Expert PHP and MySQL ppt

Andrew Curioso, Ronald Bradford, Patrick Galbraith
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As the world’s most popular, general purpose, open source scripting
language, PHP is frequently used with MySQL to create high-traffic,
mission-critical applications. This indispensable book shares proven,
author-tested best practices and expert techniques that can be applied
to even the most demanding MySQL-driven PHP apps. You’ll explore
ways to extend MySQL with user-defined functions, write PHP
extensions, and solve problems when PHP and MySQL alone are not
enough and other techniques or third-party tools are necessary.
Expert PHP and MySQL:
• Reviews essential techniques, such as design patterns, complex
queries, and advanced regular expression
• Addresses advanced PHP concepts, such as iterators and closures
• Demonstrates using Gearman for multitasking in your web applications
• Discusses caching using memcached with MySQL and your PHP
web applications
• Discusses ways to create PHP Extensions and MySQL User Defined Functions
• Shows how to use Sphinx for search functionality in your PHP
web applications
Andrew Curioso is a senior software engineer at MyVBO (Virtual Business Office)
creating an innovative and scalable infrastructure for Rich Internet Applications using
PHP and MySQL.
Ronald Bradford is a technology strategist and advisor specializing in MySQL, Drizzle
and related web technologies. With a primary focus on architecture, design,
performance analysis and scalability of web applications, his consulting portfolio

ranges from Internet startups to Fortune 500 companies.
Patrick Galbraith is a principal software engineer at Lycos, adding new PHP and MySQL
offerings for Tripod Users, switching remaining apps using Oracle to MySQL as well as
other interesting projects.
Wrox Expert books present the wisdom accumulated by an experienced
author team who is recognized as experts by the programming community.
These experts challenge professional developers to examine their current
practices in pursuit of better results.
Best practices and expert techniques
for today’s most demanding apps
Expert
PHP and MySQL
®
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxix
CHAPTER 1 Techniques Every Expert Programmer Needs to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
CHAPTER 2 Advanced PHP Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
CHAPTER 3 MySQL Drivers and Storage Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
CHAPTER 4 Improving Performance through Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
CHAPTER 5 memcached and MySQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
CHAPTER 6 Advanced MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
CHAPTER 7 Extending MySQL with User-Defi ned Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
CHAPTER 8 Writing PHP Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
CHAPTER 9 Full-Text Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
CHAPTER 10 Multi-tasking in PHP and MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
CHAPTER 11 Rewrite Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
CHAPTER 12 User Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
CHAPTER 13 Understanding the INFORMATION_SCHEMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
CHAPTER 14 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
CHAPTER 15 Command-Line and Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517
CHAPTER 16 Optimization and Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
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EXPERT
PHP and MySQL®
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EXPERT
PHP and MySQL®
Andrew Curioso
Ronald Bradford
Patrick Galbraith
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Expert PHP and MySQL®
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-0-470-56312-0
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of
the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through
payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
(978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions

Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or
online at />Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with
respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including
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motional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold
with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services.
If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the pub-
lisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2010920658
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, Wrox, the Wrox logo, Wrox Programmer to Programmer, and related trade dress are
trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affi liates, in the United States and other coun-
tries, and may not be used without written permission. MySQL is a registered trademark of MySQL AB. All other trade-
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mentioned in this book.
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This book is dedicated to my wife, Laura. Without
your support this book wouldn’t be possible. Thank
you for being by my side and planning the wedding
while I was doing my writing!
For MySQL Culture, past, present, and future. To
many in the MySQL community: you are more than

colleagues, you are great friends.
This book is dedicated to my son, Kiran Patrick.
“Kiran” means “ray of light” in Sanskrit, and you are
a ray of light in my life!
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ANDREW CURIOSO has been coding in PHP and MySQL for a decade. His experience includes develop-
ing professional-grade PHP and MySQL based web applications for MIT Lincoln Laboratory (part of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and being at the ground fl oor of the state-of-the-art web-
publishing platform Webon at Lycos (currently the page builder technology for Angelfire.com). Aside
from software engineering, Andrew takes interest in software usability, business, the semantic web, and
robotics. He currently works at MyVBO, a virtual business offi ce that provides powerful tools to help
small to medium sized business manage their companies online. Over the years, he’s had the opportu-
nity to work on exciting projects and specializes in data portability, linked data, social media, and Rich
Internet Applications. His home on the web can be found at
/>RONALD BRADFORD has more than two decades of professional IT industry experience in a broad
range of disciplines. His core expertise is in relational database management systems (RDBMS)
including MySQL, Oracle and Ingres. His technical software development skills include working
in Java (J2EE), PHP, Perl, Python, Web (HTML/CSS/XML/JSON), and Linux/Unix operating
systems. He is a professional speaker, educational curriculum developer, and writer who special-
izes in technical presentations, workshops, online content publishing, and knowledge transfer.
More information on his related MySQL writings, presentations and useful tools can be found at
.
PATRICK GALBRAITH lives up in the sticks of southwestern New Hampshire near Mt. Monadnock
with his wife Ruth and son Kiran. Since 1993, he has been using and developing Open Source soft-
ware. He has worked on various Open Source projects including MySQL, federated storage engine,
memcached Functions for MySQL, Drizzle, Narada Search Engine Slashcode, and is the maintainer

of DBD::mysql. He has worked at a number of companies throughout his career, including MySQL
AB,
Classmates.com, OSDN/Slashdot, and Lycos. He currently works at NorthScale, a leading
provider of scale-out infrastructure software for web applications. He is also part owner of a wire-
less broadband company, Radius North, which provides Internet service to underserved rural areas
of New Hampshire. His website, which comes by way of a 5.8GHz Alvarion access unit up in a pine
tree, is
.
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ABOUT THE TECHNICAL EDITORS
ALAN COLLISON is a software engineer with more than a dozen years of experience developing scal-
able PHP applications. His expertise ranges from the design and development of front end GUIs to
the implementation of core server side application business logic.
JAY COSKEY is a software developer and software development manager who lives in Seattle, and
has worked for companies including Cray Inc. and Amazon.com. He has used numerous languages
on Linux, Unix, and Windows platforms, in environments ranging from OS development, to web
and enterprise systems. When not involved in mathematics or software, he can sometimes be found
woodworking.
ERIC DAY has been writing high-performance servers and databases for most of his career and cur-
rently works on open source projects such as Drizzle and Gearman. He has also written a number of
extensions for higher level languages such as PHP. When not hacking on code, he can be found run-
ning, enjoying a good vegan meal, or blogging at />KEN MACKE is a systems architect, developer, and owner of RockIP Networks — a provider of web
hosting and IT consulting services. Ken has over 15 years of experience creating cutting-edge software
with technologies such as PHP, C++, C#, and .NET. You can fi nd Ken online at twitter.com/kmacke.
ELIZABETH NARAMORE has been a web developer since 1997, with a focus in PHP and E-commerce.
In addition to being a web developer, she is an author, editor, speaker, and educator, and active
member of communities such as the PHP Community, PHPWomen, and her local PHP Users Group.

TROND NORBYE is a Senior Software Engineer specializing in databases and distributed caching. He
currently works at NorthScale designing and implementing scale out data systems. Prior to joining
NorthScale, Trond was a key member of Sun Microsystems’ Web Scale Infrastructure group where
he worked on Drizzle, Gearman and Memcached. In his copious free time he is a core contributor
on the Memcached, Libmemcached and OpenGrok Open Source projects.
KARL WILBUR is an enterprise consultant, PHP developer and Linux guru with more than a decade
of LAMP experience and a passion for the bleeding-edge. When not out motorcycling the Midwest
he can be found lurking on the Internet at />563120ffirs.indd xi563120ffirs.indd xi 2/18/10 9:07:32 AM2/18/10 9:07:32 AM
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CREDITS
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Robert Elliott
PROJECT EDITOR
Maureen Spears
TECHNICAL EDITORS
Alan Collison
Jay Coskey
Eric Day
Ken Macke
Elizabeth Naramore
Trond Norbye
Karl Wilbur
PRODUCTION EDITOR
Eric Charbonneau
COPY EDITOR
Kim Cofer
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
Robyn B. Siesky

EDITORIAL MANAGER
Mary Beth Wakefi eld
MARKETING MANAGER
Ashley Zurcher
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Tim Tate
VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE GROUP
PUBLISHER
Richard Swadley
VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER
Barry Pruett
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
Jim Minatel
PROJECT COORDINATOR, COVER
Lynsey Stanford
COMPOSITOR
Je Lytle, Happenstance Type-o-Rama
PROOFREADER
Nancy Bell
INDEXER
Johnna VanHoose Dinse
COVER DESIGNER
Michael E. Trent
COVER IMAGE
©Gavin Hellier/Photographer’s Choice RF/
Getty Images
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IT WAS THANKS TO MY BROTHER RAY CURIOSO JR. that I was really able to get a head start. He
started an embroidery business in the 90s out of my parents’ garage. It has since moved to its own
place but there was that time in-between where, thanks to his company, I was one of the only people
that I knew with Internet access. It was slow and it took days to download software development
kits and it wasn’t as easy to fi nd programming help for a beginner as it is today. But I made do with
what I had. It was also because of him and his business — it needed an ecommerce site — that I put
down the C code and the ASP and got my start with PHP and MySQL.
I’d like to thank my parents too for being a constant source of support for me. It was my father who
taught me the value of hard work. And, of course, thank my wife who put up with me spending
long nights working for a start up and writing a book at the same time. We were married during the
writing and without her hard work planning the wedding, supporting me, and standing by my side
this book would not have been possible.
I’d like to thank my teammates at Lycos. It was truly a pleasure working with each of them. I’d
particularly like to thank my managers. Don Kosak for inspiring me, Neal Shanske for keeping me
on my toes. I’d like to thank Derek Bruneau since everything I learned about good software design
and usability I learned thanks to him. And I’d like to thank my fellow engineers Lisa Wallmark,
Chandra Yadav, and Kevin Harrington. I’d like to also thank my team at MyVBO, in particular
Robert (Bob) Wilkins and Matthew Sheppard for their understanding as I juggled work and writing.
Finally, I would also like to take a minute to thank the team that worked tirelessly to make this book
happen. Bob Elliott who made this book happen, Maureen Spears who edited this whole thing cover to
cover, and my co-authors Patrick and Ronald. Patrick in particular has been a good friend and deserves
credit for putting the team together. He is the one thread that connects us all. Which brings me to the
tech editors. They all did an amazing job and the book is much better because of each of them.
There are countless people who have helped me along the way. I am sure that I forgot someone. To
anyone who has ever encouraged me to follow my dreams or supported me in any way: thank you.
TODAY, I AM A WELL RESPECTED AUTHORITY in the MySQL fi eld. This was not possible without a
lot of hard work and great mentorship. I would fi rst like to thank the late Frank Jarvis from DDIAE
(now USQ) who in 1988 introduced me to the works of C.J. Date, M. Stonebraker and E.F. Codd
during my university studies.

My fi rst relational database experience started with Ingres and led to immediate work with systems
design and software development in the database fi eld. In the early 90’s, as a young, energetic and
knowledgeable database architect with several successful government projects, my work alongside
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my now good friend Bruce Turner helped in my understanding and appreciation of more formal
processes in the management and success of large scale deployments. We worked together again for
Oracle Corporation in the late 90s where Bruce still works today. To Bruce, thank you for your sup-
port and mentoring. Those TAFE days with Mike and Laurie still rate as some of my favorites. From
my fi rst use of MySQL over ten years ago until today I still seek input, advice and encouragement
from the MySQL community. Many of you from the MySQL community I consider as great friends.
Finally, to my fi ance Cindy who has been supportive throughout the entire process of my fi rst book
in MySQL with compromises that have enabled me to complete this work on schedule.
ONE WEEKEND IN 1993, I had the chance to go on a getaway to San Diego. Instead, I opted to stay
home and download, onto 26 fl oppies, Slackware Linux, which I promptly installed onto my Packard
Bell 386. I could never get the built-in video card to work with X, so I ended up buying a separate video
card and had to edit my XConfi g fi le to get it to work. How much more interesting this was to do than
editing a confi g.sys and an autoexec.bat! From then on, I was hooked. I worked at Siemens Ultrasound
Group in Issaquah, Washington, at the time. An engineer there named Debra, when asked what was a
good thing to learn, said something I’ll never forget: ‘‘Learn Perl.’’ Debra — you were right! I always
wanted to be a C ++ graphics programmer. That didn’t happen because of this thing called the World
Wide Web. I remember Ray Jones and Randy Bentson of Celestial Software showing me a program
called Mosaic, which allowed you to view text over the Internet. Images would be launched using XV.
Everywhere I worked, I had to write programs that ran on the Web, which required me to write CGI
in Perl. So much for my goal of being a C ++ programmer — but I consider this a great trade for a
great career. (I did eventually get to write C ++ for MySQL!) I would fi rst like to thank my wife, Ruth,
for being patient and supportive of me for numerous lost weekends with this book and my previous
book Developing Web Applications with Perl, memcached, MySQL and Apache, as well as accepting
me working on yet another book so soon after the fi rst! Next in line for thanks, our editor, Maureen
Spears, who is not only a great editor, but also a friend. Not only did she edit this current work, but she

was my editor for my previous book. Next, I would like to thank my co-authors, Andrew and Ronald.
It’s been a whole different experience co-authoring versus being a sole author, having learned a bit
about putting together something — as a team.
A special thanks goes to our tech editors as well as to Trond Norbye (memcached, libmemcached),
Eric Day (Gearman, Drizzle) and Andrew Aksyonoff (Sphinx) for stepping up as tech editors when
we were in a crunch and reviewing the material I wrote about their projects!
Thank you to Bob Elliott, who gave us the opportunity to work as a team to write this book!
Thanks to Monty Widenius for creating MySQL and for being a mentor as well as a good friend
who worked hard to include FederatedX into MariaDB while I was working on this book. Thanks
also to Brian Aker for being another great mentor and friend, as well as being a software-producing
machine with a scrolling page full of open source software projects that he’s created, including
Drizzle and libmemcached.
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I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY CURRENT COLLEAGUES at Northscale — Steve Yen, Dustin Sallings,
James Phillips, Matt Ingenthron, Rod Ebrahimi, Eric Lambert and Trond Norbye — it’s a real privilege
to work with guys who have so much expertise. Also thanks go to my former colleagues at Lycos who
encouraged me while writing my previous book — Don Kosak, Chandra Yadav, Tristan Escalada, oth-
ers, as well as Andrew Curioso! Also to former colleagues at Grazr and MySQL. Last but not least,
thanks to the team members of MariaDB and Drizzle for integrating projecs I worked on while writing
this book. Thanks also to anyone I forgot to mention. I know I probably forgot someone!
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION XXIX
TECHNIQUES EVERY EXPERT PROGRAMMER CHAPTER 1:
NEEDS TO KNOW
1

Object-Oriented PHP 2
Instantiation and Polymorphism 2
Interfaces 7
Magic Methods and Constants 8
Design Patterns 11
Using MySQL Joins 20
INNER JOIN 22
OUTER JOIN 24
Other JOIN Syntax 26
Complex Joins 27
MySQL Unions 28
GROUP BY in MySQL Queries 30
WITH ROLLUP 31
HAVING 32
Logical Operations and Flow Control in MySQL 33
Logic Operators 33
Flow Control 34
Maintaining Relational Integrity 35
Constraints 36
NOT NULL 36
UNSIGNED 36
ENUM and SET 37
UNIQUE KEY 37
FOREIGN KEY 38
Using Server SQL Modes 41
Storage Engine Integrity 45
What MySQL Does Not Tell You 45
What’s Missing? 46
Subqueries in MySQL 46
Subquery 46

Correlated Subquery 46
Derived Table 47
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xx
CONTENTS
Using Regular Expressions 49
General Patterns 50
Expert Regular Expressions 52
Putting It All Together in PHP 55
Regular Expressions in MySQL 60
Summary 63
ADVANCED PHP CONCEPTS 6CHAPTER 2: 5
A Problem That Needs Solving 65
Iterators and the SPL 67
A Sample View for the Application 67
The Iterator Interface 69
The Countable Interface 73
The SeekableIterator Interface and Pagination 75
The ArrayAccess Interface 77
Lambda Functions and Closures 78
The Old Way: Lambda-Style Functions 78
Understanding Closures 81
Using the Query Builder for Prototyping 83
Summary 85
MYSQL DRIVERS AND STORAGE ENGINES 8CHAPTER 3: 7
MySQL Drivers 88
About MySQL Storage Engines 89
Obtaining Storage Engine Information 89
Default Storage Engines 93

MyISAM 93
InnoDB 97
Memory 103
Blackhole 108
Archive 109
Merge 110
CSV 112
Federated 112
Other MySQL Supplied Engines 118
Falcon 118
Maria 120
Pluggable Engines 121
InnoDB Plugin 121
PBXT 122
XtraDB 123
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CONTENTS
Engines as Standalone Products 124
Infi niDB 124
TokuDB 124
Infobright 125
Other MySQL O erings 125
Storage Engine Patch Products 125
MySQL-Related Products 126
Other Engines 127
Integrated Hardware Engines 128
Other Solutions 128
Wa egrid 129

Summary 129
IMPROVING PERFORMANCE THROUGH CACHING 13CHAPTER 4: 1
eAccelerator and APC 132
Installing and Confi guring APC 132
Installing and Confi guring eAccelerator 133
User Cache 134
Checking the Cache Status 135
When to Use APC and eAccelerator 138
memcached 138
What Is memcached? 139
What memcached Does for You 139
How Does memcached Work? 139
How to Use memcached 141
What Is Gearman? 144
Caching Strategies 144
Installing memcached 145
Starting memcached 148
Startup Scripts 149
Testing Your memcached Installation 151
memcached Clients 153
Libmemcached 153
Libmemcached Features 154
Libmemcached Utility Programs 154
Installing libmemcached 155
Libmemcached Utility Programs 155
memcat 155
memfl ush 156
memcp 156
memstat 157
memrm 157

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CONTENTS
memslap 157
memerror 158
PECL/Memcached 158
Connecting, Instantiation 160
Setting Client Behavior 162
Putting and Retrieving Data 163
Append and Prepend 166
Delete 168
Increment and Decrement 168
Multi-get 169
Multi-set 170
Cache Locality Using byKey Methods and Multi get/set 171
getDelayed 173
CAS 174
Statistics 176
Server List 178
Error Handling 178
Practical Caching 180
memcached Proxy: moxi 185
Other “memcapable” Key-Value Stores 186
Tokyo Tyrant 187
Summary 188
MEMCACHED AND MYSQL 19CHAPTER 5: 1
The Memcached Functions for MySQL 191
How the Memcached Functions for MySQL Work 192
Installing the Memcached Functions for MySQL 193

Prerequisites 193
Confi gure the Source 194
Build the Source 194
Install the UDF 195
Checking Installation 196
Using the Memcached Functions for MySQL 196
Establishing a Connection to the memcached Server 197
Data Setting Functions 198
Data Fetching Functions 204
Increment and Decrement 204
Behavioral Functions 206
Statistical Functions 209
Version Functions 211
Fun with Triggers (and UDFs) 212
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CONTENTS
Read-Through Caching with Simple Select Statements 216
Updates 219
Summary 220
ADVANCED MYSQL 22CHAPTER 6: 1
Views 221
Access Permissions 223
Additional Information about Views 225
Stored Procedures and Functions 226
General Attributes 226
Stored Routine Logic 228
Using Stored Routines Privileges and Meta Data 230
Extending Stored Routines 231

Stored Routine Disadvantages 231
User Defi ned Functions 231
Triggers 232
No Triggers 233
Trigger Syntax 233
Insert Triggers 233
Update Triggers 234
Delete Triggers 235
Replace Triggers 236
Trigger Permissions 237
Transactions 237
Atomicity 238
Consistency 240
Isolation 242
Durability 247
Implied Commit 250
Replication 250
Replication Purposes 250
Replication Setup 251
Testing MySQL Replication 254
How Does MySQL Replication Work? 255
Testing MySQL Replication 259
Important Confi guration Options 260
Important Replication Commands 261
Breaking Replication 261
Using Replication Selectively 262
The Issues with MySQL Replication 263
The Benefi ts of MySQL Replication 264
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