Lan Hài Việt Nam small

I

Viet Nam co he Lan dac biet vii da dang, hien van dang
tiep tuc duoc phat hien vii 1110 ta. D o la ho thuc vat giau
loai nhat cua he thuc vat Viet Nam voi so loai co the
vuot qua con so 1000. Dua tren cac miiu mdi thu duoc
hang nam 6 cac vting xa xoi, hidm tro nhieu taxon mdi
duoc m o ta. Cac loai Lan gap о khap noi, tix cac tham
cay ngap man ven bien den cac dinh nui cao nhat. Lan
hiii. mot nhom Lan nho nhung rat dep dc vii hap dan, la
hinh anh thu nho cua su phong phu. dong thdi cua tinh
dd bi tuyct chiing cua khu he Lan Viet Nam. Mac dau
hon nua tdng so loiii Lan hiii mdi duoc phat hien va mo
ta trong 10 nam gan day nhung nhieu loai trong so do
da bi de doa tuyct chung do su tan pha mdi trudng song
la rirng va thu thap den can kict dc buon ban.
Cuon sach nay trinh bay chi tiet ve dja chat, khi hau va
tham thuc vat Viet Nam vdi tat ca tinh da dang ndi bat
cua chung. Phan trong tarn cua cuon sach diinh cho
viec tong ket toim dien ve ljch sir, danh phap va cac
mdi quan he cua tat ca 22 loai va dang lai tu nhien phat
hien duoc d Viet Nam. О day cung lan dau tien trinh
bay chi tiet ve noi song, cac dac diem sinh hoc vii sinh
thai cua chiing. Trong cuon sach cung nhan manh den
mdi de doa bi tuyct chiing сйа phan ldn loai, neu len
cac hien phap cap thiet sdp tdi la can co su phoi hop d
trong vii ngoai nude dd bao ve tat ca nhung gi con lai.
Nhung ket qua nghicn cuu thuc dia cua cac tac gia lan
dau tien duoc trinh bay chi tiet trong quyen sach phd
cap nay cung cap nhung hieti biet sau rong doc nhat ve

su giau co cua he thuc vat Viet Nam, noi co nhieu loai
Lan duoc phat hien den nhu vay. Cuon sach nay la su
dong gop dang кё cho nhung hidu biet cua chung ta ve
tinh da dang cua thuc vat Viet nam va ve cac mdi de
doa tuyet chiing cua no.
Su giau co cua tinh da dang sinh hoc Viet Nam cang
duoc the hien ro ret. Ну vong cuon sach nay vdi cac mo
ta ve Viet Nam, ve mdi trudng song doc dao. he thuc
vat giau co va cac loiii dac hiiu cua no se lam say me
cac ban doc. N o cung la dip dd canh bao tat ca chung ta
ve mdi de doa tuyet chung cua di san doc nhat nay.



Lan Hai Viet Nam
Vdi phan gidi thieu ve he thvrc vat Viet Nam


Paphiopedilum vietnamense

C A R O L W O O D IN


Lan Hai Viet Nam
Voi phan gioi thieu ve he thuc vat Viet Nam

Leonid Averyanov
Phillip Cribb
Phan Ke Loc
Nguydn Tien Hiep

TRANH MAU NUOC:
Carol Woodin

v

BirdLife

INTERNATIONAL

UvInd^yx^bUna/

ROYAL

BOTANIC

GARDENS

KEW


Bien tap chung:

Vu Thi Minh Phuong

B ien tap phan not dung: Giao su Tien si Phan K e Loc va Tten si Nguyen Tien Hiep
Giao su Tien si Khoa hoc Tong Duy Thanh
(Phan dia ly, lich sir dia chat va dia mao)
Ngudi djch:

Nguyfen Due Tii (Phan I va II)
D 6 Tien Doan (Phan III va IV)

Sira ban in:

Giao su Tien si Phan Ke Loc

Sach luu trir tai:

Chucrng trinh BirdLife Quoc te tai Dong Duong
So 4, N go 209, pho Dpi Can, Ba Dinh
Ha N oi, Viet Nam
Tel: (84 4) 722 3864/20
Fax: (84 4) 722 3835

Email:
Website: www.birdlifevietnam.com
Ten cdng trinh:

Leonid Averyanov, Phillip Cribb, Phan Ke Loc va N gu yfa Tien Hiep
(Phien ban tieng Viet, 2004)
Lan Hai Viet Nam. Vdi phan gioi thieu ve he thuc vat Viet Nam.
Ha Noi: Chuong trinh BirdLife Quoc te tai Dong Duong

Xuat ban lan thu nhat:

Thang 2 nam 2004

Che ban va quan ly in:

High_Tech Pre-press and Printing Center.

136 Hang Bong, Ha Noi. DT: 04.8289556/7; Email:
Ban quyen: © Chucrng trinh BirdLife Quoc te tai Dong Duong

Phien ban tieng Anh vdi ten: Slipper Orchids o f Vietnam. With an introduction to the Flora o f Vietnam
cua Leonid Averyanov, Phillip Cribb, Phan Ke Loc va Nguyen Tien Hiep do Vuon thuc vat Hoang
gia tai Kew xuat ban nam 2003. ISBN 1 84246 047 1. Ngudi bien tap xuat ban Suzy Dickerson.
Printed in the European Union by Compass Press Limited.

N HA X UA T BAN GIAO TH O NG VAN TAI
In 1000 cutin kho 18,3x25,5cm tai Cong ty in Tran Phti - TP. H o Chi Minh.
Giay phep XB s6: 37/105/XB-QLXB cSip ngay 9-2-2004
In xong va nop hiu chiOu thang 3 nam 2004


L O I C A M ON
u o n sach n ay d u o c x u a t b a n vd i n g u o n tai tro tii N g a n h a n g T h e gidi; d u a n B ao to n d a
d an g sinh hoc can h q u a n d a v d i Pii L u o n g - Ctic P h u o n g d o Q uy G E F /N g a n h a n g the
g id i tai tro d u o c th u c h ie n b d i T o chtic B ao to n D 0 n g thu c v a t H o an g d a Q u o c te (FFI)
p h o i h o p vdi C u e K iem L am ; v a d u an B ao to n T h u c v at V iet N am , n am tro n g su h o p tac gitra
V ien Sinh th ai v a T ai n g u y en S in h v a t V iet N a m v a V u d n T h u c v a t M isso u ri H o a K y.
C u o n sach n ay d u o c d ich tir b an tien g A n h , v d i ten: S lip p e r O rchids o f V ietnam . W ith an
in tro d u ctio n to th e F lo ra o f V ietnam d o V u d n thuc v a t H o an g g ia tai K ew x u at ban. D ay la
san p h am h o p tac c u a V u d n th u c v a t H o an g g ia tai K ew v a V ien S in h thai v a T ai n g u y en S inh
V at v a C u e K idm L am . P h ie n b a n tien g V ie t do C h u o n g trin h B ird L ife Q u o c te tai D ong
D u o n g x u at b a n v d i su h d tro tai ch in h c u a N g an h an g T h e gid i v a cac td chuc d a neu trcn.
C h u o n g trinh B ird L ife Q u o c te tai D o n g D u o n g m u o n n h a n d ip n ay b ay to lcri cam o n den
ong T o n y W h itten , N g an h a n g th e gid i, o n g M ark In field , d u a n Pii L u o n g - C iic P h u o n g , ong
Jacin to R egalad o , d u an B ao to n T h u c v at V iet N am v a V ien S in h th ai v a T a i n g u y e n S inh

vat, G iao su tie n si P h a n K e L o c, tie n si N g uydn T ie n H iep v a G ia o su tien si k h o a h o c T ong
D uy T h an h v e su gitip d o q u y b a u tro n g q u a trin h th u c h ie n d u a n v a x u a t b a n cu o n sach nay.
C h u o n g trin h B ird L ife Q u o c te tai D o n g D u o n g c u n g x in cam o n cac can b o cu a ch u o n g
trinh: ong Jo n ath an C. E a m e s v a b a P h am T u an A n h d a ch o n h u n g n h an xet q u i bau ch o an
p h am nay.

v


G I O I ТН 1Ё11 V E B I R D L I F E
irdL ife In tern atio n al la m o t H iep h0i cu a cac to chiic ph i c h in h p h u boat d o n g trong

В
la n g u d n la i k in h te q u an trong; c h u n g hap d in d o i v d i m o i n g u o i cu a m o i n en v an h o a q
n hieu the k v N h u n g d ie u do k h ie n ch u n g tro th an h n h u n g su g ia tu y et voi ch o v iec n a g
cao nhdn thhc v 6 cd n g tac b ao to n v a thuc ddy q u an he h o p tac q uoc te. B ird L ife In tern atio n a
tai D ong D u o n g d uoc kh d i d au tii C h u o n g trinh V iet N am v ao n am 1988 v a co v an p h o n g d a
tai H a N oi.
. ,
, . ■
T ai V iet N am , B ird L ife In tern atio n al lam viec cu n g v d i cac doi tac chinh p h u v a p h i chin
phii nham :

. , -•

* T ro giup de cai th ien viec q u i h o ac h v a q u a n ly cac sinh can h , cac v u n g v a cac lo ai q u a n
«

trong;
a m M M va lu y en tru y en „ h o n g у W ong m o , «

. ,
h o a n hap viec b a o to n da d a n g « к

hoc v a q u a trin h lap k e h o a ch v a cac c h in h sach;
* G o p p h an tan g cu d n g m oi q u an tarn cu a c o n g d o n g d o i v o i c d n g tac b ao ve d a d an g sinh
hoc v a n an g cao у th u c b ao to n d a d an g sinh hoc,
* Phat m e n n an g luc de cai th ien viec q u an ly cac sin h can h , cac v u n g v a cac loai; v a
* C u n g cap th o n g tin ve d a d a n g sin h hoc v a v e cac k h u b ao ve cho cac n h a lap ke h o a c ,
cac n h a h o a ch d in h ch in h sach va cac nh d m co q u a n tam khac.
D ia ch i lie n he: B ird L ife In ternational tai D o n g D u o n g

So 4 , N g o 2 0 9 , P h d D oi C an , q u a n B a D in h , H a N o i, V ie t N am
T el: ( 8 4 4 ) 7 2 2 3 3 8 6 4 /2 0
Fax: (84 4 ) 7 2 2 3835
E m ail: h ird life@ b ird life.n etn am .v n
W eh site: y'W "' h ird lifev ietn am .co m


M UC LUC
L O I G I O I T H I E U ....................................................................................................................................... jx
L O I T U A ....................................................................................................................................................... ...
P H A N I. V I E T N A M

................................................................................................................................ 1

D ia l y .....................................................................................................................................................................
L ich sir d ia c h a t ............................................................................................................................................. ...
D ia m a o ..........................................................................................................................................................
V ting niii

V ung niii
V ung niii
C ac vung

g

do n g M e ................................................................................................................................ ...
tay M e ...........................................................................................................................
5
T ru d n g S o n ......................................................................................................................
6
do n g b a n g v en b i e n .............................................................................................................. 8

C ac thung lu n g boi tich p h u sa cu a song Ciru L o n g v a song H o n g ....................................... 8
C ac v u n g k h i h a u
K hi
K hi
K hi
K hi
K hi
K hi
K hi

........................................................................................................................................ ...

hau n h ie t doi gio m u a co m iia d o n g lan h v a m u a m u a h e ................................................ 9
hau n h ie t d o i g io m u a co m u a d o n g lan h va m u a m iia he - t h u ....................................11
hau n h ie t doi g io m u a co m u a d o n g am v a m u a m iia he - thu - d o n g ...................... 11
hau n h iet do i g io m u a co m iia d o n g am v a m u a m u a thu - d o n g .............................. 11
hau n h ie t doi g io m iia co m iia d o n g aim v a m u a m iia h e ................................................ 13

hau can xich d ao g io m iia co m u a m iia h e ...........................................................................14
hau n hiet d o i g io m iia viing niii ............................................................................................... 1 4

H e th u c v a t V iet N a m .............................................................................................................................. 1 5
C a c k ie u th a m th u c v a t c h i n h ................................................................................................................. 1 8
R im g th u d n g xanh, cay la ra n g tren cao n g u y en , d at k ie m ................................................... 19
Rirng thudng x an h v a rim g nira ru n g la tren niii d a vd i .......................................................... 21
R im g th u d n g x an h d at th ap tren d at n en ax it nam 6 d o cao dudi 1000 m ...................... 28
R im g thudng xanh tren niii v a g'an niii cao tren d at n e n ax it d do cao tii
1000 d en 3 0 0 0 m ........................................................................................................................... 3 3
R im g kho ru n g la hoac niia ru n g la tren dat thaip о do cao tir m at b ien den
500 (700) m .....................................................................................................................................41
T h am thuc v at ven bidn, d at th ap n g ap n u d e va rim g n g ap m an ....................................... 4 5
C ac q uan xa th u c v at th u sinh v a cay t r o n g .................................................................................. 4 5
P H A N II. L A N H A I ................................................................................................................................ 5 5
T h e n a o la L a n H ai ? ......................................................................................................................

55

N g u d n g o c va q u a n h e h o h a n g c u a L a n H a i ..................................................................................5 5
H in h th a i
V o n g ddi

................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

S u th u p h a n .............................................................................................................................................

61
65

67

S u lai g io n g tu n h i e n .................................................................................................................................. 69
S in h th a i

........................................................................................................................................

S u p h a n b o d}a ly

..............................................................................................................................

7Q
74

P h a n lo a i cac b ac d u d i c h i c u a P a p h io p e d i lu m ...............................................................................7 9


P H A N III. Н Ё T H O N G L A N H A I V IE T N A M

...................................................................83

L ic h sir n g h ie n ciiu

...................................................................................................................................8.5

C h i P a p h io p e d ilu m

...................................................................................................................................85

K h o a x ac d in h c a c L a n H a i

a V ie t

N a m ............................................................................................85

P a p h io p e d ilu m su b g e n . P a r v i s e p a l u m ................................................................................................ 89
1. P.
2. P.
3. P.
4. P.
5. P.
6 . P.

d elen a tii G u illa u m ....................................................................................................................89
v ietn am en se G ru ss & P e m e r .............................................................................................. 96
m a lip o en se S .C .C h en & Z . H . T s i .................................................................................... 104
m ic ra n th u m T .T an g & F .T .W an g ................................................................................120
h an g ia n u m P e rn e r & G r u s s .............................................................................................. 131
em erso n ii K oop. & P .J .C r ib b ............................................................................................140

P a p h io p e d ilu m su b g e n . B r a c h y p e t a lu m ..........................................................................................145
7. P. c o n co lo r (B atem an ) P f i t z e r .............................................................................................145
P a p h io p e d ilu m su b g e n . P a p h io p e d i lu m ............................................................................................ 155
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

P. h irsu tissim u m (L indl. ex H o o k .) S t e i n .......................................................................... 156
P. b a rb ig eru m T .T an g & F .T .W a n g .................................................................................... 170
P. tran lie n ian u m G ru ss & P e rn e r .......................................................................................175
P. h e le n a e A v e r.............................................................................................................................182
P. h e n ry an u m B r a e m ................................................................................................................ 191
P. g ratrix ia n u m (M asters) R o lfe ..........................................................................................199
P. villosum (L in d l.) S t e i n ......................................................................................................208
P. a p p leto n ian u m (G o w er) R o l f e ......................................................................................... 218
P. callo su m (R ch b .f.) S tein ................................................................................................... 23 0
P. p u rp u ra tu m (L in d l.) S t e i n .................................................................................................236
P. d ian th u m T .T an g & F .T .W an g .......................................................................................244

C a c la i tu n h ie n c u a P a p h io p e d ilu m d u o c b ie t 6 V ie t N a m
19.
20.
21.
22.

P.
P.
P.
P.

....................................................253

affine D e W ild ................................................................................................................... 253
X a sp ersu m A v e r...................................................................................................................2 54
X d a la te n se A v e r...................................................................................................................255
x h e rrm a n n ii F uchs & R e is i n g e r .................................................................................. 259
X

P H A N IV. B A O T O N

.......................................................................................................................... 265

S u su y th o a i v a tu y e t c h iin g c a c L a n H a i tro n g tu n h i e n ..........................................................265
T u o n g la i

.................................................................................................................................................... 274

LOI CAM ON

.......................................................................................................................................... 2 8 3

T A I L IE U T H A M K H A O ..................................................................................................................... 285
BANG CHI DAN CAC TEN K HOA H O C

................................................................................. 295


LOI GIOI T H I $ U
hu he thuc vat d a d an g v a d ac sac cu a V iet N am h ien v an d ang tiep tuc d uoc k h am p h a
va m o ta them cac tax o n m di. D ac b iet la ho Lan. D ay la h o ldn nhat cu a h e thuc v at vdi
so loai co the v u o t q u a co n so 1000. H an g nam , n h ieu tax o n van duoc m o ta vi cac vung

xa xoi, hiem tro vdn d ang d uoc k h am pha. C ac loai L an chiem d en 8 % tong so loai T huc vat
co h o a cua V iet N am v a c h u n g p h an bo d k h ap noi, tu cac v u n g ru n g ngap m a n d en cac dinh
niii cao nhat. V ong doi cua cac loai L an rat phirc tap, doi hoi su tham g ia cu a nhung loai nam
rieng biet giup hat nay m a m v a cac loai co n trung c h u y en h o a lam tac n h an thu p h a n ch o hoa.
D ibu nay co n ghia la cac loai L an rat n hay cam vdi m o i su xao trdn. D o vay, cac loai L an la
cac sinh vat chi thi ra t nhay cam vdi chat luong ciia m d i tru d n g tu nhien. N h o m L an H ai la hinh
anh thu nho cu a kh u he L a n cue ky p h o n g p h u cu a V iet N am . N h o m nay co n d ac b iet bi de doa
hon so vdi cac loai L an khac. T uy g an m o t n u a so loai L an H ai m di duoc p h a t h ien trong
k hoang m udi nam gan day, n hung rat nhieu loai tro n g so do hien dang bi tuyet c h u n g d o rung
bi tan p h a va cay bi thu hai de ban.

K

C uon sach nay d o m o t n h o m c h u y en g ia q u o c te b ien so an d a m o ta chi tiet v e n h o m L an
quy nay cu a V iet N am v a la lan dau tien cu ng cap th o n g tin ve cac d ac tin h sinh c an h v a sinh
thai cu a nhom . D an g ch u у h o n n u a la c u o n sach d a пёи b at d u o c m d i de d o a k h ie n n h ieu loai
tro n g nhom L a n H ai p h ai d o i m a t vdi n g u y c o tu y et chung. C u o n sach cu n g пёи 1ёп cac b ien
p hap cap thiet p h a i tie n h an h n g ay trong cu n g n h u n g o ai b ien gid i V iet N am de bao ve n h u n g
tai nguydn L an H ai c o n sot lai.
G S, TS P h an K e L o c th u o c D ai hoc Q uoc g ia H a N o i (H N U ) v a TS N g u y d n T ien H iep
thudc V ien S inh thai v a T ai n g u y en S inh v at (IE B R ), T ru n g tarn K h o a hoc T u n h ien v a C ong
n ghe Q uoc g ia (N C S T ) d a th u c h ien rat n h ieu chuye'n d ieu tra k h a o sat thuc d ia tro n g k h u o n
k h d cac de tai N ha n ude tro n g n h ieu nam . T h eo ldi m d i cu a V ien S inh thai v a T ai n g u y e n S inh
vat, G S , T S K H L e o n id A v ery an o v va TS P h illip C rib b d a th am g ia m o t so d o t k h a o sat va
d o n g gop cac ky n an g v a k in h nghiem cu a m in h vao c o n g viec d ieu tra. C h in h p h u V iet N am
luon san sang ung h o v a ch u an у cac c o n g vide can th ie t de d am bao d u an q u an tro n g nay
duoc h o an thanh. C ac k e t q u a n g h ien cuu thuc d ia ciia n h o m tac g ia noi tren la n dau tien duoc
trinh b ay trong q u y en sach nay d a cu n g cap n h u n g k ie n thuc chi tiet v e k h u he thuc v at p h o n g
phii cuai V idt N am , tro n g do co rat n h ieu loai L an d a d uoc p h at hien. C u o n sach n ay g o p p h an
d an g к ё lam tang h ieu b ie t cu a c h u n g ta v e tin h d a d an g th u c v at tai V iet N a m v a cac m o i de

d o a doi vdi tinh da d an g do.
V iet N am d ang tu h ao vdi tinh d a d an g sinh hoc rat cao cua m inh. C u o n sach nay se loi
c u o n ngudi doc vd i cac m o ta ve V iet N am , ve m d i tru d n g doc dao cu a no, ve k h u he thuc vat
cue ky p h o n g phu v d i cac lo ai thuc vat d ac him . N o cu n g la tien g noi go p p h a n can h tin h
chiing ta ve cac h iem h o a d a n g de d o a n g u o n d i san th ien n h ien d ac sac nay.

t'U

r z&

d

TS. N guyen B a T hu
C ue trudng C ue K iem lam
G iam doc C o q u an T h am q u y en Q u an ly C IT E S V iet N am

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III II TATBACVA ВАС

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LOI TUA
ho den rat g an day, k h u he L an cu a V iet N am luon bi coi la n gheo n an h o n so vdi T hai
Lan, T rung Q uoc v a cac nude D o n g N am A khac. T u y nhien, q uan d iem nay d a bi thay
ddi hoan toan sau m o t loat an phhm cua A v ery an o v (1988f, 1990d, 1991e, 1994) va
S eidenfaden (1992) trinh bay cac ket qua n g h ien cuu khu he L an V iet N am . К ё tu do, rat nhieu
loai L an m di la cu a V iet N am da x uat h ien tren thi tru d n g L an quoc te, trong cac bd suu tap va
trien lam quoc te. T ron g so nay co ca m 0 t chi d ia lan m di, C hristensonia, v a rat n hieu loai L an
mdi. D ang ngac nhien n h at la trong so cac loai m di co m ot so lucrng d ang k e cac loai L an H ai

thuoc vao loai dep v a q u y en ru nhat cua chi. D ieu that su p h ai chii у la tai sao cac loai L an noi
bat nhu vay lai kho n g d uoc p h at h ien va m o ta trong suot thdi g ian rat dai tru d c day. T u y nhien,
V iet N am la m 0 t q udc g ia tu o n g doi ra n g nhung m di co rat it cac cu0c d ieu tra thuc vat duoc
thuc hien, dac biet la d cac vung d a vdi p h a n b d ra n g tai Нас V iet N am .

C

V iet N am h ien d an g tro n g g iai d o an tap trung p h at trien c o n g n g hiep va khai thac sir dung
tai nguyen thien nhien. D u lich cu n g p h a t trien m anh m e. N g u o c lai, v iec d ieu tra k h am phh
ve thuc vat hoc lai rat cham do th ieu n g u d n nhan luc v a kin h phi. V iec p h a ru n g , dac b ie t la
cac vung rung rat n h ay cam d m ien В ас, d ien ra vdi tdc d o cao va rat n hieu loai d o n g th u c vat
bi co lap vao cac k h o an h ru n g nho nhoi co n so t lai. R o ra n g la nhieu loai n g ay can g tro nen
hiem v a co the da h o ac d an g ddi dau vdi n g u y c o tu y et chiing.
K hi xem x et nhieu th o n g tin sinh thai hoc th u duoc v e cac loai L an tro n g su o t h o n 25 nam
qua, chung toi n han th ay cac loai L an H ai th u d n g p h a n bo d cac vung x a xoi, hidm trd, noi
k hong chi co it tho n g tin v e cac loai L an noi rien g m a ca v e q u an xa thuc v at noi chung. Q u a
vay, trong m ot ch u y en k h ao sat g an day, cac tac g ia d a p h at h ien m ot loai H at tran th u o c vao
m ot chi m di, X an th o cy p a ris (F arjo n e t al, 2002). H au h et cac n g h ien cuu noi tren deu duoc
thuc hien vdi su bao tro cu a V ien S inh thai va Tai n g u y en S in h vat. C hiing to i xin duoc bay
to loi cam on den V ien v e su h o p tac tich cue nay.
M ot ly do chinh de v iet c u o n sach nay la su lo king c u a ch u n g toi ve m o t so loai L an dang
tren bd tuyet chung. D ac b iet la m o t so loai L an H ai duoc ban vdi g ia rat cao de lam cay canh
va m o t so loai L an khac d an g bi thu hai lam th u o c v a n g ay can g trd nen k h o gap tro n g m di
trudng tu nhien, tham chi, m o t so loai da thuc su bi tu y e t chiing. C hiing to i n h an m an h d day
la V iet N am co su d a d ang ciia L an H ai rat cao m a k h o n g m o t q udc g ia n ao tro n g viing p han
bd ciia chi n ay co the san h duoc. C hiing toi c u n g hy v o n g la v iec пёи ra cac v an de lien q uan
den bao ton cac L an H ai se g o p p h an canh bao cac co q u an lien q u an ve tinh tran g n g u y khon
cua nhom thuc vat cue ky dep nay, v a do vay, cac sinh canh co n lai cu a chiing phai d uoc bao
ve. C hiing toi cung hy v p n g ran g , neu b ie t tinh tran g h ie n nay ciia cac loai L an tro n g m di
trudng tu nhien, cac n h a tro n g L an se h an che viec m u a cac loai L an tu n h ien co n g u d n gdc

tii V iet N am . K h i v iec m u a b an nay thuc su cham dirt, chiing toi h y vong ta se tim hieu thau
dao hon ve dac diem sinh thai cu a cac loai L an de co the p h a t trien to t h o n n g u d n cay h ien
con lai it oi nay.
V iet N am th at su la m o t thien d u d n g cua L an H ai. C hiing toi hy v o n g d ieu nay se d uoc
duy tri, va su d a d an g nay se d uoc g in g iu cho cac the he sau th u d n g thuc.
L eo n id A v ery an o v
P h illip C rib b
N g uydn T ien H iep
Phan K e L oc
T h an g 5, 2002
Hinh 1 (doi dien) Ban do dja hinh Viet Nam.



P H A N 1. V I E T N A M
D IA LY
udc C 0 ng h o a X a hoi C hu n ghia V iet N am nam doc theo b o do n g n am cu a b an dao D ong
D uong, co p h an dat lien trai dai tir 8°30' den 23°30' do vi bac v d i ch ieu dai h o n 1600 km
ttr didm cue nam la M iii C a M au den diem cue bde n am tren b ie n gidi vdi T ru n g Q uoc;
ngoai ra con co cac dao v en b d v a cac quan dao H oang Sa v a T rudng Sa. V iet N am co h in h dang
tuong doi hep theo chieu d o n g - tay vdi chieu n gang ra n g nhat k h o an g 6 0 0 k m d M ien Bdc va
doan co chidu ngang h ep nhat chi hon 4 0 km d tinh Q uang B inh. D iem cue tay ciia V iet N am
nam d ng a ba bien gidi vdi L ao va T rung Q uoc (102°10' do kinh dong), v a d iem cue d o n g la
M ui N ay (109°27' do kin h dong). D ien tich p h an d at lien cu a ca nude la 325.360 k m 2. T hu do
cua V iet N am la thanh p h o H a Noi (H inh 1). H ien ca nude co 57 tinh v a 4 thanh p h o true thupc
T rung uong (H inh 2).
D an so V iet N am udc tin h k h o an g 75 trieu n g u d i vao n am 2002. K h o a n g 80% d an so song
d vung nong thon. N o i tap trung dong d an n h at la v u n g d o n g b an g В ас B 0 (v u n g ch au thd
s0ng H ong) v a d o n g b a n g s0ng Ciru L o n g (v u n g chau th 6 song Ciru L o n g , V iet N am ), n h a t
la d cac dai v en bien. D an t0c ch iem tu y e t dai d a so la n g u d i V ie t (K in h ) vdi k h o an g h o n 54

trieu ngudi. C ac n h o m d an t0c th ieu so ch in h p h a n b o rai rac khdp v u n g niii T ru d n g S o n la
cac d an t0c K h 'm er, Ё D e, B a N a, M o N dng, Se D a n g v .v... N h o m d an t0 c th ieu so c h in h song
d vung niii p h ia Вас V iet N am la ngudi H 'm o n g , T h ai, M u d n g , T ay , N tin g va D ao. C h o den
nay, m 0 t so n h d m dan t0c th ieu so d m ien niii van co n canh tac du can h , p h a rim g lam n u an g
trong liia v a ngo.
N goai bien gidi d at lien d p h ia bdc v a tay, lanh th d V iet N am tiep g ia p vdi cac V in h В ас
B d v a V inh T h ai L an ciia v u n g B ien D ong. T o n g c 0 ng, V ie t N am co d e n 3 4 4 0 k m b d bien.
V ung b ien cu a V iet N am cd n co rat n h ieu d ao ld n n h o tach rdi d at lie n tro n g do d ac b iet luu
у la cac dao v a q u an d ao H o an g Sa, T ru d n g S a v a h a n g lo at dao san h o n am tro n g vim g them
luc dia. C ac day niii d v u n g T ru n g B d b ao g o m P hu D en D in h , P hu S a m Sao, P h u H u a P h an
v a d ay T ru d n g S on h in h th a n h b ien gidi tu n h ien d p h ia tay voi L ao v a C am p u ch ia. B ien gid i
p h ia bac vdi T ru n g Q u o c chay q u a cac he th o n g niii n am d d o n g nam v a n am ciia cac tin h V an
N am v a Q u an g T ay (H in h 1). B ien gidi d at lien ciia V ie t N am vdi b a quoc g ia n o i tren кёо
dai den 4639 km (A v ery an o v , 1990c; R u n d el, 1999).
B a p han tu lanh th d q u d c g ia la cac vim g d o i niii (A v ery an o v , 1990c). C ac d in h niii cao
n hat D ong D u o n g la F an Si P a n (3143 m ), T a G ian g P h in (3096 m ), P h u Si L ung (3 0 7 6 m ),
Pii L u ong (2985 m ), P hu P h o u n g C han g (2825 m ) v a P h u L an g K u n g (2817 m ) deu nam d
tay bde V iet N am (H in h 1). C ac he th o n g niii ld n n h a t chu ydu deu la d a g ran it, d a g o n ai, da
p h ien set, da p h ie n v a d a c at ket. C ac vting niii d a v o i cd b ien chat p h a t trien cac d an g ca cx to
d ien hinh, p h a n b d ro n g k h a p Ьйс V iet N am . V e p h ia d o n g cac vim g niii th a p d an d en vim g
d ong bang ch au th o ro n g ld n со do cao k h o n g ld n so vdi m a t nude b ien . V e h u d n g n am , vim g
niii bi ch ia cat tu o n g d d i de h in h thanh cac cao n g u y en , th u d n g со d 0 cao th ay d d i tir 5 0 0 tdi
1.000 m tren m a t bien. C u o i ciing, d p h an nam cu a V iet N am la vim g d o n g b a n g ro n g ld n nam
trong vim g ch au th o song Ciru L o n g it n h ieu bi n g ap n u d e (H in h 1).
H e thong th u y v an p h a t trien m an h tro n g lan h th d V iet N am . B en can h m o t so lu o n g rat
ldn cac song vtra v a nho, V ie t N am cd n la noi n h u n g he th o n g song ld n n h at vim g D o n g N am
A chay q ua n h u song H o n g v a song Ciiu L o n g (H in h 1).

1

LICH

SU DIA

CHAT

LI CH SU DIA CHAT
V e m at dia chat, v u n g luc d ia D o n g N am A la mOt d o n vi d ia m ao n g u y en sinh b ao g o m
dang da k e t tinh T ie n C am b ri d a duoc co k et d e h in h th an h m o t vung n h an 6 n d in h vao T rias
m uon. D on vi dia m ao n ay la v u n g D o n g N am A h a y n h an h S u n d a cu a m a n g A - A u theo
hudng nam dong nam . N h an h n ay b ao g o m cac p h an hien n ay cu a ban dao D o n g D u o n g , M a
Lai, S um atra va p h a n p h ia tay cu a Java, B o rn eo v a S ulaw esi. V iing th em luc d ia S u n d a, vtm g
bien nong cu a V inh T h ai L an v a B ien D ong, d o n g th o i cung la v u n g n h an c u a v u n g S unda.
V ung nay da troi len n h ieu lan v ao M eso zo i v a D e tarn cu n g n h u tro n g cac k y b an g h a trong
thoi ky P leisto cen kh i nude tro n g cac dai d u o n g h a th ap (R undel, 1999).
M ot trong nhun g p h an trung tarn cu a m an g T ien C am b ri la khoi k et tinh In d o sin ia, bao
quanh la vung d ia hin h D o n g D u o n g c 6 (F ro m ag et, 1952). C o ba thoi ky uon n ep k ie n tao chinh
da duoc xac dinh xu n g q u an h k h o i d a co trung tarn nay trong dai P aleo zo i v a M esozoi sdm .
G iai d oan sdm n h at cu a cac h o at d o n g k ien tao vao ky D evon, tuc la u o n n ep C aled o n i
each day k h oang 4 0 0 d e n 3 5 0 tn e u nam v a tao n en n h u n g k h o i on dinh 6 m ien tru n g v a m ien
nam V iet N am , p h an Ion m ien trung v a n am L ao , d o n g b ac C am p u ch ia v a co the p h a n lbn
vung dong bac T hai L an. V u n g n h an nay, co n d uoc goi la v u n g A n n a m ia co le d e n nay van
con g iu d uoc su 6 n d in h tu o n g doi so v b i k h i m di hin h thanh (F o n tain e & W o rk m an , 1978;
R undel, 1999). 6 cac v u ng n g o ai vi cu a d ia k h o i nay, d ac b iet doc th eo ria b ac d a h in h th an h
nen rat nhieu he tho n g nui ch ay th eo h u d n g tay b ac - d o n g nam . P h an co n lai d u o c g o i la
T o n k in id es h ien co n tim th ay d m ien В ас V iet N am , clui y eu la b ac H o an g L ien S o n v a p h an
bac cua day T ru o n g Son. D ia k h o i co b e n vung In d o sin ia tro n g thoi k y do d a b i c h ia c a t ra
thanh nhieu vung n en b an g phdng tu o n g d o i vtrng ch ac con thay d nhieu vtm g cao n g u y en

khac nhau d m ien tru n g v a m ien n am V iet N am . V i du, cac cao n g u y en K o n T urn, P ley K u,
D ac L ac, M o N o ng , L am V ien (D a L at) d p h ia n am V iet N am deu co d an g n en d a k e t tinh
nay d cac dai cao do k h ac nhau (H in h 1). D oc th eo cac d u t g ay tao thanh ran h g id i cu a cac
cao n g u y en nay da lo ra d a m a c m a x am n h ap (ch u yeu la d a g ran it) va cac d o n g bazan . T ro n g
thoi ky xay ra uon nep C aled o n i th u d n g x ay ra b ie n thoai. T u y n hien, sau thoi k y tao son nay,
cac vung bidn q uay trd lai ch iem linh p h an ld n k h o i In d o sin ia (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; F rid lan d ,
1961; D ovjikov et al., 1965a).
N hung d a co nh at c u a D o n g D u o n g la cac p h u c he d a b ien ch at k et tin h tu d i tie n C am b ri
va P aleozoi sdm duoc g iu g an n g u y en tran g it n h at tit D evon. N g ay nay, n h u n g d ien lo ra n g
ldn cu a cac d a m ong nay trd th an h n h ieu cao n g u y en d p h a n tru n g tarn cu a n am V ie t N am .
N hung noi lo gay an tu o n g c u a ch u n g co th e q u an sat d uoc d n h u n g v ach n u i cao v a cac b d
dung dung cua cac h em vuc song sau d m at su d n d o n g cu a cac cao n g u y en doc th eo d u d n g
dut ghy lien tuc tao n en d u d n g b d bidn. D o n g thoi, tram tich M eso zo i phu tren su d n th o a i p h ia
tay hudng ve L ao cu a cac cao n g u y en (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; R u n d ell, 1999).
S u troi len c u a v u n g In d o sin ia v a b ien th o ai m an h m e d a d ien ra d D ev o n m u o n va
C acbon, k h o an g 350 - 3 0 0 tricu nam tru d c day (D o v jik o v e t al., 1965a) v a lien q u a n vd i h o a t
ddng tao nui H ercyni. C ac d an g nui ra n g ld n d u o c h in h th an h ch iem lin h cac d ien tich ld n b

Hinh 2 (doi di4n). Phan chia hanh chinh cua Viet Nam (phan dat lien).
IS Ы

2; Son La; 3‘ U o Cai; 4" Ha Giang: 5- Yen Bai; 6- Phu Tho; 7- Tuyen Quang; 8- Cao Bang; 9- Hoa B.nh
n ' B acK an ; 12- Vinh Phuc; 13- Ha Tay; 1 4 - Thai Nguyen; 15- Nghe An; 16- Ha Noi; 1 7 - Lang Son

u
nu
B4C Gla"8; 2°" ВЙС Nlnh; 21 - Hung Y®n; 22- Ha Naml 23- Hdl Duong; 24- Thai Binh; 25- Nam Dinh
a s " r ,ai
° ng; 27~ Quang Ninh; 28‘ Ha Tinhl 29- Quang Binh; 30- Quang Tri; 31- Thira Thien Hud; 32- Da Nang
, . ' Gua"g Nam; 34- Kon Turn; 35- Gia Lai; 36- Dac Lac; 37- Quang Ngai; 38- Binh Dinh; 39- Phu Yen; 40- Khanh Hoa

a s ’ т u ™ °C; 42~ ТаУ N ‘nh; 43' U m D6ng: 44" Ninh Thuan; 45‘ Blnh Duongl 46‘ D6ng Nah 4 ?- Binh Thuan
55 n P' H° ChLMlnh; 49" Ba R|a " Vflng Tau; 50"Long An; 5 b D 6ngT haP; 52- An Gla"g; 53“ TlSnGiang; 5 4 - B enTre
35- Can Tho; 56- Vinh Long; 57- Tra Vinh; 58- Soc Trang; 59- Kien Giang; 60- Вас Lieu- 61- Ca Mau

3


LAN

HAl

VI$T

NAM

m ien T ru n g V iet N am , tii b o b ie n d en b ie n g io i v o i v o i L ao d o k e t q u a cu a u o n nep H ercy m .
S u h in h th an h c u a p h a n d an g k e 6 day nui T ru o n g S on о p h ia nam V iet N a m c u n g co lien
q u an voi h o a t d o n g tao n u i H ercy n i. C ac th an h h e D ev o n cu a u o n nep H ercy m d uoc co k et
n h o nh u n g h o at d o n g x am n h ap m an h m e cu a g ra m t tro n g C a cb o n giua. H ipn nay, nhung
g ram t 16 ra о n h ieu n o i dpc b o b ie n ch a T ru n g v a N am T ru n g B o (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; F n d la n d ,
1961). T ro n g P erm i h in h th an h th an h n h ieu v u n g tru n g , v a b ie n lai m o t la n n u a b ao p h u d ien
tich rong Ion cu a In d o sin ia.
H oat dong tao n u i m an h m e n h at trong vung xay ra v ao M eso zo i som . C ac v u n g b ien xung
q u an h ria bac, tay v a tay n am cu a d ia khoi In d o sin ia la trung tarn cu a su u o n nep m an h m e boi
h ang loat cac h o at d o n g k ien tao to cuoi P erm i d en T rias. S u u o n nep nay co ten la In d o sim
d en nay co n de lai ch u n g cii ro ran g n h at tai v u n g nui ra n g Ion о bac T h ai L an v a L ao v a d 0 c
theo b ien gioi g iu a V iet N am voi L ao v a C am puchia. C ac v u n g d a gram t ra n g Ion о p h ia bac
V iet N am la d ang x am n hap duoc h in h thanh vao cu m P erm i v a T rias trong su u o n nep nay.
V iec hinh thanh n h ieu he th o n g nui trong su uon nep In d o sin ia, co ten la In d o sm id
(S chzeglo v a 1957) co q u a n h e ch at che voi h o a t d o n g k ie n tao d a d an d en su p h an bo rong

khap cu a cac loai d a m acm a n h u d a r io li t , d a d axit v a cac d a silicat l i e n q u a n V ao cu o i T n a s
p h an d oan d ia ch at D o n g D u o n g cu a p h an vo luc d ia duoc co k e t y a day len d an d en lan thu
hep b ien cuoi cung v a h in h th an h cac d ia h in h ngay nay cu a vim g luc d ia D o n g N am A. M ot
su k ien d ang chii у trong th o i gian nay la su tach ro i cu a dao B orneo ra kh o i p h a n In d o sin ia
(S chzeglova, 1957). B dt dau to k h o an g 180 trieu n am truoc cho den ngay nay cac v u n g da
cao cu a d ia k h o i In d o sin ia d a trai q u a su xoi m o n th u o n g x u y en (S chzeglova, 1957, R undell,
1999) va su king d o n g cu a cac lorn bo i tich, chu yeu la cat. C at tram tich M eso zo i ch iem nhung
dien tich ro n g Ion 6 n am L ao v a d at d en do sau 2 0 0 0 m p h u tren n en d a k et tin h co. C at tram
tich M eso zo i p h an b o doc b o b ien m ien nam V ie t N am . M 0t so h o a t dong x am n hap v a n u i lua
cung xay ra tro n g g iai d o an nay h o ac sau do mOt th o i gian, toy n h ien anh h u o n g cu a chung rat
h an che (S chzeglova, 1957).
C ac vim g b ien nong b ao phu khap v u n g trung tarn v a b ac D o n g D u o n g v ao cu o i P aleo zo i
v a d au M eso zo i d an d e n v iec h in h th an h cac vim g tram tich d a v o i ro n g Ion D ia h in h c acx to
h u n g vi d a h in h th a n h 6 m ie n b ac v a m ie n tru n g V iet N am chu y eu la to d a v o i lang ong
tro n g giai d o an nay. H au h e t d a v o i n ay co n g u o n goc tii D ev o n , C arb o n , P e rm i v a T rias, uy
n hien, d a vo i co n g u o n goc to T ien C am b ri, C am b ri v a O rd o v ic c u n g x u a tto e n о m o t so k h u
v uc (D o v jik o v et al., 1965a, b). B ien xam lan v a n Hep tuc d ien ra rat n h ieu lan tro n g T rias,
v ao d en d o n g C a m p u c h ia v a n h ieu p h a n cu a nam V iet N am . C ac thanh h e tra m tic h luc la
dac tru n g la cac tan g m au d o cu n g h in h th an h tren cdc d ie n tic h ro n g Ion tm C a m p u ch ia va
m ien nam V iet N am (F o n tain e & W o rk m an , 1978).
6

T ro n g su o t cuoi M eso z o i v a C en o zo i, p h an b a n toe d ia D o n g N am A v a cac v u n g la n can
dong nam T ru n g Q uoc duoc co i la m 0 t d o n vi k h ac b ie t k h a tin h lang, tu o n g p h a n v o i cac

vung xung q u an h d an g dien ra cac h o a t d o n g k ie n tao d ia ch at d an g ke (F o n tain e & W o rk m an
1978). V e p h ia tay, k h o i In d o sin ia gioi h a n b o i cac h o at d o n g tao nui cua K re ta - D e tarn
p h ia tay v a tru n g tarn M ian m a; v a v e p h ia nam b o i cac h o at d o n g tao nui M eso zo i - C en o zo i
tai S um atra, Jav a, B o rn eo v a P h ilip in . C u n g tro n g th o i g ian nay, In d o sin ia too th an h m o t don
v i d ia m ao rien g b ie t to k h o i cau true co 6 n am T ru n g Q uoc k eo d ai d en b ac V iet N am . D u o n g

tach ro i cac k h o i nay, n am g an n h u doc th eo d o n g ch ay c u a song H o n g , d a tra i q u a cac h o at
dong p h an tach to cu o i K re ta d e n E ocen. C ac h o a t d o n g k ie n tao о D e tam c o quan_he trong
v u n g In d o sin ia v o i viec day cac v u n g nui troi le n d en d o cao h ie n tai la 2 0 0 0 d e n ^ 0 m
tay v a bac, v a lam vim g th em S u n d a to n x u on g du oi m a t n uoc b ie n (R undell, 1999). C ung
thoi g ian nay d a d ien ra viec h in h th an h cac vim g tru n g v a d u t gay sau.

4


DIA

МАО

C ac dong dun g n ham va b azan k hong 16 D e tam bao p h u cac d ien tich h an g n g an ki lo m et
vuong a nam V iet N am doc theo d u t gay d o h o a t d o n g nui lu a 6 K ain o zo i. V tm g ra n g Ion n hat
cua hoat dOng nay la cac cao n guyen P ley K u, D ac L ac, M o N ong, V ung cao N am B o v a cao
nguyen D i L inh - B ao L oc 6 n am V iet N am (R u n d ell, 1999). C ac v u n g b azan n h o h a n con
p han bo v e p h ia bac. N hieu m ien g nui lua hinh non bi xoi m o n 6 D e tam h ie n v an con to n tai
о cao n guyen K o n T urn. L an nui lira p h u n trao g an d ay n h at la v ao nam 1923 о v u n g b ien
D ong, ve p h ia do n g nam b o b i 6 n V iet N am (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957).
S u nang cao ro ret cu a vim g nui tay bac thupc bac V iet N am va m o t so p h an cu a day T ruong
Son, va su lun xuong cua vung dong bac v a nam V iet N am da xay ra tu cuoi D e tam den ngay
nay van con quan sat duoc. S u hinh thanh cdc he thong niii cao nhat V iet N am n h u F an Si Pan
va N goc L inh la ket q u a cua su nang cao nay. M at khac, su lun xuong cua cdc vung ra n g Ion da
tao dieu kien cho boi ldng phu sa tai dong bang Bdc BO va dong bdng song Ciru L ong
(Schzeglova, 1957). M ot so hien tuong nang cao tuong doi cung xdy ra d doc ven bien T rung.
D o vay, pham vi cua cac d o t bien xdm lan vdo thoi k y P leistocen khong lien tuc 6 k h o ang gan
100 km duong bo bien gan thi xa Phan R ang 6 nam V iet N am (R undell, 1999).
V iec xoi m on nui va ldng d o n g boi tich m an h m e n h at Id net ddc trung tro n g lich sir dia
chat cuoi D e tam va D e tu 6 D o n g D uong. N g ay nay, boi tich D e tu vdn b ao phu cac d ien tich

Ion 6 C am puchia, bdc vd nam V iet N am . Boi tich c 6 h o n P leisto cen m u 0 n dat d en do ddy hon
500 m 6 p hia don g vim g chau tho song Ciru L ong. V u n g chau th o song H ong q u an h H d N oi
cung hodn to an bi b ao phu b o i phu sa D e tu. H au het tram tich H o lo cen h ien dai la cat thach
anh n guyen chat, th u o n g ch iem linh cac v u n g tii noi d ia ra d en cac bai cat doc th eo vim g ven
bidn trung V iet N am vd cac th em boi tich cu a thoi ky nay cu n g rat p h o b ien doc th eo hau het
cac vim g ven b ien tren n en d a voi (R undell, 1999).

DIA MAO
B a p h an tu lan h th 6 V iet N am la vim g nui (H in h 1). C ac vim g n u i co the c h ia th an h 3
v ung rien g biet: 1. V u n g nui V ie t N am о p h ia d o n g b ac so n g H ong; 2. D ay H o an g L ien Son
a tay bdc V iet N am v a p h ia tay bdc song H o n g la d o an k eo dai x u o n g p h ia nam ciia day
H im alaya; va 3. D ay T ru o n g S on la x u o n g song ciia vim g D o n g N am A doc th e o b ie n gioi
tay ciia V iet N am (S c h zeg lo v a, 1957; R u n d ell, 1999). C ac v u n g d ja m ao khac cu a V ie t N am
la cac d o n g b ang v en b ie n v a cac vim g chau th d ra n g Ion bdng phdng p h u sa cu a so n g H o n g
v a song Ciru L ong.

V im g n u i d o n g b a c
M ien dong bac V iet N am ndm p h ia dong bdc song H o n g la p h an m o ro n g cu a n en H oa
N am (T rung Q uoc), b ao gom p h ia tay tin h Q u an g T ay , nam Q ui C hau v a d o n g V an N am , va
khac biet v e m at cdu true voi p h an nam cu a vim g D o n g N am A (D o v jik o v et al., 1965b;
R undell, 1999). V im g nay da tirng trai q u a n hieu giai doan nang cao va sut x u o n g lien tuc
nhung chi co rdt it b ien d an g trong suot Ijch sir ciia no. C anh quan duoc h in h th an h do t 6 hop
cua da b ien ch at m o n g c 6 lo ra v a tram tich b ien P aleo zo i m u o n - T rias scrm bj b ao m on. P han
Ion cac tram tich nay la da voi d a bi n ang cao v a bi bao m o n de h in h thanh cac vtm g d ia hinh
c acx to ra n g Ion h ien c o n th ay о d an g he th o n g dai nui sot hep v a cac d in h nui hinh tru voi cac
suon doc v a cac vach d u n g dung. 6 V iet N am , cac nui nay th u o n g cao tii 300 d en 7 0 0 m . T uy
n hien khi tien dan v e bien gio i voi T ru n g Q uoc, ch u n g th u o n g dat d en d o cao 1400 - 1600 m.
D ac trung ciia vim g nay la co rat n h ieu h an g dong, cac m ien g ho nuoc hin h phdu, cac song
ngam va ho co the can nuoc trong m ua kho.

5


LAN

HAl

VIET NAM

H oat d o n g k ie n tao v ao cuoi T rias trong th o i k y u o n n ep In d o sin i v a m u o n h o n d an d en
viec x uat h ien cac vim g x am n hap (D ovjikov et al., 1965b; R u n d ell, 1999) tao ra cac h e th o n g
nui da gram t b iet lap, n h u n u i T ay C o n L in h (2419 m ), P u T h a C a (2274 m ), P ia D a (1 9 8 0 m )
v a P ia O ac (1 9 3 0 m ). D ay la cac d in h cao n h at tro n g vim g nay v a co dac d iem la tro i len cao
h an so vo i cac can h q u a n xung quanh. S u sut lu n th e h ie n ro b a t dau tii th i x a C ao B an g ra
d en vim g ven b ie n (H in h 1).
B ao quanh chau tho song H ong v a cac song ld n khac la cac day da voi rong ldn, nhung dong
bang boi tich day v a nhung nui thap. V en b d bien dong bdc rai rac cd hang tram dao d a voi, cat
ket, da phien. N hung nui d a voi bi gam m o n dang cot cung gap о m o t so noi giua dong bang oi
tich va them thap ciia chau tho song H ong.

Vim g nui tay bdc
P h an p h ia d o n g day H im a la y a (nui H o an h D o an ) m b ro n g tu tin h V an N am (T ru n g Q uoc)
sang m ien bac V iet N am h in h th an h n hieu day nui cao n h u H o an g L ien Scm, P h u Si L u n g va
Phu D en D in h (H inh 1). C ac d ay nhi nay hau het со do cao tren 2 0 0 0 m , hm h th an h m o t khu
vuc nui ro n g ld n о tay bdc V iet N am . C o rat n hieu d in h nui co d o cao tren 2 5 0 0 m n h u F a n
Si Pan (3143 m ) Т а G ian g P h in (3096 m ), P hu Si L u n g (3 0 7 6 m ), P u L u d n g (2985 m ), P h u
P ho u n g C h an g (2825 m ) v a P h u L an g K u n g (2817 m ). H au h et cac n u i nay d eu h in h thanh tu
da gram t h ay q u arzit x am thuc v ao cu o i M eso zo i. V e p h ia n am cu a cac day nui ch m h la m o t
vung phuc h e d a u o n nep n h u cac пёр lom song D a v a D ien B ien v a nep loi song M a.
M ot lo at cao n g u y en d a voi D ev o n va T rias n h u S o n L a v a M o c C h au co do cao 1500 1700 m tach roi ra k h o i vim g nay boi cac h em nui h ep h o ac cac th u n g lu n g song rat d o c eo

dai doc song D a, tu b m n gidi T ru n g Q uoc ra d en bien. 6 n goai vi cu a cac cao n g uyen, d a voi
tao пёп cac vim g can h q u a n n g o an m uc co dang d ia hin h ca cx to b i an m o n m an h (S ch zeg lo v a
1957; D o v jik o v et al., 1965b; R u n d ell, 1999). D ieu nay co the th ay о rat n hieu no i tm cac tinh
L ai C hau , S on L a, H o a B in h , T h an h H oa, N ghe A n v a Q u an g B in h (D ovjikov e t al., 1965b).

Viing nui Truong Son
D ay T ru o n g S o n la m o t v u n g n u i ro n g Ion, trai d a, d en g an 1200 k m tit bdc d e n n am , doc
th eo b ie n gidi cu a V iet N am v o i L ao v a C am p u ch ia, b ao g o m ca m o t so cao n g u y e n ro n g Ion
b nam V ie t N am . D ay la v u n g nui со cau true p huc tap , trai q u a m o t lich su nhieu lan u o n nep
cu a d a tram tich bien v a d a b ien chat, cu a cac d a m o n g n an g troi v a sau d o la cac h o at dong
nui lua vdi n h u n g d o n g d u n g nham b azan rong ldn.
H oat dong nang troi chu yeu о day T ruong Son xay ra trong qua trinh tao nu, Indosini vao
Paleozoi m uon v a M esozoi sdm . P han Ion day nui nay duoc tao пёп tu cac d a tram tich bien
Paleozoi da bien dang vd cac da gram t xam nhap vao Paleozoi m uon - M esozoi som. D inh nui
cao nhat nam tren b ien gidi V iet - L ao b phan bdc cua vim g la X ai L ai L eng co dinh cao 27
m.
D inh nay cung voi cac dinh cao khac trong vung nhu Pu H oat (2452 m ), R ao C o (2 -3 5 m ) va
M uong T ip (2040 m ) deu duoc tao thanh tii da gram t T rias (D ovjikov et al., 1965b).
P han b ac cu a d ay T ru o n g S on, vim g h ep nhdt c u a V ie t N am , nam tii p h ia n am cu a thanh
pho V in h V u n g nay co d o cao tu o n g doi thdp v b i m o t vai din h cao nhat k h o an g 1300 m , co n
b cac d eo d o cao g iam x u o n g chi con 500 m (H in h 1). N h u n g nui cb b i b ao m o n nay nam
th anh m o t d ai к ёо d ai tii L ao q u a m ien tru n g V iet N am q uanh H oi A n d en n am D a N ang.
C hun g h in h th an h tii uon n ep H ercy m duoc p h u b tren b an g tram tich cat k et luc d ia tu o i T rias

6


DIA

МАО

m uon. D ang d a nay ra t g iau th u c vat h o a thach (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; R u n d ell, 1999). N h ieu
dien tich ldn trong v u n g nay bi p h u boi tram tich v o i tu o n g bien bi b ien ch at cao, chu yeu co
tudi tu D evon, C arb on v a P erm i, giau h o a th ach bien. D ai c h in h cu a cac tram tich nay chay
ngang d ay T ru o n g S on v a k eo dai tii b d Ыёп d e n L ao th eo h u d n g tay bac. V e p h ia tay bac cua
thanh pho V inh v a tay ciia th i xa D o n g H oi, su b ao m o n tai cac trien p h ia d o n g ciia cac cao
n g u yen d a voi n ay d a tao th an h p h o n g can h n g o an m u c g o m cac day nui h ep ch en chiic va
cac dinh rnii cao v o t len tii cac th u n g lu n g p h u sa b an g p h a n g (D o v jik o v et al., 1965a, b).
P han nam cu a d ay T ru o n g S on chu yeu la n en d a k e t tin h cd gom d a g o n ai T ie n C am bri.
T rong P aleozoi v a M ezo so i sdm nen d ia tan g nay b i v d ra de tao th an h cac cao n g u y en rieng
biet со do cao kh ac nhau. C ao n h a t la cac cao n g u y en K o n Turn v a L am V ien (D a L at) со do
cao 1000 - 1500 m . C ao n g u y en P ley K u, D ac L ac, M o N o n g (D i L in h ) v a cac cao n g u y en
khac thaip hon, tii 100 - 7 7 0 m . C ac cao n g u y en d p h ia n am tao n en m 0 t p h u c he k h am d uoc
hinh thanh tii d a g ram t xam n hap th u o c P aleo zo i m u o n - M eso zo i sdm , v a cac vtm g tram tich
rnii lua rong ldn tu o i D e tam v a D e tii b ao p h u len m o n g d a cd. C ac d ien 10 g ran it v a cac day
nui lua dang chop bi b ao m o n cu n g p h a n bd rai rac tren m o t so cao n g u y en (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957;
R undell, 1999).
D ay T ru o n g S on n o i cao len d en k h o i nui K o n Turn ro n g ldn n am d p h ia tay n am th an h
pho D a N in g . C ao n g u y en tu d a m o n g ro n g n h at nay k e o dai k h o an g 2 5 0 k m th eo ch ieu bac
- nam v a 200 km th eo ch ieu d o n g - tay. D in h N g o c L in h , m o t d in h rnii d a g ran it, со ch ieu cao
2589 m ndm d ria p h ia bac cu a khoi nui K on T urn, la d in h cao n h at cu a d ay T ru o n g S o n d
m ien trung V iet N am . C ac d in h C h u Y ang S in (2405 m ) v a B i D iip (2287 m ) cu n g la cac dinh
nui da g ran it va la cac din h cao n h at d p h a n nam ciia day T ru o n g Son, ndi len tii cao n g u y en
L am V ien. C hung d uoc tao th an h tii d a p h ien v a q u arzit, cim g v d i cac vtm g d a g ra n it ro n g ldn
v a cac loai da nui Ida n h u rio lit, an d ex it v a dacit. V im g trung tam ciia cao n g u y en L am V ien
(D a L at) chu y eu la dacit, tro n g do со din h L an g B ian cao d en 2163 m (R u n d ell, 1999).
T iep th eo su h in h th an h v a troi d an g ciia n am d ay T ru o n g Son, cac d o n g d u ng n h am ldn
phun trao v ao cuo i D e tam v a D e tu da h in h th an h n en cac cao n g u y en d at do b a z an ro n g ldn
nhu P ley K u, D ac Ldc, L am V ien (D a L at), M o N o n g (D i L inh) v a cac cao n g u y en khac d
nam V iet N am . D o cao chii yeu cu a k h u vuc nay la 200 - 7 0 0 m . B a cao n g u y en dau tien tro n g

so к ё tren doi k h i cu n g duoc g o p ch u n g vao T ay N guyen.
C ao n guyen P ley K u со ran h g id i p h ia bdc la k h o i nui K o n T urn, va p h ia d o n g la so n g D a
R an g v a vim g trung C h eo R eo. V tm g tru n g n ay со cac d o n g bdng bo i tich day d en 150 m . D at
b azan cua cao n gu y en D ac Ldc bi p h an h o a v a sau n h at d p h ia n am v a m o n g ho n v e p h ia bdc.
D at d ria p h ia tay cu a cao n g u y en P ley K u ciing sau v a m au m d.
C ac cao n g u y en tu o n g doi thap, cao 300 - 6 0 0 m , d cue n am cua d ay T ru o n g S on duoc
hinh thanh tii vim g b an b in h n g u y en d o u o n nep H ercy n i cu a da p h ien va cat k et со d uoc phu
boi cac loai bazan tu d i k h ac nhau. B azan g ia со d p h a n bdc co n b azan trc h o n со d p h an nam .
C ac vim g d a g ran it lo th ien cung p h a n bo rai rac d day. C ac vim g doi niii h in h b at lip ro n g ldn
d dong nam , doi kh i со do cao den 1 0 0 0 - 1600 m , h au h et d uoc hinh th an h tii cac k h o i da
g ran it bi phong hoa. C ac v u n g d ia hin h th ap ch im d an v e p h ia chau th o song Ciru L o n g la ranh
gidi p h ia nam cu a day T ru o n g Son.
D ang chii у la d n am V iet N am cac h e th o n g n u d e luu th o n g chu yeu chay san g h u d n g tay
do vao C am puchia, each ly v d i h e thong cac th u n g lung sdng d sudn p h ia d o n g dm u d t h o n
cu a V iet N am . S ud n p h ia d o n g rat doc cu a day T ru o n g S on la k e t q u a cu a m o t d u t gay ld n da
cat khoi da k et tin h ciia cac cao n g u y en co vao T rias m u o n . 6 m 0 t vai chd, d u t g ay n ay со
the q uan sat duoc d cac vach d a d u n g d u n g cao d en 1000 m . V tm g nay со ra t n hieu hem nui

7


1

LAN

H AI

VIET

NAM

hep h in h th an h do nuoc an m o n khoi da k et tin h c 6 (ch u y eu la d a g ran it v a gon ai) v a rat n hieu
thac nude h u ng vi. C ac song chay ve h u d n g d o n g b at n g u o n tu d ay T ru o n g S o n th u o n g n g an
nhung chay x iet v d i n h ieu thac gh'enh.

Cac vimg dong bang ven bidn
C ac vu n g d o n g b an g v en bien cd do p han g k h o n g deu, h au h et sat m uc nude b ien, tao nen
m o t v an h dai h ep doc th eo b o bien noi lien cac v u n g d at th ap v en song m au m o о m ie n bac
va m ien nam V iet N am . C ac v u n g d o n g b an g v e n b ien о d o i ch o ro n g d en 50 k m , n h u n g noi
chung thu o n g rat h ep (H in h 1). 6 m o t vai chd, v i du d eo N g an g , deo C h an M ay v a m ui N ay
cac n hanh nui tu day T ru o n g S o n c a t roi v u n g d o n g b an g keo dai d en tan b o b ien v a h in h
th an h cac vach nui ra t doc.
C ac p h an d o i nui cu a v u n g d o n g b an g v en b ie n tiep g iap v d i v u n g nui duoc h in h th a n h tu
cac tram tich D e tu lan g d o n g tu day T ru o n g Son. C ac th em b ien со xua d a bi b ao m o n nhieu
cd th e de dang q u an sat tai day. N h u n g th em b ien tre n hat, duoc h in h th an h chu y eu tu tram
tich cat da on din h v a cac d u n cat со tudi D e tu, cu n g to n tai 6 g an d u d n g b d bien.

Cac thung lung boi tich cua song Chu Long va song Hong
H ai co n song Ion n h at d v u n g D o n g N am A - la song Ciru L o n g v a song H ong tao n e n cac
vung chau th o ro n g ld n p h u boi b o i tich D e tu.
V u n g ch au th d c u a so n g H o n g , h a y la d o n g b a n g В ас B o , cd d ie n tic h h o n 1 5 .0 0 0 k m 2,
ch u y eu co d o cao 2 - 6 m , v a d o i c h d th a m ch i co n th a p h o n so vd i m a t n u o c b ie n . S o n g
H o n g m a n g m o t lu o n g Ion d a t p h u sa (k h o an g 8 0 trid u m 3m d i n am ) b o i la n g x u o n g lam b o
c u a vim g n ay la n d a n ra b ie n со ch d d en 100 m m d i n a m (S c h z e g lo v a , 1957).
V ung chau thd
40 .5 0 0 k m 2, chidm
th u o n g хиуёп ngap
nhat q uan sat duoc

c u a song C uu L ong, h ay d o n g b an g song Ciru L o n g , cd d ie n tich d en

h au h et cac v u n g d at th ap d m ien N am . V ung b in h n g u y en b a n g p h an g
nude nay со d o cao chi k h o an g 2 m . T o e do boi lan ra b ien h an g n am Ion
(60 - 80 m m d i nam ) со thd th ay d m u i C a M au (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957).

C ac v u n g dat p h u sa m au m d о hai vu ng chau th d nay la noi m at do d an so rat cao, chu
yeu d ua vao san xuat nong n ghiep. C d den h o n 80% d a n so V iet N am song d cac v u n g dong
b an g chau thd v a v en bidn, tro n g k h i d cac v u n g n u i d an c u co n tu o n g d o i th u a thdt.

CAC VUNG KHI HAU
C ac loai gio m iia d o n g v a m u a h e cd anh h u d n g ld n den khi h au vung D o n g N am A noi
chung, vung D o n g D u o n g noi n e n g . G io bac v a gib d o n g b ac с Ы ё т uu th e tro n g v u n g tu
than« M uoi d en th an g B a d uoc tao ra bd i vung ap suat cao d uoc h in h th an h v ao m u a d o ng о
trung° tam chau A tai v u n g th ao n g u y en M ong C d rd n g Ion. G id nay th u o n g la n h v a k h o , va
tao cho V ie t N am m o t kidu th o i tie t k h o v a trong lanh. G id nam v a gio tay n am ch iem uu the
trong vu n g tu thang T u d e n th an g C hin, den tii A n D o D u o n g v a T h ai B in h D u o n g, no i co cac
vim g ap suat cao h in h th an h trong m u a he. C ac gid m u a he th u o n g n o n g , am uot v a tao n en
th o i tied nong v a n hieu m u a tai v u ng luc d ia (S ch zeg lo v a, 1957; F n d la n d , 1961; P h am N gpc
T o an & P h an T a t D ac, 1993). D o n g tho i, tin h chat doi nui phuc tap v a h in h dang dac b ie t cua
dudng b d bid n Viet N am doi chd d a lam thay dd i h u d n g d i c u a cac loai gio m u a, lam thay doi
thdi gian cu a m u a k h o v a m u a m u a v a lam anh h u d n g d e n lu o n g m u a cu a vung. D ieu nay d an
den su da d ang d an g k in h ngac cu a cac v u n g khi h au d V iet N am .


CAC

VUNG

KHI

HAU

N guyen K hanh V an e t al. (2000) da x ac din h bay vim g khi hau chinh о V iet N am (co tham
khao cac n g h ien cuu trad e d o cu a W alter & L eith , 1960, 1964, 1967; G au ssen , L eg ris &
B lasco, 1967; S chm id, 1974; T h ai V an T rim g, 1978; So lieu K hi tu o n g - T hiiy v an , 1989,
1997; P ham N go c T o an & P h an T at D ac, 1993). D o la cac vim g:
1. K hi hau n h iet doi g io m u a co m u a d o n g lanh v a m u a m iia he;
2. K hi hau nhiet doi g io m u a co m iia d o n g lan h v a m u a m ua he - thu;
3. K hi hau n h iet doi g io m iia co m iia d o n g aim ap va m ua m u a he - th u - dong;
4. K hi hau n h iet d o i g io m iia co m iia d o n g am ap va m u a m u a thu - dong;
5. K hi hau nhiet doi g io m iia co m u a d o n g am ap va m u a m iia he;
6.

K hi hau can x ich dao g io m iia co m u a m iia he;

7. K hi hau n h iet d o i gio m iia vim g nui.
C ac vim g khi hau ciia V iet N am d uoc the hien tro n g H inh 3 v a d o n g thoi c u n g cap bieu
do khi hau d ien hin h ciia m di vung. B an d o lu o n g m u a cu a V iet N am d a sir d u n g to an b0 so
lieu h ien co (B ru zo n & C arton, 1930; C h ev ey & C arton. 1935; S ch zeg lo v a , 1957; F rid lan d .
1961; W alter & L eith, 1960, 1964, 1967; G au ssen , L eg ris & B lasco, 1967; S ch m id , 1974;
T hai V an T rim g, 1978; P h am N goc T o an & P han T at D ie , 1993; va N g u y en K h anh V an et
al., 2000) duoc trin h bay 6 H in h 4.

Khi hau nhiet doi gio m iia со miia dong lanh va m ua miia he
V ung khi hau nay co p h am vi gan n h u to an bo m ien Bdc V iet N am (H in h 3). M iia dong
kho vdi cac thoi ky k h o dai 2 - 5 thang, k eo dai tii th an g M u d i hai d en th an g H ai h ay B a, dien
hinh cho cac vim g d o n g bdng va tru n g du m ien bac V iet N am . C ung vao th o i g ian do, d cac
vung nui cao hon , n h u day T am D ao (21°27'B , 105°38'D ), Sin H o (22°21'B , 103°15’D ) va thi
xa M ong C ai (21°31'B , 107°58'D ) lai k h o n g со th oi g ian k h o han. T ai m ot so vim g k h ac thoi
gian kho han doi k h i rat ngdn (N guyen K hanh V an et al., 2000).
M iia he о vim g nay thuong dm udt, vdi luong m u a tap trung nhat vao cac thang B ay v a Tam .

H a N oi co luong m u a trung binh nam la 1674 m m , xap xi vdi luong m u a trung binh nam cu a ca
vim g la 1700 m m . L uo n g m u a tang len dang кё, den 2500 - 2800 m m d cac sudn nam v a dong
nam ciia cac he thong nui ldn, vi du suon nui T am D ao, gan T am D udng (22°25'B , 103°29'D),
cac vung M ong C ai vd S in H d (H inh 3). Tai Bdc Q uang (22°29'B , 1 0 4°54D ), luong m u a trung
binh nam tang den m uc dang ngac nhien la 4802 m m (N guyen K hanh V an et al., 2000). 6 sudn
bac v a tay bdc ciia cdc vim g niii nay luong m ua lai g iam dang ke. L uong m u a trung binh nam d
day thuong la 1200 - 1400 m m , vi du d cac thi tran S ong M a (21°04B , 103°44D ), Y en C hau
(21°03'B , 104°17’D ), B ao L ac (22°57'B , 105°40D ) hoac T uo n g D uong (19°17’B, 104°26'D).
L uong m ua thap nhat theo bao cao la 1126 m m tai dao B ach L ong V i (20°08’B, 107°43’D ), ndm
d trung tam ciia V inh Bdc B o (N guyen K hanh V an et al., 2000).
C he do n hiet d m ien bdc V iet N am chiu anh h u d n g th eo m iia rat ro ret. M iia d o n g tu o n g
doi lanh tai H a noi k eo d ai tu th an g M udi m o t d en th an g T u vdi n h iet do tir 14 - 16°C (n h iet
do thap n hat tu y e t d o i la 2,7°C ). M u a phtin k eo dai dai ddng, th u o n g duoc goi la m u a xuan,
rat d ien hinh cho cac v u n g d d n g bdng th ap tir dau th an g H ai d en cuoi th an g B a. M iia he nong
va am , vdi n hiet d o toi d a th u o n g thay о Н а N pi la tren 33°C (n h iet do cao nhdt tu y et doi
42,8°C ). N hiet do tru n g b in h nam d H a N oi la 23,5°C (G aussen, L eg ris & B lasco , 1967;
R undel, 1999; N guydn K hanh V an et al., 2000). C ac vtm g nui о m ien b ac со n h iet d o thap
hon vd luong m ua trung b in h nam cao h o n theo do cao tan g dan. T ai do cao tren 1000 m doi
khi co suong m ud i xuat h ien v ao ban d em d cac chd trong trai vao cac th an g m iia ddng.

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