Tiến tới quản lý các đầm phá ven bờ miền trung việt nam môi trường các công trình nghiên cứu

HQI

BAa ve THIEN NHIEN vA M Ol TRUONG VieT NAM utsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWV

VIETNAM ASSOCIATION

FOR CONSERVATION

OF NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT

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ENVIRONMENT

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NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HQC VA KY THU~T
SCIENCE AND TECHNICS PUBLISHING HOUSE

HA NQI-1998

H Q i WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
b d o v f t h i e n n h ie n v a m o i tn r o n g

TII~NTOI QUAN LY

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pl:iA VENutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY
ao

MIEN TRUNG VIl;:T NAM
P G S . P T S N g u y ln
P T S . N g u y ln

C h u H O i, P T S .

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D u e T h t;m h

n a « c o , P T S .. N g u y ln

N hQ t Thi

I. MO DAU
Trong khoang 3260 km duong bo bi~n, Viet Nam co 12 d~m pha yen
bo di~n hmh ph an b6 a Mien Trung, tir vi dO 11° d~n 16°, tuong irng
khoang 21% chieu dai duong bo bi~n

ca

nude (h.I). Cac d~m pha nay

chiem mot dien tich chirng 447,8 km2, trong do pha Tam Giang thuoc loai
Ian nhat khu vue Dong Nam A
Cac d~m pha yen ,ba Mien Trung thuoc mot trong nhirng he thcng tu
nhien (c o a sta l sy ste m ) cua doi bo bi~n Vi~t Nam. £)0 la nhirng vue mroc
nong yen bo, da phan keo dai song song vdi .duong bo, ngan each vdi bi~n
bang nhirng roi cat chan va thong vdi bi~R qua mot hoac vai cira d~m pha
(la g o o n a l in le ts). V€ mat sinh thai, cac darn pha yen bo la nhirng he sinh
thai nang suat cao sau li~ sinh thai san ho va rung ngap man. Chung chira
dung va cung ca:p nguon tai nguyen tai tao va khong tai tao quan trong,
dac biet trong b6i canh vung bo Mien Trung ngheo tai nguyen thien nhien
va khi hau khac nghiet. Cac darn pha la d6i tuong khai thac true ti~p cua
cac nganh kinh W khac nhau nhu : nghe ca, nuoi trong hai san, nong
nghiep, khai thac khoang san, du lich va giao thong - cang, Bdi vay, chung
, co tarn quan trong dac biet d6i vdi sir phat tri~n kinh t~ - xa hOi cua cac
dia phuong lien quan. Nhung cac hoat dong' khai hoang ,la:n bi~n, khaithac
tai nguyen qua mire, a nhiem va cac tai bien yen bi~n dang tr a thanh nhirng
de doa d~n h~ sinh thai darn pha yen bo Mi€n Trung va tac dong xau d~n
doi song cong dong' dia phuong.

96

M o i fedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
trtrirn g - C a c c rJ n g trin h n g h ie n c tru

Bdi th~ quan
cac dam

pha

If khon

nay

la mot

cling la mot trong
da dang

sinh

II. MOl TRUONG
Cac dam
lien

quan

hinh

phu

va het

ben vtrng

dai vdi

sire eftp bach,

ke hoach

phe

chuan

Day

dong bao vi;!

hanh
(BAP,

1995).

thanh

trong

hoa cac dong

Holoxen

bang

muon,

cat yen

bign

bdi mire dQ d6ng kin ve mat hinh

dang

quan

thirc

xa, nang

suat

so eftp, chudi

lire,

yen bo Mien Trung
khac

hinh

cuoi cua sir tien
bdi eftu true

dong

pha

ch~ dQ kill hau

quan

ta duoc

duoc dac trung

thai,

kien

Cac dam

bo nude

dean

Chung

an va dieu

gia duoc Chinh

yen

tdi giai

v~ cau true

doi hoi khach

tri~n

VA TAl NGUYEN DAM PHA

pha

Mien Trung.

d~ dat tdi su phat

van de iru tien trong

nhtrng

hoc quae

kheo

T Q P 5 utsrqponmlkjihgfe

-

biet

Viet Nam

phan

ba trong

khu vue e6

den kho han/It 111Uanlnr duoi

: tU ~111/111uan hieu

day ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Khu

LUong

LUong

Cac

MU'a nhieu

Vl,J'C

1600 - 3000

m Ua

boe

dam

mm

.

700 - 1000 m m

< 1000 m m

hot
Tam

pha t

Giang,

Giang,
Tra

Lang

> 1000 m m

Co, Truonq

An Khe, NUc)c M ~n,

6,

it

MU'a

6

Loan,

Thuy

Trieu,
.

Cu M ong

Mire dQ dong

kin cua cac dam pha

chi ra kha

dam pha va vung bieri Ian can. Lien quan
cac dam

pha

• ' Nua

nay ra ba nh6m

k ill

Dam

Giang,

nang

trao

doi mrdcgiua

toi mire dQ dong kin e6 th~ chia

:
Truong

Giang,

TN Nai, Cu Mong,

Thuy Trieu,

Nc;li.

•

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•

K ill

7 - MT

Tam

:

N9.i

. -

,

NUde NgQt, Thi N9.i,

Dam

:

:

Lang

Co, Nude

An Khe, Tra

Man, Nude

Ngot,

6

Loan.

6.'
97


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gi6i

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do

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am , rnua tren

kh6, m ua

phan

1600

d1l6i 1600

be> cac

lagun

mm,

nhi~t

boc'

rnrn, boc

yen

ba

hol

d6i

rv

hol tren

bien

M ien

1000 m m
rv

1000

Trung

mm

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99


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vf th ie n n h ie n v a m o l tn r o n g V i¢ t N a m

Tinh
thuoc

6n dinh

vao

sir trao

cac nhan

t6 chinh

d6i vdi nude

trao

S\1

va tai nguyen

d6i mrdc

cung thay

bi~n,

gnra

d6i manh

cua cac darn pha

nhir

: luong

D<) man

: darn

mroc
ngot
.

cua nude

pha

- bi~n,

darn

pha

•

6. 6

Tra

thai

va cac thong

trong

bang

va dua tren

Nl1dc M <)n. Nl1dc Ngot

Tam

Giang.

ven

Dong

bo khac

so co ban

ke

kich

nhau

ve hmh

diem

thU 'oc cua

Dien
tich

ve mat
thai

hmh

dac di~m nay

Trieu.

dang

cac dam

cac

dam

Kfch thuoc

be

pha

yen

pha

va diu
nay

Th! Nai,

Dam

Nai.

true

duoc

Giang

Lang

Co

Truonq

(k~2)

Giang

An Khe

,

bO' m ien

Kfch thuoc

thong

ke

(m )

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1

N am

D<) sau

(m )

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Sau

blnh

nhat

2 - 11

1.6

10

150

1

1.2

2

500

500

4

1.1

2

1.3

2

70

1.5

1.0

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1.6

2.2

1.6

0.9

1,4

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216

65

2 - 10

• 16

16

4

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14,7

4

liai

600/100

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350/50

3,5

2.9

1.1

2,8

2,4

1.2

300

6

14,4

6,3

2.1

5000

150

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26,5

8.5

3.1

1000

125

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.
Dai

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hlnh

(km )

m at

pM

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no

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Dac

Dam

bdi

thai

Bang

Thong

va.

pha

hudng

Trl1dng .Giang,

CiJ M ong. Thuy

pha

phu

Nl1
Loan

Cac d~m

darn

chiu anh

- song.

M <)n - L<;)

Co. An Khe.

nhau,

mua (mua kho va mua mira). Vi v f}.y, d<) man

me theo

Nl1dc m an

rift khac
d6 vao

darn pha

cua nude gnra cac dam pha tuong doi khac nhau
cac dam pha co th€ diroc goi ten khac nhau :

Uing

nay

Sau

50

15,6

3.9

1200

900

7,0

1.2

2.5

CiJ M ong

30,2

17,7

2.2

300

350

5,0

1.6

3.5

6

Loan

18.0

9,4

1.9

630

50

1.5

1.2

2.0

Thu¥' Trieu

25,5

17.5

8.0

6

4.6

2.8

3.2

Dam

Nai
"

100

0.3

1000

- 3

3,5

2500

500


M { )i tn r o n g

- C d c c tin g

trin h

n g h ie n

c tru

-

T q .p 5 utsrqponmlkjihg

Che de).thuy dong luc yen bo phia ngoai cac dam pha nay d~c trung
bdi moi truong riang hrong cao do di~u kien song va dong chay doc bo
manh, cling nhir do ban chdt "me" cua vung be nay. Bien de) trieu trung
blnh

a

cac vung be dam pha nho hon bien de) thuy trieu

a

cac vung ba

khac cua Viet Nam, dong thai khac nhau tlt Bac tdi Nam : khoang 0,6 m

a

pha Tam Giang va 1,7 m

a

Dam Nai.

Nhiet de).nude dam pha cling thay d6i· trong mot khoang r!)ng tu B~c
d~n Nam : 20°C - 34°C. De) pH· mroc dam pha dao dong' tir 6,5 - 8,2,
trong mua mira gia tri cua no thuong giam thap hem (6,0 - 6,2).
Cac chat dinh duong trong dam pha duoc mang vao tir cac vung luc
dia yen bi~n thong qua cac h~ thong song. Chung bi~u hien duoi dang cac
v:}t chat hiru co va cac muoi khoang trong tram tich day, cling nhir trong
cac tang mroc. Dac biet, trong tram tich day cac chat dinh dircng co gia
tri cao hon nhieu Mn so vdi nude bi~n ben ngoai do sir tich tu vat chat
vat, Bdi th~ trong di~u kien nude song phia tren va
hiru co tir cac sinh ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

nude bi~n phia ngoai ngheo chat dinh duong, nhung nang suat so cap cua
vue nude dam pha van cao hon vung bien phia ngoai. Di~u nay lien quan
khong chi tdi vai tro cua thirc v:}t phu du, ma con tdi vai tro quan trong
cua h~ rong, tao - co bi~n s6ng

a

day dam pha va thuc vat ngap man

s6ng yen cac cira song dam pha. Till du : sinh hrong cua co bi~n

a

pha

Tam Giang dat tdi 0,5 - 2,5 kg/m2, doi khi 10 kg/m2.
Cac dam pha nay co tam quan trong dac biet v~ mat sinh thai voi tu

each la noi cu tru, hru gnr, bai de va cung cap thirc an cho nhieu WVUTSRQPONMLKJI
1 0 M ca
va nhuyen th~ co

y nghia kinh t~. Dam pha yen bo cling la noi ti~m chira

gia tri rgt Ion v~ da dang sinh hoc cua nhieu

10M

dong, thuc vat va dai

s6ng hoang da. Moi dam pha bao g6m me)t s6 he sinh thai quy mo nho
hen nhir : cac bai trieu My, nrng ngap man, bai cat bi~n, vi chau th6,

V\fC

nude dam pha va d?c biet la cac tham co bi~n. Do cling la cac habitat
quan trong trong dam pha, d6ng thai cling la cac vung dgt ngap nude yen
bo co gia tri d6i vdi it nhat tren 80 loai chim di cir d~n tru dong.
Thanh phan loai trong cac he sinh thai dam pha kha phong phu, Till
du : d~n nay da phat hien 570

10M

a

pha Tam Giang, 694

10M

a

dam TN
101


H ~ i fedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
b tio v f t h i e n n h i e n v a m o i tn r o n g V i f t

N a m utsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK

N ai
10M a darn 0 Loan... Chung phan bo trong mot vung hep va d~
. , 338 ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
bi bien dong bheo mua. 'I'huc vat phu du cua cac dam pha nay tlnrong tren
100

10M ,

cao nhat 185 loai, dong vat phu du khoang 25 - 82 loai, dong v~t

day dao dong trong mot khoang rong (33 - 191 Ioai). Thuc vat bao gom
co bi~n, thuc vat ngap man va ro· ng tao vdi it nhat 20 loai. Rieng
Tam Giang cp khoang 55 loai thuc vat va cao nhat la
loai). Thanh phan loai cua ca kha cao, thuong tren

tdi 223 loai (pha Tam Giang), bao g6m cac nhom

a

pha

darn Thi Nai (136

100
10M

a

10M

va co th~ dat

nude ngot, nude lo

va nude man.
Cac darn pha nay giau tai nguyen thien nhien, bao g6m tai nguyen sinh
vat va khong sinh vat. Khoang 30 10M ca kinh t~ del duoc xac nhan trong
cac dam pha dac biet cac loai nhu :

M u g il

c e p h a lu s,

C lu p a n o d o n p u n c ta tu s,

. C ip rin u s c e n tra lis, S ig a n u s g u tta tu s, .... va nhieu loai tom (P e n a e u s m o n o d o n ,
M e ta p e n a c u s

e n sis ...),

cua (S c y lla

se ra ta ,

p e la g ic u s). San hrong thuy

P o rtu n u s

san khai thac trung binh hang nam 100 - 150 kg/ha (ca, tom, cua va rau
diu chi vang). N goai ra, nguon loi sinh vat day, dc)c biet la nhom nhuyen
th~ (M e re trix , A m u ssiu m , M y tilu s, C o rb u la ...) cung giau co va kha nang khai
thac hang nam thuong tren 20 - 100 tftn trong m6i dam pha. Co bi~n cling
del ducc khai thac, chu y~u lam thtrc an gia sue va phan bon, thi du khoang
15 000 tftn co bi~n duqc khai thac hang nam a pha Tam Giang.
Lien quan Wi cac doi cat va bai cat del phat hien sir t~p trung cua cac
sa khoang khoang v~t nang cua cac nguyen, to hiem, doi noi cling ph at hien
cat thuy tinh, vat lieu xay dung va than bun quanh dam pha.

6

pha Tam

Giang khao sat d~n nay 'chi ra rang trir hrong cua sa khoang chira titan va
ziacon du tinh khoarrg 0,8 trieu tftn.
Cac dam pha yen bo Mien Trung Viet N am cling co tiem nang quan
trong doi vdi giao thong song - darn pha - bi~n va doi vdi viec xay dung
cac b~n cang

a

quy mo nho. Cang Thuan An trong pha Tam Giang cling

del diroc xay dung tir lau va du kien se md rong, nang cftp phuc
hoach phat tri~n kinh t~ d~n nam 2010.

V \1

k~

Vdi cac bai bi~n dep, canh quan quanh darn pha hap dan va mat nude
yen tinh, cac darn pha nay cling la noi thuan lei cho viec phat tri~n du
Itch yen bi~n gan vdi cac danh thang khac cua dia phuong.
I

102


M oi

tru irn g

- C dc

eong

trin n

n g h ie n

cuu

-

T q p 5 utsrqponmlkjihgfe

Cac dgm pha nay cung cilp dieu kien song thuan loi cho nhan dan dia
phuong do chung co nhirng chirc riling co ban sau :
•

Darn pha la h6 dieu hoa io lut yen be trong mua rmra d~c biet
trong dieu kien dia hmh luc dia va bi~n CJkhu vue Mien Trung rilt
tuong phan.

•

Dam pha la vung dem thuc hien chirc nang trao doi nude dong vai
tro quan trong trong viec ngan ngira anh hudng cua tham nhap man
tir bi~n vao, cung nhir trong viec bao v~ cac vung dilt nong nghiep
quanh darn pha, duy trt nguon nude ngot doi vdi cuoc song hang
ngay cua nhan dan va phat tri~n cong nghiep ven bien.

•

No cung dong vai tro quan trong trong vi~c dieu chinh cac y~u to
vi khi hau CJvung bi~n yen be Mien Trung va gop phan giam thieu
tac hai cua nude dang trong bao,

•

Darn pha con la noi ti~p nhan va loc cac chat thai tir luc dia thai
ra va tu bi~n dem vao.

III.

sir

D1)NG TAl NGUYEN

DAM PHA

Cac darn pha yen be diroc slr dung va khai thac vdi muc dich khac
nhau : danh bat hai san, nuoi trong hai san, giao thong - cang va du Itch

pha co gia tri kinh t~ cao.ihgfedcbaZYXW
dgm pha ... San phdm hai san khai thac tir darn
,
Thi du, CJpha Tam Giang no cung cilp khoang 23 - 29% tong san pham
hai san cua tinh 'I'hira Thien - Hu~, noi 12000 trong so 30000 lao dong
gan bo chat iche vdi nghf

khai thac hai san dam pha diroc on dinh d<1i

sOng. 0 dftm Thi Nai 2000 trong sO 6000 lao dong' diroc cung cilp 600 - 750
tftn hai san khai thac tu darn pha nay. Con CJ dam 6 Loan

400 tiln

hai san/nam duoc khai thac bCJi1900 lao .dong trong tong so 9000 dan ...
Nhln chung tiem nang kinh t~ cua cac dftm pha yen bC1kha cao, nhirng
hieu qua khai thac thuc ti~n con thap do sit dung qua nhieu dung' cu khai
thac lac hau va nhu cau cua nguoi lao dong' ti~p tuc tang. Thi du, ~ dftm

6 Loan khoang 15000 thuyen chuyen dung, 9500 dung cu khai thac khac

103


H (J i b d o

v ¢ th ie n

v a WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
m o i tru irn g
V i¢ t N a m

n h ie n

nhau va gan 1900 lao dong darn pha co nhu cau khai thac khoang
d~m nuoi

a

kg/ha/nam

va 890 ha vdi 100-150 kg/ha/nam

khu vue Darn Nai (Blnh Thuan)

tom, cua, ca viec nuoi tr6ng rong bi~n
Lang Co) va lam muoi

(a

(a

cung cap khoang

a

phaTam

240 ha

500 - 800

Giang. Ben canh

pha Tam Giang), vem xanh (darn

Nude Man) dang duoc phat tri~n.

Trong mot vai darn pha (Tam Giang, Thi Nai) cac cang nhu Tan ihgfedcbaZYXW
My
va Quy Nhon da duoc dua vao k~ hoach nang cap d~ tau 3000 - 5000 tftn
co th~ ra vao d& dang vao nam 2010.
Du Itch dam pha dang con phat

trien

hlnh thirc du Itch nay dang duoc phat trien

y~u. nhung

a

pha Tam Giang

gan vdi gia tri cua c6 do Hu~.

Hoat dong du itch vdi cac hinh thirc : boi, ngam xem darn pha bang thuyen,
cac 1&hoi hang nam ... tren darn pha da bat d~u duoc to chuc la co sa d~
phat tri~n hlnh thirc du Itch darn pha trong thoi gian tdi,
Khai hoang dftt quanh dam pha d~ phat tri~n nong nghiep co bi~u hien
gia tang (pha Tam Giang). Hoat dong nay keo theo viec xay dung cac h6
chira mrdc ngot tren hru vue va h~ thong' de yen d~m pha cung nhu tang
cucng viec sir dung thuoc trir sau, Do la nherig y~u t6 tac dong tiem tang
d~n moi trucng d~m pha hien nay cung nhu trong tuong lai.

.

iv.

CAC VAN

DE

MOl TRUONG

Darn pha da thu hut cac hoat

dong cua con nguoi vi cuoc s6ng cua

cong d6ng darn pha va 'chinh dieu do lai de doa d~n su phat tri~n va chat
hrong moi trucng darn pha. Nhtrng

de doa tiem dn d6i vdi cac darn pha

khong dau khac chtnh

do thi hoa, gia tang dan s6 va phat

la qua trmh

tri~n nong nghiep. Thi du, 9 trong s6 12 d~m pha yen bC1Mien Trung dang
chiu anh huang

manh me cua hoat dong do thi hoa, nhieu trong s6 chung

con chiu tac dong bdi viec su dung hoa chat d6i vdi cac hoat

dong nong

nghiep va lam nghiep,
Dan s6 tap trung

ven ria cac d~m pha voi mat dO cao. Thi du,

a

pha

Tam Giang khong co nhirng dien tich tr6ng cho 10000 dan thuy dien du cir

104 fedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA


M oi

tn r o n g

- C d c c o n g tr in h

n g h ie n

c tiu

- T q .p 5 utsrqponmlkjihgfe

tren dfim pha, boi Ie .195 000 dan .khong du khong gian s6ng ven rla dfim
pha nay. T6c do tang dan s6 trung

blnh a ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
day la 2,6% - cao hon t6c do

trung binh toan qu6c (2%). Cac hoat dong nhu v~y dc1 thai vao darn pha
cac chat thai

khac nhau

va tac dong khong

nho d~n moi trirong

va tai

nguyen darn pha. Nam trong s6 12 darn pha ven be Mien Trung Vi~t Nam
da chiu anh huang true ti~p cua cac hoat dong phat tri~n tren hru vue, d~c
biet la xay cac h6 chira gay ra sir suy giam cac chat dinh duong trong cac
darn pha nay. Cac cong trrnh xay dung tren hru vue da gap phan dang k~
lam thay d6i cau true thuy van va vi tri cua cira darn pha. Cac cang cling
da tra thanh nguon gay 0 nhiern dau..; Do vay cac hoat dong phat tri~n
a luu vue phia tren dfim pha dang tac dong manh me d~n moi trirong
Uti nguyen

darn pha, Vi~c chat pha rung

va

dfiu nguon va khai thac go da

lam tang lu lut ven bcr cling nhu tang do due trong cac dam pha vao mua
mira.
Do viec

sa

dung thieu hop Iy va khai thac qua mire, nguon lei sinh v~t

trong dam pha da bi triet thoai va nang suat khai thac chung giam di ra
ret, Nang suat hai san khai thac tir darn pha giam xu6ng 2 lfin so vdi 20
v~ tnrdc.

nam

tan/nam

6

pha

Tam

Giang

san hrong danh

giam xu6ng con 2000 tan/nam

bat

hai san tir 3600

trong vong 1()"nam gfin day.

Thi Nai, nude darn da bi 0 nhiem bai dau tran do

V \1

6

darn

dam tau Leela thang

8/1989 da gay ra su suy giam -sinh vat hrong cua thuc vat phu du tir 1000
d~n 10000 va da gi~t chet khoarig 30 d~n 42% cac loai sinh vat barn.

6
thuan

.nhiern va suy thoai moi truong

darn pha la bi~u hien thirc t~ mau

gnra nhu cau ph at tri~n va bao v~ moi truong .. Mot s6 nghien

ciru

v~ chat hrong nude cua cac darn pha dc1 chi ra rang hau h~t cac darn pha
dc1 chdm
thuong

bi

nhiern dau. Gia tri ham

hrong dau trong

virot qua gidi han ndng do cho phep

0,3 mg/l nhu
trong

0

a pha

Tam Giang.

6

nhiem

hiru

mrdc darn pha

(0,05 mg/l), tham
co thirong

chi dat

phat hien

duoc

vung nude ven bo cac dfim pha vdi gia tri BOD, COD cao va doi

noi vuot qua 6 mg/l. D~c biet chi s6 coliform
dan cu tap trung.

tang dang k~ gfin cac khu

Khu vue pha Tam Giang chi s6 coliform

1000 MPN/I00 ml, doi noi dat 4000 MPN/I00

mI. Hien

thucng vuot

tirong phu dirong

105


H V i fedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
b d o v f t h ie n n h ie n . v a m o i tru irn g

V if t

Nam

na

gay ra sir
hoa cua thuc vat phu du va su

(e u tro p h ic a tio n ) utsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
doc da diroc ghi nhan

a

xuat hien tao

met vai dfim pha.

Tfin suat cac tai bien darn pha ngay cang tang, ngap lut darn pha ven
bo va sir giam dQ mu6i dan d~n ngot hoa nude darn pha vao mua mira,
han han va xam nhap man vao mua kho. Nhieu cira darn pha thay d6i vi
tri mot each dinh ky, doi khi dQt xuat. Chu ky dong va md cira darn pha
cling thay d6i theo chieu hudng bAt lei. Cac sir c6 moi truong nhu v~y da
anh huang khong nho d~n dcri s6ng cong dong dan cir, d~n kinh t~ va dan
tdi sir phat tri~n khong ben vung •.cac dam pha nay. MQt thi du di~n hinh
la cira Tu Hien cua pha Tam Giang da bi dong vao thang

12 nam 1994

lam cho 1000 ha dong hia bi ngap ung, khoang 300 ha dien tich nuoi trong
hai san da bi pha huy do nude dam pha bi ngot hoa va khoang

100 tau

thuyen nho khong co duong di ra bi~n.
Mau thuan lei Ich gnra khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien darn pha va
bao v~' moi truong trong di~u kien sU dung da nganh tai nguyen dam pha
dang ngay cang tang. Cu6i cung cac van d~ nay d~u anh huang d~n cuoc
s6ng nhan dan dia phuong va muc tieu phat tri~n ben vtrng trong cac vung

dfim pha ven be mien Trung.

v.

TIEP C~N QUAN LY
•

Cac dam pha ven bo la d?iihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
tuong phat tri~n kinh t~ thuy san va

kinh t~ ven bien Mi~n .Trung nude ta. Dac biet trong dai dAt dai va hep,
dan cu dong due nhu e~e tinh ven bi~n Mien Trung thi nhu cfiu su dung
tai nguyen thien nhien trong cac dfim pha d~ thoa man cuoc s6ng hang
ngay va nen kinh t~ thi truong cang cao. Dieu nay tac dong d~n moi truong
. va tai nguyen dam pha va nhieu mau thuan

ton tai trong cac nganh va

nhtrng nguoi dang va se su dung tai nguyen dfim pha. D~ giai quye] van
d~ nay cac dfim pha ven bo se phai duoc quan ly trong khuon khd tdng
hop, th6ng nhat va chap nhan giai phap da dang nganh dua tren co

sa

lau

b~n d~ t6i tru hoa gia tri t~i nguyen han hep cling nhu giam thi~u tac dQng
moi trirong dfim pha vi lei Ich cua qu6e gia noi chung va cua cong dong
106

M oi

dia phuong

tru irn g

- C dc cong

trin h

n g h ie n

c tru

T Q P 5 utsrqponmlkjihgfed

n6i rieng, Thai gian qua cac hoat dong quan ly dam pha can

bi han che do chinh quyen dia phuong

a cac khu vue darn pha uu tien

viec khai thac nhieu hem muc dich bao ve, Nhan thirc v~ moi truong
nguyen

-

va tai

dam pha, vai tro cua dam pha cling nhir co sa thong tin d6i vdi

viec quan ly dam pha can y~u, thieu va chua hoan chinh.
Nhin chung iru tien quan ly d6i vdi darn pha yen bo thuong trung vdi
quan ly nguon loi hai san, Luat phap a Viet N am lien quan tdi quan ly
dam pha c6 th~ k~ : Phap lenh bao v~ Nguon loi Thuy san duoc phe
chuan vao thang

4/1989 va nghi dinh 195/HDBT cua HOi dong' Chinh phu

vao thang 6/1990 cling nhu cong van huang

dftn 04 TS/Trung

tam cua BO

~huy san vao thang 8/1990 da huang-.dftn viec thuc hien k~ hoach quan ly
nguon loi thuy san ap dung cho dfim pha.
Luat Bao v~ moi truong (12/1993) la van ban rAt quan trong d~ quan
ly cac darn pha. Da s6 cac huang

dan, qui dinh, chinh sach va tieu chuan

moi truong a cAp tinh cling da duoc quyet dinh boi chinh quyen dia phuong.
Luat dAt dai, Luat khai thac khoang

san va mot s6 luat khac cling da va

dang tac dong d~n k~ hoach quan ly darn pha. Nhung

cling nhu tinh hmh

chung cua dAt nude, khuon khd hien nay cua h~ thong van ban luat lien
quan tdi quan ly darn pha thi phan tan, manh mun va it hieu hrc. Cac t~p
quan quan ly va khai thac darn, pha vftn can chua dtroc danh gia, t6ng hop
va hra chon trong qua trinh

thuc-hien

k~ hoach quan ly dam pha.

Mac du Uy ban nhan dan cac tinh co tham quyen thiet lap mot khuon
khd t6 chirc lien quan tdi viec quan ly dfim pha, song thirc t~ chua c6 h~
thong co quan quan ly thong' nhat va du quyen hrc d6i vdi cac dam pha'
b a . Bdi v~y luat phap quoc gia khong th~ di~u chinh hoac lam thay
yen WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

d6i cac t~p quan da hmh thanh
pha.
•

tu lau dai trong

viec khai thac cac dfim

Gfin day, cac hoat dong' tich cue lien quan d~n darn pha yen ba lai

thuoc v~ cac d~ an khoa hoc, thi du :

va cac

.- D~ an di~u tra nguon loi thuy san darn pha do BO Thuy san ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPO
tinh thuc hien: (1986 - 1990).

107


HQ i hdo

vf

t h ie n fedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
n h ie n v a m tii tn r o n g V if t N a m

De taiQu6c
bo Viet Nam

gia ve sir dung hop 11 cac h~ sinh thai tieu bi~u ven

(bao g6m dam pha) thirc hien bai Phan vien Hai duong hoc

tai Hai Phong (1991 - 1995)
- De tai dQC lap cilp Nha nude ve khai thac hieu qua tiem nang pha
Tam Giang thuc hien bdi Ph an vien Hai duong hoc tai Hai Phong (1995 1996)
- De an hop tac Vi~t N am - Canada

ve quan 11 nguon

loi thuy san

pha Tam Giang (1995 - 1997)

- De an hop tac Viet N am - Ha Lan ve quan 11 vung ven bi~n nhan
manh tdi tcic dong dang cao rmrc mnrc : di~m trlnh di~n pha Tam Giang
(1994 - 1995) - De tai cilp tinh danh gia hien trang chat hrong moi trucng
nude pha Tam Giang (1994)

- De tai cilp tinh ve thiet lap di~m RAMSAR tai vung cira ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSR
<5 Lau pha
Tam Giang (1997..•

1998)

K~ hoach hanh

uu tien moi truong

dong da dang sinh hoc (BAP) cua Vi~t Nam va cac

trong thai ky chuyen d6i dii duoc Chinh phu phe chuan

van nam 1995. Cac k~ hoach hanh

dong' nay cling t~p trung

van viln de

quy hoach va quan 11 t6ng hop vung ven bi~n ma trong do dfim pha Mien
Trung duoc dat .van vi trf iru tien. Cac k~ hoach
trung van mot s6 hanh dong chu ~u

quan

11 darn pha can t~p

sau :

- Xay dung mot h~ thong quan 11 rieng biet d6i vdi cac dam pha ven
be Mien Trung, beo g6m ca khia canh chinh sach va t6 chaco
,

- Dieu tra va ki~m ke quy dilt ngap nude trong

rilc darn pha

- Xay dung mo hmh su dung hop 11 cac darn pha nham phat tri~n ben
v.mg
r-e

- Thiet lap cac khu bao t6n thien nhien trong cac dfim pha d~ duy trl
clnrc nang nguon loi va sinh thai cua cac dfim pha nay.
:.. Ccli ti~n cac cong C\! danh bat cho nhtrng nguci Iao dong va cu dan
co cuoc s6ng phu thuoc van hoat dong khai thac darn pha.
108 WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA


M oi

tru irn g

- C dc cong

tr in h

n g h ie n

c tiu

-

T4p

5 utsrqponmlkjihgfe

- Ung dung cac ky thuat tien ti~n d~ giam thi~u anh huang cua tai
bien tu nhien va cac sir c6 moi truong,
- Thi~t k~ mQt k~ hoach tdng hop d6i vdi cac d~m pha yen be theo
quan di~m gan viec quan 11 dAm pha vdi k~ hoach quan 11 cac hru vue
- Xuc ti~n giao due cong d6ng dia phuong va nang cao nhan thirc v~
viec bao

ve moi truong va tai nguyen thien nhien darn pha.WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB
TAl

1. The Wodd

L lf - U

THAM

,K H A O

C H iN H

Bank, 1995.

Environmental

program and policy priorities

economy in Transition.
2. Nguyen Quang

of Vietnam for a socialist

Review Report.

Vinh Binh, 1996.

Qulin 11 ngu6n 1<;1i
thuy sill h¢ d~

pha Tam Giang, NXB Thuan Hoa, Hu~.

3. Nguyen Hflu CiJ, 1995.

Cac dam pha yen be mien Trung Vi~t N am. Tuy~n tap dia chtit - dia

v~t 11 bi~n. NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha NQi.ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHG
· t Nguyen Chu

Danh

Hoi va 'nnk, 1992.

gia trang

thai

dia chat

m6i trucng

vung bi~n yen bo Dai

Lanh - Hai,
Bao cao hru tru tai Phan vien Hili duong hoc tai Hai Phong,
5. Nguyen Chu

Hoi

va

nnk,

1996.

Sa dung hop 11 cac dam pha yen bo mien Trung .vi~t Nam. Bao cao
chuyen d~ d~ tai Nha nude.
6. Nguyen Chu

Hoi

va

nnk,

1996.

Quy hoach vung ven bien : bai . hoc tir pha Tam Giang. Trong : V Iii
kinh nghiem quan 11 moi truong a Viet N am, Ha N Qi.
7. Nguyen Trong

Nho, 1994.

V~ cac darn pha yen bo mien Trung Viet N am. Chuyerrkhao

bi~n Vi~t

Nam, NXB KH & KT, Ha NQi.

109


v ~ fedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
th ie n n h i e n v a m o i tr u o n g V ie t N a m utsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPON

H f) i b tio

8. Nichols M. and

Allen G., 1994.

Sedimentary processes in coastal lagoons. Coastal lagoon research, present
and future. UNECO technical paper in Marine Science. N° 33,pp. 27 80.
9. Phleger F. B., 1981.ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

A' review of some general feature of coastal lagoons. coast lagoon research,

present and future. UNECO technical papers in Marine Science. N° 33,
pp 7 - 14.
10. Tran

Due Thanh

et all, 1996.

Protection and management of lagoon wetlands in Central Coast of Vietnam. Workshop

proceedings

on national

wetland

conservation

and

management strategy. Haiphong.
11. Tran

We

Thanh

va

nnk,

1996.

Ti~m nang va cac van d~ lien quan tdi viec sit dung va quan ly cac
dam pha ven ba mien Trung Vi~t N am.
Tap chi H09-t dong Khoa hoc. S~ 9, Ha NOi.

TOWARDS COASTAL LAGO.ON MANAGEMENT
IN CENTRAL VIETNAM
P r o f. D r . N g u y e n C h u H o i, D r . T r a n D u e T h a n h
D r . N g u y e n l!u u

C u, D r.

N hat Thi

N guyen

SUMMARY

V ie tn a m h a s a b o u t

tt"

c o a st,. a t
c o a stlin e

and

w a te rb o d ie s
.'

(J

J o rm e d in la te

110

12 OtyJ , p ic a I c o a sta I l a g o o n s d istrib
. . u te d a lo n g th e c e ru ra l

- 16° la titu d e
so m e
-

and

447,8 sq . k m .

3m )

H o lo c e n e

w ith
and

one

ro u g h ly o c c u p ie d
They

o r tw o

a re k n o w n
l'
agoonal

21%
to

oj
be

to ta l

3260

sh a llo w

In le ts. T h e se

Ia n

c o a sta l

la g o o n s

w e re

a re c h a ra c te re ze d b y th e c lo se n e ss in sh a p e a n d


M 6 i WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
t n r o n g - utsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHG
Ok d in g tr in h n g h ie n c a u - T lj,p 5

m o rp h o lo g ic a l stru c tu re , b y th e c o m m u n ity
c h a in a n d d y n a m ic s.
c lim a te

c o n d itio n s,

g ro u p s b a se d o n

stru c tu re , p rim a ry p ro d u c tiv ity , J o o d

T h e ir d istrib u tio n is b e lo n g in g to tw o re g io n s w ith d iffe re n t
m a in ly

: r a in fa ll,

e v a p o ra tio n .

T h e y a re d iv id e d

e c o lo g ic a lly J u n c tio n

and

v a rio u s w e tla n d

h ig h b io d iv e rsity p o te n tia ls,

e c o sy ste m s w ith im p o rta n t
e sp e c ia lly se a g ra se s.

B a se d o n th e a n a ly sis o j la g o o n a l re so u rc e s, e n v iro n m e n ta l
m anagem ent

issu e s a n d p ro p o sed
th e su sta in a b le

th re e

th e c lo se n e s o j th e ir in le ts a n d sa lin ity o j la g o o n a l w a te r.

M o st o j th e se la g o o n s c o n ta in s

u se s a n d

in to

sta te ,

th e p a p e r is a lso d e te rm in a te d

m anagem ent

d e v e lo p m e n t

a p p ro a c h e s,

in re la tio n

10

th re a ts, re so u rse

th e e n v iro n m e n ta l

a s w e ll a s re so lu tio n s

to

re a c h

w a ste rsh e d m a n a g e m e n t.

111


B p i b tio v t th ie n

v a m o i WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
tn ro n g
V itt N a m

n h ie n

Ml)C Ll)CutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHG
T ra n g

3

Lei n6i d~u
Introduction
•

G S. N guyen

4
V itt P h 6

Cac vung sinh thai Vi~t Nam
Ecological zones of Vietnam
•

G S, TS.

H uy

Ddng'

5

32

H uynh

CQng dOng dia phuong giti vai tro cue kY quan trong, trong
Slj

•

bao v~ - phat

trien

ben viing da dang sinh hoc

trong vuen qu6c gia va khu bao tOn thien nhien
Local community play an extremely important role in the
protection - sustainable development of biodiversity in

34

national parks and protected areas

39

Thac

I

•

nghiep

5ji

Dong

K im

L o a n ihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
""
.

Hien trang nuoc thai nganh gifiy va m(h vai d~ xufit trong
ceng nghe xit ly

41

The current situ,tation of waster of the pulp and paper industry
some tesnical suggestions for treatment

66

PG S. PTS

D in h

Van

Bao v~ moi truong

Sam

trong kh6i doanh nghiep vita va nho

67

Environmental Protection in Small and Medium Enterpries

81

•

Thac

5ji

N g u y ln

H uy N ga

Chat thai y sinh 0 Vi~t Nam - m~t vAn d~ mOi truong cAp bach
Management of bio - medical wastes in Vietnam An emerging

82

environmental pro blem

95

134


T ra n g
•

PG S. PTS

N guyen

C h u H a i,

P T S . T r? in D u e

T h (m h

P T S . N g u y e n WVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
u a « ca. P T S . N g u y e n N h { jl T h i utsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIH

Tien toiihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
quan If cac dAm pha ven bd Mi~n Trung

Vi~t N am

Towards coastal lagoon management in Central Vietnam
•

T S .. T ra n

Du

D in h .

T o a i, P T S . P h a n

G s. t» :

ce

110

Luong

. 112

lich sinh thai

Ecotourism
•

96

120
H uy

sa

Tham hoa mot truong va Elnino

121

I

.: >

135