Cardiovascular Medicine Third Edition_1 doc

Cardiovascular Medicine
Third Edition
James T. Willerson, Jay N. Cohn, Hein J.J. Wellens,
and David R. Holmes, Jr. (Eds)
Cardiovascular Medicine
Third Edition
James T. Willerson, MD
President
The University of Texas Health Science
Center in Houston
President-Elect and Medical Director
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Hein J.J. Wellens, MD
Emeritus Professor
Department of Cardiology
University of Maastricht
Masstricht, The Netherlands
Jay N. Cohn, MD
Professor of Medicine
Director
Rasmussen Center for Cardiovascular
Disease Prevention
Cardiovascular Division
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
David R. Holmes, Jr., MD
Consultant
Cardiovascular Medicine
Professor of Medicine

Scripps Professor in Cardiovascular
Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Rochester, MN, USA
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006935533
ISBN-10: 1-84628-188-1 3rd edition eISBN-10: 1-84628-725-1
ISBN-13: 978-1-84628-188-4 3rd edition eISBN-13: 978-1-84628-725-1
ISBN 0-443-07000-8 2nd edition, published in 2000 by Churchill Livingstone
Printed on acid-free paper.
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2007
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review,
as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only
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v
Preface

he third edition of Cardiovascular Medicine is the product of our continuing
effort to provide an authoritative and comprehensive review of important,
clinically relevant cardiovascular disease topics. As compared to the second
edition, this third edition contains 27 new chapters and a 30% expansion and update
of mechanistic, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular medicine.
Each chapter is written by one or more experts on the topic. We have also added
two additional editors, Dr. Hein J.J. Wellens, a leading worldwide authority on
cardiac arrhythmias, their recognition and treatment, and Dr. David Holmes, Jr.,
a worldwide leader in interventional cardiovascular medicine.
The continued rapid growth of new knowledge and new techniques has chal-
lenged the physician with a wide array of management options. We believe the third
edition of Cardiovascular Medicine will guide the dedicated physician to more
knowledgeable and effective preventive and therapeutic efforts in patients with car-
diovascular disease.
The specialty of cardiovascular medicine has become increasingly international.
Advances in basic science and clinical research are not restricted to national bound-
aries. Global interaction among scientists and physicians has rapidly expanded, as
a result of major improvements in rapid communication, and the growing recogni-
tion of our interdependence in advancing clinical science. We have therefore main-
tained our commitment to include contributions from American, European, and
Asian-Pacific experts to provide a balanced discussion of opinions from gifted physi-
cians active worldwide in the care and treatment of patients with cardiovascular
diseases.
We hope that the organization of the third edition will enhance its value. Diag-
nostic approaches are considered from a methodological perspective in separate
chapters in the beginning of the book, but are readdressed later in separate chapters
dealing with specific disease categories. Chapters on clinical syndromes are designed
to incorporate anatomic, mechanistic, diagnostic, and treatment considerations.
Whether using the book as a quick reference guide or as a source for comprehensive
coverage of a topic, the reader should have access to up-to-date information in an

accessible format.
We are committed to a long-term effort to update this book so that it keeps
abreast of new and important advances. We shall therefore provide our readers access
to a Web site that will update as necessary all clinically related chapters every three
months by adding new diagnostic and therapeutic information of importance.
The third edition of Cardiovascular Medicine is accompanied by a CD-rom that
presents the entire book on-line, but that also includes an introductory section on
heart sounds of virtually every conceivable cardiovascular abnormality and associ-
ated echocardiographic images. These images serve as an outstanding educational
opportunity for physicians in training, cardiovascular nurses, and cardiovascular
technical associates who are involved in cardiovascular imaging procedures and for
physicians updating their auscultatory and echocardiographic skills in cardiovascu-
lar diagnosis.
We wish to express our appreciation to our editors at Springer for the oppor-
tunity to present the third edition of Cardiovascular Medicine and for their assis-
tance and patience in bringing it to fruition. Our heartfelt thanks go to our families
and our collaborators at the Texas Heart Institute and The University of Texas
Health Science Center in Houston, Texas; the University of Minnesota Medical
School in Minneapolis, Minnesota; the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Roch-
ester, Minnesota; and Maastricht University in Maastricht, The Netherlands. We
deeply appreciate the expertise and dedicated assistance of Suzy Lanier at the Texas
Heart Institute and The University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston;
Amy Brown and Cheryl Tincher at the University of Minnesota Medical School
T
in Minneapolis; and Karyn Hughes and Ann Turner at the Mayo Clinic in
Rochester.
We are very grateful to our colleagues throughout the United States and around
the world who have contributed important chapters. Finally, we express our great
appreciation to our teachers, students, and patients from whom we have learned
so much. It is to them and our families that we dedicate the third edition of

Cardiovascular Medicine.
James T. Willerson, MD
Jay N. Cohn, MD
Hein J.J. Wellens, MD
David R. Holmes, Jr., MD
vi
preface
Contents
vii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
ACC/AHA Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
SECTION I Introduction: Cardiac Signs and
Symptoms, and Selected Noninvasive
Diagnostic Methods
1 Anatomy of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
L. Maximilian Buja
2 The History and Physical Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Thomas C. Smitherman and James T. Willerson
3 Electrocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Anton P.M. Gorgels
4 Chest X-Ray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Mary Ella Round
5 Introduction to Echocardiography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Raymond F. Stainback
6 Nuclear Cardiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Arthur Iain McGhie, K. Lance Gould, and
James T. Willerson
7 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Warren J. Manning

8 Computed Tomographic Cardiovascular Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Matthew J. Budoff
SECTION II Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult
9 Normal and Abnormal Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Robert H. Anderson and Anton E. Becker
10 Pathophysiology, Clinical Recognition, and Treatment of
Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Steven R. Neish and Jeffrey A. Towbin
11 Echocardiography in the Adult with Congenital
Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Julie A. Kovach
12 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult:
Interventional Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Charles E. Mullins
viii
contents
13 Surgical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Magdi Habib Yacoub, Anselm Uebing,
Rosemary Radley-Smith, and Michael A. Gatzoulis
SECTION III Valvular Heart Disease
14 Valvular Heart Disease: Anatomic Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Hugh A. McAllister, Jr., L. Maximilian Buja, and
†
Victor J. Ferrans
15 Aortic Valve Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Blase A. Carabello
16 Pulmonary and Tricuspid Valve Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Otto M. Hess, Urs Scherrer, Pascal Nicod, and
Blase A. Carabello
17 Mitral Valve Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Maurice L. Enriquez-Sarano and Robert L. Frye
18 Rheumatic Fever. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Y.S. Chandrashekhar and Jagat Narula
19 Infective Endocarditis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Walter R. Wilson and Eddy Barasch (Second Edition),
revised for The Third Edition by Layne O. Gentry and
Temple W. Williams, Jr.
20 The Assessment and Therapy of Valvular Heart
Disease in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . 463
Paul Sorajja and Rick A. Nishimura
21 Echocardiographic Assessment of Valvular Heart Disease . . . . 487
Raymond F. Stainback
22 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Valvular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Scott D. Flamm and Raja Muthupillai
23 Balloon Dilatation of the Cardiac Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Igor F. Palacios and Pedro L. Sánchez
24 Valvular Heart Disease: Surgical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
William E. Cohn, O.H. Frazier, and Denton A. Cooley
SECTION IV Coronary Artery Disease
25 Coronary Artery Disease: Pathologic Anatomy
and Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
L. Maximilian Buja and Hugh A. McAllister, Jr.
26 Inflammation, C-Reactive Protein, and
Vulnerable Plaques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Paolo Calabró, James T. Willerson, and
Edward T.H. Yeh
†
Deceased.
contents
ix

27A Atherosclerotic Vulnerable Plaques: Pathophysiology,
Detection, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Mohammad Madjid, Samuel Ward Casscells, and
James T. Willerson
27B Biomarkers of Inflammation as Surrogate Markers in
Detection of Vulnerable Plaques and Vulnerable Patients . . . . . 641
Mohammad Madjid, Samuel Ward Casscells, and
James T. Willerson
28 Global Differences in Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Philip A. Poole-Wilson
29 Coronary Artery Disease: Regulation of Coronary
Blood Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Robert J. Bache
30 Coronary Heart Disease Syndromes: Pathophysiology and
Clinical Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
James T. Willerson, Attilio Maseri, and Paul W. Armstrong
31 Silent Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Matthew B. O’Steen and Neal S. Kleiman
32 Coronary Disease in Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Allen P. Burke, Frank D. Kolodgie, and Renu Virmani
33 Exercise Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Bernard R. Chaitman, Masarrath J. Moinuddin, and
Junko Sano
34 Coronary Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Robert F. Wilson and Carl W. White
35 Echocardiographic Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease . . . . 811
Stephanie A. Coulter
36A Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Utilizing Single Photon
Emission Computed Tomography Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
George A. Beller

36B Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
K. Lance Gould
37A Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Myocardium . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Raymond J. Kim, Igor Klem, and Robert M. Judd
37B Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Evaluation of
Vulnerable Plaque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Javier Sanz, Marc Sirol, Zahi A. Fayad, and
Valentin Fuster
38 Medical Treatment of Stable Angina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
James J. Ferguson III, Dipsu D. Patel, and
James T. Willerson
x
contents
39 Medical Treatment of Unstable Angina, Acute
Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, and
Coronary Artery Spasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
James T. Willerson and Paul W. Armstrong
40 Treatment of Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . 963
Paul W. Armstrong and James T. Willerson
41 Kawasaki Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Hirohisa Kato
42 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Stable Angina . . . . . . 995
David R. Holmes, Jr.
43 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Unstable
Coronary Artery Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Pim J. de Feyter and Peter P.T. de Jaegere
44 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute
Myocardial Infarction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
David R. Holmes, Jr.
45 Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

Carey D. Moyer, Peter B. Berger, and Christopher J. White
46 Surgical Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
William E. Cohn, O.H. Frazier, and Denton A. Cooley
47 Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery and Percutaneous
Coronary Revascularization: Impact on Morbidity and
Mortality in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. . . . . . . . . 1073
James M. Wilson, James J. Ferguson III, and Robert J. Hall
48 Cardiac Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
Michael X. Pham, Jonathan N. Myers, and Victor F. Froelicher
SECTION V Basic Aspects of Myocardial Function,
Growth, and Development
49 Cardiac Development: Toward a Molecular Basis for
Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
Michael D. Schneider and Eric N. Olson
50 Fueling the Heart: Multiple Roles for Cardiac Metabolism. . . . 1157
Heinrich Taegtmeyer
51 Cardiac Hypertrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
Ali J. Marian and James T. Willerson
52 Regulation of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . 1189
Arnold M. Katz
53 Pathophysiology and Clinical Impact of Diastolic
Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1201
Gilles W. de Keulenaer and Dirk L. Brutsaert
contents
xi
SECTION VI Myocardial Disease
54 Myocardial Disease: Anatomic Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219
Hugh A. McAllister, Jr., L. Maximilian Buja, and
†
Victor J. Ferrans

55 Dilated Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233
Biykem Bozkurt and Douglas L. Mann
56 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261
Diane Fatkin, J.G. Seidman, and Christine E. Seidman
57 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285
James T. Willerson, L. Maximilian Buja, and
†
John Goodwin
58 Other Cardiomyopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301
James T. Willerson and L. Maximilian Buja
59 Myocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
Jay W. Mason, Sanjeev Trehan, and Dale G. Renlund
60 Evaluation of Myocardial Disease in the Cardiac
Catheterization Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1349
James J. Ferguson III and Tomas Klima
61 Echocardiography in the Evaluation of
the Cardiomyopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359
Stephanie A. Coulter
62 Pathophysiology and Clinical Recognition of Heart Failure . . . 1379
Jay N. Cohn
63 The Medical Management of Heart Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397
Jay N. Cohn
64 Heart Transplantation: Indications, Outcome, and
Long-Term Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417
Leslie W. Miller
65 Heart Transplantation: Pathogenesis, Immunosuppression,
Diagnosis, and Treatment of Rejection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443
Leslie W. Miller
66 Surgical Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
O.H. Frazier, Igor D. Gregoric, and William E. Cohn

SECTION VII Pericardial Disease
67 Pericardial Disease: Anatomic Abnormalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479
Hugh A. McAllister, Jr., L. Maximilian Buja, and
†
Victor J. Ferrans
68 Pericardial Disease: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical
Recognition, and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
Ralph Shabetai
†
Deceased.
xii
contents
SECTION VIII Vascular Disease
69 Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Differentiated
Vascular Smooth Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511
Michael Sturek, Eric A. Mokelke, Jürgen R. Sindermann,
Leonard P. Adam, and Keith L. March
70 Cardiovascular Regulation: Basic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525
Giuseppe Mancia, Thomas F. Lüscher, John T. Shepherd,
George Noll, and Guido M. Grassi
71 Vascular Remodeling in Health and Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1541
Luis G. Melo, Massimiliano Gnecchi, Christopher A. Ward,
and Victor J. Dzau
72 Vascular Endothelial Cell Function and Thrombosis. . . . . . . . . 1567
H. Roger Lijnen, Jef M. Arnout, and Désiré Collen
73 Atherosclerosis: Pathologic Anatomy and Pathogenesis . . . . . . . 1581
L. Maximilian Buja and Hugh A. McAllister, Jr.
74 Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis, Morphology, and
Risk Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593
Antonio M. Gotto, Jr., and John A. Farmer

75 Detection of Early Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615
Daniel A. Duprez and Jay N. Cohn
76 Diseases of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1623
James T. Willerson, Joseph S. Coselli, Scott A. LeMaire,
Ross M. Reul, Igor D. Gregoric, George J. Reul, and
Denton A. Cooley
77 Aneurysms of the Peripheral Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663
Paul W. Wennberg and Henna Kalsi
78 Peripheral Arterial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681
Alan T. Hirsch, Henna Kalsi, and Thom W. Rooke
79 Venous Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1705
Samuel Z. Goldhaber
80 Angiogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1717
Pinak B. Shah and Douglas W. Losordo
81 Carotid Artery Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1741
Christopher J. White
82 Endovascular Procedures for the Treatment of Peripheral
Vascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755
Kathryn G. Dougherty and Zvonimir Krajcer
83 B-Mode Ultrasound: A Noninvasive Method for
Assessing Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1783
John R. Crouse, Curt D. Furberg, Mark A. Espeland, and
Ward A. Riley
contents
xiii
84 Intravascular Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797
Seung-Ho Hur, Yasuhiro Honda, Peter J. Fitzgerald, and
Paul G. Yock
85 Arterial Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1811
Gary E. McVeigh, Alan J. Bank, and Jay N. Cohn

86 Hypertension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833
Bernard Waeber, Hans-Rudolph Brunner, Michel Burnier, and
Jay N. Cohn
87 Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871
Henry S. Loeb and Jay N. Cohn
88 Autonomic Dysfunction and Hypotension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883
Christopher J. Mathias
89 Cerebrovascular Disease/Transient Ischemic Attack . . . . . . . . . 1911
Hashem M. Shaltoni and Frank M. Yatsu
SECTION IX Electrical Disturbances of the Heart
90 Sinus Node Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925
David G. Benditt, Scott Sakaguchi, Keith G. Lurie,
and Fei Lu
91 Supraventricular Tachycardias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943
Hein J.J. Wellens
92 Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955
Peter A. Brady and Bernard J. Gersh
93 Preexcitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979
Hein J.J. Wellens
94 Atrioventricular Nodal and Subnodal
Conduction Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991
Hein J.J. Wellens
95 Transesophageal Echocardiography for Patients with
Atrial Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999
Warren J. Manning
96 Broad QRS Tachycardias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
Hein J.J. Wellens
97 Syncope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019
David G. Benditt and Scott Sakaguchi
98 Sudden Cardiac Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2039

Abdi Rasekh, Mehdi Razavi, and Ali Massumi
99 Antiarrhythmic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085
Dan M. Roden, Dawood Darbar, and Prince J. Kannankeril
xiv
contents
100 Cardiac Pacemakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2103
Sanjay Dixit and Francis E. Marchlinski
101 The Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119
William H. Sauer and David J. Callans
102 Catheter Ablation of Supraventricular and
Ventricular Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2139
Luz-Maria Rodriguez, Carl Timmermans, and
Hein J.J. Wellens
103 Surgical Treatment of Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2163
Spencer J. Melby, James L. Cox, and
Ralph J. Damiano, Jr.
SECTION X Cardiac Effects of Systemic Disorders,
Pregnancy, Aging, and Environmental
Changes
104 Pulmonary Thromboembolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2177
Herbert L. Fred, Shahzad Hashim, and Fady A. Joudah
105 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2203
Evangelos D. Michelakis and Stephen L. Archer
106 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247
Rosa Maria Estrada-Y-Martin and Steven D. Brown
107 Tumors of the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2267
Raymond F. Stainback, Yasmin S. Hamirani,
Denton A. Cooley, and L. Maximilian Buja
108 Endocrine Disorders and the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2295
Victor R. Lavis, Michalis K. Picolos, and

James T. Willerson
109 Connective Tissue Diseases and the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2331
Frank C. Arnett and James T. Willerson
110 Substance Abuse and the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2357
Paul A. Grayburn and Eric J. Eichhorn
111 Cardiovascular Involvement in Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2371
Melvin D. Cheitlin, Priscilla Hsue, and Merle A. Sande
112 Cardiac Involvement in Skeletal Myopathies and
Neuromuscular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2385
Ali J. Marian and James T. Willerson
113 Hematologic Disease and Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2409
Martin D. Phillips and James T. Willerson
114 Hypercoagulable State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2423
Andrew I. Schafer
contents
xv
115 Aging and the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2439
Samer S. Najjar, Gary Gerstenblith, and
Edward G. Lakatta
116 Pregnancy and the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2453
Susan Wilansky, Christina S. Reuss, and
James T. Willerson
SECTION XI Surgery and the Heart
117 Evaluation of Patients for Noncardiac Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2487
James B. Froehlich and Kim A. Eagle
118 Anesthesia for Cardiovascular Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2501
N. Martin Giesecke and John R. Cooper, Jr.
119 Intraoperative Hemodynamic Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2515
Rebecca A. Schroeder, Shahar Bar-Yosef, and

Jonathan B. Mark
SECTION XII The Genetic Basis for
Cardiovascular Disease
120 Classification of Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2551
Dianna M. Milewicz
121 Inherited Disorders of Connective Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2557
Dianna M. Milewicz
122 Muscular Dystrophies Affecting the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2567
C. Thomas Caskey
123 Genetic Basis for Cardiac Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2577
Connie R. Bezzina and Arthur A.M. Wilde
124 Genetic Aspects of Congenital Heart Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2599
Dianna M. Milewicz
SECTION XIII Preventive Cardiology
125 Coronary Risk Factors: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2609
Donald M. Lloyd-Jones and William B. Kannel
126 Preventive Cardiology: The Effects of Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2631
Amit Khera, Jere H. Mitchell, and Benjamin D. Levine
127 Smoking, Secondhand Smoke, and
Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2649
Joaquin Barnoya and Stanton A. Glantz
128 Management of Cholesterol Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2667
Scott M. Grundy
xvi
contents
129 Cardiovascular Complications of Obesity and the
Metabolic Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2693
Paul Poirier and Robert H. Eckel
130 Gene Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2721
Robert D. Simari and Elizabeth G. Nabel

131 Molecular Biology for the Clinician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2731
Sara Arab, Liyong Zhang, Yuichiro Maekawa,
Urszula Zurawska, and Peter P. Liu
132 Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiac Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2745
Emerson C. Perin, Guilherme V. Silva, and
James T. Willerson
133 Cost-Effectiveness Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2771
William S. Weintraub
134 Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 2791
Sanjay Kaul and James S. Forrester
135 Cardiovascular Disease and Insulin Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2803
Ramzi A. Ajjan and Peter J. Grant
136 The Heart and the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2819
Martin R. Cowie
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2839
Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2907
xvii
Contributors
Leonard P. Adam, PhD
Cardiovascular Drug Discovery
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Pennington, NJ, USA
Ramzi A. Ajjan, MRCP, MMed.Sci,
PhD
Molecular Vascular Medicine
Faculty of Medicine and Health
University of Leeds
Leeds, UK
Robert H. Anderson, BSc, MD,
FRCPath

Cardiac Unit
Institute of Child Health
University College
London, UK
Sara Arab, MD
Toronto General Hospital
Research Institute
University Health Network
Toronto General Hospital
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Stephen L. Archer, MD
Department of Medicine
University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Paul W. Armstrong, MD
Department of Medicine
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Frank C. Arnett, MD
Internal Medicine, Pathology
The University of Texas
Houston Medical School
Houston, TX, USA
Jef M. Arnout, PhD
Faculty of Medicine
Center for Molecular and Vascular
Biology
University of Leuven
Leuven, Belgium
Robert J. Bache, MD

Department of Medicine
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Alan J. Bank, MD
Department of Cardiology
St. Paul Heart Clinic
St. Paul, MN, USA
Eddy Barasch, MD
St. Francis Hospital
The Heart Center
Roslyn, New York, USA
Joaquin Barnoya, MD, MPH
Department of Epidemiology
University of California,
San Francisco
San Francisco, CA, USA
and
Departamento de Investigacion y
Docencia
Unidad de Cirugía Cardiovascular
de Guatemala
Guatemala
Shahar Bar-Yosef, MD
Department of Anesthesiology
Duke University Medical Center
and
Anesthesiology Service
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
Anton E. Becker, MD, PhD

Academic Medical Center
University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
George A. Beller, MD
Department of Internal Medicine
Cardiovascular Division
University of Virginia
Health System
Charlottesville, VA, USA
xviii
contributors
David G. Benditt, MD, FACC, FRCPC,
FHRS
Department of Medicine
Cardiovascular Division
University of Minnesota Medical
School
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Peter B. Berger, MD
Interventional Cardiology
Geisinger Clinic
Danville, PA, USA
Connie R. Bezzina, PhD
Experimental and Molecular
Cardiology Group
Department of Clinical and
Experimental Cardiology
Academic Medical Center
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Biykem Bozkurt, MD, FACC

MEDVAMC Cardiology
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs
Medical Center and Baylor College
of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Peter A. Brady, MD, FRCP
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation
Rochester, MN, USA
Steven D. Brown, MD
Department of Medicine
The University of Texas Health Center
at Tyler
Tyler, T X, USA
Hans-Rudolph Brunner, MD (Retired)
Riehen, Switzerland
Dirk L. Brutsaert, MD, PhD
Cardiology Department
AZ Middelheim Hospital
University of Antwerp
Antwerp, The Netherlands
Matthew J. Budoff, MD, FACC, FAHA
Division of Cardiology
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Torrance, CA, USA
L. Maximilian Buja, MD
The University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston
Houston, TX, USA
Allen P. Burke, MD

Medical School
University of Maryland School of
Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
Michel Burnier, MD
Nephrology
Department of Medicine
University Hospital
CHUV
Lausanne, Switzerland
Paolo Calabró, MD
Department of Cardiothoracic
Science
Second University of Naples
Naples, Italy
David J. Callans, MD
Cardiology, Medicine
Hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Blase A. Carabello, MD
Department of Medicine
Houston Veterans Affairs Medical
Center
Houston, TX, USA
C. Thomas Caskey, MD
The University of Texas Health
Science Center
Houston, TX, USA
Samuel Ward Casscells, MD

The University of Texas Health
Science Center at Houston
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Bernard R. Chaitman, MD
Cardiovascular Research
Division of Cardiology
Saint Louis University School of
Medicine
St. Louis, MO, USA
Y.S. Chandrashekhar, MD, DM
Department of Medicine/Division
of Cardiology
Vetrans Affairs Medical Center
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Melvin D. Cheitlin, MD
Department of Medicine
San Francisco General Hospital
San Francisco, CA, USA
Jay N. Cohn, MD
Rasmussen Center for
Cardiovascular Disease
Prevention
Cardiovascular Division
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
contributors
xix
William E. Cohn, MD
Minimally Invasive Surgical

Technolog y
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Désiré Collen, MD, PhD
Center for Molecular and Vascular
Biology
University of Leuven
Leuven, Belgium
Denton A. Cooley, MD
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
John R. Cooper, Jr., MD
Cardiovascular Anesthiology
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Joseph S. Coselli, MD
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Michael E. DeBakey Department of
Surgery
Baylor College of Medicine
and
Adult Cardiac Surgery;
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's
Episcopal Hospital
Houston, TX, USA
Stephanie A. Coulter, MD
Department of Adult Cardiology
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA

Martin R. Cowie, MD, MSc, FRCP
National Heart and Lung Institute
Imperial College
London, UK
James L. Cox, MD
Surgery
Washington University School of
Medicine/Barnes Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, MO, USA
John R. Crouse, MD
Internal Medicine
Wake Forest University School of
Medicine
Medical Center Boulevard
Winston Salem, NC, USA
Ralph J. Damiano, Jr., MD
Surgery
Washington University School of
Medicine/Barnes Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, MO, USA
Dawood Darbar, MBChB, MD
Medicine
Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine
Nashville, TN, USA
Sanjay Dixit, MB BS
Department of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania Health
System
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Kathryn G. Dougherty, CRTT, CVT
Clinical Research
St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Daniel A. Duprez, MD, PhD
Cardiovascular Division
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Victor J. Dzau, MD
Department of Medicine
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
Kim A. Eagle, MD
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan Medical
School
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Robert H. Eckel, MD
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism
and Diabetes
University of Colorado at Denver and
Health Sciences Center
Aurora, CO, USA
Eric J. Eichhorn, MD
Medical City/Baylor Plano Hospital
Dallas, TX, USA
and
University of Colorado Health Science
Center

Denver, CO, USA
Maurice L. Enriquez-Sarano, MD
Department of Cardiovascular
Diseases and Internal Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Mark A. Espeland, PhD
Department of Biostatistical Sciences
Wake Forest University Health
Sciences
Medical Center Boulevard
Winstom-Salem, NC, USA
xx
contributors
Rosa Maria Estrada-Y-Martin, MD
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care
and Sleep Medicine
The University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston
Houston, TX, USA
John A. Farmer, MD
Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Diane Fatkin, MD, BSc (Med), FRACP
Molecular Cardiology
Victor Chang Cardiac Research
Institute
Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
Zahi A. Fayad, PhD

Cardiovascular Institute
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
New York, NY, USA
James J. Ferguson III, MD
Cardiology Research
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
†
Victor J. Ferrans, MD, PhD
Pim J. de Feyter, MD, PhD
Department of Cardiology
Erasmus MC-Thorax Center
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Peter J. Fitzgerald, MD, PhD, FACC
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Stanford University Medical Center
Stanford, CA, USA
Scott D. Flamm, MD
Departments of Radiology and
Cardiology
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
James S. Forrester, MD
Department of Cardiology
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA, USA
O.H. Frazier, MD
Cardiopulmonary Transplantation
Texas Heart Institute
and

Division of Thoracic and
Cardiovascular Surgery
The University of Texas Medical School
Houston, TX, USA
Herbert L. Fred, MD, MACP
Internal Medicine
The University of Texas Health
Science Center at Houston
Houston, TX, USA
James B. Froehlich, MD, MPH
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Victor F. Froelicher, MD
Cardiology
Department of Veterans Affairs
Palo Alto Health Care System
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Robert L. Frye, MD
Cardiovascular Diseases
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Curt D. Furberg, MD, PhD
Public Health Sciences
Wake Forest University School of
Medicine
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD
Cardiovascular Institute
Mount Sinai Hospital

New York, NY, USA
Michael A. Gatzoulis, MD, PhD,
FACC, FESC
National Heart and Lung Institute
Royal Brompton Hospital
Sydney Street
London, UK
Layne O. Gentry, MD
St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital
Houston, Texas, USA
Bernard J. Gersh, MB, ChB,
DPhil
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
and Internal Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Gary Gerstenblith, MD
Medicine
The Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
N. Martin Giesecke, MD
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
†
Deceased.
contributors
xxi
Stanton A. Glantz, PhD
Medicine (Cardiology)

University of California,
San Francisco
San Francisco, CA, USA
Massimiliano Gnecchi, MD
Cardiology
University of Pavia and
IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo
Pavia, Italy
Samuel Z. Goldhaber, MD
Cardiovascular Division
Department of Medicine
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
†
John Goodwin, SPK, MD, FRCP,
FACC, FESC
Anton P.M. Gorgels, MD, PhD
Department of Cardiology
Cardiovascular Research Institute
Maastricht, The Netherlands
Antonio M. Gotto, Jr., MD, DPhil
Weill Medical College of Cornell
University
New York, NY, USA
K. Lance Gould, MD
Department of Medicine
The University of Texas Medical
School
Houston, TX, USA

Peter J. Grant, MD, FRCP
Molecular Vascular Medicine
Faculty of Medicine and Health
University of Leeds
Leeds, UK
Guido M. Grassi, MD
Clinica Medica
University of Milano-Bicocca
Monza, Milan, Italy
Paul A. Grayburn, MD
Internal Medicine
Baylor University Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA
Igor D. Gregoric, MD
Mechanical Circulatory Support
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD
Center for Human Nutrition
The University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas
Dallas, TX, USA
Robert J. Hall, MD (Retired)
Houston, TX, USA
Yasmin S. Hamirani, M D
St. Agnes Hospital
Baltimore, MD, USA
Shahzad Hashim, MD
Internal Medicine
The University of Texas Health Science

Center at Houston
Houston, TX, USA
Otto M. Hess, MD
Department of Cardiology
Swiss Cardiovascular Center
Bern, Switzerland
Alan T. Hirsch, MD
Epidemiology, Medicine, and Radiology
Abbott Northwestern’s Vascular Center
and
Division of Epidemiology and
Community Health
Minneapolis Heart Institute
University of Minnesota School of
Public Health
Minneapolis, MN, USA
David R. Holmes, Jr., MD
Cardiovascular Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Rochester, MN, USA
Yasuhiro Honda, MD, FACC
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Stanford University Medical Center
Stanford, CA, USA
Priscilla Hsue, MD
Department of Medicine
San Francisco General Hospital
San Francisco, CA, USA
Seung-Ho Hur, MD, PhD
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine

Stanford University Medical Center
Stanford, CA, USA
Peter P.T. de Jaegere, MD, PhD
Intervention Cardiology
Erasmus MC
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
†
Deceased.
xxii
contributors
Fady A. Joudah, MD
Internal Medicine
Houston Veterans Affairs Medical
Center
Houston, TX, USA
Robert M. Judd, PhD
Duke Cardiovascular Magnetic
Resonance Center
Duke University
Durham, NC, USA
Henna Kalsi, MD
Cardiovascular Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Prince J. Kannankeril, MD, MSCI
Department of Pediatrics
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN, USA
William B. Kannel, MD, MPH, FACC
Preventive Medicine

Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
Hirohisa Kato, MD, PhD, FACC
Cardiovascular Research Institute
Kurume University
Kurume, Japan
Arnold M. Katz, MD (Retired)
Norwich, VT, USA
Sanjay Kaul, MD
Division of Cardiology
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Gilles W. de Keulenaer, MD, PhD
Department of Cardiology
AZ Middelheim Hospital
University of Antwerp
Antwerp, Belgium
Amit Khera, MD
Division of Cardiology
The University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA
Raymond J. Kim, MD
Departments of Medicine and
Radiology
Duke University
Durham, NC, USA
Neal S. Kleiman, MD
Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory
Methodist DeBakey Heart Center

Houston, TX, USA
Igor Klem, MD
DCMRC
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
Tomas Klima, M D
Department of Pathology
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Frank D. Kolodgie, PhD
Cardiovascular Pathology Institute
Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Julie A. Kovach, MD
Division of Cardiology
University of Michigan Health
System
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Zvonimir Krajcer, MD
Peripheral Vascular Program
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Edward G. Lakatta, MD
Laboratory of Cardiovascular
Science
National Institute on Aging,
National Institute of Health
Baltimore, MD, USA
Victor R. Lavis, MD
Internal Medicine (Endocrinology)
The University of Texas-Houston

Medical School
Houston, TX, USA
Scott A. LeMaire, MD
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Michael E. DeBakey Department of
Surgery
Baylor College of Medicine
and
Cardiovascular Surgery
Texas Heart Institute
St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital
Houston, TX, USA
Benjamin D. Levine, MD
Institute for Exercise and
Environmental Medicine
Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas
Dallas, TX, USA
H. Roger Lijnen, PhD
Center for Molecular and Vascular
Biology
KU Leuven
Leuven, Belgium
contributors
xxiii
Peter P. Liu, MD
Toronto General Hospital
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM
Department of Preventative Medicine

Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Henry S. Loeb, MD
Department of Cardiology
Edward Hines JR VA Hospital
Hines, IL, USA
Douglas W. Losordo, MD
Cardiovascular Medicine
Caritas St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Fei Lu, MD, PhD
Department of Medicine
University of Minnesota Medical
School
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Keith G. Lurie, MD
Medicine and Emergency Medicine
University of Minnesota Medical
School
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Thomas F. Lüscher, MD, PhD
Internal Medicine
Department of Cardiology
University of Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland
Mohammad Madjid, MD
Internal Medicine
The University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston

Houston, TX, USA
Yuichiro Maekawa
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ca nad a
Giuseppe Mancia, MD, PhD
Clinica Medica
University of Milano-Bicocca
Monza, Milan, Italy
Douglas L. Mann, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Warren J. Manning, MD
Cardiovascular Division
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Keith L. March, MD, PhD
Medicine, Cellular and Integrative
Physiology, and Biomedical
Engineering
Indiana University School
of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Francis E. Marchlinski, MD
Department of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania Health
System
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Ali J. Marian, MD
The University of Texas Health

Science Center at Houston
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Jonathan B. Mark, MD
Department of Anesthesiology
Duke University Medical Center
and
Anesthesiology Service
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
Attilio Maseri, MD
Cardiothoracic and Vascular
Department
University Vita-Salute San Raffaele
Milan, Italy
Jay W. Mason, MD
Department of Cardiology
Covance Cardiac Safety Services
Reno, NV, USA
Ali Massumi, MD
Baylor College of Medicine
St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital
and
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Christopher J. Mathias, DPhil, DSc,
FRCP, FMedSci
Autonomic Unit and University
Department of Clinical
Neurology

National Hospital for Neurology and
Neurosurgery and Institute of
Neurology
London, UK
and
Neurovascular Medical Unit
Imperial College Faculty of Medicine
at St. Mary’s Hospital
London, UK
xxiv
contributors
Hugh A. McAllister, Jr., MD (Retired)
Previously at Baylor College of
Medicine and The University of
Texas-Houston Medical School and
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, Texas, USA
Arthur Iain McGhie, MD
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Cardiology
University of Missouri—Kansas City/
Mid America Heart Institute
Kansas City, MO, USA
Gary E. McVeigh, MD, PhD
Department of Therapeutics and
Pharmacology
Queen’s University Belfast
Belfast, Northern Ireland
Spencer J. Melby, MD
Department of Surgery

Washington University School of
Medicine/Barnes Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, MO, USA
Luis G. Melo, PhD
Department of Physiology
Queen’s University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Evangelos D. Michelakis, MD
Division of Cardiology
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Dianna M. Milewicz, MD, PhD
Internal Medicine
The University of Texas Medical
School at Houston
Houston, TX, USA
Leslie W. Miller, MD
Department of Medicine
George Town University
George Town, WA, USA
Jere H. Mitchell, MD
Internal Medicine and Physiology
Moss Heart Center
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Cardiology
The University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA
Masarrath J. Moinuddin, MD, MPH
Department of Cardiology

Wright State University
Dayton, OH, USA
Eric A. Mokelke, PhD
Cellular and Integrative Physiology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Carey D. Moyer, MD
Cardiology Associates of West Reading
The Reading Hospital and Medical
Center
West Reading, PA, USA
Charles E. Mullins, MD
Department of Pediatrics
Baylor College of Medicine/Texas
Children’s Hospital
Houston, TX, USA
Raja Muthupillai, PhD
Clinical Science—MR and Department
of Radiology
Philips Medical Systems and Baylor
College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Jonathan N. Myers, PhD
Department of Cardiology
Department of Veterans Affairs Palo
Alto Health Care System
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Elizabeth G. Nabel, MD
National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute

National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD, USA
Samer S. Najjar, MD
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science
National Institute on Aging
Baltimore, MD, USA
Jagat Narula, MD, PhD
Department of Medicine
University of California Irvine School
of Medicine
Orange, CA, USA
Steven R. Neish, MD
Department of Pediatrics
Texas Children’s Hospital
Houston, TX, USA
Pascal Nicod, MD
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Lausanne
Lausanne, Switzerland
Rick A. Nishimura, MD
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
contributors
xxv
George Noll, MD
Internal Medicine
Department of Cardiology
University of Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland

Eric N. Olson, PhD
Molecular Biology
The University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA
Matthew B. O’Steen, MD
Department of Cardiology
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Igor F. Palacios, MD
Interventional Cardiology
Harvard Medical School
and
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA, USA
Dipsu D. Patel, MD, MPH
Department of Cardiology
St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital
Houston, TX, USA
Emerson C. Perin, MD, PhD
Stem Cell Center
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Michael X. Pham, MD, MPH
Department of Cardiology
Department of Veterans Affairs Palo
Alto Health Care System
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Martin D. Phillips, MD
Senior Medical Director

Aventis Behring, LLC
King of Prussia, PA, USA
Michalis K. Picolos, MD
Medicine Division of Endocrinology
The University of Texas-Houston
Medical School
Houston, TX, USA
Paul Poirier, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Department of Cardiology
Quebec Heart Institute/Laval Univer-
sity Faculty of Pharmacy
Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
Philip A. Poole-Wilson, MD, FRCP,
FMedSci
National Heart and Lung Institute
Faculty of Medicine
Imperial College London
London, UK
Rosemary Radley-Smith, FRCP
Department of Pediatrics
Harefield Hospital
Middlesex, UK
Abdi Rasekh, MD
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, Texas, USA
Mehdi Razavi, MD
Department of Cardiology
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA
Dale G. Renlund, MD

Division of Cardiology
University of Utah School
of Medicine
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
George J. Reul, MD
Department of Surgery
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Ross M. Reul, MD
Department of Surgical Innovation
Texas Heart Institute
Houston, TX, USA
Christina S. Reuss, MD
Division of Cardiology
Mayo Clinic Scottsdale
Scottsdale, AZ, USA
Ward A. Riley, BA, MS, PhD
Wake Forest University Health
Sciences
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Dan M. Roden, MD
Clinical Pharmacology
Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine
Nashville, TN, USA
Luz-Maria Rodriguez, MD, PhD
Department of Cardiology
Faculty of Medicine
University of Maastricht
Maastricht, The Netherlands