Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures volume ii Family, Law and Politics pot

Encyclopedia of Women
& Islamic Cultures
volume ii
Family, Law and Politics
General Editor: Suad Joseph (University of California, Davis)
Associate Editors and their regional responsibilities:
Afsaneh Najmabadi (Harvard University)
Turkey, Iran, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asia and the Muslim
Republics of the ex-Soviet Union.
Julie Peteet (University of Louisville)
Seteney Shami (Social Science Research Council)
Arab Gulf States, the Arab Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, Mauritania, Israel,
Andalusian Spain and Europe under the Ottoman Empire.
Jacqueline Siapno (University of Melbourne)
China, Mongolia, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Burma, Thailand, Australia,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Asian Pacific.
Jane I. Smith (Hartford Seminary)
Western Europe, the Americas, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Editorial Assistant to Jane I. Smith:
Alice Horner (Independent scholar)
Sub-Saharan Africa.
Copy editing:
Margaret Owen
Indexing:
Paul Schrijver
Advisory Board:
Lila Abu-Lughod, Columbia University
Leila Ahmed, Harvard University
Nadje al-Ali, University of Exeter
Soraya Altorki, American University in Cairo

Rabiatu Ammah, University of Ghana
Yesim Arat, Bog˘aziçi University
Barbara Aswad, Wayne State University
Beth Baron, City College New York
John Bowen, Washington University
Suzanne Brenner, University of California,
San Diego
Jocelyn Cesari, CNRS and Harvard University
Julia Clancy-Smith, University of Arizona
Virginia Danielson, Harvard University
Layla Diba, The Bard Graduate Center for Studies
in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture
Elizabeth Fernea, University of Texas, Austin
Yvonne Haddad, Georgetown University
Sondra Hale, University of California,
Los Angeles
Virginia Matheson Hooker, Australian National
University
Deniz Kandiyoti, University of London
Nursyahbani Katjasungkana, Indonesian
Women’s Association for Justice
Nikki Keddie, University of California,
Los Angeles
Kim Knott, University of Leeds
Saba Mahmood, University of California,
Berkeley
Katayun Mazdapur, Institute for Humanities and
Cultural Studies, Tehran
Aminah McCloud, DePaul University
Anne Meneley, Trent University

Barbara Metcalf, University of Michigan
Farzaneh Milani, University of Virginia
Shahrzad Mojab, University of Toronto
Kathleen Moore, Universtiy of Calfornia,
Santa Barbara
Ebrahim Moosa, Duke University
Cynthia Nelson, American University in Cairo
Karin van Nieuwkerk, ISIM Nijmegen University
Sulayman Nyang, Howard University
Norani Othman, University of Kebangsaan,
Malaysia
Carla Petievitch, Montclair State University
Anthony Reid, National University of Singapore
Barbara Stowasser, Georgetown University
Sylvia Tiwon, University of California, Berkeley
Nayereh Tohidi, California State University
Northridge
Frances Trix, Wayne State University
Judith Tucker, Georgetown University
Encyclopedia of Women
& Islamic Cultures
volume ii
Family, Law and Politics
General Editor
Suad Joseph
Associate Editors
Afsaneh Najmabadi
Julie Peteet
Seteney Shami
Jacqueline Siapno

Jane I. Smith
brill
leiden – boston
2005
© Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV,
Leiden, The Netherlands
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates
the imprints Brill Academic Publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re-
produced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, me-
chanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or per-
sonal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate
fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers MA 01923,
USA. Fees are subject to change.
ISBN 90 04 12818 2 (Vol. II)
ISBN 90 04 13247 3 (Set)
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Cover design: beeldvorm, Pijnacker
printed in the netherlands
For author’s template, see:

/>Contents
List of Contributors xv
List of Illustrations xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii

Preface (Suad Joseph) xxvii
Adoption and Fostering
Overview (Ingrid Mattson) 1
Central Asia and the Caucasus (Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova) 3
North Africa (Jamila Bargach) 4
Turkey (Ferhunde Özbay) 5
Apostasy
Overview (Nancy Gallagher) 7
Armenian Women
Overview (Houri Berberian) 10
Bahà±ì Women
Overview (Susan Stiles Maneck) 15
Citizenship
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Marie-Carin von Gumppenberg) 19
Egypt, Sudan and Arab States (Valentine M. Moghadam) 21
The Gulf and Yemen (Rima Sabban) 24
Southeast Asia (Vivienne Wee & Asma Beatrix) 25
Western Europe (Jocelyne Cesari) 29
Civil Society
Overview (Elizabeth F. Thompson) 34
Afghanistan (Elaheh Rostami Povey) 40
The Balkans (Jasna Bak“iƒ Muftiƒ) 42
Iran (Farideh Farhi) 43
Israel (Hanna Herzog) 44
Sub-Saharan Africa (Robert A. Dowd) 47
Civil Society and Democracy Ideologies
Central Asia and the Caucasus (Anara Tabyshalieva) 50
South Asia (Rounaq Jahan) 52
Turkey (Yeçim Arat) 55
Colonialism and Imperialism

British Colonial Domains of South Asia (Siobhan Lambert-Hurley) 59
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania (Susanna G. Rizzo) 61
Egypt (Mervat F. Hatem) 66
French North Africa (Patricia M. E. Lorcin) 69
Middle East, British (Nancy L. Stockdale) 70
Russian Colonial Domains of the Caucasus and Central Asia (Mitra Raheb) 72
Sub-Saharan Africa (Lorelle Denise Semley) 74
Constitutions
The Caucasus and Central Asian States (Dono Abdurazakova) 78
Indonesia (Susì Dwì Harìjantì) 79
The Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan (Asghar Schirazi) 81
South Asia (Laura Dudley Jenkins) 82
Sub-Saharan Africa (José C. M. van Santen) 84
Democracy Ideologies
Arab States (Lindsey Fauss) 87
Asia-Pacific Region (Mohammad Mohabbat Khan) 89
Iran and Afghanistan (Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut) 94
Israel (Elizabeth Anne Faier) 95
Divorce and Custody: Contemporary Practices
Arab States (Willy Jansen) 98
Australia (Jamila Hussain) 100
Canada (Earle Waugh) 102
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova) 103
Iran and Afghanistan (Homa Hoodfar) 105
South Asia (Nasreen Fazalbhoy) 106
Western Europe (Haifaa Jawad) 108
Domestic Violence
Arab States (Leila Hessini) 111
Canada (Shaheen Hussain Azmi) 112
The Caucasus (Feride Zurikashvili) 115

Central Asia (Marfua Tokhatakhodjaeva & Almaz Kadirova) 116
Iran and Afghanistan (Vida Nassehi-Behnam) 117
Israel (Madelaine Adelman) 119
The Ottoman Empire (Elyse Semerdjian) 121
South Asia (Habiba Zaman) 123
Sub-Saharan Africa (Scott London) 125
Turkey (Cânân Arin) 128
Domesticity
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) 130
East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia (Mina Roces) 131
Iran and Afghanistan (Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi) 134
Sub-Saharan Africa: Hausa Societies (Elsbeth Robson) 135
Turkey (Çule Toktaç) 137
Family Relations
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) 140
Central Asia (Colette Harris) 141
South Asia (Nita Kumar) 142
Sub-Saharan Africa: Fulbe Societies (B. Lacey Andrews) 144
Turkey (Sevil Sümer) 146
The United States (Barbara C. Aswad) 147
Western Europe (Chantal Saint-Blancat) 151
Families: Metaphors of Nation
Overview (Kathryn Robinson) 154
Family: Modern Islamic Discourses
Canada (Alisa Perkins) 161
Central Asia (Colette Harris) 163
Iran and Afghanistan (Valentine M. Moghadam) 164
Turkey and the Caucasus (E. Olcay Imamo©lu) 165
The United States (Earle Waugh) 167
Fatwa

Overview (Elora Shehabuddin) 171
Freedom of Expression
Australia (Alia Imtoual) 175
Iran (Masoud Kazemzadeh) 177
South Asia (Ratna Kapur) 179
Sub-Saharan Africa (Ousseina Alidou) 181
Turkey (Amberin Zaman) 183
vi contents
The United States (Mohamed Nimer) 184
Western Europe (Valérie Amiraux) 186
Friendship
Arab States (Celia E. Rothenberg) 189
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Andrea Giacomuzzi) 191
Iran and Afghanistan (Mary Elaine Hegland) 192
South Asia (Rehana Ghadially) 194
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Frank A. Salamone) 195
Gender Socialization
Central Asia (Sofia Kasymova) 198
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) 199
The Ottoman Empire (Madeline C. Zilfi) 201
South Asia (Zarina Bhatty) 202
Sub-Saharan Africa: Swahili Societies (Kjersti Larsen) 204
Turkey and the Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) 206
Gossip
Arab States (Ann Gardner) 210
Iran, Afghanistan, and South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) 211
Honor
Iran and Afghanistan (Shahrzad Mojab) 215
South Asia (Erin Patrice Moore) 216
Turkey and the Caucasus (Ayçe Parla) 218

Honor: Crimes of
Overview (Lama Abu-Odeh) 221
Sub-Saharan Africa: Northern Nigeria (Allan Christelow) 222
Honor: Feminist Approaches to
Overview (Lama Abu-Odeh) 225
Hospitality
Central Asia (Nodira Khaitbaevna Azimova) 228
The Gulf and Yemen (Anne Meneley) 229
Iran, Afghanistan, and South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) 231
North Africa (Paula Holmes-Eber) 233
Turkey and the Caucasus (Irina Babich) 235
Household Division of Labor
Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) 237
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) 238
South Asia (Sajeda Amin) 239
Southeast Asia (Theresa W. Devasahayam) 242
Sub-Saharan Africa (Beth Anne Buggenhagen) 245
Turkey and the Caucasus (Nilüfer A. ÷svan) 247
Household Forms and Composition
The Caucasus (Farideh Heyat) 250
Central Asia (Colette Harris) 251
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) 252
The Ottoman Empire (Tomoki Okawara) 254
South Asia (Indrani Chatterjee) 255
Sub-Saharan Africa (Scott M. Youngstedt) 258
Turkey (Ferhunde Özbay) 260
The United States (Mary Elaine Hegland) 262
Human Rights
Overview (Lynn Welchman) 265
Arab Gulf and Yemen (Huda A. Seif) 269

Canada (Nadira Mustapha) 270
contents vii
Iran (Niaz Kasravi) 272
Mashriq Arab States (Isis Nusair) 273
North Africa (Lilia Labidi) 275
Sudan (Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban) 277
Sub-Saharan Africa (Christina Jones-Pauly) 279
Turkey (Murat Çemrek) 281
Identity Politics
Central Asia (Colette Harris) 283
Iran and Afghanistan (Fakhri Haghani) 284
South Asia (Amrita Chhachhi) 286
Turkey (Katherine Pratt Ewing) 289
The United States (Katherine Bullock) 291
Western Europe (Nadia Fadil) 293
Infanticide and Abandonment of Female Children
Overview (Nancy Gallagher) 296
Inheritance: Contemporary Practice
Arab States (Annelies Moors) 299
Iran and Afghanistan (Erika Loeffler Friedl) 302
South Asia (Tazeen Mahnaz Murshid) 303
International Conventions
Overview (Adrien Katherine Wing) 306
International Organizations
Overview (Manzurul Mannan) 311
Jewish Women
Overview (Rachel Simon) 315
Jihad
Arab States (Lori A. Allen) 319
East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia (Muhamad Ali) 321

Iran and Afghanistan (Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut) 325
South Asia (Michel Boivin) 326
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Jean Boyd) 327
Kinship, Descent Systems
Sahelian West Africa and North Central Africa (Chad/Sudan) (Mirjam de Bruijn) 330
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Mina Elfira) 331
Kinship, Descent Systems and State
Afghanistan (Senzil Nawid) 335
The Caucasus (Ingrid Pfluger-Schindlbeck) 336
South Asia (Aparna Rao) 338
Kinship, Idiomatic
Iran (Erika Loeffler Friedl) 345
Kinship and State
Arab States (Diane E. King) 347
Ottoman (Kim Shively) 349
Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Maila Stivens) 351
Kinship: Milk
Overview (Avner Giladi) 355
Kurdish Women
Overview (Shahrzad Mojab) 358
Law: Access to the Legal System
Afghanistan (Nasrine Gross) 367
Arab States (Anna Würth) 367
viii contents
The Balkans (Jasna Bak“iƒ Muftiƒ) 370
The Caucasus (Irina Babich) 372
Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) 373
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) 374
The Ottoman Empire (Margaret L. Meriwether) 375
South Asia (Shahida Lateef) 377

Southeast Asia (Noraida Endut) 378
Sub-Saharan Africa (Leslye Amede Obiora) 381
Turkey (Pinar Ilkkaracan) 383
Western Europe (Qudsia Mirza) 384
Law: Articulation of Islamic and non-Islamic Systems
Arab States (Christina Jones-Pauly) 387
The Caucasus and Turkey (Irina Babich) 390
Iran (Irene Schneider) 392
Southeast Asia (Mark Cammack) 393
Sub-Saharan Africa (Erin E. Stiles) 396
Law: Criminal
Overview (Lynn Welchman) 399
Afghanistan (Nasrine Gross) 402
Arab States (Sherifa Zuhur) 402
Bangladesh (Rubya Mehdi) 405
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) 406
Pakistan (Rubya Mehdi) 407
Turkey (Cânân Arin) 409
Law: Cultural Defense
Overview (Kathleen M. Moore) 411
Law: Customary
Afghanistan (Palwasha L. Kakar) 414
The Caucasus (Irina Babich) 415
Central Asia (Bill Bowring) 416
The Gulf and Yemen (Najwa Adra) 418
Indonesia (Ranto Lukito) 419
Mashriq Beduins (William Lancaster and Felicity Lancaster) 422
Sub-Saharan Africa (Erin E. Stiles) 424
Turkey (Pinar Ilkkaracan) 426
Law: Enforcement

East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Nadirsyah Hosen) 429
Iran and Afghanistan (Jale Ahmadi) 432
South Asia (Nausheen Ahmad) 433
Sub-Saharan Africa (Mechthild Nagel) 436
Law: The Four Sunnì Schools of Family Law
Overview (Liyakat Takim) 440
Law: Other Schools of Family Law
Overview (Liyakat Takim) 446
Law: Family Law, 7th–Late 18th centuries
Overview (Ingrid Mattson) 450
Law: Modern Family Law, 1800–Present
Afghanistan (Helena Malikyar) 458
Arab States (Lama Abu-Odeh) 459
Egypt (Laura Bier) 463
Gulf, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen (Susanne Dahlgren) 465
Iran (Mehrangiz Kar) 467
South Asia (Shahida Lateef) 469
Turkey (Dicle Kogacioglu) 472
The United States (Muneer Fareed) 473
contents ix
Law: Women as Witnesses
Overview (Nadira Mustapha) 475
Memory, Women, and Community
Afghanistan (Margaret A. Mills) 478
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Andrea Giacomuzzi) 479
Iran (Negar Mottahedeh) 481
Turkey (Özlem Altan) 482
Western Europe (Karin van Nieuwkerk) 483
Military: Women’s Participation
Sub-Saharan Africa (Gwendolyn Mikell) 487

Turkey (Ayçe Gül Altınay) 489
The United States (Shareda Hosein) 490
Modesty Discourses
Overview (Lila Abu-Lughod) 494
Central Asia and the Caucasus (Colette Harris) 498
Iran and Afghanistan (Mary-Catherine Daly) 499
The Ottoman Empire (Kim Shively) 501
South Asia (Mary-Catherine Daly) 503
Sub-Saharan Africa: Somali Society (Mary-Catherine Daly) 504
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Dorothea Schulz) 506
Motherhood
Arab States (Farha Ghannam) 508
Australia (Pranee Liamputtong & Vicki Tsianakas) 509
The Caucasus (Feride Zurikashvili) 512
Iran, Afghanistan, and South Asia (Mary Elaine Hegland) 513
Turkey (Kathryn Libal) 515
Nation, Women, and Gender
Overview (Avi Rubin) 518
National Insignia, Signs and Monuments
Arab States (Beth Baron & Sara Pursley) 523
Iran (Afsaneh Najmabadi) 524
Sub-Saharan Africa (Igor Cusack) 525
Networks
North Africa (Paula Holmes-Eber) 528
The Ottoman Empire (Leila Hudson) 529
South Asia (Fawzia Afzal-Khan) 531
Turkey (Julie Marcus) 533
Western Europe (Pnina Werbner) 534
Patronage and Clientage
East Asia and Southeast Asia (Claudia Derichs) 538

Turkey (Diane E. King) 540
Peacekeeping and Conflict Management
Arab States (Norma T. Nemeh) 543
The Caucasus and Turkey (Diane E. King) 544
South Asia (Paula Banerjee) 546
Sub-Saharan Africa: The Horn and East Africa (Emily Frank) 548
Sub-Saharan Africa: West Africa (Jennifer L. De Maio) 550
Political Parties and Participation
Afghanistan (Mark David Luce) 551
Arabian Peninsula (Iris Glosemeyer) 551
The Balkans (Aydın Babuna) 553
x contents
Canada (Katherine Bullock) 554
Iran (Haleh Esfandiari) 556
North Africa (Alain Roussillon) 557
South Asia (Sudha Ratan) 559
Sub-Saharan Africa (Aili Mari Tripp) 561
Turkey (Ayçe Ayata) 563
Political Prisoners
Iran and Afghanistan (Jale Ahmadi) 566
Political Regimes
Afghanistan (Mark David Luce) 568
Turkey (Fatmagül Berktay) 569
Political-Social Movements: Ethnic and Minority
Iran and Afghanistan (Amir Hassanpour) 571
Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria (Seteney Shami) 573
North Africa (Paul A. Silverstein) 576
Sub-Saharan Africa: South Africa (Suleman E. Dangor) 577
Turkey (Pauline van Gelder) 579
Political-Social Movements: Feminist

Afghanistan (Nima Naghibi) 582
Arab States (Azza M. Karam) 582
The Caucasus (Mzia Tsereteli) 586
Central Asia (Chiara De Santi) 587
Iran (Nima Naghibi) 589
Israel (Amalia Sa’ar) 590
South Asia (Archana Parashar) 591
Sub-Saharan Africa (Barbara Callaway & Lucy Creevey) 594
Turkey (Ayfer Karakaya-Stump) 595
The United States (Maliha Chishti) 597
Political-Social Movements: Islamist Movements and Discourses
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Omar Ashour & Uzma Jamil) 600
Indonesia (Jajang Jahroni) 602
Iran and Afghanistan (Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut) 604
Mashriq, Egypt and North Africa (Azza M. Karam) 606
Pakistan (Ghazala Anwar) 609
Sub-Saharan Africa (Marleen Renders) 611
Sudan (Sondra Hale) 614
Turkey (Fatmagül Berktay) 615
Political-Social Movements: Islamist Movements and Discourses and Religious Associations
Canada (Nadira Mustapha) 617
Political-Social Movements: Millenarian
South Asia (Sarah Ansari) 620
Turkey (Ahmet Yaçar Ocak) 622
Political-Social Movements: Peace Movements
Central Asia (Diane E. King) 625
South Asia (Paula Banerjee) 626
Turkey and the Caucasus (Diane E. King) 628
Political-Social Movements: Protest Movements
The Balkans (Jasna Bak“iƒ Muftiƒ) 632

The Caucasus and Central Asia (Svetlana Peshkova) 633
Indonesia (Nursyahbani Katjasungkana) 636
Iran (Haideh Moghissi) 639
North Africa (Alain Roussillon) 640
Palestine (Penny Johnson) 642
Purdah in South Asia (Shahida Lateef) 644
contents xi
Political-Social Movements: Revolutionary
Egypt (Laura Bier) 647
Indonesia (Saskia E. Wieringa) 648
Iran and Afghanistan (Hammed Shahidian) 650
Iraq (Sara Pursley) 652
North Africa (Fatima Sadiqi) 653
Palestine (Lori A. Allen) 655
South Yemen and Dhofar (Susanne Dahlgren) 657
Sub-Saharan Africa: Eritrea (Dan Connell) 659
Sudan (Sondra Hale) 661
Syria (Elizabeth F. Thompson) 662
Turkey (Serpil Çakır) 664
Political-Social Movements: Unions and Workers’ Movements
Arab States (excepting North Africa and the Gulf) (Elizabeth Bishop) 666
Iran (Elaheh Rostami Povey) 669
Turkey (Aylin Özman) 670
Postcolonial Dissent
Malaysia and Indonesia (Julie Shackford-Bradley) 672
Public Office
Afghanistan (Arpita Basuroy) 677
Arab States (Amaney Jamal) 678
The Caucasus and Central Asia (Dono Abdurazakova) 679
Iran (Haleh Esfandiari) 681

Turkey (Oya Çitçi) 682
Public/Private Dichotomy
Overview (Farha Ghannam) 685
Race, Gender, and Difference
Egypt and Sudan (Anne M. Jennings & Maurita Poole) 689
The Ottoman Empire (Isa Blumi) 692
Turkey (Anna J. Secor) 694
Western Europe (Nadia Hashmi) 695
Rape
Overview (Elyse Semerdjian) 698
The Ottoman Empire (Leslie Peirce) 700
South Asia (Geetanjali Gangoli) 702
Religious Associations
Central Asia (Chiara De Santi) 705
Iran and Afghanistan (Kathryn Spellman) 706
Malaysia and Indonesia (Pute Rahimah Makol-Abdul & Saodah Abdul Rahman) 708
North Africa (Margaret J. Rausch) 711
Turkey (Ayçe Saktanber) 712
The United States (Mohamed Nimer) 714
Western Europe (Kari Vogt) 715
Sectarianism and Confessionalism
Egypt (Febe Armanios) 720
The United States (Rula Abisaab) 721
Secularism
Arab States (excepting North Africa and the Gulf) (Annika Rabo) 725
India (Ratna Kapur) 726
Iran (Afsaneh Najmabadi) 727
Pakistan (Ayesha Jalal) 728
Turkey (Burçak Keskin-Kozat) 730
Western Europe (Gritt Klinkhammer) 732

xii contents
Sexual Abuse: Children
The Balkans (D∆amna Duman) 735
The Caucasus and Turkey (Mary Ellen Chatwin) 736
Iran (Manijeh Daneshpour) 737
South Asia (Shamita Das Dasgupta) 738
Shah Bano Affair
Overview (Zoya Hasan) 741
Social Hierarchies. Modern
East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific (Etin Anwar) 745
Gulf and Yemen (Mandana Limbert) 748
North Africa (Jamila Bargach) 749
Stereotypes
Afghanistan (Arpita Basuroy) 752
Canada (Patricia L. Kelly Spurles) 753
South Asia (Sabiha J. Hussain) 755
The United States: Arab Muslim Women as Portrayed in Film (Jack G. Shaheen) 757
Western Europe (Valérie Amiraux) 759
Sufi Orders and Movements
The Balkans (Amila Buturovic) 761
Egypt (Valerie J. Hoffman) 762
North Africa (Margaret J. Rausch) 764
Turkey, South Asia, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, the Caucasus, the Arab East
(Marcia Hermansen) 766
The United States (Marcia Hermansen) 770
Western Europe (Gritt Klinkhammer) 772
Umma
Overview (Ahmad Dallal) 775
Women’s Rights: Male Advocacy
Overview (Elizabeth Frierson) 779

Women’s Studies Programs in Muslim Countries
The Caucasus and Turkey (Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik) 783
Central Asia (Dinara Alimdjanova) 785
Iran (Farideh Farhi) 786
Women’s Unions and National Organizations
Afghanistan (Mana Kia) 788
Iran (Mana Kia) 789
Turkey (Ömer Çaha) 790
Youth Culture and Movements
Iran (Farideh Farhi) 792
North Africa (including Egypt) (Jamila Bargach) 793
Turkey (Leyla Neyzi) 794
The United States (Kristine Ajrouch) 795
Western Europe (Annalisa Frisina) 798
Zoroastrian Women
Overview (Katayun Mazdapour) 800
Indices to Volume II
Name Index 805
Subject Index 828
contents xiii

List of Contributors
Dono Abdurazakova, Ph.D. (history)
Rula Abisaab, McGill University, Quebec
Lila Abu-Lughod, Columbia University, New York
Lama Abu-Odeh, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.
Madelaine Adelman, Arizona State University
Najwa Adra, Independent Scholar
Fawzia Afzal-Khan, Montclair State University, New Jersey
Nausheen Ahmad, Shirkat Gah, Women’s Resource Centre, Karachi, and South Asian Research

Network on Gender, Law and Governance, Warwick, UK
Jale Ahmadi, Independent Scholar
Kristine Ajrouch, Eastern Michigan University
Muhamad Ali, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia
Ousseina Alidou, Rutgers University, New Jersey
Dinara Alimdjanova, DSSP/UNDP, Uzbekistan
Lori A. Allen, University of Chicago
Özlem Altan, New York University
Ayçe Gül Altınay, Sabanci University, Turkey
Sajeda Amin, Population Council, New York
Valérie Amiraux, CNRS/CURAPP, Université Jules Verne of Picardie, France
B. Lacey Andrews, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
Sarah Ansari, Royal Holloway, University of London
Etin Anwar, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York
Ghazala Anwar, University of Canterbury, UK
Yeçim Arat, Bogaziçi University, Turkey
Cânân Arin, Co-founder of Purple Roof Women’s Shelter Foundation, Co-founder of Association for
Support and Training Women Candidates, Co-founder of Istanbul Bar Association Women’s
Enforcement Center, Turkey
Febe Armanios, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont
Omar Ashour, McGill University, Quebec
Barbara C. Aswad, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
Ayçe Ayata, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Nodira Azimova, Sharh va Tavsiya Sociology Center, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Shaheen Hussain Azmi, Independent Scholar
Irina Babich, Russian Academy of Sciences
Aydın Babuna, Bogaziçi University, Turkey
Jasna Bak“iƒ Muftiƒ, University of Sarajevo
Paula Banerjee, University of Calcutta
Jamila Bargach, School of Architecture, Rabat, Morocco

Beth Baron, City University of New York
Arpita Basuroy, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, India
Asma Beatrix, City University of Hong Kong
Vida Behnam, Independent Scholar
Houri Berberian, California State University, Long Beach
Fatmagül Berktay, Istanbul University
Zarina Bhatty, Indian Asssociation of Women’s Studies, New Delhi and Centre of Women’s Studies,
New Delhi
Laura Bier, New York University
Hande A. Birkalan-Gedik, Yeditepe University, Istanbul
Elizabeth Bishop, The University of Texas, Austin
Isa Blumi, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut
Michel Boivin, Centre d’Etudes de l’Inde et de l’Asie du Sud (EHESS/CNRS), Paris
Bill Bowring, London Metropolitan University
Jean Boyd, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Mirjam de Bruijn, African Studies Centre, Leiden
Beth Anne Buggenhagen, University of Chicago
Katherine Bullock, University of Toronto
Amila Buturovic, York University, Toronto
Ömer Çaha, Fatih University, Istanbul
Serpil Çakır, University of Istanbul
Barbara Callaway, University of Connecticut
Mark Cammack, Southwestern University School of Law, Texas
Murat Çemrek, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
Jocelyne Cesari, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris and Harvard University
Indrani Chatterjee, Rutgers University, New Jersey
Mary Ellen Chatwin, Tblisi State University, Republic of Georgia
Amrita Chhachhi, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague
Maliha Chishti, OISE/University of Toronto
Allan Christelow, Idaho State University

Oya Çitçi, Türkiye ve Orta Do©u Amme Idaresi Ensititüsü, Ankara
Dan Connell, Simmons College, Boston, Massachusetts
Lucy Creevey, University of Connecticut
Igor Cusack, University of Bristol, UK
Susanne Dahlgren, University of Helsinki
Ahmad Dallal, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
Mary-Catherine Daly, College of St. Catherine, St. Paul, Minnesota
Manijeh Daneshpour, St. Cloud State University, Minnesota
Suleman E. Dangor, University of Kwazulu-Natal
Shamita Das Dasgupta, Manavi, Inc., New Jersey
Jennifer L. De Maio, University of California, Los Angeles
Claudia Derichs, University of Duisburg-Essen
Theresa W. Devasahayam, Asia Research Institute, the National University of Singapore
Robert Dowd, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
D∆amna Duman, University of Sarajevo
Susì Dwì Harìjantì, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia
Mina Elfira, Universitas Indonesia
Noraida Endut, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Haleh Esfandiari, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C.
Katherine Ewing, Duke University, North Carolina
Nadia Fadil, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Research Assistant for the Fund for Scientific
Research (FWO-Vlaanderen)
Elizabeth Anne Faier, University of Richmond, Virginia
Muneer Fareed, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
Farideh Farhi, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Lindsey Fauss, The Queen Zein Al Sharaf Institute for Development (ZENID), Jordan
Nasreen Fazalbhoy, University of Mumbai
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Rhode Island College
Emily Frank, Indiana University
Elizabeth Frierson, University of Cincinnati

Annalisa Frisina, University of Padova, Italy
Nancy Gallagher, University of California, Santa Barbara
Geetanjali Gangoli, University of Bristol, UK
Ann Gardner, Applied Social Anthropologist
Pauline van Gelder, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Rehana Ghadially, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
xvi list of contributors
Farha Ghannam, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania
Andrea Giacomuzzi, University of Arizona, Tucson
Avner Giladi, University of Haifa
Iris Glosemeyer, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin
Nasrine Gross, University of Kabul
Marie-Carin von Gumppenberg, Policy Studies Central Asia, Munich
Fakhri Haghani, Georgia State University
Sondra Hale, University of California, Los Angeles
Colette Harris, Virginia Tech
Zoya Hasan, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
Nadia Hashmi, Formerly of European University Institute, Florence
Amir Hassanpour, University of Toronto
Mervat F. Hatem, Howard University, Washington, D.C.
Mary Elaine Hegland, Santa Clara University, California
Marcia Hermansen, Loyola University, Chicago
Hanna Herzog, Tel Aviv University and Harvard University
Leila Hessini, Ipas, USA
Farideh Heyat, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Valerie Hoffman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Paula Holmes-Eber, University of Washington
Homa Hoodfar, Concordia University, Quebec
Shareda Hosein, Hartford Seminary, Connecticut
Nadirsyah Hosen, The State University of Islamic Studies (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta

Leila Hudson, University of Arizona
Jamila Hussain, University of Technology, Sydney
Sabiha Hussain, Centre for Women’s Development Studies, New Delhi
Pinar Ilkkaracan, Independent scholar, Women for Women’s Human Rights – New Ways, Turkey
E. Olcay Imamo©lu, Middle East Technical University, Ankara
Alia Imtoual, Gender Studies, University of Adelaide
Nilüfer A. ÷svan, Channing Bete Company, Inc., South Deerfield, Massachusetts
Rounaq Jahan, Columbia University, New York
Jajang Jahroni, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, Indonesia
Ayesha Jalal, Tufts University, Massachusetts
Amaney Jamal, Princeton University, New Jersey
Uzma Jamil, McGill University, Quebec
Willy Jansen, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Haifaa Jawad, University of Birmingham, UK
Laura D. Jenkins, University of Cincinnati
Anne M. Jennings, Independent Scholar
Penny Johnson, Institute of Women’s Studies, Birzeit University
Christina Jones-Pauly, Harvard University and University of London
Almaz Kadirova, Women’s Resource Centre, Tashkent
Palwasha Kakar, Harvard University
Ratna Kapur, Centre for Feminist Legal Research, and Indian Society for International Law, New Delhi
Mehrangiz Kar, Harvard University
Ayfer Karakaya-Stump, Harvard University
Azza M. Karam, Regional Bureau for Arab States, United Nations Development Programme
Niaz Kasravi, Amnesty International USA (Ph.D. University of California, Irvine)
Sofia Kasymova, Academy of Sciences, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan
Nursyahbani Katjasungkana, Indonesian Women’s Association for Justice
Masoud Kazemzadeh, Utah Valley State College
Patricia L. Kelly Spurles, Mount Allison University, New Brunswick
Burçak Keskin-Kozat, University of Michigan

Mohammad Mohabbat Khan, University of Dhaka
Mana Kia, Harvard University
list of contributors xvii
Azadeh Kian-Thiébaut, University of Paris VIII and Monde Iranien, CNRS
Diane E. King, American University of Beirut
Gritt Klinkhammer, University of Bremen
Dicle Kogacioglu, Sabanci University, Istanbul
Nita Kumar, University of Michigan and Centre for Postcolonial Education, India
Lilia Labidi, University of Tunis
Siobhan Lambert-Hurley, Nottingham Trent University, UK
Felicity Lancaster, Orkney
William Lancaster, Orkney
Kjersti Larsen, University of Oslo
Shahida Lateef, Independent Scholar
Pranee Liamputtong, La Trobe University, Melbourne
Kathryn Libal, University of Connecticut
Mandana Limbert, Queens College, City University of New York
Erika Loeffler Friedl, Western Michigan University
Scott London, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia
Patricia M. E. Lorcin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
Mark David Luce, University of Chicago
Ranto Lukito, State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia and Faculty of Law,
McGill University, Quebec
Pute Rahimah Makol-Abdul, International Islamic University, Malaysia
Helena Malikyar, New York University
Susan Stiles Maneck, Jackson State University, Mississippi
Manzurul Mannan, Independent University, Bangladesh
Julie Marcus, Charles Sturt University, New South Wales
Ingrid Mattson, Hartford Seminary, Connecticut
Katayun Mazdapour, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran

Rubya Mehdi, University of Copenhagen
Anne Meneley, Trent University, Canada
Margaret L. Meriwether, Denison University, Ohio
Gwendolyn Mikell, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
Margaret A. Mills, Ohio State University
Qudsia Mirza, School of Law, University of East London, UK
Valentine M. Moghadam, Illinois State University and UNESCO
Haideh Moghissi, York University, Toronto
Shahzrad Mojab, University of Toronto
Erin Patrice Moore, University of Southern California
Kathleen M. Moore, University of California, Santa Barbara
Annelies Moors, University of Amsterdam/ISIM
Negar Mottahedeh, Duke University, North Carolina
Tazeen Mahnaz Murshid, Université Libre de Bruxelles and School of Oriental and African Studies,
University of London
Nadira Mustapha, McGill University, Quebec
Mechthild Nagel, State University of New York at Cortland
Nima Naghibi, University of Winnipeg
Afsaneh Najmabadi, Harvard University
Senzil Nawid, Independent Scholar
Norma T. Nemeh, School for International Training, Academic Director, Jordan Program
Leyla Neyzi, Sabanci University, Turkey
Karin van Nieuwkerk, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Mohamed Nimer, Council on American-Islamic Relations
Isis Nusair, Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Indiana
Leslye Amede Obiora, University of Arizona College of Law
Ahmet Yaçar Ocak, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Turkey
Tomoki Okawara, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
xviii list of contributors
Ferhunde Özbay, Bogaziçi University, Turkey

Aylin Özman, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Archana Parashar, Macquarie University, New South Wales
Ayçe Parla, New York University
Leslie Peirce, University of California, Berkeley
Alisa Perkins, University of Texas, Austin
Svetlana Peshkova, Syracuse University, New York
Maurita Poole, Independent Scholar
Sara Pursley, City University of New York
Annika Rabo, University of Stockholm
Mitra Raheb, Independent Analyst, St. Thomas University, Miami
Saodah Abdul Rahman, International Islamic University, Malaysia
Aparna Rao, University of Cologne
Sudha Ratan, Augusta State University, Georgia
Margaret J. Rausch, University of Kansas
Marleen Renders, University of Ghent
Susanna G. Rizzo, University of Wollongong, New South Wales
Kathryn Robinson, Australian National University
Elsbeth Robson, Keele University, UK
Mina Roces, The University of New South Wales
Elaheh Rostami Povey, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi, California State Univeristy, San Marcos
Celia E. Rothenberg, McMaster University, Ontario
Alain Roussillon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris
Avi Rubin, Harvard University
Amalia Sa’ar, University of Haifa
Rima Sabban, Independent Researcher
Fatima Sadiqi, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco
Chantal Saint-Blancat, University of Padova, Italy
Ayçe Saktanber, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Frank A. Salamone, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York

José C. M. van Santen, Leiden University
Chiara De Santi, European University Institute, Florence, Italy
Ingrid Schindlbeck, Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin
Asghar Schirazi, Free University, Berlin
Irene Schneider, University of Göttingen 1
Dorothea Schulz, Free University, Berlin
Anna J. Secor, University of Kentucky
Huda A. Seif, Founder and Director: Alternative World: Partnership for Equitable Development and
Social Justice, New York
Elyse Semerdjian, Whitman College, Washington
Lorelle Denise Semley, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut
Julie Shackford-Bradley, California State University, Monterey Bay
Jack G. Shaheen, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Hammed Shahidian, University of Illinois at Springfield
Seteney Shami, Social Science Research Council, New York
Elora Shehabuddin, Rice University, Houston, Texas
Kim Shively, Kutztown University, Pennsylvania
Paul Silverstein, Reed College, Portland, Oregon
Rachel Simon, Princeton University, New Jersey
Kathryn Spellman, University of London and Syracuse University and Huron International University,
London
Erin E. Stiles, California State University, Sacramento
Maila Stivens, University of Melbourne
Nancy L. Stockdale, University of Central Florida
list of contributors xix
Sevil Sümer, University of Bergen, Norway
Anara Tabyshalieva, Institute for Regional Studies, Kyrgyzstan
Liyakat Takim, University of Denver, Colorado
Elizabeth F. Thompson, University of Virginia
Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva, Women’s Resource Centre, Tashkent

Çule Toktaç, European University Institute, Florence, Italy
Aili Mari Tripp, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Mzia Tsereteli, Tbilisi State University, Republic of Georgia
Vicki Tsianakas, La Trobe University, Melbourne
Kari Vogt, University of Oslo
Earle Waugh, University of Alberta
Vivienne Wee, City University of Hong Kong
Lynn Welchman, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Pnina Werbner, Keele University
Saskia Wieringa, University of Amsterdam
Adrien Katherine Wing, University of Iowa College of Law
Anna Würth, Free University, Berlin
Scott M. Youngstedt, Saginaw Valley State University, Michigan
Amberin Zaman, Turkey Correspondent, Economist (UK)
Habiba Zaman, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
Madeline C. Zilfi, College Park, University of Maryland
Sherifa Zuhur, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Pennsylvania
Feride Zurikashvili, Tbilisi State University, Republic of Georgia
xx list of contributors
The illustrations can be found between pages 428 and 429.
Family Law: Modern Family Law, 1800–Present: Gulf, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen (Susanne Dahlgren):
[See page 467]
Figure 1. Adeni family court judge in her court with her assistant, early 1990s. After Yemeni unifica-
tion, women were no longer allowed to head a family court or to train as judges. Photo Susanne
Dahlgren.
National Insignia, Signs, and Monuments: Iran (Afsaneh Najmabadi):
[See page 524]
Figure 2. Narinjistan, Shiraz, Qàjàr period building.
Figure 3. Official State Emblem of Iran, early 1970s.
Political-Social Movements: Revolutionary: South Yemen and Dhofar (Susanne Dahlgren):

[See page 657–8]
Figure 4. A factory worker in the Leather Shoe Factory, Aden. During the early years of the People’s
Democratic Republic of Yemen, literacy was a requirement to enter factory work. The photo is from
1989. Photo Susanne Dahlgren.
Figure 5. Participants of a literacy class run by a local club of the General Union of Yemeni Women
during the late years of the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen. Photo Susanne Dahlgren.
Women’s Rights: Male Advocacy: Overview (Elizabeth Frierson):
[See page 781]
Figure 6. Khayàl al-Ωill (Cairo n.d.), vol. 2, no. 62, Sunday, 23 August 1925, p. 16. Photo Credit: Near
East Collections of the Princeton University Library.
List of Illustrations

Acknowledgments
Department Grants Officer, and the Anthropology
Staff: Peggy Slaven, Barbara Raney, Royce McClel-
lan, Eddie Ng, Tim Gilbert and Lisa Dietz. Their
help has been most necessary for the continued
work of EWIC.
Tracy Smith completed three years as EWIC
Research Assistant in the Spring of 2004 with out-
standing dedication. Bettina Schneider stepped in
as EWIC Research Assistant most effectively in the
fall of 2004. Jerry Lee trouble shot all our computer
problems for over a year until he graduated in the
Spring of 2004 when Andrey Dub took on that crit-
ical role. The number of undergraduate students
working as Interns on the Scholars and Scholarship
Project, to be published in a future EWIC volume,
has increased. Nancy Wan, Monica Garcia, Fatima
Naseem Malek, Rhyen Coombs and Tony Beukers –

all of whom began working between January and
Fall of 2002 – were joined by Marya Osucha, Emily
Rostel, Monique Salas and Michelle Sandhoff in
the Winter of 2003. Paulina Medeiros Tederer,
Andrea McNees, Cristeta Shope, and Eva Brown
joined in the Spring of 2004 followed, in the Sum-
mer of 2004, by Megan Fowler and Mary Beth
Lansom. Fifteen undergraduates making a commit-
ment of up to three years of work to ascertain all
the Ph.D. dissertations carried out on topics related
to women and Islamic cultures and to do a detailed
analysis of the topics and researchers is rather
unusual and quite admirable. I have been impressed
and humbled by their energy and commitment.
Each of the Associate Editors have been sup-
ported by their institutions and paid assistants.
Julie Peteet had the assistance of Leslie French,
Whitney Gifford and Maryam Mirriahi who
helped with her editorial work. Peteet is grateful for
the support of the University of Louisville College
of Arts and Sciences and Sharon O’Bryan, her sup-
port staff.
Seteney Shami would particularly like to thank
Laleh Behbehanian and Tina Harris for research
and administrative assistance, particularly in set-
ting up systems to manage the flow of information
and email traffic. Mary Ann Riad and Elissa Klein
then joined the project. Shami is particularly grate-
ful for the work of Laura Bier in diversifying the
pool of invited authors, tracking authors and even

reading some entries. Maria Todorova and Lucine
Taminian were most helpful in suggesting authors.
As we send Volume II of The Encyclopedia of
Women and Islamic Cultures to press, we take the
time to respectfully and gratefully acknowledge
those who have contributed to its ongoing produc-
tion. We continue to be indebted to Brill for its
investment in what has turned out to be a much
larger and longer-lived project than any of us antic-
ipated when EWIC was first conceived in 1994.
Sam Bruinsma, the Business Unit Manager for
History and Olaf Köndgen, the Islamic Studies
Editor at Brill, have gone out of their way to pro-
vide support for EWIC, including adding the staff
support services of Ingrid Heijckers who has signif-
icantly improved the efficiency of EWIC produc-
tion. Isabella Gerritsen has loyally worked as
EWIC’s traffic director at Brill since 2001, manag-
ing correspondence and the flow of articles be-
tween authors, editors, and Brill. Margaret Owen
has done a magnificent job as Copy Editor.
At the University of California, Davis, Dean of
Social Sciences Steven Sheffrin offered EWIC and
my other research projects a new server for our web
work and web page ( />Dean of Graduate Studies Jeffrey Gibeling kindly
committed a new three-year work study grant for
the EWIC research assistant. Vice Chancellor for
Research Barry Klein was helpful in processing the
new Ford Foundation grant, as was the Director of
Sponsored Programs, Ahmad Hakim-Elahi. M. R. C.

Greenwood, University of California Provost and
Senior Vice President, and her staff played a vital
role in working through contract details of the Ford
Foundation grant. Much of the grant development
could not have proceeded without the incredible
efficiency and diligence of Leanna Sweha, UC
Davis Contracts and Grants Officer, who worked
through contract and subcontract details, and Matt
Nguyen who stepped in when Leanna was away
from the office. I am also indebted to Sandy Nixon
and Kathy Haas in Accounting for processing the
larger budget and reporting issues.
The computer expertise of Minh Nguyen from
the Dean’s office and the support of Assistant Dean
Steven Roth and Lissa Torfi were important at cru-
cial moments. In the Anthropology Department at
UC Davis, Nancy McLaughlin, the Managerial
Staff Officer, has worked hard to supervise my
EWIC grants and the EWIC office, assisted
valiantly by Candy Cayne Clark, the Anthropology
Mohammed Tabishat assisted in translation. Shami
also most gratefully acknowledges the Social Science
Research Council for accommodating her engage-
ment in the EWIC project, for financial assistance
of project funds, and for providing facilities and
logistical means for her and her research assistants.
Afsaneh Najmabadi gratefully acknowledges stud-
ent assistants Avi Rubin and Tanya Zakrevskaya. She
would, in very special terms, like to thank student
assistant Loretta Kim whose incredible research and

administrative skills and commitment made it pos-
sible for Najmabadi to persist in the hard work of
editorial productivity. She is also grateful for the
contributions of distinguished scholars whom she
continually consulted – Yeçim Arat, Nodira Azimova,
Nilüfer ÷svan, Margaret Mills, Shahrzad Mojab,
and Nayereh Tohidi. Najmabadi would like to
recognize the contribution of Rose Glickman for
translations from Russian and French and editorial
work and Farideh Farhi for translations from Per-
sian. Cory Paulsen, Harvard University History
Department financial officer, was particularly help-
ful in processing the EWIC grants. Harvard Univer-
sity has been remarkably supportive during her
work as Associate Editor.
Jane I. Smith would like to acknowledge the sup-
port of the Hartford Seminary, and especially Alice
Horner, an independent researcher in Washington,
D.C., who worked with her as Editorial Assistant
for Sub-Saharan Africa to locate authors. Nathal
Dessing of ISIM in Holland helped Smith with
Western European sources and authors and Sheila
McDonough, Nadia Wardeh, and Celine Leduc
helped with sources and authors on Canada.
Similarly, Jacqueline Siapno had the support of
the staff and administration at the University of
Melbourne. She would also like to thank her hard-
working, brilliant, and dedicated Research Assis-
tant, Dina Afrianty, affiliated with the State Islamic
Institute in Jakarta. International Advisory Board

Editor Virginia Matheson Hooker was particularly
helpful for South East Asia consultations.
The Editors of EWIC express their gratitude to
the 42 members of the International Advisory
Editorial Board. They came from all disciplines and
all regions of the world. Many contributed entries
to EWIC, many helped us find authors for entries,
and all lent their good names to this project.
We are most grateful to the Ford Foundation for
awarding EWIC a supplementary grant which was
even more generous than the original grant. With-
out the funding from the Ford Foundation, much of
the work and growth of EWIC would not have
been possible. Constance Buchanan and her assis-
tants, Maxine Gaddis and Irene Korenfield, shep-
xxiv acknowledgments
herded the grant through the Foundation and
elicited the joint contributions and support of Ford
Foundation regional offices, including: Emma Play-
fair (Cairo), Ganesan Balachander (New Delhi),
Omotade Aina (Nairobi), Gerry Salole (Johannes-
burg), Suzanne Siskel (Indonesia), and Adhiambo
Odaga (Lagos). In addition contributions came from
the central New York offices: Constance Buchanan
and Janice Petrovich (Education, Knowledge, and
Religion Program). The Ford Foundation grant al-
lowed us to fund research assistants, buy out time,
and fund Editorial Board meetings, supplies, and
equipment. The grant made it possible for the Edi-
torial Board to come closer to reaching our stand-

ards of encyclopedic knowledge production. We are
greatly indebted to Constance Buchanan and all the
New York City and Regional Program Officers
who participated in this funding.
My personal gratitude to EWIC’s Associate
Editors, Afsaneh Najmabadi, Julie Peteet, Seteney
Shami, Jacqueline Siapno, and Jane I. Smith and
Editorial Assistant Alice Horner is profound. They
have made sacrifices for EWIC at a level none of us
could have anticipated when we began working
together in the Spring of 1999. They have brilliantly
conjoined their diverse intellectual trajectories into
a interdisciplinary, cross-cultural, transhistorical,
collaborative, feminist project from which and
through which we have all learned and grown.
They have given from their hearts and souls, and I,
more than any, have benefited from their insights,
guidance, and wisdom. Our five years of working
together, with a few more years to go, has yielded
not only a harvest of scholarship, but a bounty of
friendship.
Many others have contributed and will con-
tribute to EWIC. Hopefully, we will be able to
acknowledge as many as possible in these pages of
future volumes of EWIC. Volume III is nearing
completing of author solicitation as I write, with
Volumes IV–VI slated for completing of author
solicitations in the coming few months. We encour-
age and invite authors who are interested in con-
tributing to contact us. Our author database has

nearly 2,000 self-volunteered writers and potential
contributors to EWIC from all over the world, giving
new meaning to the idea of a global project. Never-
theless, we are certain there are scholars, graduate
students, and practitioners whom we have not reached
and urgent them to contact us (
or ewic@ucdavis). You may also fill out a potential
author template directly on our web page http://
sjoseph.ucdavis.edu/ewic. From those who submit-
ted potential author templates and have not yet
been contacted, I request patience with our labor-