Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học : Chủ nghĩa xã hội đặc sắc ở Trung Quốc pdf

CHINH TRI - KINH TE - XA HOI
m*
A
CHU HGHIAXA HOI DAC
SAC
TRUNG tUOJ
QUA TRINH
HINH
THANH
VA PHAT TRM
Tom tdt noi dung: Bai viet trinh bay va phan tich qua trinh nhan thflc ciia cac the he lanh
dao khac nhau eua Trung Qud'c ve CNXH, nhflng noi dung chu yeu cua CNXH dac sic Trung
Qud'c, sau dd neu len mot
so'
nhan
x6t.
TUkhoa:
Trung Qud'c, CNXH, XNXH dac sic Trung Qud'c
PGS.
TS
D6
TI^'N
SAM
Vien Nghien ctiu Trung Qudc
C
hu nghia xa hpi dac sic Trung
Quo'c dupc hinh thdnh trong
qua trinh cai
each
vd md cfla,
la

san
ph^m
cua sfl ke't hdp gifla nhflng
nguyen Iy cd ban cua Chu nghia Mic vdi
thflc te cu the cua Trung Quo'c. Theo cic
nha khoa hpc Trung Quo'c, day Id "thanh
qua ly
luan
va thflc tiin to
Idn,
quan
trpng dupc hinh thanh trong qui trinh
tim tdi
lau
dai con dUdng phat trien
CNXH cua nhflng ngfldi cong san Trung
Qudc tfl the he nay tdi the he khac"."'
I. QUA TRINH
NHi^N THtTC
CUA
CAC
THfe
H£
LANH DAO KHAC NHAU
6 TRUNG
QUdc \t
CNXH
Do hoin canh
Ijch
sfl cu

thg
khic
nhau ndn cac
th§'
h$
lanh dao khac nhau
cl Trung Quoc da c6 nhflng ly giai khac
nhau ve CNXH,
din
den nhflng ke't qua
khac
nhau.
1.
The he lanh dao do Mao Trach
Dong
Um
dai
bi^u
The he
lanh
dao thfl
nhd't
do Mao
Trach Dong
Idm
dai bieu, tfl
ndra
1935
sau khi gianh dUdc quyen lanh dao, do
ke't hdp ddng din, nen da thinh cong

trong viec
lanh
dao
nhan
dan cic dan tpc
Trung Qudc dflng Ien dinh dd 3 qua nui
Idn (chu nghia de quo'c, chu nghia phong
kie'n, chu nghia tU ban quan lieu) thanh
lap
nen nUdc CHND Trung Hoa vao ngiy
1/10/1949
Ve sau, sau khi tien hanh
thing ldi cong cupc khoi phuc va cai tao
kinh
t6',
bat tay vao thflc
hiSn
ke hoach 5
nam lin
thfl nha't, vdi tinh thin "thflc sfl
ciu thj", Dai hpi VIII Dang Cong san
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Trung Quo'c (nam 1956) da

n§u
len
nhflng suy
nghi
ve quy luat xay dflng
CNXH,
bade ddu
dgt nen mdng cho con
dudng XHCN dgc sdc Trung Qudc.
Tuy nhien, ngay sau dd, do Iy giai mpt
cich may mdc, giao dieu ve Chu nghia
Mic,
nha'n manh va tuyet do'i hda ly
luan
ve da'u tranh giai
cd'p
cua Chu
nghia Mac, tfl do neu len cac chu trUdng
dudng
ldi
sai lam nhU
"Id'y
da'u tranh
giai ca'p lam cUdng linh", "tie'p tuc cich
mang khong ngflng dUdi nen chuyen
chinh vo sin",
"dd'u
tranh cho'ng phii
dUdng quyen di theo con dUdng
TBCN".v.v.

Ddng thdi, do nhan thflc va
dinh gii sai
lam
ve thflc te dd't nfldc,
din
den nhflng quan diem non nong,
duy y chi, ba't cha'p quy luat khach quan
khi djnh ra cic chu trUdng chinh sach
nhfl: "Dai nhay vpt", "Cdng xa nhan dan",
"Cach mang vdn
hoa".v.v.
Viec ly giai giao dieu do'i vdi Chu
nghia Mac cung vdi nhflng danh gia sai
lim vl thflc te da't nfldc da
din din kit
qua
la:
kinh tl khong phat trien - tham
chi dflng ben bd vflc sup dd, chinh trj-
xa hpi hon loan, khong dn djnh.
Sau khi ddp tan "be lu 4 ten", mac du
cd cong trong sfl
ki§n
tren,
nhUng Hoa
Qudc Phong - nha lanh dao cao nha't cua
Dang vi Nha nUdc Trung Quo'c luc
bd'y
gid- lai neu len quan diem "Hai pham la"
(pham la nhflng quyet sach cua Mao Chu

tjch, chdng ta phai kien quyet ung hp,
pham la nhflng chi thj cua Mao Chu tjch,
chdng ta phai tuyet do'i tuan theo). Thflc
cha't cua quan diem nay la
mudri
tilp tuc
thuc hien Chu nghia Mao khong cd Mao.
Viec neu len quan diem nay cung la do
khong danh gia dung
dan
thflc te Trung
Qudc sau Cach mang vin hda.
Kit
qua
cudi cung li: quan
di^m trSn
hi phe phan
tai Hpi nghi Trung fldng 3 khoa XI Dang
Cong san Trung Qudc (12/1978), cdn ban
than Hoa Qudc Phong phai thoi gifl chflc
Chu tjch Dang, uy vien Bp Chinh trj
va
Thu tudng Qudc vu vien.
2.
Nh^n
thurc cua the he lanh dao thur
hai do Dang Tieu Binh la dai bieu.
Sau khi gianh thing Idi tai Hpi nghj
Trung Udng 3 khda XI, tap the
thi

he
lanh
dao thfl hai do Dang Tieu Binh la
dai bieu, tren cd sd rut bai hpc kinh
nghiem xay dflng CNXH d Trung Qudc
trUdc day va cua
thi
gidi, da nhan thflc
vi suy
nghi
sau sac hdn ve chu de
"thi
nio la chu nghia xa hpi va xay dflng chu
nghia xa hpi nhu
thi
nao". Tfl suy nghi
do,
khi phat bieu khai mac Dai hpi XII
Dang Cong san Trung Quoc (nam 1982),
Dang Tieu Binh da n§u len "ket hdp
ehdn
ly phd bien cda chu. nghia Mdc vdi
thiic te cu the cua
nUdc
ta (tdc Trung
Qudc),
di con dUdng rieng cua minh, xdy
diing CNXH cd dgc sdc Trung Qud'c."
Day la lan dau tien, trong van kien
chinh thflc cua Dang Cong san Trung

Qudc de cap
din
khai niem "CNXH co
dac sic Trung Qudc." Tfl day ve sau, vdi
tinh than "giai phdng tU tudng, thflc sfl
cau thj," Dang Tieu Binh vi tap the
lanh
dao da din dan neu len quan diem nhdm
giai dip cic vd'n de nhU: con dUdng phat
trien, giai doan phit trien, nhiem vu cdn
ban, quy luat phat trien, bao dam chinh
trj,
budc di chien
lUdc,
Iflc
Ifldng lanh
dao va
Iflc
Ifldng la cho dUa v.v , tfl d6
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Chu
nghTa
xa hdi
ddc
sac
Trung

Qudc.
hinh thanh nen he tho'ng Iy
luan
mang
ten ong - ly luan Dang Tieu Binh. Cdn
ve mat thflc tiln, ong
la
ngUdi neu len
chu trUdng "la'y xay dflng kinh tl lam
trung tam", "bon nguyen tac cd ban", "cai
each md cfla" md ra con dUdng XHCN
dac sic Trung Quo'c.
3.
Nhan thurc cua the he lanh dao thur
ba do Giang Trach Dan lam dai bieu
Tren cd sd kl thfla tinh than "giai
phdng tu tudng, thflc sfl cau thj" va bd
sung them tU tudng "tiln cdng thdi dai",
tap the
thi
he lanh dao thd ba do Giang
Trach Dan lam dai bieu da tilp tuc lam
ro hdn nfla nhflng vd'n de Iy
luan
va thflc
tien cua CNXH d Trung Qudc nhU: Quan
diem mdi ve sd hdu, theo do vai tro chu
dao cua kinh tl cong hdu khong phai d
ty trpng cao hay tha'p ma la sdc khong
cbl va sflc anh hudng cua no (Dai hpi

XV);
bd tfl "c6" trong cum tfl "CNXH co
dac sic Trung Qudc" viet thanh "CNXH
dac sic Trung Quoc" (Dai hpi XVI). Dac
biet, nhim tra ldi cau hdi "the nao la
dang cam quyen va xay dflng ding cim
quyen nhU
thi
nao", Giang Trach Dan
da neu len ly thuyit ve "ba dai dien",
theo do lin diu tien dat van de Dang
Cong sin Trung Quo'c "dai dien cho yeu
ciu phit trien cua
Iflc lUdng
sin xuat
tien tiln" thay cho quan diem dai dien
cho "quan he sin
xud't
tien tien" trUdc
day. Tfl do, Dang Cong sin Trung Qud'c
chu trUdng md rpng cd sd xa hpi cua
Dang bing
each kit
nap nhdng phin td
tien tien trong cic "giai ting xa hpi mdi",
trong do cp ting ldp chu doanh nghiep tU
nhan
vao
Dang. Bdi le, nlu nhU trUdc
day ting ldp ndy bj quy la "ke bdc

lot".
nay "than phan" hp dUdc ddi thanh
"ngUdi xay dflng" sfl nghiep XHCN dac
sac Trung Quo'c.
Nhu vay, vdi viec bd tfl "co" trong cum
tfl "CNXH cd dac sic Trung Qudc" ma
Dang Tieu Binh neu len trUdc day (Dai
hpi XII) va neu len tu tUdng "ba dai
dien" (Dai hpi XVI), nhan thdc ve CNXH
cua tap the
thi
he lanh dao thd ba do
Giang Trach Dan la dai bieu da ro rang
hdn, sau sic hdn. Tfl day, ly luan CNXH
d Trung Quo'c hoan toan raang "tinh dac
thd" Trung Qudc.
4.
Nhan thirc cua the he lanh dao hien
nay
a
Trung Qudc do Ho Cam Dao lam
Tdng Bl thu
Vdi tinh than "ddng
chu'nghia
Mic
phat trien de chi dao thflc tien mdi", tap
the the he lanh dao hien nay d Trung
Quo'c do Hd Cam Dao la Tdng BI thu
da tilp tuc bd sung, neu len cac quan
diem mdi nhU "lay con ngUdi lam goc"

thay cho "lay dan lam goc" trUdc day,
"phit trien khoa hpc" thay cho "phit
trien la dao ly chung" trUdc day va ly
luan ve xa hpi hai boa xa hpi chu nghia.
Dac biet, trong bao cao chinh trj dpc
tai
dai hpi
XVII DCS Trung Qudc (15-10-
2007),
Tdng Bi thU DCS Trung Qudc Hd
Cam Dao khi phan tich nguyen nhan
can
ban cua mpi thanh tflu va tiln bp dat dUdc
trong thdi ky cai cich md cfla d Trung
Quo'c da nha'n manh, suy cho cdng chinh
la: "Md ra con dUdng XHCN dac sic Trung
Qudc, hinh thanh nen he tho'ng ly
lUan'
XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc".
vi con dudng XHCN ddc sdc Trung
Qud'c, bio cio
chi
ro: Con dUdng XHCN
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dac sic Trung Quoc, chinh li dfldi sfl
lanh dao cua DCS Trung Quo'c, nim
vflng tinh hinh cd ban cua
di't
nfldc,
li'y
xay dflng kinh te lam trung tam, kien tri
nguyen tic cd ban, kien tri cai
each
md
cfla, giai phdng va phat triln sflc san
xua't, cung co' va hoan thien cbl dp
XHCN, xay dflng kinh tl thj trUdng
XHCN, chinh trj dan chu XHCN, vdn
boa tien tiln XHCN, xa hpi hai
hoa
XHCN, xay dUng qudc gia hien dai hoi
XHCN giau manh, dan chu, van rainh,
hii hoa. Bao cao khang djnh: Con dUdng
XHCN dac sac Trung Quo'c sd di hoan
toan dung din, sd
di
co the
din
dit
Trung Qudc phat trien tien bp,
md'u
cho't

la d cho vda phdi kien tri
nhOng
nguyen
tac cd bdn cua CNXH khoa hgc, lgi vda
phdi cdn cd vdo thiic te ddt
nUdc,
dgc
triing thdi dgi vd dgc sdc Trung Quo'c ro
ret. Cud'i cung, bao cao nha'n manh: d
Trung Qudc hien nay, kien tri con dUdng
XHCN dac sic Trung Quo'c, chinh la
chan chinh kien tri chu nghia xa hpi.
vi
ly luan XHCN dgc sdc Trung Qud'c,
bio cao chi ro: He tho'ng Iy luan XHCN
dac sic Trung Qudc bao gdm ly luan
Dang Tieu Binh, tu tudng quan trpng
"ba dai dien" va quan diem phit trien
khoa hpc. He tho'ng ly luan nay, kien tri
va phit trien chu nghia Mic - Lenin, tU
tudng Mao Trach Dong , la thanh qua
mdi nha't cua viec Trung Quo'c hoa chu
nghia Mac, la tai san chinh trj
va
tinh
than quy hiu nha't cua Dang, la nen
tang tu tudng chung cua nhan dan cic
dan tpc toan qudc doan
kit
pha'n di'u.

Tuy nhien, bio cao khdng djnh: He
thdng ly
luin
XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc
la
hi thdng ly ludn md khdng
ngiitng
phat
tri§n.
Bao cao da rut ra
nhan
x6t
khai quat cho rang: Chu
nghia
Mac
cKi
c6
kit
hdp vdi tinh hinh da't nfldc, tiln bp
cung vdi
sU
phat trien cua thdi dai, cung
chung vdn menh vdi quin chung nhin
dan, thi mdi cd sflc song, sflc sang tao,
sflc cam chilu to Idn. Cud'i cung bao cao
khang djnh: d Trung Quo'c hien nay,
kien tri he tho'ng Iy
luan
XHCN dac sic
Trung Qudc, chinh

la
chan chinh kien tri
chu nghia Mac.
Nhu vay,
din
Dai hpi XVII (2007)
CNXH dac sdc Trung Quo'c da djnh hinh
vdi "rapt ngpn cd" (CNXH dac sac Trung
Quo'c
la
ngpn cd pha'n da'u doan
kit
nhan
dan cac dan tpc trong ca nfldc), "mpt ly
luan" (tflc he thong ly
luan
CNXH dac
sac Trung Quoc) va "mpt con dUdng" (tflc
con dudng XHCN dac sac Trung Qudc).
Day cung chinh la
kit
qua cua mpt qua
trinh 60 ndm, trong dd 30
ndte
tiln
hanh cai each md cfla nhdm tim toi giai
quylt vd'n de phat trien cua Trung Quo'c.
Dieu nay mpt Ian nfla dUdc Tong BI thU,
Chu tjch nUdc Hd Cam Dao trong bii
dien van Ky niem 60 nam Quo'c khanh

Trung Qudc khang djnh: Chi c6 CNXH
mdi CO the cflu Trung Quo'c, chi cd cai
cich md cfla mdi co the phit trien Trung
Quo'c,
phit trien CNXH, phat trien chu
nghia Mic.
n.
MOT
sd
NOI
DUNG CO BAN CUA
L^
LUAN
V^
CNXH
DAC
SAC TRUNG
QUOC.
Nhu da neu d tren, CNXH dac sac
Trung Quo'c
la
mpt he thd'ng Iy
luan
dUdc
nha
lanh
dao Dang Tieu Binh neu Ien,
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Chii nghTa
xa hoi
ddc
sdc Trung Quoc
sau dd tilp tuc bd sung va
hoan
thien
trong qua trinh cai each md cfla. Cho
den nay, he tho'ng ly
luan
do da budc diu
dUdc djnh hinh vdi bon tru cot chinh
la
kinh tl, chinh tri, van hda
va
xa hpi. Dai
hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc dat va'n de :
Nhim thich flng vdi nhflng biln ddi mdi
cua tinh hinh trong nfldc
va
quo'c tl, dap
flng ky vpng mdi cd dUdc cupc song tot
dep hdn cua nhan dan cac dan tpc, DCS
Trung Quo'c phai nim vflng xu
thi va
quy
luat
phat

triSn
kinh
tl
xa hpi, kien
tri rauc tieu cd ban xay dflng kinh tl,
chinh trj, van boa, xa hpi XHCN dac sic
Trung Quo'c.
1.
Ve mat kinh te
Co thd ndi, cai cich md cfla d Trung
Qudc tfl khi bit diu da di theo hudng
kinh tl thj trUdng. Tuy nhien, raai
din
Dai hpi XIV (1992) Dang Cong sin Trung
Qudc mdi chinh thflc neu Ien muc tieu
xay dung the cbl kinh tl thj trUdng
XHCN; sau do, Iy
ludn
ve kinh tl thj
trUdng dupc hodn thien qua cic quylt
djnh cua Hpi nghj Trung Udng 3 khda
XIV (11/1993) va Hpi nghj Trung Udng 3
khda XVI (10/2003) cua Dang Cong san
Trung Quo'c; theo dd, npi dung chu ylu
bao gdm: Phat huy vai tro mang tinh cd
sd cua thi trUdng trong viec sip
xip
cac
ngudn Iflc, tang cUdng sflc song va sflc
canh tranh cua doanh nghiep, kien tri the

cbl dieu tilt vi mo, hodn
thi§n
chflc nang
quan ly
va
djch vu cong cua chinh phu, tao
ra sfl bao dam ve mat the cbl cho viec xay
dflng toan dien xa hpi kha gia v.v
Dai hoi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (2007)
dat va'n de: Phai nhan thflc sau sic hdn
quy
luat
kinh tl thj trUdng XHCN, tfl
mat
chi
dp phat huy tot hdn vai trd
raang
tinh
cd sd cua thj trUdng trong
viec sip
xIp
cic ngudn
Iflc,
tfl dd binh
thanh nen he tho'ng dieu tilt vi rao cd ldi
cho phat trien mpt each khoa bpc, nhira
thflc hien muc tieu thuc day nen kinh tl
qudc dan phit trien "vfla tdt, vfla nhanh".
Dai hpi da de ra 8 giai phip, bao gdm:
Mgt

Id,
nang cao ndng Iflc ddi mdi sing
tao,
xay dflng nha nUdc kieu radi. Day
dupc xem
la
hat nhan cua chiln
lUdc
phit trien qud'c gia,
la
rad'u chd't cua viec
nang cao sflc manh tdng hdp. Hai la,
nhanh chdng chuyen ddi phUdng thdc
phat trien kinh tl, thdc day Uu hda vd
nang cip
kit
ca'u nganh nghe. Day dUdc
xem la nhiem vu quan trpng
va
cap bich
cd quan he
din
toan
cue
cua nen kinh tl
quo'c dan. Ba
Id,
quy hoach tho'ng nhat
phat trien thanh thj
va

nong thon, thdc
day xay dflng nong thon mdi XHCN. Bdn
la, tdng cfldng tilt kiera nang
lUdng
va
tai nguyen, bao ve raoi trUdng sinh thii,
tang cUdng nang
Iflc
phit trien ben vflng.
Ndm la, thuc day phit trien bdi
boa
cic
vung raien, Uu hoi bo' cue khai phit dat
dai.
Sdu
Id,
hodn thien cbl dp kinh tl cd
ban, kien toan he tho'ng thj trUdng hien
dai.
Bdy la, di sau cai cich the cbl tdi
cbinh, thul, tien te, hoan thien he tho'ng
dieu tilt vi rao. Tdm la, md rpng dp rpng
va dp sau cua md do'i ngoai, nang cao
trinh dp kinh tl md.
Nhflng giai phip tren se tang cUdng
thflc
Iflc
kinh tl, tao dpng
Iflc
de hoan

thien the cbl kinh tl thj trUdng, qua do
gdp phan thflc hien muc tieu phit trien
kinh
tlvfla
tot vfla nhanh.
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Nhfl vdy ve mat kinh tl,
din
Dai hpi
XVII (2007), Trung Quo'c da nhdn mgnh
vd coi trgng vai tro cua thi trUdng trong
viec phan bd cac ngudn
lUc;
chinh thflc
bd menh de "phat huy vai trd chu dao
cua kinh tl nha nfldc" thay bing "tdng
cfldng sflc so'ng, sflc khong
chi,
sflc anh
hfldng cua kinh tl nha nUdc" (kinh tl
qudc hflu); ddng thdi tilp tuc nha'n manh
"khuyin khich, hd trd, hudng
din
kinh

tl phi cong hflu phat trien lanh manh",
tao moi trUdng canh tranh binh dang
cho cic thanh phan kinh tl thupc cic
loai hinh sd hflu khic nhau.
2.
Ve mat chinh trj
Ngay tfl khi bit diu tiln hdnh cai
cich md cfla, vao nam 1979 Dang Tieu
Binh da neu len luan diem quan trpng:
Khong
CO
dan chu thi se khong cd CNXH,
khong cd hien dai hoi XHCN. Dai hpi
XIII
DC^
Trung Qudc (1987) chinh thdc
neu len phUdng hUdng cai cich the cbl
chinh trj d Trung Quo'c la "xay dflng nen
chinh trj dan chu XHCN co dac sic
Trung Quo'c". Sau sU kien Thien An Mon
mfla he
nam
1989, Dai hpi XIV DCS
Trung Qudc (1992) nha'n manh : "Cai
cich the cbl chinh trj, muc tieu li xiy
dflng nen dan chu XHCN co dac sic
Trung Qudc, quylt khong phai la thflc
hien cbl dp da dang va cbl dp nghj vien
cua phUdng Tay". Dai hpi XV DCS Trung
Qudc (1997) neu len : "Tilp tuc thdc day

cai cich the
chi
chinh trj, md rpng hdn
nfla dan chu XHCN, kien toan phip cbl
XHCN, dfla vio luat ma trj nUdc, xay
dflng nhi nUdc phap trj XHCN". Dai hpi
XVI DCS Trung Qudc (2002) da dat van
de tich rdi, phan biet "xay dUng chinh
tri"
vdi "cai each the cbl chinh tri", theo
dd pham vi cua xay dflng chinh trj rpng
hdn, bao quat hdn. Dai hpi nha'n manh
sU
thdng nhdt
hHu
cd cua
mdi
quan he
gifla Dang, Nha nUdc va nhan dan trong
xay dflng nen chinh trj dan chu, theo do:
Su lanh dao cua Dang
la
bdo ddm cdn
bdn cho viec lam chu cua nhan dan
va
quan ly dd't nfldc bang phap luat; nhan
dan
lam
chu la yeu ciu cd ban nha't cua
nin

chinh trj dan chu XHCN; cdn quan
ly da't nUdc bang phap
luat
la "phUdng
lUdc
cd bdn" Dang lanh dao nhan dan
giai quylt cac cong viec cua da't nfldc.
Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (2007),
trUdc nhflng biln ddi mdi cua tinh hinh
quo'c tl, Trung Quo'c va ban than DCS
Trung Qudc, bao cao chinh trj dai hpi
khang djnh se kien djnh khong thay ddi
phit trien nen chinh trj dan chu XHCN,
trong do nha'n manh hai muc tieu: Mgt
la, cai
each
the
chi
chinh trj phai khong
ngflng nang cao de thich flng vdi sU phit
trien kinh tl xa hpi va tinh tich cUc
tham gia chinh trj cua nhan dan. Hai
Id,
kien tri sfl tho'ng
nhd't
hflu cd gifla sfl
lanh dao cua Dang, nhan dan
lam
chu
va quan ly da't nfldc theo phap luat, kien

tri va hoan thien
chi
dp Dai hpi dai bieu
nhan dan,
chi
dp hiep thfldng chinh tri
va hdp tic nhieu dang dUdi sfl lanh dao
cua DCS Trung Quo'c, cbl dp tU trj d khu
vflc dan tpc va che dp tu quan cua quan
chdng d cd sd, tfl dd khong ngflng thdc
day viec tfl hoan thien, tfl phat trien cua
cbl dp chinh trj XHCN.
Tfl hai muc tieu tren, bao cao neu len
6 giai phap, bao gdm: Mgt
Id,
md rpng
dan chu nhan dan, bao dam quyen lam
8
NGHliN
CUU
TRUNG
QUOC
sif
12(100)
- 2009
Chu
nghTa
xa
hgi
ddc sdc

Trung
Qudc
chu cua nhan dan; hai
Id,
phat trien dan
chu d cd sd, bao dam cho nhan dan dfldc
. hudng quyen dan chu cao hdn, thilt thflc
hdn; ba
Id,
thflc hien toan dien phfldng
cham chiln
lUdc
quan ly dd't nUdc theo
phap luat, nhanh chdng xay
dUng
nhd
nUdc phap trj XHCN; bdn
Id,
lam
Idn
manh mat
tran
tho'ng nha't yeu nUdc,
doan kit
ta't ca mpi Iflc
lUdng
cd the dodn
kit;
ndm la, diy nhanh cai
each

the cbl
quan ly hdnh chinh, xay dUng chinh phu
phuc vu; sdu la, hodn thien cd cbl
rang
bupc va giim sit quyln Iflc, bao dam
quyln
Iflc
rad nhan dan trao cho dUdc sfl
dung de raUu ciu ldi ich cua nhan dan.
Cudi cflng, bio cio chinh trj rut ra
nhdn xet cho ring: CNXH
cang
phat
trien; dan chu cung se cdng phit
trien;
DCS
va
nhan dan Trung Quo'c nha't djnh
se phit trien
nin
chinh trj dan chu
XHCN
CO
sflc song manh me.
Nhu vdy, trong linh vflc cbinh trj, cic
nha lanh dao Trung Qudc tfl Dang Tieu
Binh trUdc day
din
Hd Cim Dao hien
nay deu tho'ng

nhd't
vdi nhau ve muc
tieu
la
xdy diing, phdt trien nin chinh tri
ddn chu,
XHCN.
Tuy nhien, vl mat npi
dung va giai phip, tuy tinh hinh cu the -
moi nha lanh dao cd nhflng cich dat van
de khic nhau, nhUng xu hudng chung Id
md rgng ddn chu vd tdng cUdng y thdc
phdp tri.
3.
Ve mdt vdn hoa
Xay dflng vdn boa
la
rapt npi dung
cua Iy
luan
ve xay dflng vdn minh tinh
thin XHCN. Ly
luan
nay dUdc Dang
Tieu Binh neu Ien, sau dd dUdc khdng
dinh
t^i
Dai hpi XII DCS Trung
Qudc
NGHliN CUU TRUNG

QUtfC
sif 12(100)
-
2000
(1982)
va
dupc dinh gii
Id
"mpt dac
trUng cd ban cua CNXH, la rapt dot phi
ve nhdn thflc ddi vdi CNXH".
Do tam quan trpng cua nd, nen DCS
Trung Quo'c da cd hai nghj quylt Trung
Udng (Hpi nghj Trung Udng 6 khoa XII
va Hpi nghj Trung Udng 6 khoi
XIV)
ban
ve vd'n dl xay dflng vdn minh tinh than
XHCN. Nghj quylt Hpi nghj Trung Udng
6 khoi
XrV
(1996) neu ro : Tang cUdng
xay dflng dao dflc tU tfldng, phit trien
giio due khoa hpc van hoi, dung ly luan
khoa hgc de vu trang cho con ngUdi,
diing da luan dung ddn de hUdng ddn
con
ngUdi,
lay tinh thdn cao
thUdng

de
xdy diing con ngUdi, diing
nhOng
tdc
phdm Uu tu de cd vu con ngUdi, bdi
dudng cong dan XHCN cd ly tudng, cd
dgo ddc, cd vdn hod, cd ky lugt.
Vl mat van hoi, vao thing 7-1991,
Giang Trach Dan trong mpt bai phit
bieu da neu len phfldng hUdng cho ring:
Phit huy vi phit trien
van
hoi XHCN,
kl thfla phat huy van hoi truyen thd'ng
cua dan tpc, ddng thdi the hien tinh than
thdi dai cua CNXH, tilp thu day du
thanh qua Uu td cua vdn hei nhan loai.
Dai hpi XV DCS Trung Qudc (1997)
nha'n raanh: Coi viec bdi dudng cong dan
cd ly tudng, cd vdn hoi, co dao ddc, cd ky
luat la muc tieu; phdt trien ngudn
liic
vdn hod XHCN dan tpc - khoa hpc - dai
chdng hudng tdi hien dai hoi, hUdng ra
thi
gidi va hudng tdi tUdng lai. Dai hpi
XVI DCS Trung Qudc (2002) da neu len
phUdng hudng xay dflng
nin
van hoi

tien tiln bao gdm: Phit huy va bdi
dudng tinh than dan tpc, tdng cUdng xay
dflng dao dflc tU tudng, phit trien giio
due
vi khoa hpc, phit trien
van
hoi
va
9
D6
TI^'N
SAM
san phim
van
hoa, di sau cai
each
the
che vdn hoa Tren cd sd do, vfla qua,
Chinh phu Trung Qudc da xay dUng ban
Quy hoach quoc gia ve phat trien vdn
hoa thdi ky
din
nam 2010, trong dd
nha'n manh mpt so' quan diem cho ring:
vdn hoi vfla tao ra dgng
lUc
tinh thdn to
Idn
cho sfl phat trien toan dien, hai hoa
kinh tl xa hpi; ddng thdi cung la ndi

dung quan trgng cua sU phat trien kinh
tl xa hpi.
Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Quoc (10 -
2007) da neu len mpt nhdn djnh quan
trpng khi cho ring: "Trong thdi dai ngay
nay, van hoi ngiy cang trd thanh ngudn
goc quan trpng cua sflc sang tao vi sflc
ngflng tu dan tpc, ngay cang trd thdnh
nhan
td^
quan trpng cua canh tranh qudc
Iflc
tdng hpp". Dac biet, lan dau tien
menh de "nang cao sflc manh
mIm
van
hoi quo'c gia" dUdc dUa vao mpt
van
kien
chinh thflc cua Dang.
Dudi tieu de "Thdc diy van hoa
XHCN dai phat trien, dai phdn vinh",
bao cio chinh trj neu len 4 giai phap, cu
the nhu sau: Mgt
Id,
xay dflng he
thdang
gii trj hat nhan XHCN, tang cUdng sflc
hap dan va sdc ngUng tu cua y thdc he
XHCN. Hai

Id,
xay dflng van hoi hai
boa, coi day la cho dfla tinh than quan
trpng cua doan
kit
va tiln bp cua toan
the nhan dan; bdi dUdng bau khong khi
van minh. Ba
Id,
de cao van hoi Trung
Hoa, xay dflng cong vien tinh than cua
dan tpc Trung Hoa. Bdn la, thdc day
sing tao van hoa, tang cUdng sdc song
cho sU phat trien cua van hoi.
Nhflng giai phip neu tren se phit
huy vai tro chu the cua nhan dan trong
xay dung van hoa, phat huy
tinh tich
cflc
10=
cua nhflng
ngUdi
lam cong tac van hoa,
tfl do thuc
dily
mpt each tfl giac, chu
dpng lam cho van hoa phat triln va phdn
vinh, thflc hien sang tao van hoa trong
thflc tiin CNXH dac sdc Trung Qudc.
Nhfl vay, ve mat van hoa - du dat

trong pham tru xay dflng
van
minh tinh
thin hay tach rieng ra, cac nha lanh dao
Trung Qudc qua cac thdi ky khac nhau
diu
nha'n manh vi tri, vai trd
va
tim
quan trpng cua nd trong phat trien kinh
tl xa hpi va xay dflng con ngfldi mdi.
Ban Quy hoach qudc gia ve phat trien
van hoa cua Chinh phu Trung Quo'c dUdc
neu len gin day con
nhd'n
manh: Trong
moi trUdng qud'c
te'phdc
tgp hien nay, mgt
qud'c gia mud'n gidnh phdn thdng trong
cugc cgnh tranh qud'c te, khdng chi ddi hoi
thiic
liic
kinh te, thiic
liic
KHKT vd thiic
liic
qud'c phdng
hiing
mgnh, md eon doi

hdi phdi cd thiic
liic
vdn hod to
Idn.
4. Ve mdt xa hoi
Nhan thflc co tinh
bflde
ngoat ve mat
xa hpi cua cac nha lanh dao Trung Qudc
la chuyen tfl mpt xa hpi
"li'y
da'u tranh
giai cap
la
chinh" sang xay dUng "xa hpi
hai boa XHCN". Hpi nghj Trung Udng 4
khoi XVI DCS Trung Qudc (2006) da ra
nghj quylt chuyen de ve xay dUng xa hpi
hai hoa XHCN, trong do nha'n manh:
"Xa hpi hai hoa la thupc tinh ban chi't
cua CNXH dac sic Trung Quo'c, la bao
dam quan trpng cua quo'c gia giau manh,
dan tpc cha'n hUng, nhan dan 'hanh
phuc".
Xa hpi hai hoa XHCN ma
Triing
Qudc xay dflng bao gdm 4 thupc tinh
v^
6 dac trUng; 4 thupc tinh la: Cong bang
trong thu

nhdp
cac ngudn
lUc,
hdp Iy
trong
kit
ca'u xa hpi, quy pham trong
— NGHliN
CUU
TRUNG
QUOC
sif
12(100)
• 2009
Chii nghTa
xa
h^i
ddc sdc
Trung
Qudc
hanh
vi xa hoi,
hi§u
qua trong hii hoa
cac
Ipi
fch; con 6
dfic
trUng
la:

Dan chu
phap tri, cong bing chinh nghia, hflu ai
thanh
tin,
tran diy sflc so'ng, dn djnh co
trat tfl, hai
boa
gifla con ngfldi vdi tfl
nhien.
Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc tilp
tuc khang djnh va neu len muc tieu: Tren
cd sd phat trien kinh tl, cin chu trpng hdn
xay dflng xa hpi, tap trung cho bao dam va
cai thien dan sinh, thdc day cai cich the
cbl xa hpi, rad rpng djch vu cong, hoin
thien quan ly xa hpi, thuc diy xa hpi cong
bing chinh nghia; pha'n da'u
lara
cho
toan
the nhan dan di hpc co trUdng ldp, lao
dpng cd ndi lam viec, o'm dau cd ndi chfla
trj,
gia
CO
ndi dfldng
lao,
cd cho d, thuc
diy xay dflng xa hpi hai hod.
Nhim thflc hien rauc tieu neu tren,

dai hpi neu len 6 giai phap, bao gdm:
Mgt la, Uu
ti§n
phat triln giio
due,
xay
dung cUdng quo'c ngudn nhan
lUc;
hai
Id,
thflc thi rpng rai chiln
lUdc
phit trien
vi§c
lam, thdc diy la'y san nghiep loi
k6o
viec
lam;
ba la, di sau cai each the che
phan phoi, tang thu nhap cho nhan ddn
thanh thj va nong thon; bdn
Id,
nhanh
chdng xay dflng he thong an sinh xa hpi
phu khip cU dan thdnh thj va nong thon,
dam bao ddi sdng cd ban cua nhan dan;
ndm la, xay dflng
chi
dp y tl chfla benh
mpt cdch cd ban, nang cao trinh dp sdc

khoe cua nhan dan; sdu la, hoan thien
thi
cbl quan ly xa hpi, duy tri xa hpi dn
djnh
doan
kit.
Rieng trong linh vflc phan phdi, Bp
Chinh trj DCS Trung Qudc da cd phien
hpp chuyen
ban
ve cai each cbl dp phan
phdi, theo dd phfldng cham chinh dupc
neu len
la:
Ndng cao mdc thu nhap thdp,
md rgng dien thu nhap trung binh, diiu
tiet thu nhap qud cao.
Nhu
vay,
vdi viec neu Ien npi dung
xay dflng xa hpi hdi hoa XHCN, he
tho'ng Iy luan ve CNXH dac sic Trung
Qudc da hoin thien hdn, bao gdm 4 bp
phan ca'u thanh chu ylu
la
kinh tl,
chinh trj, van hoi va xa hpi. Theo ong
Ngo Bang Quo'c, hien la Chu tjch Quo'c
hpi Trung Quo'c: viec neu len xay dflng
xa hpi hai

boa
XHCN "dinh dau nhan
thdc cua DCS Trung Qud'c ve ban chat
cua CNXH da sau sic
hdn"®.
in.
NHAN
XET
VA
KfiT
LUAN
Qua tim hieu qua trinh hinh thanh
va
phit trien cua ly
luan
vl CNXH dac
sac
Trung Quo'c, chung toi sd bp rut ra rapt
so'
nhan
x6t
nhU sau:
1.
Chu nghTa
xa
hoi dac
s^c
Trung
Quoc la san
phSm ciia sir

ket hop giiJa
nhijmg
nguyen ly co ban cua
chii
nghia
Mac vdi thuc te cu the Trung Qudc.
O day cd 3 vd'n dl : mdt la, chu nghia
Mac;
hai la, thflc tl Trung Qud'c va ba la,
sfl
kit
hdp. Thee chdng toi, sfl thanh
cong hay
thd't
bai cua DCS Trung Qudc
trong 3 thdi ky
Idn:
lanh dao gidnh chinh
quyen, xay dflng CNXH theo mo hinh
kinh tl kl hoach truyin tho'ng vi cai
each
md cfla; tham chi ca nhflng cupc
da'u tranh quylt liet trong npi bp Dang
diu
cd nguyen nhan tfl viec nhan thflc
va
xfl ly 3 van dl neu tren.
Nlu nhan thflc va xfl ly dung thi
thdnh cdng; ngUdc lai, nlu nhan thdc vd
xfl ly sai thi tha't bai, thara chi hi tra gia

NGHliN CllU TRUNG
QUOC
sif 12(100)
-
2009
=11
D6
TI^'N
SAM
dit. Dieu nay cho thi'y, sfl
"kit
hdp" gifla
chu nghia Mac vdi thflc tl cu the cua
mpt da't nfldc la khong dl dang, tham chi
la
ra't kho. No doi hdi mpt Dang
va
lanh
tu tdi cao cua Dang vfla phai cd ban linh
chinh trj vflng vang vfla phai ra't gidi ve
"kit
hdp". Bdi vi, thflc tien cupc sdng
luon thay ddi. Bao cao Chinh trj Dai hpi
XVI DCS Trung Quo'c (2002) da neu Ien
mpt quan diem rat ding chu y khi dUa
ra"ba dilu giai phdng" cho ring: "Tfl giac
dem tfl tfldng gidi phdng khdi nhflng troi
bupc cua nhflng quan niem,
each
lam va

the cbl khong con thich hdp, gidi phdng
khdi nhflng ly giai sai lim va giao dilu
do'i vdi chu nghia Mac, gidi phdng khdi
nhflng xiing xich cua chu nghia chu
quan va sieu
hinh"*^'.
Theo toi, day
Id
mpt sfl ddc
kit
kinh nghiem
Ijch
sfl
md'y
chuc
nam
lanh dao gianh chinh quyln
va cam quyln cua DCS Trung Quo'c;
ddng thdi cung Id bai hpc dUdc rut ra tfl
viec nghien cflu sfl tha't bai trong cam
quyln cua mpt so' Dang Cong san tren
thi
gidi.
2.
Chu nghia xa
hpi
dac
s^c
Trung
Quo'c la mot mo hinh CNXH hien thuc,

tuy mang tinh dac thu, nhung cung c6
nhCmg
gia tri
phd
bien nha't djnh.
Co the noi ring, CNXH dac sac Trung
Quo'c
vin
dang trong qui trinh hinh
thdnh vi phit trien. Ban than Tdng Bi
thu Hd Cam Dao cung cho ring can phai
"tilp tuc di sau tim hieu va nghien cflu".
Toi cho ring,
din
thdi diem hien nay,
CNXH dac sac Trung Quo'c tuy cd mpt so'
quan die m mang
tinh
dac thu nhU ly
luan vl "mpt quoc gia hai cbl
dp"
nhflng
vin
cd nhflng diem mang tinh
pho'
biln, nha't la
doi
vdi cac DCS dm
quyen
d

cac
nUdc
dang trong qua trinh
chuyen ddi. Nhflng gia tri phd biln dd la:
Ve kinh te, phat trien kinh tl thi trUdng
va hpi nhip kinh tl qudc tl; vi chinh tri,
thflc hanh dan chii va phap tri (phap
quyln);
vi vdn hod, xay dflng van boa
tien tiln, theo dd vfla chu y bao tdn phat
huy nhflng gia trj van hoa truyen tho'ng,
vfla coi trpng tilp thu tinh hoa van hoa
nhan
loai;
vi xd hgi, xay dflng xa hpi hai
hoa, trong do giai quyet vd'n de cong
bang xa hpi la hat nhan.
3.
Viet Nam la
nudc
lang gieng co
nhieu diem tuong dong, co the tham
khao nhilmg kinh nghiem pho bien
tir
su
phat trien CNXH ddc
s^c
Trung Qud'c.
vi
nhdn thdc, tfl viec tham khao xay

dung CNXH dac sic Trung Quo'c, chung
ta cd the neu len menh dl "xay dflng
CNXH mang ban sic Viet Na m". Day
chinh
la
sfl
kit
hdp mpt each sang tao
nhflng nguyen Iy cd ban cua chu nghia
Mac vdi thflc tiln va dilu kien
Ijch
sfl cu
the cua Viet Nam.
Ve mat gidi phdp, tfl viec tham khao 4
npi dung chu yeu cua CNXH dac sic
Trung Quo'c, chung ta
cd
the xay dflng
mo hinh CNXH cua Viet Nam, bao gdm:
kinh tl thj trUdng, nhd nUdc phip quyln,
van hoa tien tiln. Rieng ve mat xa hpi,
chung ta cd
thi
dat vd'n de xay dflng
xa hpi dan chu, doan
kit,
ddng thuan,
hai boa.
Tdm lgi, CNXH dac sic Trung Qudc
la kit

qua cua viec nhan thflc
l^i
chu
nghia Mac va sfl
van
dung nguyen ly cd
12=
NGHliN
CUU
TRUNG
QUOC
sif
12(100)
• 2009
Chu
nghTa
xd hgi ddc sdc Trung Qudc
ban cua chu nghia Mac vdi hodn canh
thflc tl cu the cua Trung Quo'c. Qua
trinh
van
dung hay
kit
hdp do cdn dUdc
gpi
la
Trung Qudic hod chu nghia Mdc.
Gid day dflng trUdc nhflng biln ddi mdi
cua tinh hinh
thi

gidi, tinh hinh dd't
nUdc va ban than Dang, Hpi nghj Trung
Udng 4 khoi XVII DCS Trung Qudc
da rut ra nhan xet cho ring: Chu nghia
Mic chi cd
kit
hdp vdi tinh hinh thflc
tiln da't nUdc, tiln bp cung vdi thdi dai,
gan bd vdi van menh nhan dan, thi mdi
cd sflc so'ng, sflc sing tao va sfl c cam
chilu to
Idn.
Tfl do, Van kien hpi nghj nay
da bd sung vi
nhd'n
manh: Chu nghia Mic
khong chi Trung Quo'c hoi, ma phai cdn
thdi dai hoi vi dai chdng hoi.
La
mpt nUdc dang trong qui trinh
chuyen doi co nhilu diem tUdng ddng vdi
Trung Quo'c, nhflng kinh nghiem cua
Trung Qudc trong qua trinh tim toi, xay
dung CNXH dac sic Trung Quo'c ca ve
mat Iy
luan
lln thflc tien
diu
c6 gii trj
tham khao nha't dinh ddi vdi Viet Nam.

CHU THICH:
'
Ly Canh Dien (Chu nhiem Phdng
Nghien cflu Lich sd Dang Cong san Trung
Qud'c),
"Kien dinh khong thay ddi con dUdng
XHCN ddc ddc Trung
Quo'c",
mang Nhan
dan nhat bao ngay 29/08/2007.
' Ngd Bang Qud'c
—
"Vdn kien mang tinh
cUdng linh
xdy diing xd hgi hdi hod
XHCN'.
Trong sach : "Quye't dinh
ciia
Trung Udng
DCS Trung Quo'c ve mgt so' van de quan
trgng xdy diing xd hgi hdi hod
XHCN'
(Sach
phu dao). NXB Nhan dan, Bic Kinh, 2006,
tr6.
'
Hdi bien van kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan
qud'c lin thfl XVI DCS Trung Qud'c. NXB
Nhan dan, Bic Kinh, 2002,
trl3.

TAX LIEU THAM KHAO
1.
"Tuyen chgn vdn kien quan trgng
tU
Dgi hgi XVI den nay". Nxb Van hien
Trung Udng, Bic Kinh, 2004.
2.
Quach Thanh Phuc. "Lich sd nhdn
thdc ve CNXH
ciia
DCS Trung Qudc". Nxb
KHXH Trung Qud'c, Bic Kinh, 2004.
3.
LUu Kien Vu. "Ddc sdc Trung Quo'c
vd mo hinh Trung
Qud'c
(Nghien
cUu
quan
diem ddc sdc XHCN cua Ddng Tieu Binh)".
Nxb Nhan dan, Bic Kinh, 2006.
4.
Giang Trach Dan. "Bdn ve xdy diing
vdn minh tinh thdn
XHCN'.
Nxb Van hien
Trung Udng, Bic Kinh, 1998.
5.
"Quyet dinh cua Trung Udng DCS
Trung Quoc ve nhdng vdn de quan trgng

trong xdy
dUng
xd hgi hdi hod
XHCN'
(Sach phu dao). Nxb Nhan dan, Bic Kinh,
2006.
6. Hd Cam Dao. "Bdi phdt bieu tgi
trudng Ddng Trung Udng ngdy
25-6-2007'.
Ban djch
tieng
Viet eua Vien Nghien cdu
Trung Qud'c.
7.
Hdi bien Van kien Dai hdi XVII DCS
Trung Qud'c. Nxb Nhan dan Bac Kinh,
2007.
8. Quye't dinh cua Trung
Ucfng
DCS
Trung Qudc ve
nhOng
vdn de quan trgng
trong viec tdng cUdng vd cdi tien cong tdc
xdy diing Ddng trong tinh hinh mdi
(Thdng qua tai Hdi nghj Trung 4 khoa
XVII DCS Trung Qud'c ngay 18 thang 9
nam 2009). Ban djch cua Vien Nghien cflu
Trung Qud'c.
9. Hd Cam Dao. Dien vdn dgc tgi Le ky

niem chao miing 60 ndm thdnh lap nUdc
CHND Trung Hoa.
NGHliN CUU TRUNG
QUOC
sif
12(100)
•
2000
•13