The question of the body in mesoamerican art

The

e i n f he b d

in Me ame ican a

JAMES ELKINS

A eache f mine?Cha le C hen, a eciali in
Vene ian ain ing? nce ema ked ha hi
inci al
g al a a ch la
a
nde and a man
f hi
n
bia e a
ible. Tha
a an dd a f a
Renai ance a hi
ian
de c ibe hi calling, and i
ha
a ed i h me e e ince. He c ld ha e aid ha
hi aim a
nde and Renai ance a , and ha he
ke an e e n he
ible infl ence f hi
n
en ie h-cen

hinking; b

in ead he in e

al f m la and
he ea ch f bia e fi
a if ha e e he nde
d f Renai ance a
be an af e effec

f hi in

ed he

?alm

ld

ec i n .

ema k I

The e a e man
a
neg ia e hi dilemma,
hich i ne f he cen al fig e in he e i em l g
f hi
. Pe ha
he m
c mm n f m la c ld be

a ed a
ch: Wha
e ee in he a i ce ainl
infl enced b
n hinking, b
e ill be ee ed
a d
e acc n b
emaining fai hf l
he
hi
ical e idence. Thi
ance,
me hing like i ,
ha been ed a a ea n
e che
he hil
h
f
hi

and " he

"m

e gene all . If he hi

ical

fac d n

ha e e bia e
he ie
e
ha e?
hi a g men
n ? hen e ill
a
ma icall
end
a d m e acc a e acc n .
The e a e man
ea n
d b hi n i n, and he
all
ceed f m ne gene al claim ha
a fi
a ic la ed b Hegel: he ie , he h gh , a e ha
g ide
a
ehen i n f "fac ,"
ha he e i n
ch hing a a fac f ee f he

.1
Id n
e
f ll
hi
e i n an f
he

a an ab ac hil
hic
blem; in ead, I am
in e e ed in h
i migh be add e ed a he le el f
ecific hi
ical in i . Recen l Me ame ican
die ha e c me
again a a ic la l in ac able
e i n f hi i e a ch la ha e a em ed
define h
he Me ame ican a i
c ncei ed he

h man b d . The ecen deci he men f Ma an c i
ha e i ified an ng ing in e e in Me ame ican
ac ifice, and in he a
en ea
he e ha been an
inc ea ing am n f di c i n cen e ed n
bl dle ing, di membe men , and
mb lic b dil
f agmen a i n. The cen

i

he e

1. See, f

al c i ical e m f hi li e a

e en ed h man b d , and i

e am le, Jame Elkin , "A

Hi

he de c i i n f he cha ac e i icall Me ame ican
en e f he b d .
M
ei
li
e e al
ce f bia ha
im ede and di
c nce
f he Me ame ican
b d ; in a ic la , I ill e l e he c nce
f b dil
f agmen a i n and ain. B h f h e idea , I ill
a g e, c me f m nine een h- and
en ie h-cen
E
ean c l
al hi
, and a e ina
ia e
c nce
al

l f
he Me ame ican ma e ial. Like
Cha le C hen, m
ima
ei
nde and
ha / hink ab
he b d , b
h
gh
he e

Wi h

The

E. H.

i

ill al

ele an f

e

,"

be im l ing ha

Me ame icani

in e e ing ch la hi i
f he a ifac
ge he

hi kind f

? ha

he m

d

he
d c f inf med
i h eflec i e in i
n

i
d

nc l
al i a i n. Wi h
he a chae l gical
de ail, Me ame ica bec me
ec la i n; b
i h
c l
al elf-a a ene , i bec me he nn iced

jec i n f
n idea . In hi f m, he
blem
i a licable
an hi
ical e ea ch ha find i elf
engaging i h alien ma e ial and a he ame ime
ning hi
i g a hie in i .
Thi i a c ndi i n n
nl
f hi
ical kn ledge
b
f kn ledge in gene al. I i m e c
i e han
hi de c i i n gge , ince "a ifac " and
"a chae l gical de ail" a e al name f
nn iced
jec i n,
ha l ima el
he e i n c n a
be een a fi m ba e f fac and he endle l c cling
g
ndle
elf-a a ene . An
bjec , a bjec , can
e hi g
ndle
ec la i

in m i n, and n bjec ,
a bjec , can e le he diffe ence be een eeing
mind and een bjec . B I am n c nce ned i h hi
kind f ec la i n n ec la i n, beca e i
ickl
make hi
im
ible; i i he a ic la balance
and deci i n f hi
ical
i ing ha a e f in e e . In
de
emain i hin hi
, and
c n in e
eak
ab
hi
, e need
ag ee n e i n ha
cann be a ked; and i eem
me ha hi i ne
ch m men . I can be hel f l
d a a en i n back
he elf-a a ene

l ima e g al i

C i ical In i
14 (1988): 354-378, and Elkin , "Re l

G mb ich," C i ical In i
(S mme 1988).

n

f he hi

ian, b

nl

ma e ial bjec can emain a
ch: e ha
inacce ible, al a
diffic l , b
en iall

if he

engaging.2

2. The e m e gene al eflec i n a e am ng he c nce n f a
k in
g e , Jame Elkin , The Di l i n f Idea in he Hi
fA .

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114 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994

S ma ic c i ici m
The e i n
e an c n en
di ec i n in
die
f he b d , al h gh i i ne f he fa e -g
ing
field f in e e in a hi
. A c m ehen i e
acc n f b d f m in a
ld enc m a ? ci e
a fe
minen e am le ? e i n f e e en a i n
in AIDS; he en i e hi
f e i m; he hil
h
f
he ga e, incl ding he
blema ic f he beh lde ; he
een and he n een; and he me a h
f kin, in ide
and
ide ha c n in e
gene a e
m ch
c n em
a
a .

A he m men i eem
ema
e
define
hi field, al h gh i migh be called ma ic,
b d ,
c i ici m.3 The
gh
line f i hi
a e al ead
i ible: i began i h he g ad al de al a i n and
di e f he academic
d
f a ana m , hich had
been hi
ian ' main
l in di c ing he b d .4 In
an he de el men , hi
ian beginning i h Al i
Riegl, R be Vi che , and Ad lf Hildeb and began
eak ab
he b d ' in e ac i n i h ain ed
b die ,5 and ha
ien a i n can be een da in
k
b R alind K a , Michael F ied, and Le S einbe g.6
Wi h he i e f he hi
f idea a hi
ian had
acce

a m ch ide field f c nce
, and c
en
ch la hi i a head mi
e f an h
l g ,a
hi
, and he hi
ie f c l
e, hil
h ,
medicine, and an h
l g .
Of en en gh he e i a c i
di in e e in
im
ing an
de n hi na cen field, alm
a if i
i be
e ed b a ce ain c nce
al inc he ence.7 F
man
i e , he b d i an a ena i h a a ic la
fa cina i n and f eed m, e eciall beca e i eem
be he
nge a ailable e am le f a c nce
all
n madic field: ha i , i a ea
ha e n

3. Ba ba a S aff d, B d C i ici m: Imaging he Un een in
Enligh enmen A and C i ici m (Camb idge, Ma .: MIT P e ,
1991). F
he ele an li e a
e, ee m
e ie
f S aff d' b k in

The A

B lle in 74, n . 3 (1992): 517-520.

4. See Jame Elkin , "T
C nce i n f he H man F m:
Be na d Siegf ied Albin and And ea Ve ali ," A ib e hi
ia

14(1986): 91-106.
5. See, f

1872).

e am le, R. Vi che , Da

6. R alind K a

and Jane Li ing

n, L'am

i che F

mgef?hl (Halle,

Chicag P e , 1990).

A a
elimina
eciall ab ac

e

nd"

a eg , i i hel f l
a k an
e i n: h
d
e hink ab

hinking ab
he b d ? Cecelia Klein ha
in ed
ha
e n ice,
eem
n ice, he Me ame ican
" hinking h
gh"

" i h" he b d ; and ha
e
el e migh
ell d b
ha
e ee, and d
n " hinking h
gh"
" e hinking."9 In Engli h
he e i a c i
?na
ia ene ab
he
e
i i n
e e i h he e b "
hink." I can'
hink f an hing I' e ac all
h gh en i el
h
gh,
ha i , if I ake he c n
c i n li e all and imagine
b ing h
gh he
blem and c ming
n he
he end. And hen I a ack me
blem, I ce ainl
d n' mean

a I hink ab
i , a if I' e mi ed i
en i el , and g ne a
nd i . Heidegge
l ed he e
blem b dele ing he
e
i i n,
ha he c ld
e h a e like "Le
hink he e i n f Being."
Le me gge
ha
e di ing i h be een hinking
me hing, a Heidegge
ld ha e aid? ha i ,
hinking di ec l a i , ha
e n mall mean b
a ing e hink ab
h
gh?f m hinking b
mean f me hing. Then he ec nd
ibili ,
hinking b mean f me hing, i
ha e le f an
c l
ed a
ma icall
hen he
ead

in e
e
mb lic image . When I
e he e
d ,Id n
hink f he f m f he le e , and hen a Ma an
ead an in c i i n, he
ld
e mabl n ha e
h gh f he b
ling ac i i
and inci ien i lence f
he b dil f m ha c m i e he Ma an gl h . S in

hi ca e, and in a

?and I em ha i e h e

alifica i n ? hinking b

mean

f an image i

ing

8. F
he idea f n madic h gh , ee Gille Dele e, f
e am le, in The Ne Nie che, ed. Da id B. Alli n (Camb idge,

Ma .: MIT P e , 1985).

7. See he eface b Michel Fehe
he an h l g F agmen
a Hi
f he H man B d , 3 l . (Camb idge, Ma .: MIT

P e , 1989).

Thinking "a " and "a

f :

Ph g a h and S eali m (Wa hing n, D.C: C c an Galle
f
A , 1985); L. S einbe g, "The Phil
hical B hel," Oc be 44
(1988): 8-74; and M. F ied, C be ' Reali m (Chicag : Uni . f

f

b nda ie , n e led
de e minable ie
in , n
can nical e
i i n.8 In a , ha
en ibl
nc n ained ali
i a c ibed
he m

dimen a
fac
f h man e e ience: ha
b die a e
el e and
mind , and
he cann be
e a a ed a
e migh e a a e ill life
land ca e .
We f en de i e
l e
el e in he mid
fa
l
di
ien ing, in ac able hicke , and he b d gi e
ha . B
ha e
ambi i n i a ign f he ecific ime
and lace f m hich e
i e.

9. Cecelia Klein, a
in Sea le, in he in

Th

he C llege A
d c

gh he Me ame ican B d

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A

c mmen

(A P n)."

cia i n mee ing f 1993
he e i n "Thinking


Elkin : The

an image a a ign
na
e.10

Am ng he
eem
nc

i h

aking n

e fi

ic

ial

ible c ncl
n e
hi

i n he e, al h gh i
ical age, i ha
e
migh
an
im l
n icing hing he a
e
a e acc
med
d ing. In Ma an
die , f
e am le, e migh
an
in i ing in
he
a a en i lence f f agmen ed b die ,
e ing
in n he lace he e he h n
ing eem

a
h
gh Lad X c'
ng e in Ya chilan (fig. 1),
e i ing he i e f bl d c ll
c
ela e i h he
l me f bl d,
ing he image
imagine
he iginal m k
cene f ac ifice and
hall cina i n.11 I i n
ha na i e eade
ld n
ha e een he bl d (al h gh I migh ecall in a ing
ha he e lin el
e e ai ed ab e he le el he e
ch de ail c ld ea il ha e been een, e eciall if
he
e e ain ed in m n ch me); i i ha
eading migh be in en ing l id cena i
ha
e en
iginall l id,
imagining
eami h ain he e
n ne a
e en ? in gene al, in e
e ing a

ffe ing
m ila ed b d
he e n ne a in ended.
E en if he
ed e a
h
gh Lad X c'
ng e,
i ma

n

ignif

M ch m

ain, i i n,

m

e can be aid ab

ila i n.

he e

ibili ie ?

h
a "m ila ed" b d migh al be a h le ne,

a e fec ed ne,
h
a " ffe ing" b d migh al

be a na

al ne,

m e
a ab
ma
me ime

a healed ne?and I

ill ha e

hem, and ab
he ea n
h
e
an
f
he adical e ci i n f

10. Am ng he man

emi

ic he

ie

ha

e

hi kind f

di inc i n, ee The C llec ed Pa e
f Cha le Sande Pei ce, ed.
Cha le Ha h ne and Pa l Wei (Camb idge, Ma .: Ha a d
Uni . P e , 1965),
l. 2, a . 247-249, f
he c nce
f
" mb lic" and "ic nic" ign . The m
de ailed and al , e ha ,
he m
c nce
all el i e acc n f he ic
ial na
e f all
i ing i Jean-F an? i L
a d' Di c
, fig e (Pa i : Klinck ieck,

1971), hich i
ill n an la ed. See, f e am le, Bill Reading ,
In

d cing L
a d, A and P li ic (L nd n: R
ledge, 1991),
.
3-52. A ela ed e a i m "Wha Reall Ha en in Pic
e ?
Mi eading i h Nel n G dman," f
hc ming in W d and Image.
11. Da id S a , "Bl d S mb li m in Ma a Ic n g a h ," in
Ma a Ic n g a h , ed. Eli abe h P. Ben en and Gille G. G iffin

(P ince n: P ince n Uni . P e , 1988), 175ff., e eciall
he
efe ence
he an i
f bl d n . 178 and a . F an
e am le f an imagina i e ec n
c i n, ee Ma
Ellen Mille , "The
Image f Pe le and Na
e in Cla ic Ma a A and A chi ec
e," in
The Ancien Ame ica : A F m Sac ed Land ca e , ed. Richa d F.
T n end, e h. ca . (Chicag : The A In i
e, 1992), . 163. F
he f ie e i h Lad X c, ee, f e am le, Linda Schele and Ma
Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King : D na
and Ri al in Ma a A
(Ne Y k: B a ilie ; F
W

h: Kimbell A M e m, 1986), i. 62,

. 198.

e i n f he b d

in Me ame ican a

115

eading habi
a he han hei l
adj
men .
B ha ing made hi lea f n
eading, I an
ha en
in
he
ing
ibili ie . I i
al a
nece a
a k ab
he emaining c
eal
n ance e en in ign
c mm n he a e nea l
bleached f all na
ali ic ignificance. A E a P nd

in ed
in he he da
f Imagi m, he Chine e ign
f "ea " i a ee i h he n angled in i b anche .
Na i e eake
f Chine e ha e a
ed me ha he
d n n ice ic g a hic ign in he dina
c
e
f eading, b
he d : he
d
hem in ch l
(Chine e ed ca i n incl de a
em f a half-d en
diffe en
e f ic g a hic and ide g a hic ign , in
ma ked c n a
We e n idea ha ic g a hic
and ide g a hic f m a
ic
i i n), and he
kn
hem immedia el
hen he e i n a i e .12
The ame ma be aid f he Ma an gl h . In Ma an
a gl h can be
i en a an "ab ac " f m, a "head
a ian ," and a "f ll-fig e a ian ," all meaning he

ame hing, and "f ll-fig e" gl h
ld ce ainl
ha e been n iced and a
ecia ed, e eciall b
he
highl li e a e (and inciden all , he e i n f a
hi ica ed, "ae he icall a a e" a an -ga de in
Ma an a i ne ha
ill need
be de el ed).13
And in e m f bl dle ing, I d b he "hand
ca e ing" and "bl d g
" gl h ha den e
bl dle ing (a d nned,
ened hand, le ing l e
a
eam f li le ci cle ) c ld ha e e e been ead

i h
a flee ing h gh f he b d and i bl d.14
S
ha I ha e in mind i a gene al ca i n ab
ha i i ible and in i ible
he e le in a gi en
c l
e. In e m f c n em
a
he
, e end
in e

e b die and b d
a
hen he
cc
in
ic
e , and e end n
in e
e b die
hen he
c m i e
i ing. Tha di inc i n i being e i ned
in c
en
die n
d and image ,15 and i bea
n he m e ecific
in I an
make ab
h
e e c nce
like ain, di membe men , f agmen ,

a

, and

h le.

12. Fl ian C

lma , The W i ing S

em

f he W ld (O f d:

Ba il Black ell, 1989).
13. Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d
ci ., . 326; "a an -ga de" i al men i ned in F anci
al., The Ma a B k f he Dead, The Ce amic C de :
C de S le Ce amic f he La e Cla ic Pe i d (Ne

Uni . P e , 1981), . 247.
14. S a , "Bl d S mb li m,"
Schele, Ma a Gl

cha

29, . 145.

h : The Ve b (A

f King , .
R bic ek e
The C
f
Ha en: Yale

. ci ., . 180, 184; Linda

in: Uni . f Te a P e , 1982),

15. An e eciall c nce ed c i i e i la nched in Mieke Bal,
Reading "Remb and ': Be nd he W ld-Image O
i i n
(Camb idge: Camb idge Uni . P e , 1991).

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116 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994

Fig e 1. Ya chilan Lin el 24, de ail, eigh h cen
a.D. F m Ian G aham and E ic
nE ,
C
f Ma a Hie gl hic In c i i n (Camb idge, Ma .: Peab d M e m f
A chae l g and E hn l g , 1977),
l. 31, . 1. Ph
:C
e
f Ian G aham, Peab d
M e m, Ha a d Uni e i .

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Elkin : The

O

l

e f i lence

The ng ing
e cc a i n i h bl dle ing,
ac ifice, and di membe men ha a ecific c l
al
hi
in he We , and I
ld a g e ha
e
a
ehend h e idea h
gh he len , and i h he
cab la
and ide l g , f ea l
en ie h-cen
F ench S
eali m. E eciall in Ame ica, hi ma
eem nlikel ; b in E
e, S
eali m c n in e
be he
inci al
a eg f
e

, and in Ea e n and
Cen al E
ei i a
ng c
en in i al a . Thi i
a ic la l
he ca e i h F ench
e
, hich
c m i e a adi i n alm
he me icall
ealed f m
c n em
a
Angl -Ame ican
e
. S in
c n ide ing
eali infl ence n
h gh , e a e
n
e ic ing
el e
me ne ec ed
a chiali m
anach ni m, b
e a e c n ide ing a
li ing

e i n f he b d

in Me ame ican a

117

cha i ed, ab ac ed, and nega ed b d
f Ch i iani ;
in nega i e he l g
inch a e belief a he han
blic c edenda; and in c
eal, angible,
he i e h icali ic en e f i i a
ed
he
in b an ial and ab ac Ch i ian i i
anc i. The e
a e he kele al
line f an inf mal
nf med
c n en
f i i ali
ne hand b man
e
a , incl ding a hi
F ench
eali .

ha i ha ed, I hink, n he
le in e e ed in c n em
a

ian , and n he he b
he

Thi i a ma i e and n ield
bjec
eci el
beca e i i inch a e, nc dified, and in en el
e
nal. U all
he e idea a e n f ll
h gh
h

gh,

ha

he

face in

e

and hen

adi i n ha i b h e a ile and in in an .

In he ca e f he b d , he S
eali m f Ge ge
Ba aille ma e

he m , al h gh R ge Caill i '
h gh
ld al be infl en ial if i
e e be e
kn

n in Engli h (i i

Caill i did n ill
Lacan did n ill

ignifican , inciden all , ha

a e E e f he Med a, and ha
a e hi lec
e n Caill i ).

I am n
gge ing ha
e
ld ha e an
blem
in f eeing
el e f me f Ba aille' idea if he
i e e e a di ec e
al infl ence. I d n
hink ha
c
en
ma ic c i ici m i ignifican l infl enced b

hi a ic la idea c nce ning ec a , edem i n,
ac ifice.16 Ame ican Me ame icani
ma be m e
familia
i h he dil ed S
eali m f
la h
m ie and cience fic i n. B Ba aille i he iginal
ce f a m ch m e ide
ead and in e e ing e
f idea ha e ha c m i e a la ge a
f
inf mal en e f he ac ed. When a hi
ian begin

eaking ab

i i

al al e ? hen i bec me

a a en ha he a e alking ab
e i n ha
c nce n hem e
nall , ha eem
be iable
al e na e
he la gel
nbelie able li
g and

ce em n
ha
e e
ac iced b
ha e e c l
e he
ha en
be
d ing? hen he
end
enli a mall
n mbe f idea . A inf mall a
ible, I
ld like
li
he e idea and
e hem a an inf mal a
hi
ical en e f he gen inel
an cenden al?a a
" eligi n f a hi
." The idea incl de an in e e in
e
nal i i ali
a
ed
e abli hed eligi n;
in m
ici m a
ed

ch la ic he l g ; in he
b d in all i h
ific ici i de a
ed
he
16. B
ee Ca line Walke B n m, F agmen a i n and
Redem i n: E a
n Gende and he H man B d in Medie al
Religi n (Ne Y k: Z ne B k , 1991).

Fig e 2. Ling- chi, Chine e e ec i n b di i i n in a
h
and a , ca. 1920. F m R be Heindl,
"S af ech he ie nd P a i ," Leh b ch de Cha ak e l gie

1 (1924): 89-152, i. f ll

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ing . 152.


118 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994

c nnec i n be een he f agmen ed b d , edem i n,
and eligi
ec a
(fig. 2). The a e al

he l ima e
ec d f hi a
ac i n
bl d and inc m ehen ible
i lence, and f i immedia el fel c nnec i n
" e e e" i i al e al a i n. Se e al ea ag , I
di c e ed a e ence f ling- chi h
g a h
en i el b chance in a Ge man e hn g a hic j
nal,
and I h gh i
a m
n ch la l
e i n n il
I f nd Ba aille had bea me
i . Hi engagemen
i h
he ma e ial, I di c e ed, a
ngl diffe en f m
mine: he a c nce ned i h e lici l
eligi
al e
( an fig a i n, ec a , e ela i n, i i n), hile I ed
he image a an in ance f a fail e f eeing? f an
image ha
e cann ea il
ee. In he
d ,I
ech ed he c gni i e, hil
hical a ec f Ba aille'

in e e

i h

aking

he ac i el

eligi

e.

T me, he e ence f he ling- chi (mine a e all
ligh l diffe en f m Ba aille' , gge ing a c mm n
ce) ha e e nance i h he c
en a hi
ical

Fig e 3. Alb ech D? e , P
B?che c n men chlichen P

G. M. Wagne .

i nal S d , 1528. F
i n. Ph
:C
e

m Vie
f

deli e ce
a idl
be ea il ca
ed b a
bibli g a h . An n
all de el ed e am le f m
he a
ld i J el-Pe e Wi kin, h e h
g a h
a e a l in ended a a
jec
d c men
ha he
call " he ac ed"?an idea ha f him i
ngl
e
e ed b
he a ie ie f h man e ali
and
ffe ing. F Wi kin, he b d , and e eciall
he
failing,
aining, ec a ic, degene a e, di
i na e,
" e e e," malf med, "de ian ," m ila ed b d , i
he
ce and ca ie f " he ac ed."
An indi en ible ic n in hi field i Ba aille'
h

g a h f he Chine e e ec i n called ling- chi,
"dea h b di i i n in a h
and a ." The
h
g a h ha e n
f en been e
d ced, b
he
a e he cen e iece f Ba aille' la e hinking n he

di c
e n he ga e and n ela ed e i n f
deflec ed and f bidden eeing and blindne . The
e e ience f di c e ing Ba aille' a
ia i n in
Tea
fE
e en all
a gh me ab
m
n
i i n in in ellec al hi
and m
a ial adhe ence
a adi i n I had nl
ag el
ec ed.
I i n a im le
jec
ace he infl ence f an

a h and a m emen ha a e nl
ag el
e en in
mem ie . B S
eali m in gene al i ne f he
cen al f ce in
hinking, and i di ec
a d
he ac ificial and i i al a ec
f bl dle ing.
S
eali
h gh blend
i h c n em
a
i a e
i i ali m
d ce he mi
e f h gh
ha lead
c nf n he di
ed b d : and i h ha gene al
b e a i n, I
n
he cen al
ic f hi a e ?
he a
e nde and he ecific an f ma i n f
he Me ame ican b d .

Wha i f agmen a i n?
The
d "f agmen " i elf i cha ged, ince i c me
f m La in f ange e,
b eak, im l ing i lence and
ain. B
he hi
f b dil
e e en a i n d e n
al a
acc d i h hi e m l g , e en hen i gi e
inc m le e b die . The e a e a i
a
f
di a embling he b d ?f in ance, b being c
ab
i
h lene , b c ing i , eiling and cl hing
i . In addi i n he b d i di ided diffe en l in each
c l
e, and ha
e i n i e eciall c m le in
We e n a
i h i al e na e adi i n f a ic la ed

and di ided me
in ha m ni

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l gie . Alb ech D? e a
i n , in f ac i n , in

he b d
h g nal


Elkin : The

dimen i n , in a b che ' a ic la i n , and n a
min el di ided,
led cale, and he
ked i h a
ecific imagina i e d ama i e
nae f nideal and
?deal b d
e , ge
e ,
e , and age (fig. 3). All
f ha i hi idea f he b d ? ,
be m e acc a e,
he f mal
i n f hi idea f he b d ?and a i
i h ie
a imila
D? e a Ma in Sch nga e
a
hing diffe en l . Wh lene and f agmen a i n
cann be e ked a gene ali a i n

i h
making
inad e en
e f a ic la c l
al c n
c i n f
h e e m ,m
f en de i ed f m
en ie h-cen

di a
edag g .
The e i an
e a ching di inc i n ha i
me ime
hel f l he e, and ha i be een ac
f f agmen a i n
in l ing ain and h e ha en ance
in ellec all .17 The i ce al and he in ellec al a e
f en
ed
ibili ie in e e en a i n a he a e
in a . M
ecen l , in
c l
e, S
eali m ha
e l ed a
ainle l di a emble b die in he
m

in ica el bi a e fa hi n , and e
e i ni m ha
h n
he
i ming di c mf
, i ching and
i ing
ain ha
e ec gni e a e
e i n f
chic n e
( he
ch machia). Thi i f en en gh a gene a i e
dich
m :
ake Me ame ican e am le , i
de c ibe he diffe ence be een
We e n
fa cina i n

i h he " i la ed" b d , i

e i n f he b d

he

Pain and Me am

bjec

h i .

fm

k in

g e , Pic

ing he B d :

119

"f agmen a i n," and i "l id" ac ifice n he ne
hand, and i
ine,
mb lic di a ic la i n n he
he . A he m men ,
nc l
e i a an
in e e ing c
ad : n he ne hand, e inhe i he
ainle ne
f
eali fan a , and n he he ,
he e i a ha l inc ea ing bibli g a h
f ain and i
ea men .18

Am ng he man in ance f ainle
me am

h i a e he "ab ac " fig e a Te ih acan
ha blend
ell in n n he i m
hic a chi ec
al
de ail .19 One f he m
g
e
e Ma an
ac ice ,
e en
e han he eni e f a i n and he h ned
e ha ma ha e been d agged h
gh
al ng
men'
ng e , a a en l in l ed i ing he ja
ff a li ing ic im.20 B
he fig e ha eem
h
ha
ac ice a e a bl dle a can be: he me el
h
ca i e , i h hand n hei ja
(fig. 4). On he
18. Elaine Sca
, The B d in Pain: The Making and Unmaking
f he W ld (O f d: O f d Uni . P e , 1985).
19. E he Pa
, "The Na

al W ld a Ci ic Me a h a
Te ih acan," in The Ancien Ame ica : A F m Sac ed Land ca e ,
ed. Richa d F. T n end, e h. ca . (Chicag : The A In i
e, 1992),

. 143, fig. 11.
20. Linda Schele and Ma
Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King ,
.
ci ., . 61 n. 60, and . 84: "The e
nifica i n f he n mbe e
i a g d f ac ificial dea h. He i h man, b a h man hand g i hi
l

17. Thi i

in Me ame ican a

e ja , a ge
e ha ma
e e en a a ic la l g e me f
f ac ificial dea h, he em al f he l e ja f m a li ing

ic im."

Fig e 4. Dea h G d f he N mbe Ze ,
ibl
h ing ac ifice b
i ing he l e ja
ff a li ing ic im. F m Linda Schele and Ma

Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King : D na
and Ri al in Ma a A (Ne
Y k: B a ilie ; F
W
h: Kimbell A M e m, 1986), . 84. Ph
:
C
e
f Kimbell A M e m, F
W
h, Te a .

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m


120 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994

he hand, he
k f ce ain Ma an ce amici
a m
i h he kind f ma k
e ha e c me
a cia e i h
i ing nha ine ab
he b d .
D e n' he a a en l decaden , h e en i i e
"Pain e f he P ancing Dee " c n e hea ed, i i able

ab
i n in he b d , e en h gh he
he d e n
de ic b dil m ila i n (fig. 5)?21

Pa

and

h le

A
inci al igin f he m de n en e f ain i
ea l Ge man R man ici m.22 I i , I hink, di ec l
ele an ha he ame e i d ga e i e
he
fa cina i n ab
he f agmen . Since F ied ich Wilhelm
J e h
n Schelling'
k in a ic la , i ha been
a
ac i e
eak ab
he a , he di c nnec ed
iece, a he han he h le. We end
hink ab
f agmen and b mean f f agmen , and i ha e en
been ema ked ha
en e f he c nce

f bea
n
need
be c n ide ed in e m f " ha d and
f agmen ."23
The e a e e e al b e
he e. E he Pa
ha
f agmen a i n f b die a
ac ifical ic im ( h a e

a i n ha migh be made
ema ked n he
Te ih acan, am ng b h
ed ced
hei hea ) and

g d ( h a ea a m
h , cla , and e e ); and he
e h e e e en a i n
he an n m
f fig e e e en ing he
ling cla . She ee he
hea
a "c mic and imele " a he han "h man and

hi
ic," he g d a "ac i e" and " e a i e" in he
na
al

ld, and he eli e a elf-effacing
mani la
f he c ea ed
ld.24
21. See F anci R bic ek e al., The Ma a B k f he Dead,
ci ., . 247 and e el 24 and 43; F anci R bic ek and D nald

.

Hale , "A Ce amic C de F agmen : The Sac ifice f Xbalan e," in
Ma a Ic n g a h , ed. Eli abe h P. Ben en and Gille G. G iffin,
.
ci ., . 274 fig. 8.8; and Ba ba a and J
in Ke , "S me Ob e a i n
n Ma a Va e Pain e ," ibid.,
. 253-256. The call him he
"Fan a ic Pain e ."
22. Sim n Rich e , La c? n' B d and he Ae he ic f Pain:
Winckelmann, Le ing, He de ,,M i , G e he (De
i : Wa ne S a e

Uni . P e , 1992).

23. G
Si cell , "Bea
in Sha d and F agmen ," J
nal f
Ae he ic and A C i ici m 48, n . 1 (1990): 22ff. Am ng man
e am le f he c n em
a

im
ance f f agmen , ee Ma ice
Blanch , The Infini e C n e a i n, an . S an Han n

(Minnea li : Uni . f Minne a P e , 1993).
24. The e ema k
e e made in a lec
e, "B d Pa :
Wh lene and F agmen a i n in Te ih acan A ," a he C llege A
A cia i n mee ing f 1993 in Sea le. See al , E he Pa
, "A
Rein e
e a i n f Te ih acan and I M al Pain ing T adi i n," in
Fea he ed Se en and Fl e ing T ee : Rec n
c ing he M al f
Te ih acan, ed. Ka hleen Be in (San F anci c : The Fine A

M

e m , 1988).

The e i an in e e ing m men
hen Pa
a
ha de ic i n f e e in Te ih acan "a ea im l
bel ng
a e and na
e in gene al." The a e a
na
all and ainle l f agmen ed a fl ing a e .

B if he bel ng
a e ?if he
e e
" gge
ha
a e i ali e and all- eeing"? hen he a e in a
en e al n f agmen . And if ne b d
a ,c
ff
f m he b d
hich i migh bel ng, i n
be
c ncei ed a a f agmen , hen i bec me i kie
a me ha he ic im ' hea
a e f agmen . Migh a
hea n be a h le? Migh i n be a c e ed
e ence, an indi en ible and fficien
ken, like he
ile f f e kin King Da id e i ed f m hi
gene al ? The e i
me e idence f hi in he fac ha
he hea
a e ende ed in h ee dimen i n e en
h gh Te ih acan
le i "gene all fla ." Hea
ma
be h le , and i ma be
We e n e e ha kee
hinking f hem a
gan .25 Since he

ling cla gi e
hem el e he nl
h le b die , he c ncl de ha
hei
ld a i elf "f agmen ed." Thi i again a
e i n f a
and h le . Wha a bel ng in a
h le? D e e e
hea bel ng in a che ? Can' a
h le be a f agmen ? And i n' e e
line f iden ical
le a ge me ic ha d f he
e all cheme f he
e e en ed
ld f Te ih acan?
One f he m
eflec i e ecen acc n
f hi

blem i Whi ne Da i ' Ma king he Bl .26
S eaking f can nical Eg
ian a , and
ing an
ea lie
d he had
i en, he ema k ha " egi e
c m
i i n "(
fm e
le iden ical fig e

ha ing a " egi e g
nd line") migh be aid
"be a
mean f claiming he ' egi e ed' gani a i n f he
ld ... a a
h
a an ideal b
e e en ing i a
a fac f e e ience."27 Tha eem
be a la ible
in e
e a i n, and i i cl el
ela ed
he ne E he
Pa
e ; b Da i g e n
a
ha i i
nece a
hink al
f ha he egi e
c m
i i n "d n de ic h
gh b i
i n and
e i n ." An image migh e e en a hing,
25. E he Pa
ema k ha in Te ih acan ain ing, "B d
a
can be di a embled and ea embled a

ill a e a a e ign ,
i h
l king a if an ganic b d had been i len l m ila ed";
ee Pa
, "S ill In i ible: The P blem f he Ae he ic f
Ab

C l

ac i n f

Re

e en a i n in La e P ehi

Calif
f

P e-C l mbian A

nia P e , 1992). M

hc ming in A

Hi

27. He i
Ancien Eg

cha

and I

Im lica i n f

O he

e ," RES: An h
l g and Ae he ic 19/20 (1990/1991): 122.
26. Whi ne Da i , Ma king he Bl : The Scene f
ic Eg

e ie

ian A

f he b

(Be kele : Uni . f

k, "Bef

e The

," i

.

a a h a ing hi
d , The Can nical T adi i n in

ian A (Ne Y k: Camb idge, Uni . P e , 1989),
. 6. and 7. Da i , Ma king he Bl ,
. ci ., . 39.

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Elkin : The

e i n f he b d

in Me ame ican a

Fig e 5. Sac ifice f he Jag a G d f he Unde
ld. F m F anci R bic ek e al., The Ma a B k f he
Dead, The Ce amic C de : The C
f C de S le Ce amic f he La e Cla ic Pe i d (Ne Ha en, C nn.:
Yale Uni . P e , 1981), . 247 and e el 24. Ph
:?J
in Ke 1980.

a id i b ch ing a b i
e,
"ma k"
"
e " i if he a i ch e n
de ic i . In he
ca e a hand, he
f he eli e a Te ih acan migh

al be e e i n f a en e f f agmen a i n ha he
jec n
hei
ld and i len l enac n hei
bjec ? ha
ld be an in ance f b i
ing
ha cann be de ic ed, in hi ca e inne
"f agmen a i n"?
he fig e ma be
e ing
diffe ence and e en "f agmen a i n " am ng hei
a a en l
nif m ank , in de
e en a lid
a ea ance, hich
ld be a ca e f "ma king" ha
i deemed n i e
h
di ec l . The e
ibili ie ,
hich I ha e elab a ed f m Da i ' acc n , a e j
a fe
f an inde e mina e n mbe f a
ha he
f nif m eli e migh c me
be een a a , and
he hea
migh c me
be h le . I h ld a

ha I
am n
ing an
ne f he e eading , and in fac
I find Pa
' eading
ca i e and c n incing.
B
c nce
a e
n in an in e
e a i n, and
he
ill f en lead
i h
e ealing hem el e . A
chema like Da i ' ha he di inc ad an age f
ening he
ibili ie ; me f hem, ine i abl ,
ill n
eem igh , b
hei l gical e i alence can
e
hinking ab
h
e em l
c nce
ch a

belie e, i a gen inel cl e eading f he e ac

a
he b d i
ea ed: eci el
he e i i c , e ac l
he e i
che he
nding gl h
b die
f ame .28 We e n ea men f he b d i e ceedingl
c m le , and all he e idence gge
ha he ame i
e f he Me ame ican b d ; b
i h
a ending
a cl el a
e a e able, e a e likel
ne
ine in
he ld b le f We e n c nce
f he
b d . The A ec ma e ial, f e am le, i e eciall
ich, b
he e i ence f We e n e ec i e ha
h n i elf in he We e n chema a ha ha e been
ed
h e he N?h a l e m .29 The Ma an ma e ial
ma n
eem a f ndamen all di ien ing a he
Cen al Me ican ma e ial he e a b d
a ma be an

ide g a h, a fig e, an a ib e, " e en a gge i n
f he e ing," and a ling i ic ign migh be
"embedded" in an ?mage; b
he ini iall clea e
e a a i n f ic ial fig e and ic ial
i ing in
Ma an a
ai e e en m e delica e e i n f he
na
e f he b d .30

Cl e eading

28. Thi i ela ed
he e i n f
d and image a di c ed
in A h G. Mille , "C m a ing Ma a Image and Te ," in W d and
Image in Ma a C l
e, ed. William F. Hank and D n S. Rice (Sal
Lake Ci : Uni . f U ah P e , 1989), . 176-188.
29. See, f e am le, he We e n b d f m ed
ill
a e
Me ame ican e m in Alf ed L e A in, The H man B d and
Ide l g : C nce
f he Ancien Nah a , an . Thelma O i de
M n ellan and Ba na d O i de M n ellan (Sal Lake Ci : Uni . f

B
a f c ncl ding, I

ld like
ke ch he
kind f in e iga i n ha i needed
b ing
cl e
he l i n f he e
blem . Wha i called f , I

30. F
he c nf i n and deba e ab
i ing in Te ih acan,
T la, and he E icla ic Pe i d, ee Ma in C h da , "The E icla ic
P blem: A Re ie
f an Al e na i e M del," e . . 219, and Jane

" a

" and " h le."

U ah P e , 1988),

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. 130-131.

121


122 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994

T in
d ce ha I mean b "cl e eading" e can
ec n ide he "f ll-fig e" Ma an gl h a i a ea ,
f e am le, in ne in c i i n a a
f he e b
'a ah, " a e
igh ." If he
llable a i de ic ed
a a f ll-fig e gl h, i i kn n a he" a-man." In
ne in ance, he a-man ick
he he
llable and h ld hem, f ming an image i h he
ame ling i ic den a i n b an en i el
an f med
ic
ial ignificance.31 The ha e and me f he f m
f he emaining
llable a e al e ed hen he a e
"ca ied" in hi
a . Le me make a fe di c nnec ed
b e a i n ab
he ic
ial g ing - n he e in de
gge
ha kind f in e
e a i na e
ible. A
Ma ani migh n ca e ha he 'a ign i ligh l
diffe en

hen i i ca ied b
he " a-man" ( he f mal
al e a i n d n affec
n ac ic meaning, and he d
n den e he a e f being ca ied). B
an e e ha
i
ed
c
eal change , he an f ma i n he 'a
ign nde g e
hen i i
be ca ied ma be ead a
a e
n e
i ne
ic
ial e ing?I migh a , i
ha e i changed hen i ake n me f he
ignificance f a ic
e. (In Pei ce' " emei ic" he
,
he 'a
llable gl h nde g e a ligh g a hic
change hen i hif f m a m l
mb lic ign
a
c mbined
mb lic and ic nic ign.)32 Like i e, a
Ma an ch la migh n n ice ha he a- ign' l ng

h ked n e l k like a h k ha f m a
f he ha
llabic ign, b in ic
ial e m ha i al h me
gi e he a-man a kind f ling i ic ignificance: he
h ked n e' lan h me make he ic
ial b d
m e e
al;
i in he h b id lang age i
de e e , e migh a
he h ked n e i a kind f
"infi " in i

n igh . Pic

gl h bl ck and he e
h lding he
a
fa
and enga a i n a
ell a
ic
ial e f m a kind
enac men f he ling i

iall , he en i e f ll-fig

e

idea f a a
fa
d
de
e e c n ainmen
" e ing
igh ," and
he
f nnece a
me a h ic
ic. M ch m e c ld be aid

Ca he ine Be l , "Ea l W i ing in Cen al Me ic : In Tlilli, In Tla alli
Bef e a.D. 1000," e . . 19, b h in Richa d A. Diehl and Jane
Ca he ine Be l , ed ., Me ame ica Af e he Decline f Te ih acan,

a.D. 700-900 (Wa hing n, D.C.: D mba
and C llec i n, 1989).

n Oak Re ea ch Lib a

31. F
he f ll-fig e gl h I am de c ibing he e, ee Da id S
and S e hen D. H
n, "Ma a W i ing," Scien ific Ame ican

(A g
1989): 82-89; and ee Ian G aham and E ic
Hie gl hic In c i i n (Camb idge, Ma .: Peab d
A chae l g and E hn l g , 1977),

l. 2, . 2.
32. Cha le Sande Pei ce, Elemen
f L gic, b
G amma , e . cha e 3, in C llec ed Pa e
f Cha
Pei ce, ed. Cha le Ha h ne and Pa l Wei (Camb

Ha

a d Uni . P e , 1965),

. 156-173.

a

n E , Ma a
M e m f
k 2, S ec la i e
le Sande
idge, Ma .:

al ng he e line , ince he ligh l
a ing line , d ,
and c
e in each ign f ll
a c m le
ic
ial
l gic ha i n en i el a imilable
he ling i ic

e i emen , h gh i cann be nde
da a
f m hem. The e i n
d
n he e " ic
ial"
"g a h l gical" elemen ? he m
heme
"elemen " in Da id Kelle ' e m33? f he P
ean
Ma an igna , ince Ma ani
a e ill eng
ed in
deci he ing ling i ic meaning .34 In hi c n e le me
e ha he e e i n c n i
e a h ge
n ened field, and ha he e i n
a
e a a e he
ng ing
blem f "
d and ?mage" in Ma an
die f m he e i n f he b d . The "elemen "
f he e ign ca
ic
ial meaning i hin, bef e,
and de i e hei ling i ic f nc i n , and he m
min e la
f hei f m and c mbina i n a e linked

la
ab
he b d .
T cl e, he le h a f Ma an m n e
ha ha e
been iden ified in he a fe decade ha e e
ecei e an anal i ha
ld
ide
i h he la
f b dil change. Deca i a i n and bl dle ing a e
nl
he im le
e a i n , e eciall
hen he a e
c m a ed
he nea l inc m ehen ible c n l i n
f he
e-Pe en an h
m
hic "bi d m n e ,"35
he "Ca ac M n e "
he "C l-F med M n e ,"36
he " k -band" b d
f he Cele ial M n e .37 The
fac ha
e cann
e name all he a
f ch
m n e

h ld n de e
f m a em ing a m e
m
ic anal i f he be ilde ing a c mbina
ia f
hei
a . The e m n e ma
e a e n
inci le
cl e
he We e n g ll , hich i he adi i nal
m n
i
c m
ed f nameable b d
a
f m
a i
animal ( hin e , g iffin , and cen a
a e
ead e am le ).38
B
he e a e he
inci le a
k in
Me ame ican image : he e a e al c n in
,
33. Da id H. Kelle , Deci he ing he Ma a Sc i (A
in and
L nd n: Uni . f Te a P e , 1976), . 14.

34. Da id S a and S e hen H
na ec
en l
king n a
b k ha
ill ha e a cha e n "g a h l g " ( e
nal
c mm nica i n, Feb a
1993).
35. Nich la M. Hellm h, The S face f he Unde a e
ld:
Ic n g a h
f he G d f Ea l Cla ic Ma a A in Pe en,
G a emala (C l e Ci , Calif.: F nda i n f La in Ame ican
An h
l gical Re ea ch, 1987),
l. 2, fig. 113ff.
36. F
he "C l-F med M n e ," ee Nich la M. Hellm h,
M n e
nd Men chen in de Ma a-K n (G a : Akademi che

D

ck, 1987),

37.
Bl d
38.
he B

. 4-5.

F
he Ca ac and Cele ial m n e , ee Linda Schele, The
f King ,
. ci .,
. 44-45.
F
he g ll , ee Jame Elkin , "On Vi al De e a i n and
die f P
a," Re e en a i n 40 (1992): 33-56.

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Elkin : The

Fig e 6a-b. D a ing f Ma a inci ed
c llec i n, B
el .

la ic
"eccen
a e al

an f ma i n , in hich
ic flin " migh
ddenl

lace
he e b die ha b

i

db

ganic c
e f an
head .39 The e
he b die in a

39. Eccen ic flin
i h m l i le head a e ill
a ed, f
e am le, in Linda Schele and Ma
Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King ,

. ci ., i . 25 and 26.

e i n f he b d

in Me ame ican a

123

l, a.D. 350-550. Black a e ce amic. P i a e

kind f
n ane

b dding eg e i n: ma k
ea
ma k
ea ing ma k , n
and he b d
a
bec me
n ane
l an h
m
hic, and he e a e
" e
nified beak ," elb
, hand , a e lilie , and
e en " e
nified bl d" ha
ddenl g
a head.
Le me gge
ha he e e ha e la gel lef We e n
m del behind: he e i h me and ea n he e, b

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124 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994

eci
li le f i . D

e eall ha e an
en e f
hen and h
he " ea head f a Vi i n Se en "
migh be c nnec ed b a " kele al d ag n" ( he hin
S- ha ed c ll)
" e
nified bl d"?40 E en he e
he
mb lic en e i bec ming clea , he l gic f he

b d

i el

i e.

And he e a e n
he nl m de f "f agmen a i n";
an he ha i a lea a
minen i he i e a ed
ccl i n f med b b die in f n f b die
b die
all ing b die . In ce amic hi
a
f
hinking ab
b die ha led
me f he m
in ica e c ea i n ; in me f hem a c m

i i nm
ha e been lanned in ad ance and hen f med b
la ing d n cce i e la e
f ma e ial, elli
fa hi n,
d cing a e
e ha alm
am n
a
en fab ic.41 In he ca e he c m
i i n a e
ain ed di ec l
n he e el , and I ill cl e i h

ne

ch e am le.

The e
de ailed anal e nde aken b Nich la
Hellm h in he c
e f hi di c e
f ha he call
he "Unde a e
ld" ha e been ell b
gh
bea
n ne f he m e in ica e Ma an iece , an inci ed
i db l(
de ail a e h n in fig. 6).42 I ha a

be ilde ing a ie
f "ac ba ," " nake m n e ,"
g d , and he , in ndecidable a e f
ining and
ccl i n. In ne lace, a fig e a ea halfck in a
d ag n' m
h (fig. 6,
igh ). I
igh leg i ab e
i , and he f

m j

nde and in f

n

fi

he fig

ei n

n

mall

a

ic la ed, b

i i

gi a ed,
m
h?
be
n f he

ibili ie f b dil
an f ma i n. Wha c n i
" h le b d " he e? Wha i a "f agmen "? I he

c ale ce, ha i he diffe ence be een dina
ical ccl i n, dec a i e e igenc , and
mb lic

ni n?

Hellm h c ncl de a h
gh acc n b a ing
ha he a i ha made e f " kele ali a i n,
me am h i . . . i al and ling i ic n . . . [and]
delibe a e ambig i and 'inc m le ene '
c ea e he
c nf ing alim e
f fig e ." Hellm h
"inc m le ene " in
a i n ma k , a I
ld, b

he e emain he nde l ing e i n f he infl ence
f We e n hinking n he anal i a a h le. Wha
a e " kele ali a i n" and "me am h i " b
in e en ial^, in ac abl We e n c nce ? E ac l
ha c n i e a " n"? D e he fig e' dec a ed
leg n i h he d ag n'
ed ja ? And i he
c incidence f "c m a able ma king " n he fig e
and he d ag n en gh
a ha he fig e i
"me am h ing in a a - e ile, a -h man a e,"
h ld e c ncl de, a Hellm h al d e , ha he
i me el "held"?44 Bef e e can decide hi , e need
decide h
c n
e e m
ch a " n" and
"c m a able." I he c l f he d ag n' ee h a
fficien

chin

migh be elb
. Hellm h ann a e he f m in f n
f he m
h i h a e i n ("
babl an a m?") and
call he he an " niden ified b d
a ."43 Ce ainl
di membe ed? I i nf lding, and being eg

i i c lla ing, di a ea ing in
he d ag n'
The e kind f ic n g a hie e i n cann
an e ed n il e ha e a be e f mal acc

ha ched, inc m le e "elb " m e f agmen a
han
he dec a ed "elb "
he leg? I he fig e ne
b d and he d ag n an he ? And if , h
d
e
line he d ag n, ince i b d i nl inc n i en l
i ible and di inc f m he f m ? When
f m

e a

n

i h he fig

e' hai ?

Wha i needed i a de ailed, inch-b -inch l k a
he image , ai ed i h an hi
i g a hie in i
ha
ie
find and nde and he We e n e m l gie f

c i ical e m . Nei he
a eg al ne i
fficien . A
he e ical in i in
he igin and meaning f
c nce
ch a f agmen a i n, h lene ,
ain
cann make c n ac
i h he
k , and a m
ic b
n he e ical anal i ill nl ehea e nn iced
We e n ca eg ie f h gh . In he end he e i n
g a an ee ha
e can ee
ide
acc
med
en e f he b d ,
e ie e me hing f he

Me ame ican b d . Cha le C hen' ma im i an
40. Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King , .
ci ., anal i f i. 122.
41. See, f e am le, Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The
Bl d f King , . ci , i. 73 and he dec m ed anal i , i. 73a.
42. Nich la M. Hellm h, "Ea l Ma a Ic n g a h n an
Inci ed C lind ical T i d," in Ma a Ic n g a h , ed. Eli abe h P.
Ben en and Gille G. G iffin (P ince n: P ince n Uni . P e ,

1988), . 152ff. The
a i n i f m . 172. See al Da id
F eidel and Linda Schele, "S mb l and P e : A Hi
f he
L land Ma a C m g am," in Ma a Ic n g a h , . ci .,
43. Nich la M. Hellm h, "Ea l Ma a Ic n g a h ,"

a en i n
ble me de ail a e a ic la l effec i e
a
e
ing ained hinking and b ing
he
e i en
angene
f he image .

44. Nich la M. Hellm h, "Ea l Ma a Ic n g a h ,"

. 156.

. 76-78.

. 156.

ng ing e n ibili , n a a k ha ha
me
de e mina e me h d and limi . B
elf- eflec i n and

. ci .,

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ci .,