Báo cáo khoa học:Chủ nghĩa Mác Lênin mô hình tân cổ điển mới chủ nghĩa tư bản docx

TONG HOP-PHAN
TICH-Di;
BAO
Chu
nghia Mac
-
mo
hinh
tan co
flien mm cua chu
nghia
lu ban
Tac gia: Giao
su"
Hiroshi Ohnishi-
Nguoi dich: Hoang Van Cuang*, Iran Quang Tuyen"
C
hil nghia Mac bao gdm hai
linh vyc nghien ctru, la hpc
thuyet gia tri thang du va
chti
nghia duy vat lich sir. Trong do hpc
thuyet gia tri thang du da Mac dugc
trinh bay tron ven trong bd sach "Tu
ban". Nhung nghien ctru ve
chii
nghia duy vat lich sir thi chua cd mpt
cudn sach nao nhu vay, va vdi y
nghia do, chting ta se phai cd nhiem
vu trinh bay van de nay theo
each

hien dai.
VcVi
muc dich nay, nghien
ciru cua tdi da thiet lap mpt md hinh
toan de chtrng minh rdng vi sao chu
nghia
tir
ban xuat hien, phat trien va
diet vong. Trudc day nha kinh te hpc
iVtac
xil ngudi Nhat Ban Nobuo
Okisliio
chirng minh sy bdc lot
ciia
cac nha tu ban bdng mpt md hinh
toan, va thanh tyu nghien
ciiu ctia
tdi
chdc chdn phai
dupe
so sanh vdi nha
nghien cuu Mac xit nay. Tuy nhien,
bai viet nay chi ra mpt vai ham y ben
canh nhtrng minh chung da
dupe
de
cap d tren. Dd la nhung khai niem
can
dupe
dinh nghia ve

chti
nghia tu
ban, che dp Stalin d Lien Bang Xd
Viet va nhtrng dieu kien can thiet de
xoa bd sy bdc lot vd'n bdt ngudn ttr
bdt binh ddng ve tai san giua ngudi
giau
va ngudi ngheo
I. "Chu nghia xa hoi"
la
gi?
Cho de'n nay, van de quan trpng
nhat ddi vdi chting ta la hieu nhu the
nao ve cai gpi la
"Chii
nghia xa hpi"
d Lien Xd trudc nam 1991 va d Ddng
Au trudc nam 1989. Ndi
each
khac la
cd phai sy sup dd
ciia
Ddng Au va
Lien Xd chinh la sy ket thtic
ctia chti
nghia xa hpi? Neu khdng tra ldi
dupe
cau hdi nay, thi chting ta, nhung
ngudi theo chu nghia Mac, se khdng
the ndi

dupe
dieu gi ve van de do, va
toi da tra Idi cau hdi nay mpt
each
rd
rang ngay sau khi dien ra su sup dd
trong mdt nghien ctru
ctia
toi vao
nam 1992.
Cau tra Idi
ciia
toi la sy sup do
chinh la nhung budc chuyen ttr
chti
nghia tu ban nha nudc sang
chti
nghia tu ban tu nhan (hay
chii
nghia
tu ban thi trudng), bdi vi sy tich
Itiy
tu
ban dya vao nha nudc la xu the
chung tren the gidi nhu dugc trinh
bay trong Bang
1.
Dd la
"chti
nghia tu

ban nha nudc" d Nhat Ban tmdc
nam 1945, d
Dire
tmdc nam 1945, d
Indonesia trudc
1967,
tai Ai Cap
tmdc nam
1970,
d Nga tmdc nam
1991,
d An Dp nam
1991
va tai Trung
Qudc trudc nam
1978.
Va sau cac
nam dd, tat ca nhung qudc gia nay
da trd thanh
"chti
nghia lu ban tu
nhan". Mac
dti
da cd
mOt
sd sy khac
biet giua Nhat Ban,
Dire,
Indonesia,
Ai Cap, An Dp va Trung Qudc, Nga,

tat ca nhung nudc tren da tich luy
vdn dau tu mpt
each
nhanh chong
ban hdn thdi ky
"chti
nghia tu ban tu
nhan". Dieu dd
dupe
minh chtrng rdt
ro net d Nga, va cting tuang ty tai
Trung Qudc theo sd lieu
dupe
the
hien trong lai lieu nghien ctru
ciia
Chow (1993).
Tuy nhien, cd the cd mpt sd
quan diem phan ddi lai lap luan tren
va cho rdng d Anh va My da khong
ton tai loai hinh
"chti
nghia tu ban
nha nirdc" nhu tren. Nhung theo nhu
lich sir nudc Anh, chung ta co the
bie't de'n phong trao rao dat lan thtr
hai,
khi dd chinh quyen da giiip giai
cap lu san mdi chiem rudng dat
ctia

ngudi ndng dan. Ngoai ra phien ban
dau tien cua dao luat ve nha may
cung cho phep cac nha tu ban bdt
budc ngudi lao ddng phai lam viec
trong thdi gian dai ban. Nhtrng sy
kien nay chtrng td rdng, vai tro
ciia
Nha nudc Anh
ltic
dd hoan toan
gidng vdi vai trd
ctia"chii
nghia tu
ban nha nudc".
• Gido su Kinh
16'
cua
D^i
tipc
Kyoto,
Nh$t
Ban; Pho Chu lich Hiep hoi The gioi ve Kinh
te
Chinh
iri
Nghii^n ciju .sinh nRinh
kinh le
chinh
Iri,
Truons

Oai hoc Kinh le-
DHQG
Ha Ngi
Gianij viOn
Khoa Kinh
10
Chinh
Irj,
D^i
hyc
Kinh
10-
DHQG Ha Ngi
So 268-269 (6/2009) KINH
T^
CHAU
A -THAI BINH DUONG
39
[DIEN DAN
I
FORUM]
Va dieu dd cd the cung nhu d
My. Theo ldi thi che dp nd le d the ky
thtr 19 cung ddng vai trd hoan loan
tuong ty nhu vai trd cua
"chii
nghia
tu ban nha nudc". Va tat nhien la che
dp dd
dupe

bao dam bdi hang loat
cac dieu luat
ctia
Nha nudc. Hon the
nua da cd nhtrng chinh sdch can
thiep
ciia
chinh
phti
nhdm chuan bj
cho sy phat trien kinh te theo hudng
thi trudng trong cac giai doan sau
nay.
II.
Chil
nghia
tir
ban
la gi?
Tuy nhien, de lam rd hon
nhung hieu biet tren, chting ta nen
dinh nghia lai
"chii
nghia tu ban" bdi
vi chiing ta khdng the sir dung khai
niem
"chii
nghia tu ban nha nudc"
khi khdng co khai niem ve
chii

nghia
tu ban. Do dd, trong phan nay, ldi
mud'n trinh bay sy hieu bie't
ctia
minh ve
"chii
nghia tu ban" mdt
each
sang td dya tren co sd cdng
nghe
ciia
no, vi
"chii
nghia tu ban"
va "chil nghia xa hpi" deu la cac
pham
trti ciia
duy vat lich sir.
Trudc lien, tdi xin
dupe
giai
thich khai niem "che dp phong kien"
de nhan biet
"chti
nghia lu ban" ttr
hinh thai xa hdi trudc dd cua nd.
Theo toi, trong xa hdi tmdc khi cd
cupc
each
mang cdng nghiep xay ra

khdng he co bat cir mdt phuong lien
may mdc hien dai nao, chi cd nhtrng
cdng cu lao ddng, va nhung thp
thti
cdng sir dung cac cdng cu san xuat
vdi trinh dp gid'ng nhau nhung lai tao
ra nhtrng san pham vdi chat luong
khac nhau. Neu vay thi dieu gi tao
nen sy khac biet dd? Tdi cho rdng sy
khac biet dd Id do cd sy khac biel ve
ky nang lao dpng. Va theo y nghia
nay thi nhiem vu quan trpng nhat ddi
vdi xa hpi phong kien la lam cho cdc
ky nang dd nhay ben d cap dp qud'c
gia. Vdi muc dich nay, xa hdi dd tao
nen nhirng he thdng lam viec dya
iiaiig
1: Hai giai
tSoaa
ctia chu nghia lu ban va cac dang chinh tri cam
qu,>rn
.Nhat
Ban
T>iK
Indonesia
.\i Cap
Truno
QutH:
>ga
An Do

\
1 aisoi\okusaiikai
IDan*^
Quiic
xa
Uana dau
tdc
(Siitcimo)
XLXSSCT
Dang Cong
i ui
Iniug
Quoc
(Mao)
:Dang
Cong
sail
|Dang
dan
toe
(Nehru)
194.^
1945
1967
1970
1978
1991
1991
LDP
CDU

(jorkal(Suh,irto)
Sadat
D.Tiig
Cpiig
s.in
Inmg
Quoc
(Rang)
Vchsiu
Bang dan loc (Rao)
tren tham nien nghe nghiep, vi
nhung ngudi lao ddng
lau
nam ban
thi dp lanh nghe, nang suat ban va
bang he thdng nay ngudi lao ddng cd
the lam viec d ciing mdt nha may
trong sudt cudc ddi minh de trau ddi
ky day
dti
ky nang
ciia
minh. Trong
dieu kien lam viec nhu vay, mdi
quan he gitra ngudi vdi ngudi trd
thanh sy hpc hdi ve nghe nghiep va
chinh dieu nay da bien ddi thanh
mpt triet ly nhu Khdng giao.
Dac tinh can thie'l
ciia

xa bdi
nay khdng chi cd vay. Ben canh dd,
xa hdi nay gidi ban quy md
ctia
nha
may, bdi vi neu nha may vdi sd luong
nhan cdng ddng ddo thi hp se khdng
the bpc hdi tir mot ngudi thp ca
trong mdt nha may bdi vi chinh dac
tinh cua loai hinh ky nang nay.
Nhtrng ky nang lien tie'n cd the
dupe
day trong mdt Idp Idn, nhung nhtrng
ky nang lao ddng trong thdi phong
kien dupe gitr kin va chi cd the
dupe
hpc hdi bdng each bdt chudc each
lam
ctia
ngudi thp ca qua viec quan
sat ky cang. Do dd, xa hdi nay phai
chia thi tmdng theo timg theo ttrng
thi
Iran
nhdm gidi ban quy md cua
cdc nhd may. He thdng dd la he
thdng cd tinh phuong hpi.
Tuy nhien, vdi sy xuat hien cua
mdy mdc sau cudc cdch mang cdng
nghiep da lam cho nhtmg hodn canh

nay khdng cdn ntia. Trong xa hdi
mdi,
sd luong vd chat lupng
ctia
san
pham dupe quye't dinh chinh bdi sd
luong va chat lupng
ctia
mdy mdc
thie't bi, khi dd cdng nhan khdng can
phai cd ky nang tinh xao, va chi la
yeu to phu. Va sy thay ddi quan trpng
nha't tir xa hdi cti la sy yeu the cua
ngudi
lao
ddng khi thuong lupng dd'i
vdi nhtrng nha lu ban, bdi vi thyc te
dd nhiing nha tu ban cd the tap hop
nhtrng nhan cdng khdng cd ky nang
mdt
each dk
dang ttr thi tmdng lao
ddng . Gid day, bat ky ngudi lao dpng
nao
Iren
thj tmdng lao ddng cung cd
the thay the vi tri ciia nhtrng cdng
nhan dang lam viec trong nha may.
Do vay, dudi dieu kien nay,
mirc luong

ctia
ngudi lao dpng trd
nen tha'p ban va Ipi nhuan cao ban,
va hau bet cdc phan
ciia
Ipi nhuan
duoc sir dung de tai ddu tu va nhd dd
quy md sir dyng may mdc cho boat
ddng san
xuai
ngay cdng
dupe
md
rdng.
d
ddy, vi chting ta da gid dinh
rdng quy md
ctia
may mdc quye't
dinh quy md
ctia
san pham
dupe
lam ra sau cudc each mang cdng
nghiep, tbi chinh viec tai dau tu nay
cd nghia Id sy phat trien kinh te. Dd
chinh la sy phat trien kinh le
Iheo
con dudng tu ban chu nghia!
Tuy nhien, trong ludn diem nay,

chiing ta nen luu y mdt so diem va
dieu dau tien chinh la thai dp
ciia
chiing ta ddi vdi chu nghia tu ban.
Chting ta khdng he chi trich
chii
nghia tu ban ma chi nhdm ly giai tai
sao chiing ta can
chti
nghia lu ban
sau cudc
each
mang cdng nghiep.
Ndi each khac, khi
chii
nghia tu ban
dupe
nghien ciru tbi chting la nen
4D
KINHTE
CHAU
A -THAI BINH DUONG S<i 268-269 (6/2009)
IONG
HOP-PHAN TiCH-D'J
BAO
nhin
nhSn
dudi gdc dp Mac-xit. Dieu dd cung hoan toan
giong nhu thyc le la khi ndi ve
chii

nghia xa hpi thi
chti
nghia xa hpi cfing nen
dupe
hieu theo
chti
nghia Mac. Dd
phai la
each
nhin nhan dting ddn ma mdt ngudi theo
chii
nghia Mac nen cd khi xem xet van de nay.
Thu hai,
each
bieu nay mang dac tinh ljch
sii
va duy
vat, bdi vi trong
khuon
kho phan tich
ctia
tdi, chinh co sd
khoa hpc ky thuat quyet dinh cau
true
thuong tang
ctia
xa hpi va ca sd xa hpi nay thay ddi ve phuong dien lich
sir. Toi nghi rdng, cho
dti
neu kien thirc ctia tdi ve

chti
nghia Mac co khac biet nhieu so vdi nhtmg
each
hieu
khac dang cd ve
chti
nghia Mac thi "tinh lich sir" va "duy
vat" van la nhtmg ye'u to mang tinh quye't dinh nhat va vi
vay sy hieu bie't
ctia
tdi chdc chdn la mdt sy hieu bie't
thuoc chil nghia Mac.
Thir ba,
each
hieu nhu vay ve loai hinh xa hpi sau
cupc
each
mang cdng nghiep
pbii
hop khi
dupe
gpi la
chil nghia lu ban, bdi vi vdi loai hinh xa hdi nay thi vd'n
(tu ban) la nhan td quan trpng va loan bd he thdng xa hpi
dupe
phuc vu cho qua trinh tich luy lu ban. Vi du, giao
phai Tin lanh da phuc vu cho muc dich nay d cac nudc
phuong Tay, trong khi dd dao Khdng va Phat giao lai
dupe
cai bie'n de phuc vy muc dich nay trong thdi ky Edo

d Nhat Ban. Cac nha nudc da thie't lap he thdng gido
due
thudc nhieu loai hinh khac nhau de phuc vu cac nhu cau
trong thdi ky hien dai,
va
thu thap thang du xa hdi de xay
dyng ca sd ha tang xa hpi.
III.
Mo hinh moi Tan
c6
dien cua
chu nghia tu ban
Nhu toi da de cap d
Iren,
sy hieu bie't ve
chii
nghia
tu ban cd the
dupe
hieu theo mdt each hieu ve
chti
nghia
Mac.
Tuy nhien, sy hieu bie't tuang ty cting cd the
dupe
hieu dudi mo hinh tan cd dien. Qua dd tdi mudn khdng
dinh va ciing cd sy hieu biel
ciia
minh ve
chii

nghia Mac.
Do do, de lam
dupe
dieu nay, tmdc bet chiing la thie't lap
m
\m°m'
(i)
-m
(2)
mpt nen kinh te bang hai ham san xuat sau day:
Trong
d6,(K
K, L, s, va a), Y the hien san lupng
hang hoa tieu dting,
K
la lupng vdn,
L
la tdng sd lao ddng,
.?
la ti le long sd lao dpng
dupe
sir dung cho san xuat
hang hoa lieu diing, va
a
chi cdng nghe dupe sir dung.
Xin km y rdng s cd Ihe
dupe
hieu nhu Id ly le lao dpng
dting de san xudt bang boa tieu dting cho con ngudi
trong ky ban ngdn,

va Is la
ty
16
lao ddng dung de sdn
.Midi
vdn. Va chung ta gia djnh Ipi tuc theo quy md khdng
doi Irong ham san xuat hang lieu diing tren.
O
day, nen
kinh te nay tdi da hoa loi ich bang viec tdi da hda tdng
tieu diing trong thdi gian khdng gidi ban. Dd la:
Max
U
=
fe-''
log}\T)dr
JO
K(0^li-s(r)]L
(3)
(4)
Trong dd, p the hien viec uu tien thdi gian
ctia
mpt
ca nhan dai dien. Va cac giai phap cho van de toi da hda
cd the
dupe
dien ta bdng hinh ve sau:
Tlinh
1;
Durnin tine

tiinniij;
trii
ini
cua
tj
ic
von - lao dong
sau cuoc
each
mang
cong
nghiep
C\i6c
cich mang
cong nghiep
Hinh 2;
Oirtm^
trin^
truxm^
toi
ini
cua
"t\
1^
tiet kiem"
Nau
cuoc
_
each
mane

cong
ngliiep
CHOC
cach mang
cone
nghiep
Nhu da trinh bay trong Hinh sd 2, ty le tdi uu (chiing
ta
CO
the coi la ty le tiet kiem hay ly le dau lu)
ciia
long
sd lao dpng sir dung cho san xuat hang hoa da tang vpt
trong cupc
each
mang cdng nghiep, vi tich luy vdn khong
CO ich
Ipi
gi trudc cupc
each
mang cdng nghiep, da trd
thanh ye'u td then chdt trong cudc
each
mang cdng
nghiep, va sau dd ty le
nay
ngay cang nhd ddn va cudi
cting gan bdng 0, khdng ke khau hao, khi dd ty le tu ban
- lao dpng dat de'n gia tri can bdng cudi ciing. Do dd,
chung ta cd the sir dyng toan bd lao ddng cho san xudt

hang boa tieu diing trong ky liep theo, khong phai
i
ho
S6
268-269
(6/2009)
KINHTt
CHAUA
-THAI BINH DUONG
4-
1
[DliN
DAN
I
FORUM]
san xuat
tu ban
trong thdi
ky
phong kien, nhung
sau dd
va
cho de'n khi dat
dupe
gia tri can
bdng cudi cting,
chiing
ta nen
nhanh chdng
ttr bd

viec lieu dting
d
miie
cao nhat
va nen
tich
Itiy
tu ban vi day la ky
nguyen
cua
cac
nha tu ban.
Chiing
ta can
trai
qua
thdi
ky nay cho
de'n
khi
chuyen sang
mdt
thdi
ky
tiep theo, thdi
ky cd the
dupe
gpi la hau
chii
nghia

tu ban hay
"chii
nghia cdng
san"
Ngoai
ra can
phai
luu y
rdng
md
hinh
nay
khong
chi
mang tinh
duy vat
lich
sir ma cdn bao gdm ly
thuyet
ve
gia
tri
thang
du
ctia chti
nghia
Mac
trong phuong thirc
sau
day:

Trudc lien
md
hinh
etia
chting
ta the
hien
nen
kinh
the
nhu mdt he
thdng
san
xuat
sir
dung
rtiay
mdc
theo
con dudng vdng
tdi uu
.
Ttr "tdi uu" cd
nghia
la ldi da hda
so
lupng
san
pham dupe
lam ra

vdi ciing md#t
sd
lupng
cdng nhan,
hay noi
each
khac,
td'i
thieu
boa
lupng nhan
cdng
can
thiet
de san
xuat khdi lupng hang
hda
tuong
duong.
Vl the, d day
thudc
do duy
nhdt
ctia
san
xuat
chinh
la sd
lupng cdng nhan.
De giai thich dieu

dd
bdng
mdt
vi
dy, bay gid
chiing
ta
gia
dinh rdng
co bdn
loai cdng nghe
cd the san
xudt
ra
mpt khdi lupng
san
pham bdng nhau,
dd la:
Cdng nghe
dau
tien
ket hpp
nhan
td la 0 may mdc
va
1000
gid
cdng
lao
ddng,

Cdng nghe
thu
hai
ket hpp
nhan
td la 5
may
mdc va
200
gid
cong
lao
dpng,
Cong nghe
thu ba ket hpp
nhan
to
la 10
may mdc
va
50 gid
cdng
lao
ddng,
Cong nghe thtr
tu ket bop
nhan
to la 20 may mdc va
20
gid

cong
lao
ddng.
Hay
luu y
rdng
bdn
cdng nghe
nay san
xuat
ra
ciing
mdt
sd
lupng
san
phdm,
va sau dd, neu
chting
ta lai gia
dinh rdng
mpt may mdc cd the san
xuat trong
10 gid
cong
lao
dpng, tdng
sd lao
ddng
can

thie't
cho bdn
cdng
nghe tren
la:
0x10+ 1000
=
1000
gid,
cdng nghe thir nhat,
5
X
10 + 200 = 250 gid,
cdng nghe thtr
hai,
10
x 10 + 50 =
150
gid,
cdng nghe thir
ba,
20
X
10 + 20 = 220 gid,
edng nghe thir
tu.
Do
dd, xa hdi
loai ngudi
nen

chpn cong nghe
thu ba
de giam thie'u
sd
lupng
lao
ddng
can
thie't
de sdn
xudt
ra
sd lupng hang
hoa
gid'ng nhau
(ve mat nay
chiing
ta cd
the
gpi dd la ty le tu ban —
Ipi
nhuan
td'i da ), va
chiing
ta
nen
thtra nhan rdng thudc
do duy
nha't chinh
la lao

ddng.
Day
chinh
la ly
thuyet
gia tri lao
ddng.
Tuy nhien, thyc
te la
khdng
dk de dat
dupe
myc
dich cudi ciing,
vi sy
tich
luy tu ban cdn
thie't
eho
cdng
nghe thtr
ba la rat kin va
kVn
ban
tdng
san
pham trong
mpt
nam.
Vi vay, xa hdi

loai ngudi
nen
danh nhieu thdi gian
hon
de dat tdi
diem
nay va di qua con
dudng
cd the
dupe
tinh bang
uu
tien thdi gian
p. Dd
chinh
la "con
dudng
toi
uu"
de
tien
den cdi
dich cud'i ciing
va xet ve mat nay
chung
ta cd the xac
dinh
dupe
chiing
ta can bao

nhieu
thdi gian
de dat ldi
diem
dd, hay ndi mdt
each khac,
chiing
ta se
trai
qua
thdi
ky chu
nghia
tu ban
trong thdi
gian
bao lau.
Theo quan diem
ciia
tdi, vi
phdn
san
pham
qud'c
dan
danh
cho
tich
ly tu ban la
phuc

vu
tryc tiep
cho
tu
ban chu
khdng phuc
vy
true
tiep
con
ngudi. Phan
nay
cd
the
dupe
bieu
la "sy bdc lot"
ciia
tu ban dd'i vdi
cdng
nhan.
Tat
nhien
nhu tdi da de cap d
phdn tren,
sy bdc lot
ndy
ed the
dupe bien
hd

theo
each
hieu rdng
hon
ciia
chu
nghia
duy vat
lich
sir, vi sy bdc lot dd
phuc
vu con
ngudi
trong
ddi ban. It
nha't
thi,
theo
each
hieu nay, chiing
ta co
the
md
rdng
Iy
thuyet
gid tri lao
ddng
Iri Iheo
trien vpng

lich
sir va cd the
dinh nghia
"sy bdc lot"
hoan loan khac
vdi each bieu trudc
day
ciia chii
nghia
Mac
IV.
Bat
binh dang
tal san va
**b6c
lot" trong
"Mo
hinh dong"
Mac
dil vay, md
binh tren khdng
dii
de
difen
ta cac
mdi quan
he xa bdi
quan trpng gitra ngudi giau
va
nguoi

ngheo.
Ndi
dting
ra la
trong
md
binh
ciia
chiing
ta, "boc
lot"
dupe
bieu
nhu ti le ddu tu cua
long
sdn
phdm qudc
npi (GDP) hoac
li
le
lao
ddng dupe
sir
dung
cho
lich
tu lu
ban theo nghia
Id
phan

dd
khdng tryc tie'p phuc
vu cho
nhu
cdu
cudc sd'ng
ctia
ngudi
dan. Vdi
each hieu
nay,
chiing
ta cd the
dinh nghia dupe
"sy bdc
Idt"
dudi
mpt
xa
hdi
cdng bdng
nhu
Lien
Xd
cti
va ky
nguyen
ctia
Mao
d Tmng Qud'c,

bdi vi
trong nhtmg
xa hdi nay "tu
ban"
boc
lot ngudi
dan.
Nhung
mat
khac, tren thyc
te, xa hdi
ctia
chiing
ta van
thudng
cd bat
binh ddng
ve thu
nhap
hay
tai
san
giua nhung
eac ca
nhan,
va sy
chenh lech
nay
dem
de'n cho

ngudi giau
dia vi xa bdi de bdc lot
ngudi
khac,
va
ngudi ngheo
d dia
vi
ciia
ke bi bdc
lot.
Chiing
ta
cd
the
hieu rdng
dd la sy bdc lot
khdng phai
bdi "tu
ban"
ma
bdi "cac nha tu
ban".
Theo each hieu
ctia
ldi,
kieu
"bdc lot" ndy cb the
hodn loan dupe
xde

dinh
bdi cdc nha
phan lich Macxit va
mdt
nha
Macxit Nhat
Ban
Shubei
Mizuchi
(Mizuchi
1984).
Hp
bdo ve
quan diem rdng trong dieu kien cdng nghe
vdi
Ipi
tuc
gidm
ddn
Iheo
lu ban,
viec chuyen giao
lu ban ttr
ngudi giau sang ngudi ngheo
da lao ra
nhieu
sdn
lupng,
va
thudng

thi
viec chuyen giao
nay
di6n
ra
dudi dang
mot
kieu
"cho
thue"
lu ban
ctia
ngudi giau
cho
ngudi ngheo.
O
day, ttr "cho
thue" khdng
chi la ban
than viec
"cho
thue"
ma cdn la
viec
lam
cdng
an
luong,
bdi
khac biet

duy nhdt gitra
ban
than viec
"cho
thue"
va
viec
lam
cdng
42
KINHTE
CHAUA
-THAI BINH DUONG
S6
268-269 (6/2009)
TONG
HOP-PHAN
TiCH-Di;
BAO
an lutmg la d nai ma
nguf'ri
ngheo lam viec, ndi
each
cua sy uu tien thdi gian nhu
du(;c
trinh bay tai chii thich
khac,
la noi may mdc
dupe
van hanh. sd 4.

Vi
vay, ca hai giai cap se dtmg tich
luv
khi hp dat
Mpt vi du
ciia
hpp ddng "cho thue" nay
dupe
trinh
dupe
muc dich cudi cting: dd la ty Ic tu
ban-lao
dong toi
bay trong Bang 2 uu, va ho se tiep tuc ky hpp ddng "cho thue", \i tai diem
Trono
h.inq
2 bdn don
\'i tir
h,\n
dirar
nguai giau
na\
v,in
en
<;u
chenh lech tai san giua hp. Trong thyc te.
tai rat nhieu qudc gia, cd nhung nhom sdc
tpc cd uu tien thdi gian rat khac biet,
ctidng
ban nhu ngudi Do Thai va cac nhdm ngudi

thieu sd khac d Hoa Ky, hoac d Tmng
Qudc hay tai cac nuoc Dong
.Nam
A.
2) Mpt dieu kien nua phuc tap hon
mpt chiit vi no kem
Iheo
rat nhidu dieu
kien phu khac:. Truoc tien. toan bp thang
du
dupe
lao ra ttr hop dong "cho thue" do
ngudi giau ndm giu. Thu hai, khong co
(ho ngudi ngheo thue, va bdng hpp dong cho thue nay, khau hao. Thu ba, khdng cd thi trudng vdn noi ngudi giau
ly le tu ban-lao dpng cua ca hai ben deu bdng nhau. Do ban tu ban cho ngudi ngheo. Thu tu, ngudi giau khdng
la diem tdi uu cho toan xa hpi vdi cdng nghe nay, nhung cd ky vpng dai han nao dya tren ly tri. Trong cac dieu
van de la d cho la ai cb the ndm phan thang du
dupe
tao kien nay, tham chi khi ngudi giau da dat
dupe mi.ir
dich
ra do qua trinh thay ddi dd. Cac nha Macxit phan tich cudi ciing, anh ta van cd the ky mdt hpp ddng "cho thue"
thira nhan rdng lat ca phan thang du dd se do ngudi giau vdn vdi ngudi ngheo, va nhan lay phan thang du, sau dd
ndm giir, l)di hp manh htm
ngutii
ngheo, va hp xac dinh tdi da hoa thang du dd, nhieu tu ban
du(;c
tich luy bdi
phan thang du ma ngudi giau gianh
dupe

chinh la "sy anh ta thi cang Idt hon cho anh ta ma thoi. Do do, tai san
M|>Ddn
xiin
diiu
Saakiii
cho
time
Bang 2: Hop dong cho thue giua
ngurii fJiau
va
sir
tha\
doi
ciia
san
lut/njj
Sgicifi Gimt Ngictti Xgheo
Tir
bin
10
1
an
1
San
lironf;
3
6 1 2.5
Ttr
f>an
2

6
l.ao San
dong \
lutmg
1 1
1
i
2.5
nguni
N gheo va
Ttian xd
hoi
Tu-
han
12
12
I.an
dont;
2
2
San
lui./ng
4
5
btic
lot"
ctia
nha tu ban.
nguon von
ciia

ngudi giau se cao ban ty le ttr ban-lao
Vl vay, chiing ta can nghien cuu hucmg di mang tinh dpng tdi tru, mat khac, nguiri ngheo cung tiep tuc
licli
luy
dpng
ciia
hai giai cdp nay trong md hinh da md rpng tu ban den ty le tu ban-lao dpng td'i uu, va cudi cting, ty
Ihanh mi) hinh hai giai cap, va kei luan co ban
ctia
chting le tu ban-lao dpng
ctia
toan xa hpi se vupt qua ty le Idi
t(")i da
du()c Irinh
bay trong cdng
Irinh
nghien cuu
ciia
tdi uu.
'Toi
gpi dieu dd la "sy
tlcii
luy t|ua
mtrc"
nhtr
clirtrc
nam 2005 va Yamashila nam 2005, dd la trong mpt
ttidi
trinh bay trong phan phu luc.
gian diii, sy bal binh ddng

vd'
tai san sau cting se bie'n Trong thyc le, toi nghi rdng hinh thtrc thtr
nhai ctia
mai
b(>i
kel qua cua tich lu tai san
ciia
nhung ngudi sy
"biJc
kit" lien tuc nghiem Irpng htm, va
c>
dti mau
ngheo, va ca hai viec cho thue tu ban cung nhu "bdc lot" thudn Ipi ich gitra ngudi giau va
ngucii
ngheo trd Ihanh
se kel thtic bdi vi sy bat binh ddng nay chinh la dieu kien mau thudn giua cac nhom sdc tpc. Du sao thi Idi cung
lien quyei cho
ht;p
ddng cho Ihue tu ban. Chinh vi the, nghi rdng day khting phai van de xa hpi
chti
nghia hay ttr
khi
chimg la lien tdi
dupe
ly le tu ban-lao dpng ldi uu nhu ban
chti
nghia, va can phai giai quyet bdng cac triei ly xa
da
innh
bay trong muc 4 phan chu thich, se la luc cao hpi khac, tham chi nhung triet ly nay ciing

tcjn
lai vdi chti
chting
ciia
chti nghia tu ban, va ciing ltic dd, tat ca nhung nghia Mac.
chenh lech giau- ngheo, viec tra luong cho lao ddng, va Do dd, van de quan trpng nhat d day chinh la
hinh
"bdc lot" se kei thiic.
V. Trirong hop ngoai le
ciia
bat
van de binh
d^g
dai
d^g
, "boc
lot" va tich luy
cfua miic
thiic thtr hai, nhung chting la can luu y hai diem
ciia
dieu
kien thtr hai. Dd la,
- Dieu kien
nay
rat
dac
biet va khdng pho bien.
Vi
vay, nhu tdi da noi d tren, chiing la cd
thc>

thuimg xuyen
bd qua kha nang nay, va cd the hieu rdng
chii
nghia ttr
liiy
nhit-n,
Ihdng than ma ndi, duoi mdt sd dieu ban se chdm
diit
khi chung ta dat
dtin
ty le lu ban - lao
kien, sy chenh lech lai san se khdng the bie'n mat, va vi ddng "tdi uu"
vay viec lam cong an luang va
".sy
bdc lot" se lien tuc l6n . Tuy nhien, neu tap tmng vao kha nang nay, chung
tni.
Nhirng
di.'-ti
kien do la:
,a ^,-,
„,g
„r^
.^
^.y,
3,-,
^-^^^^
p^,^p
^^ ^^.^^^ ^,,
„,.,,,,,.,
^^^^.^

1) Neu nhu cd cac diem khac nhau ve uu lien thdi
miic.
Chdng ban, phiic loi
ciia
nha nucVc hay
ht;-
thdng
g.an
giua cac giai cdp, thi nhung ly
16
tu ban - lao ddng tdi
.^ue
luy lien
ciia
cac nha dan chu
xa
hdi la cach
dO
tang
uu sd trd
nen
khac nhau, vi ti le nay cung la mdt ham so
si 268-269 (t/2009) KINHTt
CHAU
A -THAI BINH DUONG
43
[DIEN DAN
I
FORUM]
tieu dting va kiem

che
dau tu.
Mdt each khac
la
each
tbuc
ctia
nhung ngudi theo
chii
nghia cdng doan. Hp yeu cau
trich mpt phan
ctia
"thang du"
dupe
tao ra bdi cac hpp ddng
"cho thue", va bang
each
chia
se
na\',
dpng lyc dau
tu
ctia
nhung ngudi giau cb the giam
di.
Nhung
each
thirc nay
cd
the

dupe
hieu la
each
thirc phi
Macxit,
vi ban
than chiing
khdng cham dirt "sy bdc lot".
Tuy nhien, Mac mong mudn
chdm
diit
"sy bdc lot" bdng
each
trirc tiep tich thu tai san
ctia
nha tu ban.
Theo quan diem
ctia
toi,
each
thirc cudi ciing do Mac
de
ra
khong mang tinh Ihyc
te,
va do
dd, chting
ta
phai
tim

ra
mdt bien phap khac,
va kien nghi
ciia
tdi
la
thiet
lap nen thi trudng vd'n de cho
ngudi giau ban
tuban ciia
hp.
Hay noi mdt
each
khac, kien
nghi nay
la
each
de dap
iing
cac dieu kien ddn den ngudi
giau
va
ngudi ngheo
cd the
ddng thdi tie'n tdi
ti
le tu ban-
lao ddng tdi uu. Chung tdi tim
thdy
each

thirc nay bdng bien
phap bdng nghien cuu chinh
xac ndi tren.
Mpt diem khac dang luu
y
la
each thirc
ciia
chung
tdi
cting ty chdm dirt "sy bdc
Idt",
va xet theo khia canh nay thi
cd the coi dd la mdt bien phdp
theo
each ciia chti
nghia Mac.
Tai Nhat Ban,
cd rat
nhieu
giao su khong cho rdng each
thiic cua Mac khdng phai ludn
ludn chi
la
tjch thu. Va trong
thyc le, Mdc thdy trudc
dupe
kha nang ra ddi cac cdng ty cd
phan trong tuong lai. Dieu dd
mang tinh chat

tan cd
dien,
nhu
md
hinh
ctia
chting
ta
cung chinh
la
mdt hinh thtrc
tan cd dien. Dieu do co phai la
ngdu nhien hay khdng?
Chu thich
1
Gia dinh
rang
Ipi
ich tic
then
la
logarit cia
Y.
2
Chjig
ta gia djnh rang
a
chay
tuO
len mot

gia
trj nhat dmh
(Ion
hon
0
hoac nho hon 1).
3
NOI
dung ra, may moc san xuat ngay horn nay co
th^
san
xtat
hang
hoa
tifiu duig
O-bi
cung cho ngay
mai.
va dau vao lao dong
true
ti^
cung
CO the
san xuat luong hang hoa do vao horn nay. Vi vay. chtrg ta
can
phai
tmh
d&i
su khac
biet

cua
thoi gian
va
phai giai
thich
v4
"ty le
dY
dK 1 _
dY
dK
dL p dL
tuban-lao
dong toj uu" trong phuong trinh sau;
6
day p the hen uu
tien thoi
gian.
Ve ben
phai aja
phuong trinh the
hien
nang
siat
bien
aJa
lao dong
true tiep
va ve ben trai the
hien

lao
ddng
gian tiep
tham
gia
vao san xuat duoc
chjet
khau bang
uu tien thoi
gian.
Va chung
phaJ
cd gia tri tiang nhau, vi neu khong bang
nhau
thi
yeu to dau vao bj thieu se khong du va can b6
smg
them lao dong de
dam bao san xuat. De
giai
phuong trinh nay, truoc
tiSn chcng
ta dat cac
ham so san xuat khac
rrpt
chiit
tu phuong tnnh
(1) va (2)
k =
1.

Ly do khong cd ty le
giCia
tong sd lao ddng
sir dung
cho
vigc
san xuat
hang hoa
teu duig
(s) trong phuong trinh nay la
chirg
ta chi can cac
di&j kJen
ve cdng nghe
aJa
haj ham san xuat nay
d^
giai
phuong trinh
(j).
Tudd,
chung ta cd duoc ty
16
nguon v6n — lao dpng
tfii uu nhu sau
(
K
L
a
1

—
up
PHU LUC
Dieu kien thu hai
ciia
^'Su!
tlch luy qua
tttUC"
Dudi day chting tdi trinh bay ve
diiu
kien thir hai
ciia
"sy tich luy qua mtrc"
Tmdc tien, chiing ta lap cac ham sd sdn xuat gidng nhu trong phan chii thich sd 4, vi tai day cung can dieu kien
ky thuat
ciia
ham san xuat nhu la:
k
=
L
Sau do, chiing ta md dau bdng nhtrng gi md ngudi giau thu dupe sau khi "cho thue" nhu sau:
G = /(AVLj+
_/•
A' + A',
/-„
+./
A'n
+ A',
^.L,
-/(A'„.Lj-/(A',.A,

trong dd hau td
1
diing de chi ngudi giau, hau td 0 dting de chi ngudi ngheo. Vi dy
,
A']
nghia Id
lubdn
cua ngudi
giau, va chiing la gia djnh rdng
Kj
>
KQV\
ngudi ngudi gidu cd nguon tu ban ldn hon ngudi ngheo.
Hc/n
ntra, ham f(.)
Id sy the hien don gian hod cua ham san
xuai
ve hang hoa lieu dung.
Chdng han, f(K,,
Lj)
nghia Id
Y=L]'-<^Kj".
d
day.
/{^4^.4V/
(K.+K
"
' L
44-
la

tdng gia tri sdn xudt
dupe
thyc hien bdng "cho
thue".
KINH
TE
CHAU
A
-THAI BINH DUONG
S<5 2i8-26f
(6/2009)
TO'NG
HJP-PHAN TiCH-DUBAO
v&
f{K,.L,)+f{K,.L,)
la tdng gia tri san xuat
dupe
thyc hien tmdc khi
"cho thue". Vl vay, phan
1
]
the hien phan gia tri thang
du tang them nhd "cho thue" va hoan toan
dupe
cdng
them vao thu nhap
ctia
ngudi giau, vi chiing ta gia djnh
rdng ngudi giau hoan
dii

manh de thu bet gia tri thang
du. Bdng
each
tinh loan
d6
dang, chting la da
difen
ta
dupe
mpt
each
don gian ve gia tn thu
dupe
(5) nhu sau:
G =
K,+K,
,L,
+
J
f
V
K„+K,
A
\-f{Ko.L,
Do dd, nhiem vy liep theo
ciia
chiing ta la trinh bay
ve nhting dieu kien
ctia
muc dich cudi cung

ctia
tich tu
tu ban, va cd the viet theo
each
sau day gidng nhu dieu
kien (i) trong phan chti thich sd 4.
dG
dK^
I
_dG
Giai phuong trinh dd chting ta cd
a
• A
2
0-«)/-,"
A'n
+ A,
va
gia dinh rdng
L]
=
L2
= L, phuang trinh tren cd
Ih^
dan gian hod thanh:
K,+K,
la 1
L \- a p
Day la mpt hinh thirc
ciia

ly le tu
ban-lpi
nhuan tdi
uu cua ngudi giau.
Tuy nhien, mat khac, Ipi ich
ctia
ngudi ngheo cung
gdn nhu gidng vdi muc dp khdi diem
ctia
san xuai tmdc
khi "cho thue" vi ngudi ngheo khdng the ndm giu
dupe
phan thang du nhd "cho thue". Do dd, dieu kien
ciia
muc
dich cudi ciing cd the dien ta nhu sau:
dK dL
p~
dL
va ty
le
lao ddng-tu ban "tdi uu"
ciia
ngudi ngudi
ngheo trd Ihanh:
1
(K ^
L
a
\-a p

hay ndi mdt
each
khac, muc dich cudi ciing
ciia
tich tu tu ban cd
Ih^
dat duoc nhu sau:
Nhu vay, tir (3) va (2), chting ta cd
K.=K,=-^^L
\-a p
Difeu
nay cd nghia la ca hai giai cap cudi cting se
dat
dupe
muc dich gidng nhau, va tai day sy bat binh
ddng ve tai san va "sy bdc lot" se chdm
diit.
Nhu the se
khong cdn co sy tich luy qud mtrc.
Tuy nhien, tmdng bc?p nay cb dieu kien tien quyei
la ngudi ngheo phai dat
dupe
muc dich cud'i ciing. Hay
ndi mdt
each
khac, chting tdi nghi den tmdng hop trong
dd tdc dp tich luy
ctia
ngudi ngheo rat cham va cdn rdt
lau mdi dat

dupe
muc dich thi ngudi giau da tien tdi muc
dich cudi cting
ctia
hp, nhu the hien trong phuang trinh
(4),
thi tinh hinh se thay doi.
Do la trong trudng hpp mirc dp tich luy tu ban
ctia
ngudi ngheo la
As
va dudi (4), ngudi giau se dat
dupe
la 1
L
-
ks
,
\- a p
va mirc nay ldn hon (4). Tuy nhien, tham chi khi
ngudi giau dat tdi mirc nay, thi ngudi ngheo van tiep tuc
lich luy tu ban de dat
dupe
muc dich cudi ciing (4). Do
dd, vao Ihdi diem nay, loan bp lu ban tich luy bdi ngudi
giau va ngudi ngheo se vupt qua
\-a p
Dd chinh
la
sy tich luy qua mirc. Dieu nay co the

giai thich lai sao cac nudc giau kel tdi ve sy tang tmdng
ciia
nhung nudc ngheo dang phat trien nhanh la dieu
xung khdc vdi viec bao ve mdi Irudng loan cau.
Tai
lifeu
tham khao
Chow, G.C., (1993)
Si;
hinh thanh
tir
ban
va Tang
tnjcngkinh tSo
Trung Qu6c, Quy san Kinh
t^,
thang 8 nam
1993.
Mizuchi,
S., (1984), Kinh
te'coban,
Nihonhyoronslia,
Nhat Ban.
Ohnishi,
H., (2005) Thi
trubng
va
Chii
nghia
tuban:

Cach
hi^u mcji ve
Chil nghia Mac, Quy san
KJnh \€
Chinh tri,
Higp hOi KJnh tS
Chinh trj
Nhat Ban, Chuong 42, Tap 1, Nhat Ban.
Yamashita, Y. va Ohnishi, H., (2002),
Kh6i
phuc
Chii
nghia Mac theo
mo hinh Tang truing Toi uu Tan c6
6\k\,
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Yamashita, Y. va Ohnishi, H., (2003), Lao
d6ng
la Nhan t6
OSu tlSn
ciia
San xuat trong "MO hinh
Chii

nghia Mac",
Keizai
Ronso, Oai
hgc
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Chiei^
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Tap 3, Nhat Ban.
Yamashita, Y., (2005) Tinh
vinh oJu
va
chSm
dirt
ciia phSn
chia giai
cap trong m6 hinh
Chii
nghia Mac.
Mimeo,
Nhat Ban
K,=
a
\- a p
L-
S6
268-269
(6/2009)
KINH
Tt
CHAU

A
-THAI BINH
DUONG
45