kdm theo su xuat hign sfc di6n
dQng, cdn trong d0ng co t€n hla rhi khi rao rhinh hgp ch4t ho6 hoc gifra chdt ddt
vi chnt oxi ho6, ning luong duo.c giAi ph6ng dE chuydn ho6 thdnh n[ng luong
co hoc cfia chuydn dOng tOn hla.

26.

nqp chdt ho6 hoc vd h6n hgp co hgc kh6c nhou 6 didm ndo ? c6 thd phdn
biQl bEng c6ch ndo ?

-

vi tfnh ch6t :
tao ra hqp chlt horl hoc lu6n luOn x6c dinh;.thhnh

Khdc nhau vd thinh phdn

+ Thinh phdn

phdn tao ra

h6n hqp khOng xi4c dinh.

+ Tinh chdt cira hgrp chdt ho6 hoc hoin todn kh6c vdi t(nh chAt c6c thdnh phdn
tao ra ph6n trl hop chat d6, vf du kh6ng thd phr{t hiOn nhfrng tfnh ch6t rieng biet
ctra ddng trong CuSoo ; tinh chat ctra h5n hqp li tfnh chat ctra c6c chdt hgp

thinh tao ra h6n hqp d6, vi du h6n hqp gdm duong vd mudi c6 vi ngot cira
duong vI vi mdn ctra mudi...

t2


-

Nhu vAy, tfnh ch0t quan trong nhat dd phin bi0t hqp chat ho6 hoc vi h6n hqp co
hoc li tfnh d6ng nhAt : Hqp chAt ho6 hoc d6ng nhft vd tinh chat vd thinh phdn
cbn h6n hqp co hoc thi kh6ng.
Thinh phdn ctra h6n hqp c6 thd x6c dinh duoc bang cdc phuong phdp don gifrn
nhu t6ch, chidt, dai (dai vlng kh6i c6t, chtrng cdt dd tdch ruou kh6i nudc .,.)
trong khi d6 khong thd phan chia H2O thdnh hidro vI oxi bdng c6c phuong phdp
don giin nhu tr0n.

27

-

.

nqpcndt ddng phOn ld gi ? Hgp cndt ddng d6ng E gi ? Ching c6'i nghio gi ?

Su t6n tai nhftng hqp chAt c6 cing thhnh phdn dinh tinh vi dinh luong, c6 khoi
lugng phan trl nhu nhau nhrrng kh6c nhau vd cdu tao do d6 khr{c nhau vd tinh
ddng phdn. V( du : amoni xianat vi ure
chat, nhimg hqp chAt nhu vAy goi
d6ng ph1n cira
ddng phan ctra nhau (CH.ON) ; ancol etylic vi ete metylic

li

li

li

nhau (CrHuO).

I{H4OCN ve H2N-CO-NHz
Amoni

-

-

Etanol

Dimetyl ete

Ddng ddng lir hiOn tufig cdc chdt c6 c0u tao gidng nhau vi tfnh chat tuong tu
nhau nhung vd thinh phdn phAn trl kh6c nhau mOt hay nhidu nh6m CHr. Vf du
cdc chdt CH4, qH6, C:Hs, C+Hro ... ld ddng ding cira nhau.

Tfnh chAt hod hoc cira cdc chat trong ddy ddng ding thgc t0 ld nhu nhau. C6c
tinh chdt d6 duo.c xdc dinh do nh6m dinh chrlc nhu OH, COOH, CHO, NHz...
vi tuong ddi ft phu thuQc vio d6 l6n ctra g6c hidrocacbon. Tuy nhi0n, c6c ddng
ding trong cirng m6t ddy cflng c6 su kh6c nhau vd tinh ch0t, chir ydu lh t(nh chAt
li hoc, ching han trong ddy ankan, tir CH4 ddn CaH,6 li nhfrng chdt 6 trang th6i
khf ; c6c chdt tt CsHrz den CluHro A 200C ddu 1I chat l6ng ; sau d6 li chdt &

trang th6i rin.
Hi€n tugng ddng phin, d6ng d&ng chtr ydu xuAt hiOn trong ho6 hgc hfiu co. Do
vay, sd lugng chit hfru co nhidu hon hin so vdi cdc chdt v0 co. M[t kh6c, trong
aiy Od,ng ding thd hiOn hdt sfc 16 mQt quy luflt chung cira tu nhiOn ln quy luf,i
chuydn hod sd lugng thinh chdt lugng. Sr; thay ddi thhnh phdn phAn tir khi thOm
bdt mQt nguyOn tit cacbon vh hai nguy0n trl hidro din t6i sg hinh thdnh phAn trl
chdt m6i, m{c dt c6 nhidu tinh chet chung vdi nhting thhnh viOn canh n6 trong
ddy nhung ddng thdi khdc chring vd chdt lugng.

28.

-

xianat Ure

CHr-CHz-OH vh CH3 - O - CH:

pnOc chdt ld gi ?

c6 thdnh phdn cdu tgo nhu thd ndo ?

Trong phin trl c6c hqp ch0t ho6 hoc th6ng thudng, cdc nguy0n tt dugc liOn kdt
vdi nhau b&i cdc electron g6p chung cira m6i nguyOn tft 1i0n kdt. Nhmg c6 rdt
nhi6u nhfrng hgp chAt trong d6 hai nguy6n trl & canh nhau lai li0n kOt vdi nhau
bang cap electron vdn c6 ctra mOt nguyOn trl. Vi du nguyOn trl N trong phdn trl NH3

t3


cdn c6 m6t cap electron chua tham gia li€n kdt, khi kdt hqp v6i ion H*, cip eleqtron

cbn du & nguyen rir N dA tao ra li€n kdt v6i ion H+ hinh rhinh ion

Hoic

:

H[HI*
llrl
H-N:+H+ -+ IH-N+Hl
tlrl
j
H
[u

(ion NHf)

-O: + H* -+ [H -O -+ Hl*

lion HsO*)

H

rltl
H[Hr

NHf

:

fi)

Li0n kdt nhu vay duoc goi lir ti€n k€i cho - nhdn (hoac lien kat phai
vir
nhfrng hqp chlt c6 liOn ket cho - nhan duo. c ggi lit hort chdr ph6i tri hay ph:ftc
chdt. Cdc ion NH

-

I

vd H3O+ ddu lh phrlc chat dang ion.

PhAn tr? phrlc chdt c6 c0u tao nhu sau

:

+ Trung tam phan ti! c6 mot nguy0n trl hay ion, thudng

lr cira m6t kim loai

nang goi li, nguy|n tft trung tdm.

+ Xung quanh nguyOn trl trung tlm sip x0p nhtng nguy0n ttr hay nh6m nguy€n
nguyOn ttr trung tam bang li0n kdt cho - nhan. Nhfrng nguyOn ttr
hoac nh6m nguyOn trld6 duo.c goildphli t*.

tii li€n kdt vdi

+ Tdng sd c6c phdi trl

du-o.

c goi lit sd'ph6i rri, thudng

gip ln 4 hoac 6.

+ cdc phoi trl ctng vdi nguy€n tri trung ram tao thdnh cdu n6i cfia phftc chdt.
+ Trong da sd trudirg hgp cbn c6 nhfrng ion khOng liOn kdt truc tidp v6i nguyOn
tri hoic ion trung tAm duoc goi li cdu ngoai cila phftc chdt.

Vi du : Trong phrlc

chAt [Cu(NHr)o](OH)z hoac [Ag(NH3)r]Cl

thi

:

[Cu(NH3)a]2* ue lAglNHr)zl* rao ra cdu n6i cfia phrlc chat.
C6c ion

qr'*, Ag* li

ion trung tAm.

Phan ru NH3 la phdi tir.
Sd 4 vh sd 2 trong cdu n6i

Cdc ion OH-

li

sd phdi rrf cira

phfc ch1t.

vi Cl- tao ra cdu ngoai cira phfc chdt.

cdu noi tham gia nhu mot ion nhi6u di0n tfch ; cdu ngoai nhu nhfrng ion binh
thuong. Vi du, trong dung dich nudc c6 khi nang di€n li :
iCu(NH3)41(OH)z -+ ICu(NH t)+]2* + ZOH-

[Ag(NH3)2]Cl -+ tAg(Nur)rl+ + Cl14


?s.5. cONG THUc

- cAc Loru cONG rnr-rc rloA Hoc

pHAN ITNG HoA HoC

- rrnjChIc TxiNH HoA HoC
cAcrox rHAu ffNc HoA Hoc- xucrAC

29. COng thtc ho6 hoc

!d gi ?

G6'i nghio gi ?

lI

-

kf hi0u ph1n tir ctra m6t chat, g6m kf hiOu c6c nguyOn t6
ho6 hoc. V( du : Br2, HrPOo, Cr2(SO+): ...

-

COng thrlc ho6 hoc cho biOt

COng thrlc ho6 hoc

:

+ Chat d6 g6m nhfrng nguyOn td ndo vd c6 bao nhi0u nguyOn t& cira nguyOn td d6.

+ Cho ph6p tfnh khdi luong mol phAn ttr ctra chat, tfnh ti lc vd khdi luong vi ti
trong.thinh phdn phAn tr}.

lA 7o cdc nguy0n td

30.

-

CO

nhirrg tooi c6ng thrlc ho6 hgc ndo

Z

t

ngnio c0o c6c looi c6ng thfic d6

?

loai c6ng thfc hor{ hoc thudng dirng ld : COng thrlc tdng qu6t, cOng thrlc
don giin, cOng thrlc phAn tr}, c6ng thrlc cdu tao. c6ng thfc electron.
+ Cdng thtlc tdng qudt cho biet mOt loai hqp chdt nho d6 nhmg kh6ng cho bidt
chdt d6 li chAt gi. Vf du :
NhfrTrg

COng thrlc.CnHzn*z (n > 1) cho bidt ho-p chAt thu6c loai hidrocacbon no ddy
ankan nhmg khOng bidt giri tri cira chi sd n nOn kh6ng biet lh chdt gi.
COng thrlc HzSn

* + (n > 0) cho bidt

chat thuOc ddy axit polisunfuric
nhmg kh6ng bidt gid tri cira chi sd n nOn khong bidt li chflt gi. Ctring han khi n = 0
sE ld H2SOa (axit monosunfuric), n = 2 ld H2S3OI0 (axit trisunfuric) ...

*

rO3n

h-d,p

+ Cbng thftc don gidn cho bidt ti le k0t hgp don giin nhAt gifra c6c nguyOn tu
trong ph6n tir nhung khOng cho bidt chat d6 li ch0t gi. Vf du :
COng thrlc (CHz), (n > 2) cho bi0t hgp chAt thu6c loai hidrocacbon khong no
ddy anken ho6c xicloankan nhrmg khOng bidt gir{ tri cira chi sd n n€n kh6ng bidt
lI chdt gi. Ching han khi n = Zle C2H4 (etilen) ho[c khi n = 3 CrHu (propen
hoac xiclopropan).

li

Trong ho6 hoc v0 co, cdc chdt ddu duo.c vidt & dang c6ng thrlc don giin. Vi du
khi vidt Cu dd chi m6t nguy€n tft ddng, nhrmg trong thuc td kirn loai ddng
kh6ng & dang nguy0n tri mi & trang thr{i rin ho[c l6ng ddu o dang ion Cu2* ;
H2O le cOng thrlc dcrn giin nhAt cria nudc, phAn tfr don giin d6 chi c6 mOt it 6
trang thdi hoi, trong thgc tC & trang thdi rin hoac l6ng ddu 6 dang liOn hqp nhu
(HzO)r hoac (H2O)5 ...

l5


t* cho bi0t thanh phdn dinh tinh vi dinh luong thuc s\r c[ra cdc
nguy€n td tao ra phAn tir cira chAt, nhrnig vf,n chua cho bidt ch6t d6 li chat gi. Vi du :
+ Cbng thtc phdn

Cong thrlc phfln trl C+Hro cho biOt phan trl gdm 4 nguyOn trl
H, nhtrng ch6t d6 c6 thd li propan hoac isopropan ...

c vi l0 nguyOn trl

thf tu kct h.gp gifra c6c nguyon tir trong phan tt vi
tir d6 m6i cho bidt ch0t dang x6t l) chdt gi. vf dg coHpcS c6c c6ng thrlc cau tao

, + Cdng thrrc cdu tqo

cho bidt

:

HrC

-

CHz

-

CHz

H:C-CH-CH3

-

CH, (butan)

;

(isobutan)

I

CH:

v4y:
+ Mudn bidt X li chat gi, c6 nhfrng tfnh chdt vi c6 dlc didm li6n kdr nhu thd
nio phii tim cOng thtlc c6u tao.
+ Mudn bidt thanh phdn thuc su cira c6c nguyon td trong phdn rir X phii tim
cOng thrlc ph0n tr}.

+ Mudn bidt thinh phdn don giin nh6t, ti lc kdr hqp don gi6n nhdt, vo theo s6
ttrdi tuonglrta cdc nguye, to trong phai tt X phii tim c6ng

nguyOn ttr, Vo theo

thrlc don giin.

+ Mudn bidt X thu0c loai hgp ch6t nho, phii tim c6ng thrlc tdng qu6t.

31.

a&ng c6ch ndo ph0n biQt duoc c6ng th0c don gi6n vd c6ng th&c ph6n t(r
trong ho6 hoc hfiu co ?

li

Trong hor{ hoc hfru co, nhidu truong hgp c6ng thrlc don gi6n cfrng lai
c0ng
thrlc phAn tr}, nhtmg trong c6ng thrlc don giin ft nhat c6 m6t chi sd nguy€n dr le
sd 16. V( du :

.

CzHo, CrHo, C+Hs, CsHro

CrHo, CsHro cf,ng

li

... ddu

li c6ng thrlc ph4n tr}.

cOng thrlc don giAn.

32. erithich hoi cong th0c phon t& cusoo.sHro ; K2SOa.Al2(god3.24H2o nhu th6
ndo ?

Ddu "ch{m" trong cOng thfc trOn khOng c6 f nghla nhu ddu ,'nh0n,,trong to6n
hoc, cho bidt hgp chdt c6 dQ bdn kdm, C0ng thrlc K2SO4.AI2(SOd3.24H2O bidu
thi ph6n tr! phdn chua 6 dang tinh thd duoc tao n€n tir mQt ph6n tft K2soa, mQr
ph6n trl Al2(sor3 kdt tinh ddng thdi vu 24 ph6n tir H2o, goi li nu6c kdt tinh
trong tinh thd. Khi nung n6ng, cdc phan tt H2o kdt tinh niy sE tdch ddn ra kh6i
phan trl, tao thinh phdn khan. Nhfr'ng h-o,p chat bidu thi blng nhfrng c6ng thrlc
nhu vly goi li ho. p chdi phdn t*.

I6


33.

pnAn fing ho6 hoc ld gi ? Phuong trir*r ho6 hoc ld gi ?

-

Phdn rrng hod hoc.lit qu6 trinh ldm bidn d6i thinh phdn ho6 hoc vi cAu tao cira
mOt hay nhidu chAt, sau d6 tao thlnh m6t hay nhidu chAt kh6c. N6i cdch kh6c,
phin tmg ho6 hoc lh su bidn ddi c6c ch0t trong d6 nhfrng liOn kdt cfr gifra c6c
nguyOn trl bi ph6 vd vi hinh thlnh nhfrng liOn kOt mdi.

-

Phtong trinh hod hoc ld m6t t6p hqp cric c6ng thrlc ho6 hoc duo.c dirng lim ki
hieu dd bidu thi mQt phin rlng ho6 hgc.

34.

nllQt

phuong trinh ho6 hoc sou khi c6n b&ng pndi b6o d6m nhfrrg didu

kiQn gi ?

Phii dim bho2 didu kiOn :
+ Sd nguy0n tit cdc nguy0n td & hai vd phuong trinh phii bang nhau (tfq le
phuong trinh ho6 hoc phii bio toin khdi luong).
+ Tdng dai sd vd diOn tfch ctra c6c ion & hai vd phuong trinh phii bang nhau (trlc
li phuong trinh hor{ hoc phii bio todn diOn tich).

35. ca nhfrrrg logiph6n 0ng ho6 hgc ndo

?

' TOn c6c loai phin rrng ho6 hoc kh6 da dang tiy theo hinh thtlc vi bin chdt ctra
cdc phfrn rrrg. Thuong gAp c6c loai phAn fng sau :
l. Phdn *ng hod ho.p (cdn goi li phin ung kdt hqp, phin tmg c6ng hqp) li phin
ung tir hai hay nhidu phdn tir c6c chit ban ddu tao thhnh ph1n tft m6t chAt mdi.
V( du :

CaO + CO2

2Cu+ O,

-----+ CaCO3

--{-+

.

2CuO

Trong ho6 hoc hfru co, loai phin rrlg ndy dac trung cho nhfrng ph6n tfr c6 li6n
k0t dOi hoac li€n kdt ba.

Vi du :

HrC=

CH2 +

Br, ------+ HrCBr - CH2Br

Chcdc nh6m khdc chfa li0n kdt d6i vd ba nhu nh6m cacbonyl (CO), nh6m nitril

(CN) cflng tham gia phin ung c6ng. NguyOn nhAn li do li0n kdt dOi hoac ba
trong phAn ttrcdc chAt kh6ng no c6 do bdn thdp hon.
2. Phdn img phdn rfch (cdn goi li phin rlng t6ch, phin rlng phAn hiry) le loai phin
ung tir mOt chdt ban ddu c6 ph6n tir khdi tuong ddi lon tao thinh nhidu phAn tft
c5 ph6n trt khdi nh6 hon. Vf du : '

caco3 e5ooc > cao + co2t
LAgNO3

l+

2Ag +2NO2t +

NguyOn nhAn cira phin trng phAn tich chtr ydu
ph6n trl cdc hqp chAt ban ddu.

li

O't

do d0 bdn hori hoc kdm ctra

l7
2-H-OHOAVC...t


3.Phtin rrng th€' li loai phin tmg xiy ra do su thay rhdc6c nguyen rrl rieng biet
hoac c6c nh5m nguyOn trl trong phan tir bdng c6c nguy0n tii ho6c nh6m nguyOn
tti khrlc. Vi du :
Fe + 2HCl -+ FeCl, +

Hrt

C2Hu+ Clr-+ C2Hs-Cl + HCI

---l!Aq

CiHu + HONO2 (cldc, ndngl

C6H,-NO2 + H2O

Cdn luu-f rlng cr{ch goi tOn phin ung d6 chi lh quy udc vi nhtrng phin rlng axit
manh ddy axit ydu ra kh6i mudi cfrng duoc xem l) phin rrng thd:

HCI + CH3COONa

+

CHTCOOH + NaCl

4. Phdn itng tr,ung hda ld,loai phAn rmg gifra chat c6 tinh axit vh chflt c6 tfnh bazo
dd tao thdnh mudi. Vi du l
H3PO4 + 3KOH

CH,

+

KrPOo + 3HrO

f''

in'

-N: + CHTCOOH -+ CH, -N -+HOOCCH3
CH:
CHS

cfing c6 trudng hqp phih rlng trung hda xiy ra rrong cirng m6r phan ttr ching
han c6c amino axit, tao ra ch6t goi li mudi n6i :
HzN-CHz-COOH trJ HrN*

-

CHz- COO-

(muoi nQi)
5. Phdn irng thuain nghich le lo?i phin trng xay ra theo hai chidu nguoc nhau trong
cilng didu kiOn, c6,c sin phdm phAn trng c6 thd tdc dqng vdi nhau hoac phan hi,y
dd tao thhnh cdc chat ban ddu. Vi du :

Nr+3FI,

2NH3

=
C2H'OH + CHTCOOH C CH3COOCTH, + HrO
Khi van tdc ci hai phin rlng thufln vi nghich bang nhau, ngudi ta n6i phin fng
dd dat ddn trang th6i can bang ho6 hoc. Khi thay ddi di6u ki6n ban ddu nhu
ndng do cdc chdt ph6n r1ng, 6p suat, nhi0t d6, c6 thd lhm chuydn dich cin bang

vd phia uu ti€n cho qu6 trinh thu6n hoic nghich.
c6c phin rlng^ trong pha l6ng thuc td li kh6ng thu6n nghich ndu m6r trong
nhfr'ng sin phdm phin ung li chat khf hoac chat khOng tan. Trong truong hqp
d6, ph6n ttr cira sin phdm phin tmg kh6ng cbn g[p nhau dd tdc dung v6i nhau,
tdc dO phin tmg nghich gdn bang kh6ng.
18
*2.H.DHOAVC...I


6. Phdn ftng oxi hod - khftld loai phin tmg c6 su thay ddl sd oxi hod cfia mot sO
nguyOn td ho6 hoc. N6i c6ch khiic, phin rlrrg oxi hor{ - khir li loai phin rlng c6
su chuydn dich electron tir nguyOn tir niy sang nguy0n trl kh6c.
rang trong phAn tmg oxi ho6 - kht thi qu6 trinh oxi ho6 vi qu6 trinh kh[r
luOn lu6n d6ng thdi xity ra, nghia li hai phAn ung oxi hod vi phin rmg khrl lu6n
lu6n liOn hop, lu6n luOn tidn hhnh cirng hic.
Chr.i

i

36.

ruai r&ng chi c6 hoi looi ph6n 0ng ld ph6n 0ng c6 sr,r thoy ddi s6 oxi ho6 vd
phdn rlng kh6ng c6 sg thoy ddis6 oxi ho6 c6 d0ng kh6ng ? Toi soo ?

Dring vAy. NOu chi dua vlo su thay ddi sd oxi hod cira m6t sd nguyOn td hoac
kh6ng c6 su thay ddi d6 thi c6c phin rlng duoc xem ld c6 hai loai ri€ng bi€t.
Tuy nhiOn, m6t sd phin rlng lai ddng thdi c6 ci hai dang nhu trOn. Vi du :

NarSO.
Mg + Clr-+ MgCl,

(l)

-+

SOz + NarO

(2)

Ci hai phin ung trOn ddu ld phin ung hod hop nhtrng (1) kh6ng c6 su thay ddi
sd

li phin rlng oxi hod - khrl.

oxi hod cdn (2) lai

Hoac

:

MgSO3 -+ MgO +
2CuSO4

+

SOrt

2CuO + 2SO2t +

Ci hai phin rmg trOn ddu

(3)

Ort

@)

li

phin tmg phan huy nhmg (3) le phin rmg kh6ng c5
su thay ddi sd oxi ho6 cdn (4) lai li phin rlng c6 su thay ddi sd oxi hor{.

37.

r.rai r&ng

c6c ph6n

Ong thd d6u

E ph6n 0ng oxi ho6 - kh0 c6 d0ng kh6ng

?

Toisoo ?

Kh6ng thd khfing dinh nhu vQy vi tOn gqi "phin ung thd " chi li quy udc. Phin
ung kim loai manh ddy cdc kim loai kh6c yeu hcrn ra kh6i mudi le phin ung c6
su thay ddi sd oxi ho6. Vi du :

Zn+CuSOo+ZnSOo+Cu
Phin rrng axit manh ddy axit ydu ra kh6i mudi cfrng
khOng c6 su thay ddi sO oxi ho6. Vi du :

li

dang

phin tmg thd nhmg

HCI + CH3COONa -+ CHTCOOH + NaCl

38. rnd ndo ld ph6n rlng d6y chuydn ?
Ld m6t chu6i phin tmg xiy ra kc ri0p

nhau, lap di lap lai cho ddn khi hdt c6c
chat phin ung. V( du, phin rlng ho6 hqp hidro vi clo kh6ng xiy ra trong b6ng
tdi, chi xAy ra khi bi chidu s6ng theo phuong trinh :

Hr+Cl, n' ,2HCl
Co chd cira phin tlng tr0n nhu sau
D


crz- n'

, zcl'

( 1) PhAn

(l)

cat dOng

Baoc phdt tridn day chuydn

H- H + Cl' -+ FI' + HCI

(2)

H'+

(3)

Cl -+ HCI + Cl'

H-H+ Cl'-+
Cl

tu clo hdp thU 6nh sdng bi ph0n
Ii thhnhZ nguyen tti clo.

(2) Nguy0n tfi clo lh mOt goc tu do hoat
dQng, n6 ngat luy nguyOn tir H til H, tao
ra HCI vd gdc tu do

Baoc htrt day chuy€n

Cl'+ Cl'+Cl,

(4)

H'+ fI'+Hz

(s)

H'

-+ HCI

-

phin trng (3) I ar titc dqng vdi Hzlhm
cho phin fng (2) vh (3) l4p di iap lai
nhu mQt phin ting day chuydn.
(4),, (5), (6) : Cdc gdc tu do kdt hqp vdi
nhau thhnh cdc phAn ttr bdn hcrn.

N6i r&ng ph6n fing thfiy ph0n lu6n thudn nghich

?

Theo nghia rQng, thriy phAn li qu6 trinh phin hfry thuAn nghich cira nu6c vd
chat phf,n ung v6i nudc. Dinh nghla d6 6p dung cho qud trinh thiry phAn c6c hgp
chat v0 co cflng nhu hgp ch0t hfiu co. V.f du :
NarCO3 + HrO

62 NaHCO, + NaOH

RCOORT + HOH

-

tri Cl' mdi sinh ra b

(5)

39. Ph&n 0ng th0y ph0n ld gi ?
c6 ph&l tnOng

Fl

RCOOH + R,OH

Phin ung thuf phan khong nhat rhidr phii ld thudn nghich. N6 phu thuOc vdo
sin phdm tao thdnh c6 khi nang tuong tdc vor nhau dd x6'y ra qu6 trinh nghich
hay khOng. Vi du, ci{c phAn ung thiry phAn sau d8y xiy ra mOt chi6u :
(NH/2S + ZHrO -+ 2NH*OH + HrSt
CaCr+ 2HzA

+

Ca(OH), + CFI: CUt

Al2q + 6HrO -+ 2Al(OH)rJ + 3UrSf

40. ttguycn nhdn ndo gdy ro hi6n tugng
20

.

(3) Gdc tu do H' khOng bdn, nd tiich
ldy nguyen tri Cl ttr Clz dd tr& thhnh HCI

(2)

bdn hon. Nguyen

Cl" +

fI'

thrSy

phdn

?


Tru6c ddy hiOn tuong thiry phfln duo.c gi6i thfch trOn co s6 cira thuydt A-rO-ni-ut
(S.Arrhenius). Theo thuyOt niy, trong dung dich nudc c6c ion do mudi ph0n li

li m6t phdn sE tidp tuc phin

hohn todn cing v6i b6c ion H+, OH- do nudc phdn
ung vdi nhau tao thlnh mudi ban ddu. Vi du :
CH3COONa + H2O

C

CH3COOH + NaOH

Gdc CH3COO- hod hgp v6i ion H* tao ra chdt diOn li ydu CH3COOH, sau d6
CH3COOH lai phin ung vdi ion OH- tao ra mudi ban ddu :
CH3COO- + HrO F:2 CH3COOH + OH-

Ngiy nay, hiOn tugng thiry phAn duo. c giii th(ch
trinh hidrat ho6 nhu sau

trOn co s&

lf

thuy0t cira qu6

:

+ Trong dung dich nu6c c6c cation kdt hqp vdi c6c phAn ttr HrO theo so dd
Mn* + p(:oHr)

*

:

[rralOnr)o]n*

Nhd cap electron cdn du 6 nguyOn tt oxi trong phdn tt H2O dat vio c6c obitan
tu do cdn trdng trong cation dd hinh thinh c6c phAn trl phrlc chdt mi H2O le
phdi tr}, cation ld nguyOn td trung tAm, trong so dd tr6n p li sd phdi trf. DiOn tfch
cira cation cbng l6n kfch thu6c chng nh6 thi su t6c dQng phAn cuc cria cation l€n

c6c phAn tt H2O li€n kdt tryc tidp vdi cation cing manh. Do d6, du6i t6c d6ng
cfra cation, liOn kdt O-H bi suy yOu vi c6 thd bi c6t drlt girii ph6ng proton theo

sodd:

-

H

Mn* ... O

+ H2O

+

M,"-OH + Hro*

H
Chfnh vi vQy c6c cation c6 diOn tfch l6n nhu Mn7* kh6ng thd tdn tai trong dung

dich nudc mi chi c6 cdc dang nhu MnO

[

..

. t6n tai.

+ MAt khdc, su tuong t6,c crta anion vdi nu6c xfly ra cing vdi su hinh thinh liOn
kdt hidro. Mdi liOn kdt d6 cing bdn vtng bao nhi0u thi proton trong phAn trl

nudc chuydn dich tdi anion cdng l6n bdy nhiOu. Chinh didu d6 d6 ldm cho ion
hidroxit OH- t6ch ra kh6i nudc thbo so dd :

An-...

<-H-o C

HA(n

r)-+oH-

I

H

V6i quan didrn d6, thtry phAn ld qu6 trinh ph6 htry phan tft nu6c dd hidrat ho6 (liOn
kdt tnrc tidp vdi ion) g6y ra b&i su tdc dOng ph6n cuc cta ion lOn ph0n tfr nudc.
21,


41. sv xoc t6c !d gi ?
HiOn tuong ldm lang tdc d0 phin rlng hor{ hoc do Anh huong cta nhfing chat
khOng bi biOn ddi sau kdt qui cira phin rlng, nhfrng chat ldmlang tOc dQ phnn
ring nhu vQy ggi ld chdt xilc tdc vi hi€n ruong d6 goi li, su xric tdc.

Theo thuydt xl6c tdc, c6c chdt xric r6c d[ tham gia vio qu6 trinh ho6 hoc, rao
thinh nhfrng chat trung gian vdi c6c chdt ban ddu, nhmg cuOi cing chfng lai
duo. c phuc hdi c6 thinh phdn nhu tru6c khi xiy ra phin ung.
T6m

tit

theo so d6

:

A + ChAt xric t6c -+ Chat trung gian M -+ Chat B + Chdt x6c tiic
Trong d6 A li ch0t ban ddu, B ld sin phdm phAn rlng.
Vi du trong phin tmg bien ddi axit axetic'thhnh axeton vdi chAt xric tdc li
CaCOr, ngudi ta dd chfrng minh rang ddu ti€n CaCO3 phin tmg v6i CH3COOH
tao ra mudi ca(CH3coo)2, khi nung n6ng mudi d6 tao thinh axeton (cH3)2co
vi canxi cacbonat vdi luong nhu ban ddu :
Chat

2CH3COOH + CaCO, -+ Ca(CHTCOO)2 + CO, + HrO

Ca(CH3COO)z+ CaCO3 + (CH:)rCO

b.6. cec HrEN rUctrrlc w6Nc cHAv, BAy HoI, DONG TU. ,
HAp trru, HAp rr{u. , HAp

pHU.

rcrufan rAN, NGtNc rV vA rnANc Ho&
cuAv nCIe ve rEN Hoe. MAU sXc ve vrur

,

42. nm boy hoi mQt chdt c6 t6c dqrng gi ?
c6 tdc dung ldm tlng n6ng d0 char tan dd dung dich dam dac hon, ndu vay phai

1o4i kh6i dung dich luong dung mOi du. Luong dung mOi du duoc chung cat
dudi dang hoi.
Ndu chdt tan khOng bdn, do bi phan hiry thi khi dun soi phii tidn hhnh c6 can
trong chAn khOng & nhiOt dQ thdp. Nhict d0 s6i cria c6c dung dich lai phu thu6c
vdo bin chdt cira chat tan, vf du dung dich duong 60To s6i a 1030c, dung dich
KoH cfrng ndng do d6 lai sOi & 178,80c, khi dun n6ng ddn nhiOt d6 cI6 dung
mOi mdi b6t ddu tho6t ra.

43.

r.rai r&ng

m6l ctrdt c6 thd n6ng ch6y hodc s6i 6 nhi6t dO bdt ki c6 soi kh6ng ?

N6i v6y cfrng khOng sai vi nhiOt dQ n6ng chiy
phu thuQc vio 6p suat cira khf quydn !
22

vi

nhiCt dO soi cira mot chat cdn


Vf du:
chal

Nhi6t do nong

Ap tu0't
760 mmHg

Nudc

Nudc da VII

chiy

Nhiet d9 soi
1000c

ooc

730 mmHg

9B,gOC

20 atm

21fC

3900 atm

1290C

40000 atm

1900c

(Nudc dA VII lh tcn ctra m6t trong bAy bidn thd thi hinh cira nudc dd)

44. ca md x6c dlnh dugc nhiQt

dQ s6i c0o nu6c 6 6p sudt

odt ri kh6ng

?

C6 thd tinh nhiOt dQ s6i cira nu6c & 6p su6t khi quydn trong khoing tir 660
mmHg theo phuong trinh :

-

860

s = 100 + 3,685.t0-'(p -76CD -2,016.t0-t(p -16o)2 +1,62L 1o-*(p -760)
Vf du & 6p su6t 780 mmHg nhi0t

t,

= 100 + 0,737

-

dQ sOi cfia nu6c

ld

:

0,008064 + 0,00012968 = 100,730C

45. c0 pndimQt crrd

t6ng c6 thd boy hoi6 nhiQt dO bdt ki kh6ng ?

Dfng vAy ! Qu6 trinh ho6 hoi cira chAt 16ng c6 thd xhy ra 6 bdt ki nhiOt dO nio,
n6 phu thuOc vio 6p sudt hoi trOn bd m6t cira chat l6ng tuong quan vdi 6p sudt
khi quydn. Liy nu6c lim vf du :
O nhiOt dO th1p, nu6c bay hoi tuong dOi chxm nhtmg khi dun n6ng 6p sudt gAy
ra boi hoi nudc tSng lOn nhanh ch6ng. Cfrng nhu nudc l6ng, nudc d6 cflng bay
hoi nhrmg rat cham, vi vQy & nhiOt dO thdp, i{p sudt hoi cr)a nudc d6 ld rAt nh6 :
Nhi6t d9

fc)

6p sudt hdi (mmHg)

-24

-10

_B

-6

-4

-2

0

0,8

1,9

2,3

2,8

3,3

3,9

4,6

Ap sudt riOng ctra hoi nudc trOn bd mf,t cira nudc phu thuOc vdo nhiOt dO :
Nhiet d0 (oc)

0

20

40

60

80

9s

1C0

ap sudt hdi (mmHg)

4,58

17 ,54

55,33

149,4

355,1

633,9

760

23


V6i c6c dung dich kh6c nhau, 6p suAt hoi nudc bdo hda tren bd mat c6c

dung

d,.jh d6 c0ng kh6c nhau. vf du, & 200c dung dich KoH r6,67vo c6 dp suat ld
mmHg ; dung dich KOH 28,57Vo ld. 12,4 mmHg ; cdn dung dich mudi an
-15,2
b6o hba ld 13,2 mmHg.

46.

Cnat 6ng dqr d6n nhiQt d6 s6ikhindo ?

Khi nio i{p suAt hoi ciia ch6t l6ng c0n blng v6i 6p su6t khf quydn thi chdt l6ng
d6 dat ddn didm s6i.

47. sungung

tr,r vd sr*r thdng hoo ld gi ? Nguy6n nhOn ndo dd g6y ro hiQn tuong
d6 ? NhiCt thdng hoo ld gi ?

-

Qu6 trinh chuydn hori mOt chAt tir trang thdi khf sang trang th6i l6ng hoac r6n
goi chung ld su ngung tu.

-

Qud trinh chuydn ho6 mOt chdt ttr trang th6i ran sang trang tht{i khi kh6ng qua
trang th6i l6ng goi chung lit sa thdng hoa.

C6 thd xem su ngung tu vd su thang hoa li hai qu6 trinh nguoc nhau. Vf du khi
dun n6ng, tinh thd NH4cl ph0n htry, xiy ra qu6 trinh thang hoa chuydn tt trang
th6i r6n sang ngay trang th6i khf, trong d6 c6 cdc hat NH4cl, NH, vd hoi HCl.
Khi ha nhiOt d6, c6c dang khi d6 s6 ho6 hgp tao thinh tinh thd NH4cl, xhy ra
qu6 trinh ngung tu. Ho6c khi dun n6ng, tinh thd ior thang hoa thinh hoi, sau d6
lim lanh, hoi iot ngung tu thhnh iot rin.

. fsyoi ta cfrng da giii thfch nguyOn nhan cta su ngung ru rh do cdc hat ran
(nhu iot) hoac l6ng (nhu hoi nudc) c6 kich thudc rat nh6, duong kfnh ctra irat tir
ddn hdng trdm micromet lai tich di0n trOn bd m[t. Khi lim nguqi, c6c trai O6
,1
liOn kdt vdi nhau chuydn sang dang r6n holc dang i6ng.

- Su thang hoa xay ra do su phd hiry can bing rrong h€ tinh thd r6n - hoi bang
cdch tdch ri0ng hoi ctra chdt bi thang hoa vi cho n6 ngung tu. Nhfrng chit nho
c6 6p sudt hoi kh6 lon o nhiOt do thap hon nhi0t d6 n6ng chiy, ching h?n Ir, thi
dc bi thang hoa. Dd th6ng luc hrit gira c6c phan tr? tron! mang rinh iLd taninai
cung cAp cho chlt d6 m6t ndng luong ggi ln nhi€t thdng noi. Vi hoi cira ctrat

t6ch ra kh6i bd mat do khudch t6n, nOn tdc d0 thlng hoi phu rhu6c vio toc d0
khudch t6n. C6 thd lim tang tdc d0 khudch tdn bing cdc'c6.ch nhu tang nhi6i
d6, ti0n hinh th[ng hoa trong chdn kh0ng, thf,ng hoi trong dbng khf tro ...

48. oua hinh ngung tu hoi nu6c 6nh hu6ng

nhu th6 ndo d6n su hinh thdnh so

mi, suong ho6c tuy6t vd muo ?
Khi lim lanh khOng khf chua b6o hba hoi nu6c,

ddn ddn khOng khf chuydn sang
dang b6o hda hoi nudc, hic d6 luong hoi nu6c du bat ddu dong lai thhnh sa mt)
;
khi nhiOt do thap hon, lucrng hoi nu6c du dong lai thhnh suong hodc tuy€i ; khi

lanh dot ngot, luong hoi nudc du dong lai thdnh mua.Tdt
ngung tu.

24

ci

ddu

li

qu6 tdnh