SPANISH Vocabulary An Etymological Approach

Spanish Vocabulary
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David Brodsky
SPANISH
Vocabulary
An Etymological Approach
University of Texas Press Austin
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Brodsky, David.
Spanish vocabulary : an etymological approach / by David Brodsky. — st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
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alk. paper)
. Spanish language—Vocabulary. . Spanish language—Textbooks for
foreign speakers—English. . Spanish language—Etymology. I. Title.
PC.B 
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Contents
Preface vii
Abbreviations and Symbols ix
Simpli ed Gender Rule xii
Introduction 
PART I. BACKGROUND
.. Spanish as a Romance Language 
.. “Learned” versus “Popular” Words 
.. Latin: A Few Useful Tools 
PART II. CLASSICAL VOCABULARY
.. “Learned” Latin Words 
.. “Learned” Greek Words 
PART III. POPULAR VOCABULARY: THE SHAPE OF SPANISH
.. Addition of “Helping” e : esnob ϭ snob 
.. Initial f S h: higo ϭ  g 
.. Vowel Changes: e S ie, o S ue, etc. 
.. Basic Consonant Changes: p/b, t/d, c/g 
.. Other Distinctive Consonants (or Lack  ereof) 
PART IV. SELECTED TOPICS
.. Goths and Other Germans 
.. Arabs and Muslims 
.. Numbers and Quantities 
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.. Time 
.. Ser and Estar 
.. Food and Animals 
.. Religion 
..  e Family 
.. Body, Spirit, and Mind 

.. Romance (Languages) and Politics 
ANNEXES. ADDITIONAL WORDS
A. Principal Exceptions to the “Simpli ed
Gender Rule” 
B.  Not-So-Easy Words 
C. Verbs Ending in -cer and Related Words 
D. , Relatively Easy Words 
Selected References 
vi CONTENTS
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Preface
 is book is intended for students at all levels who seek to enhance their
Spanish vocabulary, as well as for those who wish simply to explore the wide-
ranging connections between Spanish and English vocabulary.  e approach
di ers markedly from that of “traditional” Spanish vocabulary books that
present lists of words with English de nitions, grouped by subject areas. While
such lists can be useful for reviewing and maintaining vocabulary, they o en
are of far less value to students seeking to acquire new vocabulary, or at least to
those not blessed with photographic memories.
Spanish Vocabulary: An Etymological Approach o ers elements rarely found
in a work addressed to a nonspecialist audience, including:
. etymological connections between Spanish and English vocabulary
. historical and linguistic information on the origin and evolution of
Spanish
. comparative references to developments in other Romance languages
(and English)
A multifaceted approach is employed, ranging from presenting words in a his-
torical context to developing an understanding of the “shape” or “feel” of Span-
ish. While extensive use of lists is also made, there is a crucial di erence: in the
large majority of cases, Spanish words are associated explicitly with related

English words, an association that can greatly facilitate learning and retaining
these words. As an example, the correspondence amable (Spanish)—amiable
(En glish) can be used as the basis for learning a number of other Spanish words:
Spanish
De nition [Other Cognate]
amable amiable, kind
—amabilidad —amiability, kindness
—amistad —friendship, amity
—amistoso —friendly, amicable
—amor —love [paramour]
—amoroso —amorous, loving
—amar —(to) love
—amante —loving, lover
—enamorar —(to) enamor
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—enamorado, —in love, enamored, lover, inamorato,
enamorada inamorata
 e presentation is divided into four parts, plus four annexes.  e book can
be studied sequentially or “à la carte” (Spanish a la carta). It is in fact recom-
mended that one move back and forth between the sections to provide a greater
element of variety.
Part I provides general background material on the origins of Spanish and
begins the process of presenting Spanish vocabulary. Part II presents “classi-
cal” Spanish vocabulary, that is, words whose form (in both Spanish and En-
glish) is nearly unchanged from Latin and Greek. Part III deals with “popu-
lar” Spanish vocabulary, or words that during the evolution from Latin to
Spanish underwent signi cant change in form (and o en in meaning as well).
A number of “patterns” are set out that can help one to recognize and remember
new vocabulary. Part IV treats in a more discursive manner various themes,
including Germanic and Arabic words, numbers, time, food and animals, the

family, the body, and politics.
 e annexes present additional words in list form:
Annex A: Principal Exceptions to the “Simplifi ed Gender Rule”
Annex B:  Not-So-Easy Words (whose relations, if any, to English words
are not immediately obvious)
Annex C: Verbs Ending in -cer and Related Words
Annex D: , Relatively Easy Words (with English correspondences)
viii PREFACE
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Abbreviations and Symbols
acc. accusative
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
AHCD American Heritage College Dictionary
Amer. American Spanish (not necessarily all countries);
or indigenous language
Arab. Arabic
arch. architecture
astron. astronomy
biol. biology/zoology
bot. botany
cap. capitalized
Cat. Catalan
cf. compare (from Latin )
chem. chemistry
CL Classical Latin
conj. conjunction
def. de nition
dim. diminutive
DRAE Diccionario de la lengua española of the Real Academia Española

eccl. ecclesiastical
elec. electricity
Eng. English
esp. especially
fam. familiar, colloquial
f. feminine
 g.  guratively;  gurative
Fr. French
freq. frequently
gen. generally
genit. genitive (possessive case)
geog. geography
geol. geology
geom. geometry
Germ. Germanic
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gram. grammar
Gk. Greek
incl. including
inf. in nitive
It. Italian
Lat. Latin
lit. literally
m. masculine
m./f. masculine/feminine
math. mathematics
med. medicine
mil. military
Mod.Fr. Modern French
Mod.Sp. Modern Spanish

n. noun
neg. negative
n.f. feminine noun
n.m. masculine noun
n.m./f. noun both masculine and feminine
nom. nominative
obs. obsolete or archaic
OED Oxford English Dictionary
OldEng. Old English
OldFr. Old French
OldSp. Old Spanish
onom. onomatopoeia
orig. originally
part. participle
pert. pertaining
pl. plural
Port. Portuguese
p.p. past participle

prep. preposition
pres. present
RAE Real Academia Española (see also DRAE)
sing. singular
s.o. someone
Sp. Spanish

Used generally in cases where the de nition corresponding to the past participle is not pre-
sented among the accompanying list of de nitions.
x ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
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UK United Kingdom
vb. verb
VL Vulgar Latin
w/out without
ϳ is similar in meaning to (always refers to two Spanish words)
Ͻ is derived from (e.g., soprano Ͻ It., sport < disport)
ϭ is equal to
 is not equal to
† indicates that an English word used as a cognate is “obsolete” or
“archaic”


In general, this applies to words that either: (a) are listed as “obsolete” or “archaic” in Web-
ster’s  ird New International Dictionary, Unabridged or (b) are not found there but appear in the
Oxford English Dictionary.  e term rare is used to mark other cognates that, while perhaps not
technically obsolete or archaic, are not normally found in “smaller” dictionaries (e.g., American
Heritage College Dictionary).
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS xi
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Simplifi ed Gender Rule
Both to streamline the presentation and to serve as a learning tool, the text will
employ the following “Simpli ed Gender Rule” that “predicts” the correct gen-
der for more than  percent of all Spanish nouns.
. Nouns having one of the following endings are assumed to be feminine:
a) -a
b) -ión
c) -d
d) -umbre
e) -ie
f) -ez

g) -triz
h) -sis / -tis (Greek words)
. Nouns ending in -ista are assumed to be both masculine and feminine.
. All other nouns are assumed to be masculine.
ONLY NOUNS WHOSE GENDER IS “UNPREDICTABLE” WILL BE
EXPLICITLY MARKED.
 us:
rosa rose
tema (m.) theme
libro book
mano (f.) hand
nación nation
avión (m.) airplane
corazón heart
razón (f.) reason
periodista journalist
evangelista (m.) Evangelist (author of one of the four NT gospels)
Annex A examines in more detail the accuracy of this “rule” and lists some
of the principal exceptions.
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In general, Spanish is quite  exible in forming feminine nouns from mas-
culine ones by:
(a) changing the fi nal -o to -a
(b) adding -a to a noun or adjective ending in -or, -án, -ín, -ón
(c) adding -a to a national or regional identifi er ending in a consonant
For (b) and (c), the fi nal-syllable written accent, if any, disappears in the
feminine.
Masculine Feminine English
(a) gato gata cat
chico chica boy, girl

(b) director directora director
holgazán holgazana lazy, loafer
bailarín bailarina dancing, dancer
ladrón ladrona thieving, thief
(c) español española Spanish, Spaniard
francés francesa French, Frenchman /Frenchwoman
To simplify the presentation, masculine forms only will generally be shown
for nouns and adjectives that follow these patterns, except in cases where there
is a change in written accent, or where English has a distinct female form.
Examples:
ladrón (-ona) thieving, thief or larcenist
ciervo, cierva deer, stag, doe
For “people” nouns not having one of the above endings, the masculine and
feminine forms are generally identical.  is will frequently be highlighted by
using the abbreviation m./f.  us:
atleta (m./f.) athlete
cómplice (m./f.) accomplis
estudiante (m./f.) student
Finally, there are a very small number of “object” nouns that can be either
masculine or feminine, with no change in meaning.  ese will also be marked
with m./f. For example:
maratón (m./f.) marathon
tizne (m./f.) soot
SIMPLIFIED GENDER RULE xiii
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Spanish Vocabulary
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Introduction

An English speaker learning Spanish starts with one huge, though generally
underutilized, advantage: he or she is already speaking a Romance language,
and with a little bit of help, can easily recognize and learn to use a very large
number of Spanish words.  e “romance” of English may come as a surprise to
those who have been taught that English is a Germanic language. Nonetheless,
in terms of its vocabulary, English is overwhelmingly Latinate; in the Shorter
Oxford Dictionary, for example, there are more than twice as many Latin-
Romance words as Germanic ones.

Of course, one does not learn words in a foreign language simply by noting
their similarities with English words; rather, the basic familiarity that exists
(or that with a little practice can be seen to exist) can help one to remember
new words and to recognize them the next time they are encountered and,
a er a while, to be able to begin using them naturally (in both speaking and
writing).
Consider the following seven words:
Spanish English
hecho fact
dicho saying, proverb
pecho chest
estrecho narrow
derecho right, straight
techo roof
leche milk
If you haven’t studied much Spanish already, chances are that the Spanish
words are not instantly recognizable. What you would normally do is look
them up in the dictionary and, probably, not remember their de nitions (cer-
tainly not all of them) the next time you see them.  is is the list (or “telephone
book”) approach to learning vocabulary.


In terms of frequency of usage, Germanic words dominate; in terms of simple word numbers,
Latin and Romance ones do.  e issue of English as a “Germanic” versus “Romance” language
will be revisited in Section ..
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 INTRODUCTION
 ere is an alternative approach:
Spanish Latin Similar English Word
hecho  fact
dicho
 dictum, edict
pecho
 pectoral
estrecho
 strict
derecho
 direct, rectum
techo
 (pro)tect
leche
 lactose
where the middle column represents the common Latin origin of the corre-
sponding Spanish and English words. Several points can immediately be noted:
(a) in each case, Spanish has changed Latin CT to ch;
(b) in several cases, the vowel has changed;
(c) the fi nal Latin
UM or US has become Spanish o, while the fi nal EM in LACTEM
has become e;
(d) an initial e has been added to estrecho;
(e) the
F in FACTUM has been converted into a silent h in Spanish.

Each of these characteristics is in fact a very frequent occurrence in Spanish, as
we will see in Part III.
We note also that the English equivalents of the Latin roots do not always
have the identical meaning of the corresponding Spanish word, but in all cases
they are at least suggestive and, more importantly, easy to remember. We may
not know too much about lactose, but most of us know that it is in milk and that
some people have problems digesting it (hence lactose-free milk in the super-
markets).

Similarly, “narrow” and “strict” are not perfect synonyms, but they
do have overlapping meanings, since a “strict interpretation” is a “narrow” one.
And how about derecho, and what is its possible connection with rectum?
Latin  meant “in a straight line”, hence “direct”, and is the origin of
Spanish derecho meaning “right”, both in terms of direction (“directly ahead”,
“the right-hand one”) and “law”. , “straight”, leads to  -
, the “straight intestine”, shortened in English and Spanish to rectum and
recto, respectively.
Finally, techo is easily remembered because it (pro)tects us from the elements.

 e same lac(t)- appears in galactic and galaxy (from Greek), the inspiration for the Milky
Way (a translation of Latin  ).
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INTRODUCTION 
Apart from being an e ective learning tool, this alternative to the “tele-
phone book” approach can help convert vocabulary learning from an essen-
tially painful process with no immediate reward to an enjoyable one with both
immediate and longer-term bene ts:
(a) It provides valuable insights into the history of both the Spanish language
and the Spanish-speaking peoples.
(b) It provides an opportunity to deepen one’s understanding of English

(e.g., how many people are aware that the English word check comes—
via Persian, Arabic, Spanish, and French—from the Shah of Iran?).
(c) It enables one to enlarge one’s English vocabulary. For example, all of the
following words (some rather obscure) found in the American Heritage
College Dictionary are closely related—and, in a number of cases, identical
in form—to reasonably common Spanish words:
acequia frijol
acicula grisaille
alcalde horologe
bodega lanose
burnoose paries, parietal
cespitose manus
cicatrix matutinal
comestible muliebrity
consuetudinary non obstante
cuirass playa
estival seta
 nca stupefacient
fovea supervene
(d) It will make learning a second Romance language (French, Italian, Portu-
guese, Catalan

) far easier; conversely, any preexisting knowledge of one
of these languages can immediately be applied to the learning of Spanish.
Returning to our example above, let us consider in more detail
STRICTUS S estrecho

Or Romanian, Rhaeto-Romance (one of Switzerland’s four national languages), Occitan
(also known as Provençal), Galician (northwest Spain), or Sardinian.
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 INTRODUCTION
to illustrate how, with a little e ort, learning one word can be the key to learn-
ing a large number of others.  is the past participle of the Latin verb
 (“to bind tightly”, “to tighten”), which gave rise (via Old French) to
English strain, restrain, constrain, as well as to the more “classical” forms strict,
restrict, constrict, restriction, etc.
A similar process occurred in Spanish, giving these correspondences:
Spanish English
restringir (to) restrict, (to) restrain
restricción restriction
restrictivo restrictive
constreñir (to) constrain, (to) constrict
constricción constriction
constreñimiento constraint, constriction
constrictivo constrictive
constrictor constrictor (e.g., boa)
astringir (to) astringe
astringente astringent
estricto strict
estrictamente strictly
estrechez straitness (narrowness), (dire) straits
estrechar (to) straiten (make narrow)
 is last word is used most commonly in the expression estrechar la mano (“to
shake hands”). Estrecho is also used as a noun in the sense of the “narrow” part
of a river, i.e., English strait, with which it shares a common origin:
el estrecho de Gibraltar the Strait of Gibraltar
It is o en the case that one can trace a Spanish word through French to  nd
one or more relatives in English.  us, strait arrived in English via Old French
estreit, which meant “narrow”, while Old French for “strait” was destreit. In
later French this became détroit, which of course explains the origin of the

name of the “Motor City”.
In the   eenth century, Latin  ( ϩ ) gave rise to
French district, initially the exercise of justice (“restraint”) in a certain area,
then the territory itself, which was marked o for a special administrative pur-
pose. It subsequently entered Spanish (sixteenth century) and English (seven-
teenth century) with this latter de nition.  us,
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INTRODUCTION 
distrito district
, a “popular” Latin word derived from , had earlier given
rise via Old French destrece to English distress: “the sore pressure or strain of
adversity” (OED). A newspaper headline like
DETROIT DISTRICT IN DISTRESS!!!
can therefore be seen, etymologically at least, as being (multiply) redundant.
Old French estrece (from popular Latin ) was the source of En-
glish stress (fourteenth century), and six centuries later this was reexported to
Spanish:
estrés stress
Finally, the Spanish verb that corresponds directly to Latin  is es-
treñir, cognate with English strain. It applies to a particular type of “strain” or
“constriction”, that which takes place in the intestines:
estreñir (to) constipate
estreñimiento constipation
estreñido constipated
 is, of course, raises the question of what constipado means in Spanish. Like
English constipated, it comes from the Latin verb  (“to crowd together”,
“to compress”). However, in Spanish the compression generally refers to an al-
together di erent part of the body:
constipar (to) catch cold
constipado su ering from a cold, a cold

so that a Spanish speaker su ering from a cold is likely to receive an altogether
di erent remedy from an English-speaking pharmacist than from a Spanish-
speaking one.

 us, without a great deal of e ort, we have extended our initial equivalence
estrecho ϭ “strict” to a score of additional Spanish words, and have at the same
time cast new light on several English words.
We can see from the above examples that words that share a common Latin
origin o en evolve along di erent paths, in both form and meaning.  is is in
fact one of the principal ways that languages “evolve” and eventually break up

English constipation was not always restricted to the intestinal variety: until the eighteenth
century, constipate could also mean “to make  rm and compact by pressing together”, “to con-
dense or thicken liquids”, “to close the pores”. Many Spanish speakers, particularly in the Ameri-
cas, use resfrío or resfriado for “cold”.
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 INTRODUCTION
into di erent languages. Taking English as an example, we know that nearly
every word has a minimum of two de nitions, and in many cases substantially
more. Suppose that when we meet, I use only odd-numbered de nitions and
you use only even-numbered ones. Will we understand each other? Probably
not, or if so, only with great di culty. Suppose now that I alter the form of my
words in reasonably systematic ways, say replacing ct with ch, cul by j, t by d
whenever it occurs between vowels, etc., and you make a series of similar but
di erent changes. We will now have created languages as far apart as Spanish
and Italian—in fact, all of the changes mentioned above occurred during the
evolution of Latin to Spanish.
False Friends
Nearly every student of a foreign language has been warned about the perils
of “false friends” (falsos amigos, faux amis, falsi amici, falsche Freunde, etc.),

which seem to bear a relation to a word in English but actually do not. Lesson
of the story: never assume that you can  gure out the meaning of an unfamil-
iar word from its form alone. In Spanish, for example, the following appear in
nearly every such list of “false friends”:
Spanish Meaning False English Friend
actual “present, current” actual
arena “sand” arena
largo “long” large
Much as the “exception proves the rule”, false friends o en turn out to be great
aids in learning new vocabulary. In the majority of cases, they have an impor-
tant story to tell, which is generally that one language has chosen to focus on,
let us say, the even-numbered de nitions, and the other, on the odd-numbered
ones.
First, consider Spanish arena. Everyone knows that an arena is a sports sta-
dium, so where in the world did the Spanish come up with arena for “sand”?


 e explanation is very simple: the original Latin meaning of  was not
“stadium” but “sand”. Sand was frequently used to cover the ground in coli-
seums and other sporting venues, the better to absorb the blood of gladiators.
 (“the sand”) then became a shorthand term for the stadium in which
gladiators performed. , which originally meant “sand of a somewhat

Spanish arena can also mean “arena”, either as a classical site for gladiator combat or in the
more “modern” sense of a site for bull ghting.
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INTRODUCTION 
coarser variety”, then came to replace  in the generic sense of “sand”.
 evolved into French (sable) and Italian (sabbia) for “sand”, while
Spanish maintained the older term arena in its original sense, limiting sábulo

to the meaning “coarse sand”.

 is is by no means a rare occurrence: due to
the early colonization of the Iberian Peninsula (before France and much of
northern Italy) and its relative isolation, Spanish and Portuguese have in many
cases maintained meanings of Latin words and expressions that were subse-
quently dropped in regions closer to Rome.
How is it that Spanish actual has a meaning in terms of time (“now”), while
in English it means “existing and not merely potential or possible”? If one ac-
tually looks in the dictionary, one will see that there is another de nition of
English actual:
Being, existing, or acting at the present moment; current (AHCD).
Similarly, in Spanish there is also a second de nition:
Real, por oposición a “potencial” (Moliner). “Real, as opposed to ‘potential.’”
So both Spanish and English actual do share common meanings, but English
has chosen to emphasize one, Spanish another.
From this (not-so-) false friend, one can immediately establish a number
of very real correspondences derived from the Latin verb  (“to drive”,
“to do”) and its past participle , all of which (actually) do correspond in
meaning:
Spanish English Spanish English
acto act activar (to) activate
actor actor actuario actuary
actriz actress agenda agenda
acción action agente agent
—acciones —shares/stocks agencia agency
actividad activity reacción reaction
activista activist reaccionar (to) react
activo active reaccionario reactionary
—activos —assets reactor reactor


 e original sense of Latin  survives in the English adjective arenaceous (“resembling,
derived from, or containing sand”).
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 INTRODUCTION
Finally, Spanish largo means “long” rather than “large”. For those who
know French, the potential for confusion is even greater, since French large
means “wide”. In fact, all of these de nitions are geometric applications of the
common theme expressed by Latin —“abundant, copious, bountiful,
profuse”—and preserved in English largesse.

Spanish has focused on length,
French on width, and English on overall size.
Spanish largo and related words also maintain some of the elements of the
original de nition, as is the case in English.
una larga cosecha an abundant (large) harvest
largueza generosity, largesse (or largess)
largamente at length, largely, generously
alargar (to) lengthen, (to) increase (make larger)
Etymological Correspondences with English Words
 roughout the book, the large majority of Spanish words—or word families—
are associated with corresponding English words, which can be used as an aid
in learning, and remembering, the Spanish. Frequently, the corresponding
English word is part of the de nition of the Spanish, e.g.,
abrupto steep, craggy, abrupt
creíble credible
Where the English cognate does not form part of the de nition, it is shown in
brackets:
agua water [aquatic]
pecado sin [peccadillo]

In the vast majority of cases, the English cognate can be found in the medium-
sized American Heritage College Dictionary.
In some sections, the English correspondences are systematically high-
lighted in italics; in other sections, particularly where the large majority of
words correspond to English words (e.g., Sections . and . and Annex D),
italics are used only when the correspondence is not obvious (especially when
the word in question is not the  rst element of the de nition) or to highlight
the etymological relationship.

“Liberality in bestowing gi s . . . Money or gi s bestowed . . . Generosity.”
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